Epochs of human development in order. Periodization of history

4th century AD - Formation of the first tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (Volhynians and Buzhans).
5th century - Formation of the second tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (glades) in the basin of the middle Dnieper.
6th century - The first written news about "Rus" and "Rus". The conquest of the Slavic tribe Dulebs by the Avars (558).
7th century - Settlement of Slavic tribes in the basins of the upper Dnieper, Western Dvina, Volkhov, Upper Volga, etc.
8th century - Beginning of expansion Khazar Khaganate to the north, the imposition of tribute on the Slavic tribes of the glades, northerners, Vyatichi, Radimichi.

Kievan Rus

838 - The first known embassy of the "Russian Kagan" in Constantinople ..
860 - Campaign of the Rus (Askold?) to Byzantium ..
862 - Formation of the Russian state with the capital in Novgorod. The first mention of Murom in the annals.
862-879 - The reign of Prince Rurik (879+) in Novgorod.
865 - Capture of Kyiv by Varangians Askold and Dir.
OK. 863 - Creation Slavic alphabet Cyril and Methodius in Moravia.
866 - Campaign of the Slavs to Tsargrad (Constantinople).
879-912 - The reign of Prince Oleg (912+).
882 - Unification of Novgorod and Kyiv under the rule of Prince Oleg. Transfer of the capital from Novgorod to Kyiv.
883-885 - Subordination of the Krivichi, Drevlyans, Northerners and Radimichi by Prince Oleg. Formation of the territory of Kievan Rus.
907 - Prince Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad. The first treaty between Rus' and Byzantium.
911 - The conclusion of the second treaty between Rus' and Byzantium.
912-946 - The reign of Prince Igor (946x).
913 - Rebellion in the land of the Drevlyans.
913-914 - Campaigns of the Rus against the Khazars along the Caspian coast of Transcaucasia.
915 - Treaty of Prince Igor with the Pechenegs.
941 - 1st campaign of Prince Igor against Tsargrad.
943-944 - Prince Igor's 2nd campaign against Tsargrad. Treaty of Prince Igor with Byzantium.
944-945 - The campaign of the Rus to the Caspian coast of Transcaucasia.
946-957 - Simultaneous reign of Princess Olga and Prince Svyatoslav.
OK. 957 - Olga's trip to Tsargrad and her baptism.
957-972 - The reign of Prince Svyatoslav (972x).
964-966 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav to the Volga Bulgaria, the Khazars, the tribes of the North Caucasus and the Vyatichi. The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate in the lower reaches of the Volga. Establishing control over the Volga-Caspian Sea trade route.
968-971 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav in Danube Bulgaria. The defeat of the Bulgarians at the Battle of Dorostol (970). Wars with the Pechenegs.
969 - Death of Princess Olga.
971 - Treaty of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium.
972-980 - The reign of the Grand Duke Yaropolk (980s).
977-980 - Internecine wars for possession of Kiev between Yaropolk and Vladimir.
980-1015 - The reign of Grand Duke Vladimir the Holy (1015+).
980 - Pagan reform of Grand Duke Vladimir. An attempt to create a single cult that unites the gods of various tribes.
985 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Vladimir with the allied torcs against the Volga Bulgars.
988 - Baptism of Rus'. The first evidence in the assertion of the power of the Kyiv princes on the banks of the Oka.
994-997 - Grand Duke Vladimir's campaigns against the Volga Bulgars.
1010 - Foundation of the city of Yaroslavl.
1015-1019 - The reign of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Accursed. Wars for the Grand Duke's Throne.
beginning of the 11th century - resettlement of the Polovtsy between the Volga and the Dnieper.
1015 - The murder of princes Boris and Gleb on the orders of Grand Duke Svyatopolk.
1016 - The defeat of the Khazars by Byzantium with the help of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. The suppression of the uprising in the Crimea.
1019 - The defeat of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Accursed in the fight against Prince Yaroslav.
1019-1054 - The reign of the Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise (1054+).
1022 - Victory of Mstislav the Brave over the Kasogs (Circassians).
1023-1025 - War of Mstislav the Brave and Grand Duke Yaroslav for the great reign. Victory of Mstislav the Brave in the Battle of Listven (1024).
1025 - Division of Kievan Rus between princes Yaroslav and Mstislav (border along the Dnieper).
1026 - Yaroslav the Wise conquers the Baltic tribes of Livs and Chuds.
1030 - Foundation of the city of Yuryev (modern Tartu) in the Chud land.
1030-1035 - Construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.
1036 - Death of Prince Mstislav the Brave. The unification of Kievan Rus under the rule of Grand Duke Yaroslav.
1037 - The defeat of the Pechenegs by Prince Yaroslav and the laying of the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv in honor of this event (completed in 1041).
1038 - Victory of Yaroslav the Wise against the Yotvingians (a Lithuanian tribe).
1040 - War of the Rus with the Lithuanians.
1041 - Rus' campaign against the Finnish Yam tribe.
1043 - The campaign of the Novgorod prince Vladimir Yaroslavich against Tsargrad (the last campaign against Byzantium).
1045-1050 - Construction of St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod.
1051 - Foundation of the male Kiev-Pechersk monastery. Appointment of the first metropolitan (Hilarion) from among the Russians, appointed to office without the consent of Constantinople.
1054-1078 - The reign of the Grand Duke Izyaslav Yaroslavich (The actual triumvirate of princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich and Vsevolod Yaroslavich. "The Truth of the Yaroslavichs." The weakening of the supreme power of the Kyiv prince.
1055 - The first news of the chronicle about the appearance of the Polovtsy near the borders of the Pereyaslav principality.
1056-1057 - Creation of the "Ostromir Gospel" - the oldest dated handwritten Russian book.
1061 - Polovtsian raid on Rus'.
1066 - Raid on Novgorod Prince of Polotsk Vseslav. The defeat and capture of Vseslav by the Grand Duke Izslav.
1068 - A new raid of the Polovtsians into Rus', led by Khan Sharukan. Campaign of the Yaroslavichs against the Polovtsians and their defeat on the Alta River. The uprising of the townspeople in Kyiv, the flight of Izyaslav to Poland.
1068-1069 - Great reign of Prince Vseslav (about 7 months).
1069 - Return of Izyaslav to Kyiv together with the Polish king Boleslav II.
1078 - The death of Grand Duke Izyaslav in the battle of Nezhatina Niva with outcasts Boris Vyacheslavich and Oleg Svyatoslavich.
1078-1093 - The reign of Grand Duke Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Land redistribution (1078).
1093-1113 - The reign of Grand Duke Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich.
1093-1095 - War of the Rus with the Polovtsians. The defeat of the princes Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh in the battle with the Polovtsians on the Stugna River (1093).
1095-1096 - Internecine struggle of Prince Vladimir Monomakh and his sons with Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich and his brothers for the Rostov-Suzdal, Chernigov and Smolensk principalities.
1097 - Lyubech congress princes. Assignment of principalities to princes on the basis of patrimonial law. The fragmentation of the state into specific principalities. Separation of the Principality of Murom from Chernigov.
1100 - Vitichevsky congress of princes.
1103 - Dolobsky congress of princes before the campaign against the Polovtsy. Successful campaign of princes Svyatopolk Izyaslavich and Vladimir Monomakh against the Polovtsy.
1107 - Capture of Suzdal by the Volga Bulgars.
1108 - Foundation of the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma as a fortress to protect the Suzdal principality from the Chernigov princes.
1111 - The campaign of Russian princes against the Polovtsians. The defeat of the Polovtsians at Salnitsa.
1113 - The first edition of "The Tale of Bygone Years" (Nestor). The uprising in Kyiv of dependent (enslaved) people against the princely power and merchants-usurers. Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich.
1113-1125 - The reign of Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh. Temporary strengthening of the power of the Grand Duke. Drawing up the "Statutes of Vladimir Monomakh" (legal registration of judicial law, regulation of rights in other areas of life).
1116 - Second edition of The Tale of Bygone Years (Sylvester). Victory of Vladimir Monomakh over the Polovtsy.
1118 - The conquest of Minsk by Vladimir Monomakh.
1125-1132 - The reign of the Grand Duke Mstislav I the Great.
1125-1157 - Reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in the Rostov-Suzdal Principality.
1126 - The first election of a posadnik in Novgorod.
1127 - The final division of the Polotsk principality into appanages.
1127 -1159 - Reigning in Smolensk Rostislav Mstislavich. The heyday of the Smolensk principality.
1128 - Famine in Novgorod, Pskov, Suzdal, Smolensk and Polotsk lands.
1129 - Separation of the Ryazan principality from the Murom-Ryazan principality.
1130 -1131 - Rus campaigns against the Chud, the beginning of successful campaigns against Lithuania. Clashes between the Muromo-Ryazan princes and the Polovtsy.
1132-1139 - The reign of Grand Duke Yaropolk II Vladimirovich. The final decline of the power of the Kyiv Grand Duke.
1135-1136 - Unrest in Novgorod, charter of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich on the management of merchant people, the expulsion of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich. Invitation to Novgorod Svyatoslav Olgovich. Strengthening the principle of inviting the prince to vechem.
1137 - Separation of Pskov from Novgorod, formation of the Pskov principality.
1139 - 1st great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (8 days). Unrest in Kyiv and its capture by Vsevolod Olegovich.
1139-1146 - The reign of Grand Duke Vsevolod II Olgovich.
1144 - Formation of the Principality of Galicia by combining several specific principalities.
1146 - The reign of Grand Duke Igor Olgovich (six months). The beginning of the fierce struggle of the princely clans for the throne of Kiev (Monomakhovichi, Olgovichi, Davydovichi) - lasted until 1161.
1146-1154 - The reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav III Mstislavich intermittently: in 1149, 1150 - the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky; In 1150 - the 2nd great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (all - less than six months). The intensification of internecine struggle between Suzdal and Kyiv princes.
1147 - The first annalistic mention of the city of Moscow.
1149 - The struggle of the Novgorodians with the Finns for Vod. Attempts by the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgorukov to recapture the Ugra tribute from the Novgorodians.
Bookmark "Yuriev in the field" (Yuriev-Polsky).
1152 - Foundation of the city of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and the city of Kostroma.
1154 - Foundation of the city of Dmitrov and the village of Bogolyubov.
1154-1155 - The reign of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich.
1155 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich (about six months).
1155-1157 - The reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky.
1157-1159 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich in Kyiv and Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1159-1167 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich in Kyiv and Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1160 - The revolt of the Novgorodians against Svyatoslav Rostislavovich.
1164 - Andrei Bogolyubsky's campaign against the Volga Bulgarians. The victory of Novgorodians over the Swedes.
1167-1169 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Mstislav II Izyaslavich in Kyiv and Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir.
1169 - The capture of Kyiv by the troops of the Grand Duke Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Rus' from Kyiv to Vladimir. Rise of Vladimir Rus.

Rus' Vladimirskaya

1169-1174 - The reign of Grand Duke Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Rus' from Kyiv to Vladimir.
1174 - Murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky. The first mention in the annals of the name "nobles".
1174-1176 - The reign of Grand Duke Mikhail Yurievich. Civil strife and uprisings of citizens in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1176-1212 - The reign of Grand Duke Vsevolod The Big Nest. The heyday of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus.
1176 - War of the Rus with the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. The clash of the Rus with the Estonians.
1180 - The beginning of civil strife and the collapse of the Smolensk principality. Civil strife between the Chernigov and Ryazan princes.
1183-1184 - Great campaign of Vladimir-Suzdal princes under the leadership of Vsevolod Big nest on the Volga Bulgars. Successful campaign of the princes of Southern Rus' against the Polovtsy.
1185 - Unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich against the Polovtsy.
1186-1187 - Internecine struggle between the Ryazan princes.
1188 - Novgorod attack on German merchants in Novotorzhok.
1189-1192 - 3rd crusade
1191 - Campaigns of Novgorodians with a koreley to the pit.
1193 - Unsuccessful campaign of the Novgorodians against Yugra.
1195 - The first known trade agreement between Novgorod and German cities.
1196 - Recognition of Novgorod liberties by the princes. Campaign of Vsevolod the Big Nest to Chernigov.
1198 - Conquest of the Udmurts by the Novgorodians Relocation of the Teutonic Order of the Crusaders from Palestine to the Baltic. Pope Celestine III proclaims the Northern Crusade.
1199 - Formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality through the unification of the Galician and Volyn principalities. Rise of Roman Mstislavich the Great Founding of the fortress of Riga by Bishop Albrecht. Establishment of the Order of the Sword for the Christianization of Livonia (modern Latvia and Estonia)
1202-1224 - The Order of the Sword-bearers captures Russian possessions in the Baltic. The struggle of the Order with Novgorod, Pskov and Polotsk for Livonia.
1207 - Separation of the Rostov Principality from the Vladimir Principality. Unsuccessful defense of the Kukonas fortress in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina by Prince Vyacheslav Borisovich ("Vyachko"), the grandson of the Smolensk prince Davyd Rostislavich.
1209 - The first mention in the annals of Tver (according to V.N. Tatishchev, Tver was founded in 1181).
1212-1216 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Internecine struggle with brother Konstantin Rostovsky. The defeat of Yuri Vsevolodovich in the battle on the Lipitsa River near the city of Yuryev-Polsky.
1216-1218 - The reign of Grand Duke Konstantin Vsevolodovich of Rostov.
1218-1238 - 2nd reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich (1238x) 1219 - foundation of the city of Revel (Kolyvan, Tallinn)
1220-1221 - The campaign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich to the Volga Bulgaria, the seizure of land in the lower reaches of the Oka. The foundation of Nizhny Novgorod (1221) in the land of the Mordovians as an outpost against the Volga Bulgaria. 1219-1221 - the capture of states by Genghis Khan Central Asia
1221 - Campaign of Yuri Vsevolodovich against the Crusaders, unsuccessful siege of the fortress of Riga.
1223 - The defeat of the coalition of the Polovtsy and Russian princes in the battle with the Mongols on the river Kalka. Campaign of Yuri Vsevolodovich against the Crusaders.
1224 - The capture of Yuryev (Derpt, modern Tartu) by the knights of the sword - the main Russian fortress in the Baltic states.
1227 - Campaign led. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich and other princes to the Mordovians. The death of Genghis Khan, the proclamation of the Great Khan of the Mongol-Tatars Batu.
1232 - The campaign of the Suzdal, Ryazan and Murom princes against the Mordovians.
1233 - An attempt by the knights of the sword to take the fortress of Izborsk.
1234 - The victory of the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich over the Germans near Yuryev and the conclusion of peace with them. Suspension of the advance of the sword-bearers to the east.
1236-1249 - Reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Novgorod.
1236 - the defeat of the great Khan Batu of the Volga Bulgaria and the tribes of the Volga region.
1236 - the defeat of the troops of the Order of the Sword by the Lithuanian prince Mindovg. The death of the Grand Master of the Order.
1237-1238 - Mongol-Tatar invasion of North-Eastern Rus'. The ruin of the city of Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities.
1237 - the defeat of Daniil Romanovich Galician troops Teutonic Order. Merger of the remnants of the Order of the Sword and the Teutonic Order. Formation of the Livonian Order.
1238 - The defeat of the troops of the princes of North-Eastern Rus' in the battle on the river Sit (March 4, 1238). The death of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Separation of the Belozersky and Suzdal principalities from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1238-1246 - The reign of Grand Duke Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich ..
1239 - The devastation of the Mordovian lands, Chernigov and Pereyaslav principalities by the Tatar-Mongolian troops.
1240 - Mongol-Tatar invasion of South Rus'. The ruin of Kiev (1240) and the Galicia-Volyn principality. The victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish army in the battle on the Neva River ("Battle of the Neva")..
1240-1241 - The invasion of the Teutonic knights into the lands of Pskov and Novgorod, the capture of Pskov, Izborsk, Luga;
The construction of the Koporye fortress (now the village of Lomonosovsky district, Leningrad region).
1241-1242 - The expulsion of the Teutonic knights by Alexander Nevsky, the liberation of Pskov and other cities. The Mongol-Tatar invasion of Eastern Europe. The defeat of the Hungarian troops on the river. Salt (11.04.1241), the devastation of Poland, the fall of Krakow.
1242 - Victory of Alexander Nevsky over the knights of the Teutonic Order in the battle of Lake Peipus (" Battle on the Ice"). The conclusion of peace with Livonia on the condition of its renunciation of claims to Russian lands. The defeat of the Mongol-Tatars from the Czechs in the battle of Olomouc. The completion of the "Great Western Campaign".
1243 - Arrival of the Russian princes to the headquarters of Batu. Announcement of Prince Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich "the oldest" Formation of the "Golden Horde"
1245 - Battle of Yaroslavl (Galician) - the last battle of Daniil Romanovich of Galicia in the struggle for the possession of the Galician principality.
1246-1249 - The reign of the Grand Duke Svyatoslav III Vsevolodovich 1246 - The death of the great Khan Batu
1249-1252 - The reign of Grand Duke Andrei Yaroslavich.
1252 - Ruinous "Nevryuev's army" to the Vladimir-Suzdal land.
1252-1263 - The reign of Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky. The campaign of Prince Alexander Nevsky at the head of the Novgorodians to Finland (1256).
1252-1263 - the reign of the first Lithuanian prince Mindovg Ringoldovich.
1254 - the foundation of the city of Saray - the capital of the "Golden Horde". Struggle of Novgorod and Sweden for Southern Finland.
1257-1259 - The first Mongol census of the population of Rus', the creation of the Basque system for the collection of tribute. The uprising of the townspeople in Novgorod (1259) against the Tatar "numerals".
1261 - Establishment of an Orthodox diocese in the city of Saray.
1262 - Uprisings of the townspeople of Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir and Yaroslavl against Muslim tax-farmers, tribute collectors. Order to collect tribute to the Russian princes.
1263-1272 - The reign of Grand Duke Yaroslav III Yaroslavich.
1267 - Genoa receives a khan's label for possession of Kafa (Feodosia) in the Crimea. The beginning of the Genoese colonization of the coast of the Azov and Black Seas. Formation of colonies in Cafe, Matrega (Tmutarakan), Mapa (Anapa), Tanya (Azov).
1268 - A joint campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes, Novgorodians and Pskovians to Livonia, their victory at Rakovor.
1269 - The siege of Pskov by the Livonians, the conclusion of peace with Livonia and the stabilization of the western border of Pskov and Novgorod.
1272-1276 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily Yaroslavich 1275 - the campaign of the Tatar-Mongol army against Lithuania
1272-1303 - Reign of Daniil Alexandrovich in Moscow. Foundation of the Moscow dynasty of princes.
1276 The second Mongolian census of the population of Rus'.
1276-1294 - The reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky.
1288-1291 - struggle for the throne in the Golden Horde
1292 - Invasion of the Tatars under the leadership of Tudan (Deden).
1293-1323 - War between Novgorod and Sweden for the Karelian Isthmus.
1294-1304 - The reign of Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1299 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Kyiv to Vladimir by Metropolitan Maxim.
1300-1301 - The construction of the Landskrona fortress on the Neva by the Swedes and its destruction by the Novgorodians, led by Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1300 - Victory of the Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich over Ryazan. Annexation of Kolomna to Moscow.
1302 - Accession to Moscow of the Pereyaslav principality.
1303-1325 - Prince Yuri Daniilovich reigned in Moscow. The conquest by Prince Yuri of Moscow of the Mozhaisk specific principality (1303). The beginning of the struggle between Moscow and Tver.
1304-1319 - The reign of Grand Duke Mikhail II Yaroslavich of Tver (1319x). Construction (1310) by the Novgorodians of the Korela fortress (Kexholm, modern Priozersk). Rule in Lithuania by Grand Duke Gediminas. Accession to Lithuania of Polotsk and Turov-Pinsk principalities
1308-1326 - Peter - Metropolitan of All Rus'.
1312-1340 - reign of Khan Uzbek in the Golden Horde. Rise of the Golden Horde.
1319-1322 - The reign of Grand Duke Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow (1325x).
1322-1326 - The reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Mikhailovich the Terrible Eyes (1326x).
1323 - Construction of the Russian fortress Oreshek at the source of the Neva River.
1324 - The campaign of the Moscow prince Yuri Daniilovich with the Novgorodians to the Northern Dvina and Ustyug.
1325 - Tragic death in the Golden Horde of Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow. The victory of the Lithuanian troops over the people of Kiev and Smolensk.
1326 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Vladimir to Moscow by Metropolitan Feognost.
1326-1328 - The reign of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver (1339x).
1327 - Uprising in Tver against the Mongol-Tatars. The flight of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich from the punitive troops of the Mongol-Tatars.

Rus' Moscow

1328-1340 - The reign of Grand Duke Ivan I Danilovich Kalita. Transfer of the capital of Rus' from Vladimir to Moscow.
Division by Khan Uzbek of Vladimir Principality between Grand Duke Ivan Kalita and Prince Alexander Vasilievich of Suzdal.
1331 - Unification by Grand Duke Ivan Kalita of the Vladimir principality under his rule ..
1339 - Tragic death in the Golden Horde of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver. Construction of the wooden Kremlin in Moscow.
1340 - Foundation of the Trinity Monastery by Sergius of Radonezh (Trinity-Sergius Lavra) Death of Uzbek, Great Khan of the Golden Horde
1340-1353 - Board of the Grand Duke Simeon Ivanovich Proud 1345-1377 - Board of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd Gediminovich. Annexation of Kyiv, Chernigov, Volyn and Podolsk lands to Lithuania.
1342 - Accession to the Principality of Suzdal Nizhny Novgorod, Unzha and Gorodets. Formation of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality.
1348-1349 - Crusades Swedish king Magnus I in the Novgorod lands and his defeat. Recognition by Novgorod of the independence of Pskov. Bolotovsky agreement (1348).
1353-1359 - The reign of Grand Duke Ivan II Ivanovich the Meek.
1354-1378 - Alexei - Metropolitan of All Rus'.
1355 - The division of the Suzdal principality between Andrei (Nizhny Novgorod) and Dmitry (Suzdal) Konstantinovich.
1356 - subjugation of the Principality of Bryansk by Olgerd
1358-1386 - Svyatoslav Ioannovich reigned in Smolensk and his struggle with Lithuania.
1359-1363 - The reign of the Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal. The struggle for the great reign between Moscow and Suzdal.
1361 - the seizure of power in the Golden Horde by the temnik Mamai
1363-1389 - The reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
1363 - Olgerd's campaign to the Black Sea, his victory over the Tatars on the Blue Waters (a tributary of the Southern Bug), subjugation of Kyiv land and Podolia to Lithuania
1367 - Coming to power in Tver with the help of the Lithuanian army of Mikhail Alexandrovich Mikulinsky. Exacerbation of Moscow's relations with Tver and Lithuania. The construction of the white stone walls of the Kremlin.
1368 - Olgerd's 1st campaign against Moscow ("Lithuanian").
1370 - Olgerd's 2nd campaign against Moscow.
1375 - Dmitry Donskoy's campaign against Tver.
1377 - The defeat of the troops of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod from the Tatar prince Arab-shah (Arapsha) on the Pyan River Mamai united the uluses west of the Volga
1378 - Victory of the Moscow-Ryazan army over the Tatar army of Begich on the Vozha River.
1380 - Mamai's campaign against Rus' and his defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo. The defeat of Mamai by Khan Tokhtamysh on the Kalka River.
1382 - Tokhtamysh's campaign against Moscow and the ruin of Moscow. The ruin of the Ryazan principality by the Moscow army.
OK. 1382 - Beginning of minting coins in Moscow..
1383 - Accession of the Vyatka land to the Nizhny Novgorod principality. Death of the former Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal.
1385 - Judicial reform in Novgorod. Proclamation of independence from the metropolitan court. Unsuccessful campaign of Dmitry Donskoy to Murom and Ryazan. Kreva Union of Lithuania and Poland.
1386-1387 - The campaign of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy at the head of a coalition of Vladimir princes against Novgorod. Payments by Novgorod of indemnity. The defeat of the Smolensk prince Svyatoslav Ivanovich in the battle with the Lithuanians (1386).
1389 - The appearance of firearms in Rus'.
1389-1425 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich, for the first time without the sanction of the Horde.
1392 - Accession of the Nizhny Novgorod and Murom principalities to Moscow.
1393 - Campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Novgorod lands.
1395 - The defeat of the Golden Horde by the troops of Tamerlane. Establishment of vassal dependence of the Smolensk principality from Lithuania.
1397-1398 - The campaign of the Moscow army on the Novgorod lands. Accession of the Novgorod possessions (Bezhetsky Verkh, Vologda, Ustyug and Komi lands) to Moscow, return of the Dvina land to Novgorod. The conquest of the Novgorod army of the Dvina land.
1399-1400 - The campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Kama against the Nizhny Novgorod princes who had taken refuge in Kazan 1399 - the victory of Khan Timur-Kutlug over the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich.
1400-1426 - Prince Ivan Mikhailovich reigned in Tver, strengthening of Tver 1404 - capture of Smolensk and the Smolensk principality by the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich
1402 - Accession of the Vyatka land to Moscow.
1406-1408 - The war of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I with Vitovt Keistutovich.
1408 - Emir Yedigey's campaign against Moscow.
1410 - Death of Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave Battle of Grunwald. The Polish-Lithuanian-Russian army of Jogaila and Vitovt defeated the knights of the Teutonic Order
OK. 1418 - Popular uprising against the boyars in Novgorod.
OK. 1420 - Beginning of minting coins in Novgorod.
1422 - Treaty of Melno, an agreement between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland and the Teutonic Order (signed on September 27, 1422 on the shores of Lake Mielno). The order finally abandoned Samogitia and the Lithuanian Zanemanie, retaining the Klaipeda region and the Polish Pomerania.
1425-1462 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark.
1425-1461 - The reign of Prince Boris Alexandrovich in Tver. An attempt to strengthen the meaning of Tver.
1426-1428 - Campaigns of Vitovt of Lithuania against Novgorod and Pskov.
1427 - Recognition by the Tver and Ryazan principalities of vassal dependence on Lithuania 1430 - death of Vitovt of Lithuania. The beginning of the decline of the Lithuanian great power
1425-1453 - Internecine war in Rus' between Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark and Yuri Zvenigorodsky, cousins ​​Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka.
1430 - 1432 - the struggle in Lithuania between Svidrigail Olgerdovich, representing the "Russian" party and Sigismund, representing the "Lithuanian" party.
1428 - The raid of the Horde army on Kostroma lands- Galich Mersky, ruin and robbery of Kostroma, Plyos and Lukh.
1432 - Court in the Horde between Vasily II and Yuri Zvenigorodsky (at the initiative of Yuri Dmitrievich). Approval by Grand Duke Vasily II.
1433-1434 - The capture of Moscow and the great reign of Yuri Zvenigorodsky.
1437 - Ulu-Muhammed's campaign to the Zaoksky lands. The Battle of Belev on December 5, 1437 (the defeat of the Moscow army).
1439 - Basil II refuses to accept the Union of Florence with the Roman Catholic Church. The campaign of the Kazan Khan Mahmet (Ulu-Mohammed) to Moscow.
1438 - separation of the Kazan Khanate from the Golden Horde. The beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde.
1440 - Recognition of the independence of Pskov by Kazimir of Lithuania.
1444-1445 - Kazan Khan Makhmet (Ulu-Mukhammed) raided Ryazan, Murom and Suzdal.
1443 - separation of the Crimean Khanate from the Golden Horde
1444-1448 - War of Livonia with Novgorod and Pskov. Campaign of Tverichans to the Novgorod lands.
1446 - Transfer to the Moscow service of Kasim Khan, the brother of the Kazan Khan. Blinding of Vasily II by Dmitry Shemyaka.
1448 - Election of Metropolitan Jonah at the cathedral of the Russian clergy. The signing of the 25-year peace of Pskov and Novgorod with Livonia.
1449 - Treaty of Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark with Casimir of Lithuania. Recognition of the independence of Novgorod and Pskov.
OK. 1450 - The first mention of St. George's Day.
1451 - Accession of the Suzdal principality to Moscow. The campaign of Mahmut, the son of Kichi-Mohammed, to Moscow. He burned the settlements, but the Kremlin did not take it.
1456 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark to Novgorod, the defeat of the Novgorod army under the old Rusa. Yazhelbitsky treaty between Novgorod and Moscow. The first restriction of Novgorod liberties. 1454-1466 - Poland's thirteen-year war with the Teutonic Order, which ended with the recognition of the Teutonic Order as a vassal of the Polish king.
1458 The final division of the Kyiv Metropolis into Moscow and Kyiv. The refusal of the church council in Moscow to recognize Metropolitan Gregory sent from Rome and the decision to continue to appoint a metropolitan by the will of the Grand Duke and the council without approval in Constantinople.
1459 - Subordination of Vyatka to Moscow.
1459 - Separation of the Astrakhan Khanate from the Golden Horde
1460 - Truce between Pskov and Livonia for 5 years. Recognition by Pskov of the sovereignty of Moscow.
1462 - Death of Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark.

Russian state (Russian centralized state)

1462-1505 - The reign of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich.
1462 - Termination by Ivan III of the issue of Russian coins with the name of the Khan of the Horde. Statement of Ivan III on the rejection of the khan's label for a great reign ..
1465 - Scribe's detachment reaches the Ob River.
1466-1469 - Travel of the Tver merchant Athanasius Nikitin to India.
1467-1469 - campaigns of the Moscow army against the Kazan Khanate.
1468 - Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat marches on Ryazan.
1471 - the 1st campaign of the Grand Duke Ivan III to Novgorod, the defeat of the Novgorod army on the Shelon River. The campaign of the Horde to the Moscow frontiers in the trans-Oka zone.
1472 - Accession of the Perm land (Great Perm) to Moscow.
1474 - Accession to Moscow of the Rostov principality. The conclusion of the 30-year truce between Moscow and Livonia. The conclusion of the alliance of the Crimean Khanate and Moscow against the Great Horde and Lithuania.
1475 - capture of the Crimea Turkish troops. The transition of the Crimean Khanate to vassalage from Turkey.
1478 - 2nd campaign of Grand Duke Ivan III against Novgorod.
Liquidation of the independence of Novgorod.
1480 - "Great standing" on the Ugra river of Russian and Tatar troops. Ivan III's refusal to pay tribute to the Horde. End of the Horde yoke.
1483 - The campaign of the Moscow governor F. Kurbsky in the Trans-Urals to the Irtysh to the city of Isker, then down the Irtysh to the Ob in the Yugra land. The conquest of the Pelym principality.
1485 - Accession of the Tver principality to Moscow.
1487-1489 - Conquest of the Kazan Khanate. The capture of Kazan (1487), the adoption by Ivan III of the title " Grand Duke Bulgar". The protege of Moscow, Khan Mohammed-Emin, was erected on the Kazan throne. The introduction of a local system of land use.
1489 - A campaign against Vyatka and the final annexation of the Vyatka land to Moscow. Annexation of the Arsk land (Udmurtia).
1491 - "Campaign in the Wild Field" of the 60,000-strong Russian army to help the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey against the khans of the Great Horde Kazan Khan Muhammad-Emin joins the campaign to hit the flank
1492 - Superstitious expectations of the "end of the world" in connection with the end (March 1) of the 7th millennium "from the creation of the world". September - the decision of the Moscow Church Council to postpone the date of the beginning of the year to September 1. The first use of the title "autocrat" in a message to the Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich. Foundation of the Ivangorod fortress on the river Narva.
1492-1494 - the 1st war of Ivan III with Lithuania. Accession of Vyazma and Verkhovsky principalities to Moscow.
1493 - Treaty of Ivan III on an alliance with Denmark against the Hansa and Sweden. Danish cession of its possessions in Finland in exchange for the termination of the Hanseatic trade in Novgorod.
1495 - separation of the Siberian Khanate from the Golden Horde. The collapse of the Golden Horde
1496-1497 - Moscow's war with Sweden.
1496-1502 - rule in Kazan by Abdyl-Latif (Abdul-Latif) under the protectorate of Grand Duke Ivan III
1497 - Sudebnik of Ivan III. The first Russian embassy in Istanbul
1499 -1501 - Campaign of the Moscow governors F. Kurbsky and P. Ushaty to the Northern Trans-Urals and to the lower reaches of the Ob.
1500-1503 - the 2nd war of Ivan III with Lithuania for the Verkhovsky principalities. Accession to Moscow of Seversk land.
1501 - Formation of a coalition of Lithuania, Livonia and the Great Horde, directed against Moscow, Crimea and Kazan. On August 30, the 20,000-strong army of the Great Horde began the devastation of the Kursk land, approaching Rylsk, and by November it had reached the Bryansk and Novgorod-Seversky lands. The Tatars captured the city of Novgorod-Seversky, but did not go further, to the Moscow lands.
1501-1503 - Russia's war with the Livonian Order.
1502 - The final defeat of the Great Horde by the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, the transfer of its territory to the Crimean Khanate
1503 - Accession to Moscow of half of the Ryazan principality (including Tula). A truce with Lithuania and the annexation of Chernigov, Bryansk and Gomel (almost a third of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) to Russia. Truce between Russia and Livonia.
1505 - Anti-Russian speech in Kazan. The beginning of the Kazan-Russian war (1505-1507).
1505-1533 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich.
1506 - Unsuccessful siege of Kazan.
1507 - First raid Crimean Tatars to the southern borders of Russia.
1507-1508 - War between Russia and Lithuania.
1508 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Sweden for 60 years.
1510 - Liquidation of the independence of Pskov.
1512-1522 - War between Russia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1517-1519 - Publishing activity of Francysk Skaryna in Prague. Skaryna publishes a translation from Church Slavonic into Russian - "Russian Bible".
1512 - "Eternal peace" with Kazan. The unsuccessful siege of Smolensk.
1513 - Accession to the Moscow Principality of the Volotsk inheritance.
1514 - The capture of the Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich Smolensk by the troops and the annexation of the Smolensk lands.
1515, April - Death of the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, a longtime ally of Ivan III;
1519 - Campaign of the Russian troops to Vilna (Vilnius).
1518 - The coming to power in Kazan of Moscow's protege Khan (Tsar) Shah Ali
1520 - Conclusion of a truce with Lithuania for 5 years.
1521 - Campaign of the Crimean and Kazan Tatars led by Mohammed-Girey (Magmet-Girey), Khan of Crimea and Kazan Khan Saip-Girey (Sahib-Girey) to Moscow. The siege of Moscow by the Crimeans. Full accession to Moscow of the Ryazan principality. Seizure of the throne of the Kazan Khanate by the dynasty of Crimean khans Girey (Khan Sahib-Girey).
1522 - Arrest of Novgorod-Seversky prince Vasily Shemyachich. Accession to Moscow Novgorod-Seversky Principality.
1523-1524 - 2nd Kazan-Russian war.
1523 - Anti-Russian performances in Kazan. The campaign of Russian troops in the lands of the Kazan Khanate. Building on the river Sura fortress Vasilsursk. Capture of Astrakhan by the Crimean troops..
1524 - New Russian campaign against Kazan. Peace negotiations between Moscow and Kazan. Proclamation of Safa-Girey as the Kazan tsar.
1529 - Russian-Kazan peace treaty Siege of Vienna by the Turks
1530 - The campaign of the Russian army to Kazan.
1533-1584 - The reign of the Grand Duke and Tsar (since 1547) Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.
1533-1538 - Regency of the mother of Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilievich Elena Glinskaya (1538+).
1538-1547 - Boyar rule under the juvenile Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich (until 1544 - Shuisky, from 1544 - Glinsky)
1544-1546 - Accession to Russia of the lands of the Mari and Chuvash, a campaign in the lands of the Kazan Khanate.
1547 - Acceptance of the royal title by the Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich (marriage to the kingdom). Fires and riots in Moscow.
1547-1549 - The political program of Ivan Peresvetov: the creation of a permanent archery army, the reliance of royal power on the nobles, the capture of the Kazan Khanate and the distribution of its lands to the nobles.
1547-1550 - Unsuccessful campaigns (1547-1548, 1549-1550) of Russian troops against Kazan Campaign of the Crimean Khan against Astrakhan. The erection in Astrakhan of the protege of the Crimea
1549 - The first news about the Cossack towns on the Don. Formation of the embassy order. Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor.
1550 - Sudebnik (code of laws) of Ivan the Terrible.
1551 - "Stoglavy" Cathedral. Approval of the reform program (with the exception of the secularization of church lands and the introduction of a secular court for clerics). 3rd Kazan campaign of Ivan the Terrible.
1552 - 4th (Great) campaign of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilievich to Kazan. Unsuccessful campaign of the Crimean troops to Tula. Siege and capture of Kazan. Liquidation of the Kazan Khanate.
1552-1558 - Subjugation of the territory of the Kazan Khanate.
1553 - Unsuccessful campaign of the 120,000th army of Prince Yusuf of the Nogai Horde against Moscow.
1554 - 1st campaign of Russian governors against Astrakhan.
1555 - Cancellation of feeding (completion of the lip and zemstvo reform) Recognition by the Khan of the Siberian Khanate Yediger of vassal dependence on Russia
1555-1557 - War between Russia and Sweden.
1555-1560 - Campaigns of Russian governors in the Crimea.
1556 - The capture of Astrakhan and the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia. Transition under the power of Russia of the entire Volga region. Adoption of the "Code of Service" - the regulation of the service of the nobility and the norms of local salaries Nogai horde to the Great, Small and Altyul Horde ..
1557 - The oath of the ambassadors of the ruler of Kabarda for allegiance to the Russian Tsar. Recognition by Prince Ismail of the Great Nogai Horde of vassal dependence on Russia. The transition of the western and central Bashkir tribes (subjects of the Nogai Horde) to the citizenship of the Russian Tsar.
1558-1583 - Livonian war of Russia for access to the Baltic Sea and for the lands of Livonia.
1558 - Capture of Narva and Derpt by Russian troops.
1559 - Truce with Livonia. Campaign D. Ardashev to the Crimea. The transition of Livonia under the protectorate of Poland.
1560 - The victory of the Russian army at Ermes, the capture of the castle of Fellin. A. Kurbsky's victory over the Livonians near Wenden. The fall of the government of the Chosen One, the disgrace of A. Adasheva. The transition of Northern Livonia to the citizenship of Sweden.
1563 - Capture of Polotsk by Tsar Ivan IV Seizure of power in the Siberian Khanate by Kuchum. Breaking vassal relations with Russia
1564 - Edition of the "Apostle" by Ivan Fedorov.
1565 - The introduction of the oprichnina by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The beginning of the oprichnina persecution 1563-1570 - Northern Seven-year Danish-Swedish war for dominance in the Baltic Sea. The Peace of Stettin in 1570 basically restored the status quo.
1566 - Completion of the construction of the Great Security Line (Ryazan-Tula-Kozelsk and Alatyr-Temnikov-Shatsk-Ryazhsk). The city of Orel was founded.
1567 - Union of Russia with Sweden. The construction of the Terki fortress (Tersky town) at the confluence of the Terek and Sunzha rivers. The beginning of Russia's advance into the Caucasus.
1568-1569 - Mass executions in Moscow. Destruction by order of Ivan the Terrible of the last appanage prince Andrei Vladimirovich Staritsky. The conclusion of peace agreements between Turkey and the Crimea with Poland and Lithuania. The beginning of the openly hostile policy of the Ottoman Empire towards Russia
1569 - Campaign of the Crimean Tatars and Turks against Astrakhan, unsuccessful siege of Astrakhan Union of Lublin - Formation of a single Polish-Lithuanian state Rzeczpospolita
1570 - Ivan the Terrible's punitive campaigns against Tver, Novgorod and Pskov. The ruin of the Ryazan land by the Crimean Khan Davlet-Girey. The beginning of the Russian-Swedish war. Unsuccessful siege of Reval Formation of the vassal kingdom of Magnus (brother of the King of Denmark) in Livonia.
1571 - Campaign of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray to Moscow. Capture and burning of Moscow. Flight of Ivan the Terrible to Serpukhov, Aleksandrov Sloboda, then to Rostov..
1572 - Negotiations between Ivan the Terrible and Devlet Giray. A new campaign of the Crimean Tatars against Moscow. The victory of the governor M.I. Vorotynsky on the river Lopasna. Retreat of Khan Devlet Giray. The abolition of the oprichnina by Ivan the Terrible. The execution of the leaders of the oprichnina.
1574 - Foundation of the city of Ufa;.
1575-1577 - Campaigns of Russian troops in Northern Livonia and Livonia.
1575-1576 - Nominal reign of Simeon Bekbulatovich (1616+), Khan of Kasimov, proclaimed by Ivan the Terrible "Grand Duke of All Rus'".
1576 - Foundation of the city of Samara. Capture of a number of strongholds in Livonia (Pernov (Pyarnu), Wenden, Paidu, etc.) Election of the Turkish protege Stefan Batory to the Polish throne (1586+).
1577 - Unsuccessful siege of Reval.
1579 - Stefan Batory captures Polotsk, Velikie Luki.
1580s - The first news about the Cossack towns on Yaik.
1580 - the 2nd campaign of Stefan Batory to the Russian lands and the capture of Velikiye Luki by him. Capture of Korela by the Swedish commander Delagardie. The decision of the church council to prohibit the acquisition of land by churches and monasteries.
1581 - The capture of the Russian fortresses of Narva and Ivangorod by the Swedish troops. Cancellation of St. George's Day. The first mention of the "reserved" years. The murder by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible of his eldest son Ivan.
1581-1582 - Siege of Pskov by Stefan Batory and its defense by I. Shuisky.
1581-1585 - Campaign of the Cossack chieftain Yermak to Siberia and the defeat of the Siberian Khanate of Kuchum.
1582 - Yam-Zapolsky truce of Russia with the Commonwealth for 10 years. Passage of Livonia and Polotsk into the possession of Poland. The resettlement of a part of the Don Cossacks in the tract Combs to the North. Caucasus Bull of Pope Gregory XIII on the calendar reform and the introduction of the Gregorian calendar.
1582-1584 - Mass uprisings of the peoples of the Middle Volga region (Tatars, Mari, Chuvashs, Udmurts) against Moscow Introduction of a new calendar style in Catholic countries (Italy, Spain, Poland, France, etc.). "Calendar disorders" in Riga (1584).
1583 - Plyussky truce of Russia with Sweden for 10 years with the concession of Narva, Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod. Completion Livonian War lasting (with interruptions) 25 years.
1584-1598 - The reign of Tsar Fedor Ioannovich 1586 - the election of the king of the Commonwealth of the Swedish prince Sigismund III Vaz (1632+)
1586-1618 - Accession of Western Siberia to Russia. Foundation of the city of Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Berezov (1593), Obdorsk (1595), Tomsk (1604).
OK. 1598 - death of Khan Kuchum. The power of his son Ali is preserved in the upper reaches of the rivers Ishim, Irtysh, Tobol.
1587 - Resumption of relations between Georgia and Russia.
1589 - Foundation of the Tsaritsyn fortress near the portage between the Don and the Volga. Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia.
1590 - Foundation of the city of Saratov.
1590-1593 - Successful war between Russia and Sweden 1592 - King of the Commonwealth Sigismund III Vaz comes to power in Sweden. The beginning of the struggle of Sigismund with another contender for the throne and relative Charles Vasa (the future king of Sweden Charles IX)
1591 - The death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in Uglich, the uprising of the townspeople.
1592-1593 - Decree on the exemption from duties and taxes of the lands of landlords bearing military service and living on their estates (appearance of "white lands"). Decree on the prohibition of peasant output. The final attachment of the peasants to the land.
1595 - Tyavzinsky peace with Sweden. The return of the cities of Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod, Oreshek, Nyenshan to Russia. Recognition of Swedish control over Russia's Baltic trade.
1597 - Decree on bonded serfs (their condition for life without the possibility of paying the debt, termination of service with the death of the master). Decree on a five-year term for the investigation of fugitive peasants (lesson years).
1598 - Death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. Termination of the Rurik dynasty. Acceptance of the Babinovskaya road as the official government route to Siberia (instead of the old Cherdynskaya road).

Time of Troubles

1598-1605 - The reign of Tsar Boris Godunov.
1598 - Beginning of active construction of cities in Siberia.
1601-1603 - Famine in Russia. Partial restoration of St. George's Day and limited output of peasants.
1604 - Construction by a detachment from Surgut at the request of the prince of the Tomsk Tatars, the fortress of Tomsk. The appearance in Poland of the impostor False Dmitry, his campaign at the head of the Cossacks and mercenaries to Moscow.
1605 - The reign of Tsar Fyodor Borisovich Godunov (1605x).
1605-1606 - The reign of the impostor False Dmitry I
Preparation of a new Code allowing the peasant output.
1606 - Conspiracy of the boyars led by Prince V.I. Shuisky. The overthrow and murder of False Dmitry I. The proclamation of V.I. Shuisky as king.
1606-1610 - The reign of Tsar Vasily IV Ivanovich Shuisky.
1606-1607 - The uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov and Lyapunov under the motto "Tsar Dmitry!".
1606 - The appearance of the impostor False Dmitry II.
1607 - Decrees on "voluntary serfs", on a 15-year term for detecting fugitive peasants and on sanctions for accepting and holding fugitive peasants. Cancellation of the reforms of Godunov and False Dmitry I.
1608 - Victory of False Dmitry II over government troops under the leadership of D.I. Shuisky near Bolkhov.
Creation of the Tushino camp near Moscow.
1608-1610 - Unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Polish and Lithuanian troops.
1609 - Appeal for help (February) against False Dmitry II to the Swedish king Charles IX at the cost of territorial concessions. The advance of the Swedish troops to Novgorod. The entry of the Polish king Sigismund III into the Russian state (September). Beginning of the Polish intervention in Russia. Naming in the Tushino camp of Metropolitan Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) as patriarch. Confusion in the Tushino camp. Flight of False Dmitry II.
1609-1611 - Siege of Smolensk by Polish troops.
1610 - Battle of Klushino (24.06) Russian and Polish troops. Liquidation of the Tushino camp. A new attempt by False Dmitry II to organize a campaign against Moscow. The death of False Dmitry II. Removal of Vasily Shuisky from the throne. Entry of the Poles to Moscow.
1610-1613 - Interregnum ("Seven Boyars").
1611 - The defeat of Lyapunov's militia. The fall of Smolensk after a two-year siege. The capture of Patriarch Filaret, V.I. Shuisky and others.
1611-1617 - Swedish intervention in Russia;.
1612 - Gathering of the new militia of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. The liberation of Moscow, the defeat of the Polish troops. The death of the former Tsar Vasily Shuisky in captivity in Poland.
1613 - Convocation of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow. Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Romanov.
1613-1645 - The reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
1615-1616 - Elimination of the Cossack movement of Ataman Balovnya.
1617 - Stolbovsky peace with Sweden. The return of Novgorod lands to Russia, the loss of access to the Baltic - the cities of Korela (Kexholm), Koporye, Oreshek, Yam, Ivangorod went to Sweden.
1618 - Deulino truce with Poland. Transfer of Smolensk lands (including Smolensk), except for Vyazma, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky lands with 29 cities to Poland. Renunciation of Prince Vladislav of Poland from claims to the Russian throne. Election of Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) as Patriarch.
1619-1633 - Patriarchate and reign of Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov).
1620-1624 - Beginning of Russian penetration into Eastern Siberia. Hike to the Lena River and up the Lena to the land of the Buryats.
1621 - Establishment of the Siberian diocese.
1632 - Organization in Russian army troops of the "foreign system". Founding by A. Vinius of the first ironworks in Tula. The war between Russia and Poland for the return of Smolensk. The foundation of the Yakut prison (in the present place since 1643) 1630-1634 - the Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War, when swedish army, having invaded (under the command of Gustav II Adolf) Germany, won victories at Breitenfeld (1631), Lützen (1632), but was defeated at Nördlingen (1634).
1633-1638 - Campaign of the Cossacks I.Perfilyev and I.Rebrov from the lower reaches of the Lena to the rivers Yana and Indigirka 1635-1648 - the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War, when France's entry into the war determined the clear superiority of the anti-Habsburg coalition. As a result, the plans of the Habsburgs failed, political hegemony passed to France. Ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
1636 - Foundation of the Tambov fortress.
1637 - The capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov by the Don Cossacks at the mouth of the Don.
1638 - Hetman Ya. Ostranin, who rebelled against the Poles, crosses over to Russia with his army. The beginning of the formation of suburban Ukraine (the regions of Kharkov, Kursk, etc. between the Don and the Dnieper)
1638-1639 - Campaign of the Cossacks P. Ivanov from Yakutsk to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka.
1639-1640 - Campaign of the Cossacks I. Moskvitin from Yakutsk to the Lamsky (Okhotsk Sea, access to the Pacific Ocean. Completion of the latitudinal crossing of Siberia, begun by Yermak.
1639 - Founding of the first glass factory in Russia.
1641 - Successful defense of the Azov fortress by the Don Cossacks at the mouth of the Don ("Azov Seat").
1642 - Termination of the defense of the fortress of Azov. The decision of the Zemsky Sobor on the return of Azov to Turkey. Formation of the nobility of the military class.
1643 - Liquidation of the Kodsky principality of the Khanty on the right bank of the Ob. Naval campaign of the Cossacks led by M. Starodukhin and D. Zdyryan from Indigirka to Kolyma. Exit of Russian servicemen and industrial people to Baikal (K.Ivanov's campaign) Discovery of Sakhalin by the Dutch navigator M.de Vries, who mistook Sakhalin for part of Hokkaido..
1643-1646 - V. Poyarkov's campaign from Yakutsk to Aldan, Zeya, Amur to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.
1645-1676 - The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov.
1646 - Replacement of direct taxes with a tax on salt. Abolition of the salt tax and return to direct taxes due to mass unrest. Census of draft and partially non-draft population.
1648-1654 - Construction of the Simbirsk notch line (Simbirsk-Karsun-Saransk-Tambov). Construction of the Simbirsk fortress (1648).
1648 - Sailing of S. Dezhnev from the mouth of the Kolyma River to the mouth of the Anadyr River through the strait separating Eurasia from America. "Salt riot" in Moscow. Uprisings of townspeople in Kursk, Yelets, Tomsk, Ustyug, etc. Concessions to the nobles: convening a Zemsky Sobor to adopt a new Code, abolishing the collection of arrears. The beginning of the uprising of B. Khmelnitsky against the Poles in Ukraine ..
1649 - Cathedral Code of Alexei Mikhailovich. The final formalization of serfdom (the introduction of an indefinite investigation of the fugitives), the elimination of "white settlements" (feudal estates in cities exempted from taxes and duties). Legalization of the search for a denunciation of intent against the tsar or his insult ("The word and deed of the sovereign") Deprivation of the British trade privileges at the request of the Russian merchants ..
1649-1652 - E.Khabarov's campaigns against the Amur and the Daurian land. The first clashes between the Russians and the Manchus. Creation of territorial regiments in Sloboda Ukraine (Ostrogozhsky, Akhtyrsky, Sumy, Kharkov).
1651 - Beginning of church reform by Patriarch Nikon. Foundation of the German Quarter in Moscow.
1651-1660 - M. Stadukhin's campaign along the Anadyr-Okhotsk-Yakutsk route. Establishing a connection between the northern and southern routes to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.
1652-1656 - Construction of the Zakamskaya notch line (Bely Yar - Menzelinsk).
1652-1667 - Clashes between secular and ecclesiastical authorities.
1653 - The decision of the Zemsky Sobor on the adoption of citizenship of Ukraine and the beginning of the war with Poland. Adoption of a trade charter regulating trade (a single trade duty, a ban on collecting travel fees in the possessions of secular and spiritual feudal lords, limiting peasant trade to trade from wagons, increasing the duties of foreign merchants).
1654-1667 - Russian-Polish war for Ukraine.
1654 - Approval of Nikon's reforms by the church council. The emergence of the Old Believers led by Archpriest Avvakum, the beginning of the split of the church. Approval of the Pereyaslav Rada of the Troops of the Zaporozhye Treaty (01/08/1654) on the transition of Ukraine (Poltava, Kiev, Chernihiv, Podolia, Volhynia) to Russia while maintaining broad autonomy (inviolability of the rights of the Cossacks, the election of the hetman, independent foreign policy, lack of jurisdiction over Moscow, payment of tribute without the intervention of Moscow collectors). Capture by Russian troops of Polotsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Smolensk
1655 - The capture of Minsk, Vilna, Grodno by the Russian troops, access to Brest Sweden's invasion of Poland. Beginning of the First Northern War
1656 - Capture of Nyenschantz and Derpt. Siege of Riga. Armistice with Poland and declaration of war on Sweden.
1656-1658 - Russian-Swedish war for access to the Baltic Sea.
1657 - Death of B. Khmelnitsky. Election of I. Vyhovsky as Hetman of Ukraine.
1658 - open conflict Nikon with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The beginning of the issuance of copper money (the payment of salaries in copper money and the collection of taxes in silver). The termination of negotiations with Poland, the resumption of the Russian-Polish war. Invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine Gadyach agreement between the hetman of Ukraine Vyhovsky and Poland on the accession of Ukraine as an autonomous "principality of Russia" to Poland.
1659 - The defeat of Russian troops near Konotop from the hetman of Ukraine I. Vygovsky and the Crimean Tatars. Refusal of the Pereyaslav Rada to approve the Treaty of Gadyach. Displacement of Hetman I. Vyhovsky and election of Hetman of Ukraine Y. Khmelnitsky. Approval by the Rada of a new treaty with Russia. The defeat of Russian troops in Belarus, the betrayal of Hetman Y. Khmelnitsky. The split of the Ukrainian Cossacks into supporters of Moscow and supporters of Poland.
1661 - Treaty of Cardis between Russia and Sweden. Russia's renunciation of the conquests of 1656, return to the conditions of the Stolbovsky Peace of 1617 1660-1664 - Austro-Turkish war, division of the lands of the Kingdom of Hungary.
1662 - "Copper Riot" in Moscow.
1663 - Foundation of the city of Penza. The split of Ukraine into hetmanships of the Right-bank and Left-bank Ukraine
1665 - A. Ordin-Nashchekin's reforms in Pskov: the establishment of merchant companies, the introduction of elements of self-government. Strengthening Moscow's positions in Ukraine.
1665-1677 - P. Doroshenko's hetmanship in the Right-Bank Ukraine.
1666 - Deprivation of Nikon of the rank of patriarch and condemnation of the Old Believers by the church council. The construction by the rebellious Ilim Cossacks of a new Albazinsky prison on the Amur (since 1672, it was accepted into Russian citizenship) ..
1667 - Construction of ships for the Caspian flotilla. New trading charter. Archpriest Avvakum's exile to the Pustozersky jail for "heresy" (criticism) of the rulers of the country. A. Ordin-Nashchekin at the head of the Ambassadorial order (1667-1671). The conclusion of the Andrusov truce with Poland by A. Ordin-Nashchekin. The implementation of the division of Ukraine between Poland and Russia (the transition of the Left-Bank Ukraine under the rule of Russia).
1667-1676 - Solovetsky uprising of schismatic monks ("Solovki sitting").
1669 - Transfer of Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine P. Doroshenko under Turkish rule.
1670-1671 - Rebellion of peasants and Cossacks led by the Don ataman S. Razin.
1672 - The first self-immolation of schismatics (in Nizhny Novgorod). The first professional theater in Russia. Decree on the distribution of "wild fields" to servicemen and clerics in the "Ukrainian" regions. Russian-Polish agreement on helping Poland in the war with Turkey 1672-1676 - the war between the Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire for Right-Bank Ukraine..
1673 - Campaign of Russian troops and Don Cossacks to Azov.
1673-1675 - Campaigns of Russian troops against hetman P. Doroshenko (campaigns against Chigirin), defeat by Turkish and Crimean Tatar troops.
1675-1678 - Russian embassy mission to Beijing. The refusal of the Qin government to consider Russia as an equal partner.
1676-1682 - The reign of Tsar Fedor Alekseevich Romanov.
1676-1681 - Russian-Turkish war for the Right-bank Ukraine.
1676 - Occupation of the capital of Right-bank Ukraine Chigirin by Russian troops. Zhuravsky peace of Poland and Turkey: Türkiye receives Podolia, P. Doroshenko is recognized as a vassal of Turkey
1677 - The victory of Russian troops over the Turks near Chigirin.
1678 - Russian-Polish treaty to extend the truce with Poland for 13 years. Agreement of the parties on the preparation of "eternal peace". The capture of Chigirin by the Turks
1679-1681 - Tax reform. Transition to household taxation instead of field taxation.
1681-1683 - Seitov uprising in Bashkiria due to forced Christianization. The suppression of the uprising with the help of the Kalmyks.
1681 - The abolition of the Kasimov kingdom. Bakhchisaray peace treaty between Russia and Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. Establishment of the Russian-Turkish border along the Dnieper. Recognition for Russia of the Left-Bank Ukraine and Kyiv.
1682-1689 - Simultaneous reign of the princess-ruler Sofya Alekseevna and tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1682-1689 - Armed conflict between Russia and China on the Amur.
1682 - Abolition of localism. The beginning of the Streltsy rebellion in Moscow. Establishment of the government of Princess Sophia. Suppression of the Streltsy rebellion. The execution of Avvakum and his supporters in Pustozersk.
1683-1684 - Construction of the Syzran notch line (Syzran-Penza).
1686 - "Eternal Peace" between Russia and Poland. Russia's accession to the anti-Turkish coalition of Poland, Holy Empire and Venice (Holy League) with the obligation of Russia to make a campaign against the Crimean Khanate.
1686-1700 - War between Russia and Turkey. Crimean campaigns by V. Golitsyn.
1687 - Foundation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow.
1689 - Construction of the Verkhneudinskaya fortress (modern Ulan-Ude) at the confluence of the Uda and Selenga rivers. Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China. Establishment of the border along the Argun - Stanovoy Ridge - the Uda River to the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk. The overthrow of the government of Princess Sofya Alekseevna.
1689-1696 - Simultaneous reign of Tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1695 - Establishment of the Preobrazhensky order. The first Azov campaign of Peter I. The organization of "kuppanstvo" to finance the construction of the fleet, the creation of a shipyard on the Voronezh River.
1695-1696 - Uprisings of the local and Cossack population in Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk and Transbaikalia.
1696 - Death of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich.

Russian empire

1689 - 1725 - The reign of Peter I.
1695 - 1696 - Azov campaigns.
1699 - City government reform.
1700 - Russian - Turkish armistice agreement.
1700 - 1721 - Great Northern War.
1700, November 19 - Battle of Narva.
1703 - Foundation of St. Petersburg.
1705 - 1706 - Uprising in Astrakhan.
1705 - 1711 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1708 - Provincial reform of Peter I.
1709, June 27 - Battle of Poltava.
1711 - Establishment of the Senate. Prut campaign of Peter I.
1711 - 1765 - M.V. Lomonosov.
1716 - Military regulations of Peter I.
1718 - Establishment of the college. Start of the poll census.
1721 - Establishment of the Chief Magistrate of the Synod. Decree on Possession Peasants.
1721 - Peter I took the title of EMPEROR OF ALL-RUSSIAN. RUSSIA BECAME AN EMPIRE.
1722 - "Table of Ranks".
1722 -1723 - Russian - Iranian war.
1727 - 1730 - The reign of Peter II.
1730 - 1740 - The reign of Anna Ioannovna.
1730 - Repeal of the law of 1714 on uniform inheritance. Acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Younger Horde in Kazakhstan.
1735 - 1739 - Russian - Turkish war.
1735 - 1740 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1741 - 1761 - The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
1742 - Discovery of the northern tip of Asia by Chelyuskin.
1750 - Opening of the first Russian theater in Yaroslavl (F.G. Volkova).
1754 - Abolition of internal customs.
1755 - Foundation of Moscow University.
1757 - 1761 - Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War.
1757 - Establishment of the Academy of Arts.
1760 - 1764 - Mass unrest of attached peasants in the Urals.
1761 - 1762 - Reign Peter III.
1762 - Manifesto "on the freedom of the nobility".
1762 - 1796 - The reign of Catherine II.
1763 - 1765 - Invention of I.I. Polzunov steam engine.
1764 - Secularization of church lands.
1765 - Decree on permission for landowners to exile peasants to hard labor. Establishment of the Free Economic Society.
1767 - Decree forbidding peasants to complain about landowners.
1767 - 1768 - "Commission on the Code".
1768 - 1769 - "Koliyivshchyna".
1768 - 1774 - Russian - Turkish war.
1771 - "Plague riot" in Moscow.
1772 - First partition of Poland.
1773 - 1775 - Peasants' War under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev.
1775 - Provincial reform. Manifesto on freedom of organization of industrial enterprises.
1783 - Accession of the Crimea. Georgievsky treaty on the protectorate of Russia over Eastern Georgia.
1783 - 1797 - Srym Datov's uprising in Kazakhstan.
1785 - Letter of grant to the nobility and cities.
1787 - 1791 - Russian - Turkish war.
1788 -1790 - Russian - Swedish war.
1790 - Publication of "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by A.N. Radishchev.
1793 - The second partition of Poland.
1794 - Uprising in Poland led by T. Kosciuszko.
1795 - Third partition of Poland.
1796 - 1801 - The reign of Paul I.
1798 - 1800 - Mediterranean campaign of the Russian fleet under the command of F.F. Ushakov.
1799 - Suvorov's Italian and Swiss campaigns.
1801 - 1825 - The reign of Alexander I.
1803 - Decree "on free cultivators".
1804 - 1813 - War with Iran.
1805 - Creation of an alliance of Russia with England and Austria against France.
1806 - 1812 - War with Turkey.
1806 - 1807 - Creation of an alliance with England and Prussia against France.
1807 - Peace of Tilsit.
1808 - War with Sweden. Accession of Finland.
1810 - Creation of the State Council.
1812 - Accession of Bessarabia to Russia.
1812, June - The invasion of the Napoleonic army into Russia. Start Patriotic War. August, 26th - battle of Borodino. September 2 - leaving Moscow. December - The expulsion of the Napoleonic army from Russia.
1813 - Accession to Russia of Dagestan and part of Northern Azerbaijan.
1813 - 1814 - Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
1815 - Congress in Vienna. The Duchy of Warsaw is part of Russia.
1816 - Creation of the first secret organization of the Decembrists "Union of Salvation".
1819 - Rebellion of military settlers in the city of Chuguev.
1819 - 1821 - World expedition to Antarctica F.F. Bellingshausen.
1820 - Unrest of soldiers in tsarist army. Creation of "welfare union".
1821 - 1822 - Creation of the "Southern secret society" and "Northern secret society".
1825 - 1855 - The reign of Nicholas I.
1825, December 14 - Decembrist uprising on Senate Square.
1828 - Accession to Russia of Eastern Armenia and all of Northern Azerbaijan.
1830 - Military uprising in Sevastopol.
1831 - Rebellion in Staraya Russa.
1843 - 1851 - Construction railway between Moscow and Petersburg.
1849 - Assistance to the Russian army in suppressing the uprising of the Hungarians in Austria.
1853 - Creation by Herzen in London of the Free Russian Printing House.
1853 - 1856 - Crimean War.
1854, September - 1855, August - Defense of Sevastopol.
1855 - 1881 - The reign of Alexander II.
1856 - Treaty of Paris.
1858 - The Aigun border treaty with China was concluded.
1859 - 1861 - The revolutionary situation in Russia.
1860 - Beijing border treaty with China. Foundation of Vladivostok.
February 19, 1861 - Manifesto on the emancipation of peasants from serfdom.
1863 - 1864 - Uprising in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus.
1864 - The entire Caucasus became part of Russia. Zemstvo and judicial reforms.
1868 - The Khanate of Kokand and the Emirate of Bukhara recognize political dependence on Russia.
1870 - City government reform.
1873 - Khan of Khiva recognized political dependence on Russia.
1874 - Introduction of universal conscription.
1876 ​​- Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate. Creation of a secret revolutionary organization "Land and Freedom".
1877 - 1878 - Russian - Turkish war.
1878 - Treaty of San Stefano.
1879 - The split of "Land and freedom". Creation of the "Black Repartition".
1881, March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II.
1881 - 1894 - Reign Alexander III.
1891 - 1893 - Conclusion of the Franco - Russian Union.
1885 - Morozov strike.
1894 - 1917 - The reign of Nicholas II.
1900 - 1903 - Economic crisis.
1904 - Murder of Plehve.
1904 - 1905 - Russian - Japanese war.
1905, January 9 - "Bloody Sunday".
1905 - 1907 - The first Russian revolution.
1906, April 27 - July 8 - First State Duma.
1906 - 1911 - agrarian reform Stolypin.
1907, February 20 - June 2 - Second State Duma.
1907, November 1 - 1912, June 9 - Third State Duma.
1907 - Creation of the Entente.
1911, September 1 - The assassination of Stolypin.
1913 - Celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty.
1914 - 1918 - First World War.
1917, February 18 - Strike at the Putilov factory. March 1 - creation of the Provisional Government. March 2 - abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. June - July - the crisis of power. August - Kornilov rebellion. September 1 - Russia is declared a republic. October - the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.
1917, March 2 - Formation of the Provisional Government.
1917, March 3 - Abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich.
1917, March 2 - Establishment of the Provisional Government.

Russian Republic and RSFSR

1918, July 17 - the assassination of the deposed Emperor and royal family.
1917, July 3 - July performances of the Bolsheviks.
1917, July 24 - Announcement of the composition of the second coalition of the Provisional Government.
1917, August 12 - Convocation of the State Conference.
1917, September 1 - Declaration of Russia as a republic.
1917, September 20 - Formation of the Pre-Parliament.
1917, September 25 - Announcement of the composition of the third coalition of the Provisional Government.
1917, October 25 - Appeal of V. I. Lenin on the transfer of power to the Military Revolutionary Committee.
1917, October 26 - Arrest of members of the Provisional Government.
1917, October 26 - Decrees on peace and land.
1917, December 7 - Establishment of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission.
1918, January 5 - Opening of the Constituent Assembly.
1918 - 1922 - Civil war.
1918, March 3 - Brest peace.
1918, May - The uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps.
1919, November - Defeat of A.V. Kolchak.
1920, April - Transfer of power in the Volunteer Army from A.I. Denikin to P.N. Wrangel.
1920, November - The defeat of the army of P.N. Wrangel.

1921, March 18 - Signing of the Peace of Riga with Poland.
1921 - X Party Congress, resolution "On the unity of the party."
1921 - Beginning of the NEP.
1922, December 29 - Union Treaty.
1922 - "Philosophical steamboat"
1924, January 21 - Death of V. I. Lenin
1924, January 31 - Constitution of the USSR.
1925 - XVI Party Congress
1925 - Adoption of a resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) regarding the party's policy in the field of culture
1929 - The year of the "great turning point", the beginning of collectivization and industrialization
1932-1933 - Famine
1933 - Recognition of the USSR by the USA
1934 - First Congress of Writers
1934 - XVII Party Congress ("Congress of Winners")
1934 - The inclusion of the USSR in the League of Nations
1936 - Constitution of the USSR
1938 - Clash with Japan at Lake Khasan
1939, May - Collision with Japan near the Khalkhin Gol River
1939, August 23 - Signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
1939, September 1 - Beginning of World War II
1939, September 17 - Invasion Soviet troops to Poland
1939, September 28 - Signing of the Treaty with Germany "On Friendship and Border"
1939, November 30 - The beginning of the war with Finland
1939, December 14 - Expulsion of the USSR from the League of Nations
1940, March 12 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Finland
1941, April 13 - Signing of the non-aggression pact with Japan
1941, June 22 - Invasion of Germany and its allies in Soviet Union
1941, June 23 - Headquarters of the High Command was formed
1941, June 28 - The capture of Minsk by German troops
1941, June 30 - Establishment of the State Defense Committee (GKO)
1941, August 5-October 16 - Defense of Odessa
1941, September 8 - Beginning of the blockade of Leningrad
1941, September 29-October 1 - Moscow Conference
1941, September 30 - Beginning of the Typhoon plan
1941, December 5 - The beginning of the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops in the battle of Moscow

1941, December 5-6 - Defense of Sevastopol
1942, January 1 - Accession of the USSR to the Declaration of the United Nations
1942, May - The defeat of the Soviet army during the Kharkov operation
1942, July 17 - Beginning Battle of Stalingrad
1942, November 19-20 - Beginning of the implementation of Operation Uranus
1943, January 10 - Beginning of Operation Ring
1943, January 18 - The end of the blockade of Leningrad
1943, July 5 - The beginning of the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops in the battle on Kursk Bulge
1943, July 12 - Beginning of the Battle of Kursk
1943, November 6 - Liberation of Kyiv
1943, November 28-December 1 - Tehran Conference
1944, June 23-24 - Beginning of the Iasi-Kishinev operation
1944, August 20 - Beginning of Operation Bagration
1945, January 12-14 - Beginning of the Vistula-Oder operation
1945, February 4-11 - Yalta Conference
1945, April 16-18 - Beginning of the Berlin operation
1945, April 18 - Surrender of the Berlin garrison
1945, May 8 - Signing of the act of unconditional surrender of Germany
1945, July 17 - August 2 - Potsdam Conference
1945, August 8 - Announcement of the soldiers of the USSR Japan
1945, September 2 - Surrender of Japan.
1946 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad"
1949 - Test atomic weapons THE USSR. Leningrad case. Test of Soviet nuclear weapons. Formation of Germany and the GDR. 1949 Formation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
1950-1953 - Korean War
1952 - XIX Party Congress
1952-1953 - "the cause of doctors"
1953 - Test of the hydrogen weapon of the USSR
1953, March 5 - Death of I. V. Stalin
1955 - Formation of the Warsaw Pact organization
1956 - XX Party Congress, debunking the personality cult of I. V. Stalin
1957 - Completion of the construction of the nuclear-powered ship "Lenin"
1957 - Launch of the first satellite into space by the USSR
1957 - Establishment of the Economic Council
1961, April 12 - Yu. A. Gagarin's flight into space
1961 - XXII Party Congress
1961 - Kosygin reforms
1962 - Unrest in Novocherkassk
1964 - Displacement of N. S. Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
1965 - Construction of the Berlin Wall
1968 - The introduction of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia
1969 - Military clash between the USSR and China
1974 - Start of construction of BAM
1972 - A.I. Brodsky expelled from the USSR
1974 - A.I. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the USSR
1975 - Helsinki Agreement
1977 - New Constitution
1979 - The entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
1980-1981 - Political crisis in Poland.
1982-1984 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Yu.V. Andropov
1984-1985 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU K.U. Chernenko
1985-1991 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU M.S. Gorbachev
1988 - XIX party conference
1988 - The beginning of the armed conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan
1989 - Election of the Congress of People's Deputies
1989 - Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
1990 - Election of M. S. Gorbachev as President of the USSR
1991, August 19-22 - Creation of the State Emergency Committee. Coup attempt
August 24, 1991 - Mikhail Gorbachev resigns from his post Secretary General The Central Committee of the CPSU (August 29, the Russian parliament prohibits the activities of the Communist Party and seizes party property).
1991, December 8 - Belovezhskaya agreement, the abolition of the USSR, the creation of the CIS.
1991, December 25 - M.S. Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR.

Russian Federation

1992 - Beginning of market reforms in Russian Federation.
1993, September 21 - "Decree on a phased constitutional reform in the Russian Federation." The beginning of the political crisis.
1993, October 2-3 - clashes in Moscow between supporters of the parliamentary opposition and the police.
1993, October 4 - the capture of the White House by military units, the arrest of A.V. Rutskoi and R.I. Khasbulatov.
1993, December 12 - Adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Elections to the first State Duma of the Russian Federation for a transitional period (2 years).
1994, December 11 - The entry of Russian troops into the Chechen Republic to restore "constitutional order."
1995 - Elections to the State Duma for 4 years.
1996 - Elections for the post of President of the Russian Federation. B.N. Yeltsin gains 54% of the vote and becomes president of the Russian Federation.
1996 - Signing of an interim agreement on the suspension of hostilities.
1997 - completion of the withdrawal of federal troops from Chechnya.
1998, August 17 - economic crisis in Russia, default.
1999, August - Chechen fighters invaded the mountainous regions of Dagestan. The beginning of the II Chechen campaign.
1999, December 31 - B.N. Yeltsin announced the early resignation of the powers of the President of the Russian Federation and the appointment of V.V. Putin as acting president of Russia.
2000, March - the election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
2000, August - the death of the nuclear submarine "Kursk". 117 crew members of the nuclear submarine "Kursk" were posthumously awarded the Order of Courage, the captain was posthumously awarded the Hero's Star.
2000, April 14 - The State Duma decided to ratify the Russian-American START-2 treaty. This treaty assumes further reduction of strategic offensive arms of both countries.
2000, May 7 - Official introduction by V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
2000, May 17 - Approval by M.M. Kasyanov as Prime Minister of the Russian Federation.
2000, August 8 - A terrorist act in Moscow - an explosion in the underpass of the Pushkinskaya metro station. 13 people died, a hundred were injured.
2004, August 21-22 - There was an invasion of the city of Grozny by a detachment of militants numbering more than 200 people. For three hours they held the city center and killed more than 100 people.
2004, August 24 - In the sky over the Tula and Rostov regions, two passenger planes were blown up at the same time, taking off from Moscow's Domodedovo airport to Sochi and Volgograd. 90 people died.
2005, May 9 - Parade on Red Square on May 9, 2005 in honor of the 60th anniversary of Victory Day.
2005, August - Scandal with the beating of the children of Russian diplomats in Poland and the "retaliatory" beating of the Poles in Moscow.
November 1, 2005 - A successful test launch of the Topol-M rocket with a new warhead was carried out from the Kapustin Yar test site in the Astrakhan region.
2006, January 1 - Municipal reform in Russia.
2006, March 12 - First Single Voting Day (changes in the electoral legislation of the Russian Federation).
2006, July 10 - Chechen terrorist "number 1" Shamil Basayev was destroyed.
2006, October 10, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel unveiled a monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Dresden folk artist Russia Alexander Rukavishnikov.
October 13, 2006 - Russian Vladimir Kramnik was proclaimed the absolute world chess champion after defeating Bulgarian Veselin Topalov in a match.
2007, January 1 - Krasnoyarsk Territory, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenetsky) and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs merged into a single subject of the Russian Federation - Krasnoyarsk Territory.
2007, February 10 - President of Russia V.V. Putin said the so-called. "Munich speech".
2007, May 17 - In the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Rus' and the First Hierarch of ROCOR, Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York Laurus, signed the Act of Canonical Communion, a document that ended the division between the Russian Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate.
2007, July 1 - Kamchatka region and Koryaksky autonomous region united in Kamchatka Krai.
2007, August 13 - Nevsky Express train accident.
2007, September 12 - Mikhail Fradkov's government resigned.
2007, September 14 - Viktor Zubkov is appointed as the new Prime Minister of Russia.
2007, October 17 - The Russian national football team led by Guus Hiddink defeated the England national team with a score of 2:1.
2007, December 2 - Elections to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 5th convocation.
December 10, 2007 - Dmitry Medvedev is nominated as a candidate for the President of the Russian Federation from United Russia.
2008, March 2 - Elections of the third President of the Russian Federation were held. Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev won.
2008, May 7 - Inauguration of the third President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev.
August 8, 2008 - Active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict: Georgia stormed Tskhinvali, to armed conflict Russia officially joined on the side of South Ossetia.
2008, August 11 - Active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict: Georgia stormed Tskhinvali, Russia officially joined the armed conflict on the side of South Ossetia.
August 26, 2008 - Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed a decree recognizing the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
September 14, 2008 - A Boeing 737 passenger plane crashed in Perm.
2008, December 5 - Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II died. Temporarily, the place of the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church is taken by the locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, Metropolitan of Smolensk and Kaliningrad Kirill.
January 1, 2009 - The Unified State Exam became mandatory throughout Russia.
2009, January 25-27 - Extraordinary Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church has elected a new Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. They became Cyril.
2009, February 1 - Enthronement of the newly elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Kirill.
2009, July 6-7 - Visit of US President Barack Obama to Russia.

Primitive society- from the appearance of the first human ancestors to the emergence of cities, states and writing. This period is also called prehistoric, but I do not agree with this: once a person appeared, it means that the history of mankind began, even if we learn about it not through written sources, but through various archaeological finds. At this time, man mastered agriculture and cattle breeding, began to build houses and cities, religion and art were born. And this is history, albeit primitive.

Ancient world– from the first ancient states to the fall of the Western Roman Empire (5.5 thousand years ago - V century AD). Civilizations of the Ancient East, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, Ancient America. An amazing time in which writing appeared, science was born, new religions, poetry, architecture, theater, the first ideas about democracy and human rights, but can you list everything!

Middle Ages (V-XV centuries)- from the fall of the Western Roman Empire at the end of the ancient era, to the Great geographical discoveries the invention of printing. Feudal relations, the Inquisition, knights, Gothic - the first thing that comes to mind when mentioning the Middle Ages.

New time (XV century - 1914)- from the Great geographical discoveries to the beginning of World War I. The Renaissance period in science and culture, the discovery of the New World by the Spaniards, the fall of Constantinople, the English and French revolutions, the Napoleonic wars and much more.

Newest time- period in human history (from 1914 to the present).

Other approaches to dividing the history of mankind into periods:

– formational, depending on the socio-economic system: primitive communal system, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist and communist(what we were driven into at school);

– by production methods: agrarian society, industrial society, post-industrial society;

- according to the level of development of material culture:primitive period, archaic period, dark ages, antiquity, middle ages, revival, modern times, modernity;

– by periods of reign of prominent rulers;

– by periods of historically significant wars;

From a chronological point of view, history is divided into primitive, ancient, medieval, new, and recent. This periodization, in its main outlines adopted in the 19th century, is suitable only for Western Europe.

History of primitive society covers the period from the moment of the emergence of man 2.5-1 million years ago (see Art. Anthroposociogenesis) to the formation of the first states in Asia and Africa (the turn of 4-3 thousand BC). At the same time, in other parts of the world, the era of primitiveness lasted much longer. According to archaeological periodization based on differences in material and appearance tools, the history of primitive society is divided into a number of epochs: early (ended about 100 thousand years ago), middle (about 40 thousand years ago) and late (about 10 thousand years ago) Paleolithic, Mesolithic (8 thousand . years ago) and the Neolithic (5 thousand years ago; within its framework, the Eneolithic is also distinguished). This is followed by the Bronze Age (up to 1 thousand BC) and iron age when primitive societies coexist with the first civilizations. For each region, the time frame of epochs varies significantly. In primitive society, there were no clearly defined social and property differences; the tribal system dominated (see Art. Genus, Tribe).

Ancient world history studies the existence ancient civilizations(Ancient East, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome) from the moment of origin to the 5th century. n. e. The end of the era of the Ancient World is traditionally considered the year of the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476). However, this chronological line does not matter for other civilizations (see Art. Chinese civilization, Mesoamerican civilization). With significant differences in the types state structure(from eastern despotism to the polis system) slavery dominated in most ancient societies (see Art. Slavery).

History of the Middle Ages affects the 5th-15th centuries, the discovery of America by X. Columbus (1492) is considered the end of the European Middle Ages. Medieval European society existed under feudalism. The term "Middle Ages" was first used by the Italian humanist F. Biondo (1392-1463) to refer to the period between Antiquity and the Renaissance. The European Middle Ages is divided into Early (5th-10th centuries, the so-called Dark Ages), High (11th-13th centuries) and Late (14th-15th centuries).

New history called the period 16 - con. 18th century Some scientists consider the beginning of the Great French Revolution of 1789-1799 to be the chronological boundary separating the New Age from the next era, while others consider the end of the First World War of 1914-1918. The European Modern Age was marked by the eras of the Great Geographical Discoveries and the Renaissance, the spread of printing, the Reformation, the Counter-Reformation and the first all-European war (see Art. Thirty Years' War). The most important process of modern times was the formation of nation-states. The characteristic form of government for this era was absolutism. Recent history, according to some, covers the period from 1789 to the end of the Second World War 1939-1945, and according to others - from 1918 to the present. European civilization entered the industrial age, characterized by the dominance of capitalism, world wars, the beginning of colonialism and the fall of the colonial system. The dominant form of government was a republic or a constitutional monarchy.

Modern history dates back to the end of World War II. Some scientists consider this era an integral part of recent history, other researchers distinguish in an independent period of human development - post-industrial civilization. It is characterized by the processes of the information revolution and globalization, the emergence post-industrial society(see Art. Post-industrial (information) society theory), " cold war» and the collapse of the socialist camp, large-scale pollution environment, the fight against international terrorism.

Years before the new era.
4 thousand years. Unification of small states in the Nile Valley. First pyramid. Sumero-Akkadian kingdom in Mesopotamia. The invention of cuneiform. The Harappan civilization emerges in the Indus Valley. In the Huang He valley, silkworms are bred and bronze is smelted; there is nodular and picture writing.
2.5-2 thousand years. Minoan civilization. Assyrian state with its capital in Nineveh. The Phoenicians create an alphabetic letter, open the way to the Red Sea. Trypillian agricultural culture in the Dnieper region.
2 thousand years. Aryan tribes penetrate into India, and the Achaean Greeks - into Hellas.
1.5 thousand years. In China, the state of Shang (Yin) arises.
1400 Exodus of Jews from Egypt led by Moses.
OK. 15th century Separation of the Proto-Slavic tribes from the Indo-European unity.
XV-XIII centuries Achaean Greek period.
1300-1200 The Hittites discover a way to obtain iron. 970-940 The reign of King Solomon, the construction of the Jerusalem temple.
IX-VIII centuries The first mention of the state of the Persians.
800 Founding of Carthage by the Phoenicians.
776 First Olympic Games.
753 Legendary date of the founding of Rome.
660 First emperor of Japan.
560 Birth of the Buddha.
551 Birth of Confucius.
489 - 4th c. n. e. State of Greater Armenia.
461 "Golden Age" of Pericles in Greece. Construction of the Parthenon.
334-325 Conquests of Alexander the Great in the East.
317-180 AD Mauryan Empire in India.
264-146 AD Three Punic Wars Rome with Carthage and the destruction of Carthage.
246 Construction of the Great Wall of China begins.
146 Subordination of Greece to Rome.
73-71 years Roman slave revolt led by Spartacus.
49-44 years Dictatorship of Julius Caesar in Rome.
6 BC - 4 AD e. Probable date of birth of Jesus Christ.

Years of the new era.
I century. The emergence of Christianity.
OK. 29 AD Crucifixion of Jesus Christ by order of the Roman procurator Pontius Pilate.
I-II centuries The first mention of the Slavs among ancient authors.
132-135 AD The beginning of the dispersion of Jews around the world.
164-180 AD A plague ravages the Roman and Chinese empires.
3rd-9th centuries Maya civilization in America.
395 Division of the Roman Empire into East and West.
4th-5th centuries Introduction of Christianity in Georgia and Armenia.
476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Beginning of the Middle Ages.
482 Baptism of the Franks. First kingdom of the Franks.
570 Birth of Muhammad, founder of Islam.
630 Formation of an Arab state.
End of the 7th century Formation of the Bulgarian state.
711-720 Arab conquest of Spain.
732 Battle of Poitiers. Stopped the advance of the Arabs in Europe.
VIII-X centuries Khazar Khaganate.
The first chronicle information about Novgorod.
d. The legendary date of the founding of Kyiv.
IX century The formation of Kievan Rus.
Late 9th - early 10th century Formation of the Czech state.
X century Formation of the Old Polish state.
1054 Rupture between Orthodoxy and Catholicism.
1096-1099 First crusade.
1136-1478 Novgorod feudal republic.
1147 The first mention of Moscow.
1206-1227 The reign of Genghis Khan. The emergence of the state of the Mongols.
1236-1242 Tatar-Mongolian invasion of Rus' and European countries.
1242 Alexander Nevsky defeated the German knights on Lake Peipus.
Ser. 10th century - 1569 Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia.
1325 Aztec kingdom founded in Mexico.
1348-1349 The plague wipes out half the population of England.
1370-1405 The reign of the great emir Timur the conqueror.
1378 Victory of the Moscow army over the Tatars on the Vozha River.
1380 Battle of Kulikovo - the defeat of the Tatars under the leadership of Dmitry Donskoy.
1389 Battle of Kosovo (defeat of the Serbs by the Turks).
1410 Defeat of the Teutonic Order by the Polish-Lithuanian-Russian army (Grunwald).
1431 Burning of Joan of Arc by the Inquisition.
1445 Gutenberg Bible. Beginning of printing in Europe.
1453 The fall of Constantinople and Byzantium under the blows of the Turks.
1478 Beginning of the Inquisition in Spain.
1480 "Standing on the Ugra". The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
1492 Expulsion of the Arabs from Spain. Discovery of America by Columbus.
1517 Martin Luther opposes the authority of the popes. Beginning of the Reformation.
1531-1533 Pizarro's conquest of the Inca state.
1533-1584 The reign of Ivan the Terrible.
August 24, 1572 St. Bartholomew's Night (Massacre of the Huguenots in France).
1588 The death of the "Invincible Armada" (Spanish fleet).
1596 Union of Brest. Formation of the Greek Catholic ("Uniate") Church. 1604-1612 "Time of Troubles".
Liberation of Moscow by the militia of Minin and Pozharsky.
d. The election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom.
1620 The Pilgrim Fathers establish a colony across the ocean in New England.
The beginning of the bourgeois revolution in England is considered the beginning of the New Age.
1640 Beginning of the bourgeois revolution in England. 1644 Manchus take over China.
1654 Decision on the transfer of Ukraine under the rule of the Tsar of Russia (Pereyaslav Rada).
1667-1671 Peasant war under the leadership of Stepan Razin.
1682-1725 The reign of Peter I.
1701-1703 War of the Spanish Succession. The strengthening of England at sea.
June 27, 1709 Battle of Poltava.
1762-1796 The reign of Catherine I.
1773-1775 - Peasant war under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev.
1775-1783 American Colonial Wars of Independence. US education.
July 24, 1783 Georgievsky treatise on the transition of Georgia under the protection of Russia.
July 14, 1788 The storming of the Bastille and the start of the French Revolution.
1793-1795 Accession of Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia to Russia.
1812 Napoleon's army invades Russia. Battle of Borodino.
1815 Napoleon defeated at the Battle of Waterloo.
1837 Accession of Queen Victoria in England.
1853-1856 Crimean War. Defense of Sevastopol.
February 19, 1861 The abolition of serfdom in Russia.
1861-1865 American Civil War between North and South. Abolition of slavery.
1862 Unification of Germany by Bismarck.
1867 Creation of the dual Austro-Hungarian Empire.
1877-1878 - Russian-Turkish war, the liberation of the Bulgarians, Serbs, Romanians.
1896 Coronation of Nicholas P. Catastrophe on the Khodynka field.
1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. The death of the Varyag, the fall of Port Arthur.
Mr. "Bloody Sunday". The beginning of the revolution in Russia. Manifesto October 17th.
Mr. First State Duma.
1911-1913 Revolution in Imperial China.
1914 Archduke Ferdinand is assassinated and World War I begins.
1917 February Revolution in Russia, the overthrow of the autocracy.
1917 Victory of the October Revolution in Petrograd. Education of the RSFSR.
1417 Formation of the Ukrainian People's and Soviet Republics.
1918 Revolution in Germany, formation of independent Poland and Czechoslovakia.
1918 End of the First World War. Beginning of the Civil War in Russia.
1919 Treaty of Versailles between the Allies and Germany.
1919-1923 Kemalist revolution in Turkey, the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
December 30, 1922 Formation of the USSR.
1929 Beginning of collectivization in the USSR. World economic crisis.
1931-1933 Great famine in the USSR.
January 30, 1933 Establishment of the Nazi dictatorship in Germany.
1436-1939 Rebellion of General Franco and Civil War in Spain.
1437-1938 Mass repressions in the USSR.
d. "Kristallnacht" (the massacre of Jews in Germany).
d. Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Beginning of World War II.
June 22, 1941 German attack on the USSR.
The Battle of Moscow - the first defeat of the Wehrmacht
d. Signing of the declaration of 26 states on the struggle against Germany.
1442-1943 Battle of Stalingrad. Fighting in North Africa.
G. Battle of Kursk. The landing of allied troops in Italy.
d. Landing of the allied troops in Normandy.
May 8-9, 1945 Unconditional surrender Germany.
1945 Japanese surrender. End of World War II.
1445-1946 Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminals.
1947 US adoption of the Marshall Plan.
1448 Proclamation of the State of Israel.
1949 NATO formed. Proclamation of the GDR, the FRG, the PRC.
1950-1953 War in Korea.
1955 Signing of the Warsaw Pact.
October 4, 1957 Launch of the first artificial satellite Earth.
April 12, 1961 First manned flight into space. Yu. A. Gagarin (USSR).
1961-1973 War in Vietnam.
1966-1976 "Cultural Revolution" in China.
1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.
July 21, 1969 First man on the moon (N. Armstrong, USA).
1975 Helsinki Agreement on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war.
1985 Beginning of "perestroika" in the USSR.
April 26, 1986 Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
1991 Referendum on the fate of the USSR (70% - for the preservation of the Union). Putsch GKChP.
d. Belovezhskaya agreements and the collapse of the USSR.
1991-1992 The collapse of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia.
d. Beginning of "shock therapy" in Russia.
1994 Start of the war in Chechnya.
Union of Russia and Belarus. Withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya.
The collapse of the ruble (default) in Russia.
The bombing of Yugoslavia by NATO aircraft. Operation Desert Storm.
BN Yeltsin's resignation. His successor is V. V. Putin.
d. Election of VV Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
September 11, 2001 Massive terrorist attack in New York. Thousands of dead.
d. US and allied invasion of Iraq. Fall of Hussein's regime.
d. "Orange Revolution" in Ukraine.
g. Catastrophic tsunami in Indonesia. Hurricane Katrina in the USA.
d. Crisis of power in Ukraine.

Some historical dynasties
Starting with the legendary Jimmu, a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu, who ascended the throne on February 11, 660 BC. e., Japan had 134 emperors.
Beginning with the Apostle Peter, the first bishop of Rome, who was executed around the year 65, there have been 344 popes on the Holy See, of which 39 are not recognized (“anti-popes”).

What are historical epochs, and in what order are they arranged? On what basis was such a chronology lined up? What features are characteristic for each of the eras, and why did this or that type of art, technology develop in a certain period of time? Modern historians are ready to give answers to all these questions.

What is a historical era

An epoch in history is a period of time. Its duration is determined by events, characteristic features, features of the development of industry, art, humanity as a whole.

The very word-definition "epoch" has Greek, or rather, ancient Greek roots, literally translated as "significant moment". Not all historical periods have become epochs. For example, in one or another period of time, no significant events occurred, and they remained in the so-called timelessness.

Literary facts can be cited as an example. The appearance in literature of such works as "War and Peace" or "Quiet Flows the Don" can be called peculiar epochal events.

Social formations and formations in art became the criteria for the periodization of historical processes. On their basis, the following were identified:

• Ancient world,
• Middle Ages,
• New time
• The latest time.

And if we consider these time periods through the “prism” of events, the features of the development of art, literature, industry, then we can understand in detail what historical eras are.

Each of the listed time intervals of human development can be divided into additional epochs, which are characterized by certain events. A vivid example of this is the era of the ancient world. It was during this period of history that man made a colossal breakthrough in the development of the bowels of the earth, the introduction of innovations, albeit the simplest ones, into his life.

The ancient world as an epoch in the development of mankind

Many historical sources position the era of the Ancient World as Prehistoric time, which includes the primitive period of human development and the Ancient World. The time period is divided into several epochs:

• paleolith,
• Mesolithic,
• Neolithic.

The longest stage of the era of the Ancient World is the Paleolithic. It lasts from 2.5 million years BC to 10,000 BC. The Paleolithic is characterized the following signs- a person lived thanks to what nature gave, hunted, collected roots, berries, mushrooms. On their own, primitive people did not produce anything, and even food was not subjected to any processing. People simply did not have any tools for this, they did not have the skills. Only at the end of the era did man have similarities of tools of labor and hunting made of stone.

The Mesolithic era (from 10,000 BC to 6,000 BC) was marked not only by human achievements, but also by a natural phenomenon - the last ice age ended and the level of the world ocean rose. People began to form the first communities - tribal communities, improved stone tools and expanded the scope of their use.

The Neolithic era in the period of the Ancient World has no clear time limits. But it was at this stage of his development that man moved from gathering to production, discovered iron, studied its properties and learned how to use it in everyday life, hunting and other areas of life.

At the last stages of the era of the Ancient World, writing appeared in man, empires and states were born, where the division into the upper and lower classes began. Against the background of the development of new lands, wars flared up, which became a kind of impetus for innovation in the development of industry and military affairs.

The Middle Ages and its significance in the history of mankind

The Middle Ages was the first bright milestone in the history of human development. This era is characterized by significant events and cardinal changes in art and industry. Historians consider this particular time period to be the beginning of the emergence of civilization in Europe.

At the beginning of the era, the agrarian sector developed widely, but on the basis of feudalism. The political system of countries was already a kind of system, which included

• feudal estates, satisfying to a greater extent only their own needs and requirements,
• monasteries, on the basis of which art and literature were born, chronicles were kept of events that had a special influence on the course of history already in those days,
• the royal court, which did not have a specific "address", constantly changing its location, which facilitated the control of monasteries and estates, the collection of taxes and taxes.

In the second half of the Middle Ages, an accelerated evolution of the human community began, monetary relations and commodity production appeared, that is, manufactories were formed that produce a certain type of product.

Society was actually ruled by religion. Communities of this plan had a huge impact on political system, and for production. An era began in an era when the church sought not only to share spheres of influence on society with the state, but to take all the reins of government into its own hands. Religion hindered the development of science, fearing that new knowledge would become a cause, a kind of catalyst for its downfall.

New time in history

The era of the New Age (from 1480 to 1790 AD) in the history of mankind is interesting in that not all nationalities and countries entered it at the same time. During this period, Europe and European states had a huge impact on the whole world as a whole. The era is characterized by the emergence of civil society, the development of laws and the legislative framework as a whole, and its acceptance by society.

During this time period, a philosophy is born that makes it possible to explain the chronology and principle of the development of mankind, production and other areas from the point of view of rationality. In addition, the formation of the capitalist system begins, moreover, on the basis of civil law and legislation, the first world communities appear. And, oddly enough, against this background, there is an estrangement between certain states or their groups, based on the principles

• nationalism,
• religiosity,
• ideology.

In the era of modern times, the world begins to be divided into capitalist and socialist camps, military blocs are formed that destabilize the world and relations between countries.

Despite all the negative characteristics of the New Age, it is in this era that the development of the economy and industry starts, significant changes take place in art, literature, and new technologies are introduced into use.

The era of modern times in the history of mankind

The era of modern times, according to most historical sources and works, begins in 1918. It is the most controversial and the most critical at the same time. Colonial empires begin to disintegrate, revolutions break out, significant changes are taking place both legally and socially, the integration of religious trends and communities.

Despite the fact that during this historical period a large number of military clashes and economic crises took place and are still taking place, industry is rapidly developing, more and more innovative technologies are being introduced, and rapid technological breakthroughs are taking place in many industries.

Art is also changing, its new directions are emerging, avant-gardism, unusual musical trends are coming to the fore, new trends are appearing in literature.

Historians believe that the most interesting era for posterity will be the Newest time in the history of mankind. How long and significant this era will be will be judged by those who will have to analyze it and sum up what has been done.

The number of styles and trends is huge, if not endless. They do not have clear boundaries, smoothly pass one into another and are in continuous development, mixing and opposition. That is why it is often so difficult to distinguish one from the other. Many of the styles in art coexist at the same time and therefore there are no “pure” works (painting, architecture, etc.) at all.

However, the understanding and ability to distinguish between styles largely depends on the knowledge of history. When we understand the history of the formation and transformation of Western European art, the features and historical features of each style will become more clear.

1. Art of the Ancient World: before 5th century AD

Ancient Egypt

Art ancient egypt, as well as the art of Mesopotamia that preceded it is de facto not Western European. But it had a significant impact on the Minoan and, indirectly, on the ancient Greek civilization. The characteristic features of Egyptian art is the great importance of the funerary cult, for the sake of which many works of art, which had a more utilitarian function for contemporaries.

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greek art laid the foundation for the development of all European art in the future, creating a number of reference samples (for example, the Parthenon and Venus de Milo). The Greeks created ideal examples of classical sculpture. Significant (but having a much lesser impact on subsequent generations) was the genre of vase painting. Painting samples Ancient Greece have not been preserved.

Parthenon

Characteristics of the pictorial language - ideal appearance, calculated anatomical canon, harmony and balance, golden ratio, taking into account optical distortions. Over the next centuries, art will several times turn to the heritage of ancient Greece and draw ideas from it.

Ancient Rome

Ancient Roman art was influenced by both ancient Greek and local Italic Etruscan art. The most significant monuments of this period are powerful architectural structures (for example, the Pantheon), as well as an elaborate sculptural portrait. A large number of picturesque frescoes have also come down to us.

Pantheon

Early Christian art will take from Roman iconography and types of architectural structures, significantly reworking them under the influence of a new ideology.

2. Middle Ages: V - XV (XVI) centuries.

The art of the Middle Ages is characterized by a decline in visual means compared to the previous era of antiquity. The onset of the Dark Ages, when a large number of both skills and monuments were lost, led to a greater primitiveness of works of art.

An additional aspect is the priority of the spiritual rather than the physical, which led to a weakening of interest in material objects and to a more noticeable generalization, coarsening of works of art.

Byzantium

Byzantine mosaic (5th century)

Byzantine art was at first the heir of late Roman art, enriched by a rich Christian ideology. Characteristic features of the art of this era is sacralization, as well as the exaltation of the emperor. From new genres: excellent achievements in the genre of mosaics and icon painting, from old ones in temple architecture.

Early Middle Ages

Art of the Early Middle Ages (until about the 11th century) created in the Dark Ages, when the situation is complicated by migrations barbarian peoples across the territories of the former Roman Empire.

Almost all of the surviving monuments from this period are illuminated manuscripts, although architectural objects and small arts and crafts can also be found.

Romanica

Romanesque art (XI-XII centuries) continued until it was replaced by Gothic. This was a period of increasing prosperity for Europeans, and for the first time one can see a common European style, consistently found from Scandinavia to Spain.

Painting in the crypt of the Basilica of Saint Isidore

Characteristic features: vigorous and direct forms, bright colors. The main genre is architecture (thick-walled, with the use of arches and vaults), but stained-glass windows and enamel work also become an important genre. Sculpture develops.

Gothic

Fragment of stained glass window

Gothic (XIII-XVI years)- The next international style that swept Europe. It originated in France as the next step in the development of architectural techniques. The most recognizable detail of Gothic is the lancet arch, the stained glass window. Sacred painting is actively developing.

Proto-Renaissance

In Italian culture XIII-XIV centuries Against the backdrop of still strong Byzantine and Gothic traditions, features of a new art - the future art of the Renaissance - began to appear. Therefore, this period of its history was called the Proto-Renaissance.

Fresco "Kiss of Judas", Giotto

There was no similar transitional period in any of the European countries. In Italy itself, proto-Renaissance art existed only in Tuscany and Rome. In Italian culture, the features of the old and the new were intertwined. "The last poet of the Middle Ages" and the first poet of the new era, Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) created the Italian literary language.

3. Rebirth: the beginning XV - 90s of the XVI centuries.

The onset of the Renaissance radically changes the ideology. The sacred fades into the background, interest in the human personality, individuality is actively manifested (due to this, the portrait genre flourishes). Artists and sculptors look back at the art of antiquity, trying to follow its standards and objectives.

There is an opening of a perspective construction, as well as chiaroscuro. Painters simultaneously combine high technicality and skills in depicting nature with humanistic ideals, faith in beauty and attempts to create ideal balanced harmonious works.

The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli

Thanks to the appeal to antiquity, not only forgotten genres appear in art, but also characters - ancient gods, which become as popular as the image of Christian characters.

Late Renaissance (Mannerism)

Mannerism is the final stage of the Renaissance ( mid-16th - 90s of the 16th century) transitional to the Baroque era. Mannerism is characterized by a loss of the harmony of the Renaissance, a crisis of personality, an appeal to more gloomy, twisted or dynamic interpretations.

"Descent from the Cross" Jacopo Pontormo.

4. New time: XVII - early XIX centuries .

Baroque

Baroque (XVII-XVIII centuries), which gravitated towards the solemn "grand style", at the same time reflected ideas about the complexity, diversity, and variability of the world.

"Young Man with a Basket of Fruit", Caravaggio

Most character traits baroque - catchy flamboyance and dynamism. The main directions, channels of the Baroque: verism (naturalistic authenticity and reduced, everyday themes, interpretation of the motif), classicism, "expressive baroque". Baroque architecture is characterized by spatial scope, unity, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms.

Rococo

Rococo - direction in art XVIII century, mostly courtly "cute" art.

Dancing Camargo Nicola Lancre

Characteristically striving for lightness, grace, sophistication and whimsical ornamental rhythm, fantastic ornaments, lovely naturalistic details.

Classicism

Classicism originates in XVII century and develops in parallel with the Baroque.

Then it reappears during the period of the French Revolution (in Western historiography, this period is sometimes called neoclassicism, since another classicism was in France before the onset of the Baroque era. There was no such thing in Russia, and therefore it is customary to call it exclusively “classicism”). was popular before early XIX century.

"Cupid and Psyche", Antonio Canova

The style is characterized by adherence to the principles of ancient (Greek and Roman art): rationalism, symmetry, purposefulness and restraint, strict correspondence of the work to its form.

Romanticism

Ideological and artistic direction late XVIII 18 - 1st half of XIX centuries As a style of creativity and thinking, it remains one of the main aesthetic and worldview models of the 20th century. Romanticism originated first in Germany and then spread throughout the Western European cultural region.

"Wanderer Above the Sea of ​​Fog" by Caspar David Friedrich

Romanticism is an aesthetic revolution. It is characterized by the assertion of the intrinsic value of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, the image of strong (often rebellious) passions and characters, spiritualized and healing nature. It spread to various spheres of human activity. In the 18th century, everything that was strange, fantastic, picturesque, and existing in books, and not in reality, was called romantic.

Sentimentalism

The mindset in Western European and Russian culture and the corresponding literary direction. The works written within the framework of this artistic direction focus on the reader's perception, that is, on the sensuality that arises when reading them. In Europe there was from the 20s to the 80s of the XVIII century, V Russia - from the end XVIII to the beginning of the XIX century.

Pre-Raphaelitism

Direction in English poetry and painting in second half of the 19th century, formed in the early 1850s to fight against the conventions of the Victorian era, academic traditions and blind imitation of classical models.

The name "Pre-Raphaelites" was supposed to denote a spiritual relationship with the Florentine artists of the early Renaissance, that is, the artists "before Raphael" and Michelangelo.

Historicism (eclecticism)

The direction in architecture that dominated Europe and Russia in 1830s-1890s It is characterized by the use of elements of the so-called "historical" architectural styles (Neo-Renaissance, Neo-Baroque, Neo-Rococo, Neo-Gothic, Neo-Russian style, Neo-Byzantine style, Indo-Saracenic style, Neo-Moorish style).

5. Modern times: the second half of the 19th century a - today

Realism

Aesthetic position, according to which the task of art is to capture reality as accurately and objectively as possible. Originated in second half of the 19th century and was widespread until the 20th.

"Death of Mazzini", S. Lega

In the field of artistic activity, the meaning of realism is very complex and contradictory. Its boundaries are changeable and indefinite; stylistically it is multifaceted and multivariant.

Impressionism

Direction in art last third XIX - early XX centuries, which originated in France and then spread throughout the world, whose representatives sought to develop methods and techniques that made it possible to most naturally and vividly capture the real world in its mobility and variability, to convey their fleeting impressions.

"Impression. Rising Sun, Claude Monet

Usually, the term "impressionism" refers to a direction in painting (but this is, first of all, a group of methods), although its ideas have also been embodied in literature and music, where impressionism also appeared in a certain set of methods and techniques for creating literary and musical works, in which the authors sought to convey life in a sensual, direct form, as a reflection of their impressions.

Modernism and avant-garde

These trends in art XX century sought to find something completely new, to establish non-traditional beginnings in art, by the continuous renewal of artistic forms, as well as by the conventionality (schematization, abstraction) of style.

Due to the fact that there are still no theories and typologies of modernism and avant-garde (avant-garde) as literary and artistic phenomena, the range of opinions on the relationship between these two concepts varies from their complete opposition to complete interchangeability.

"Icon" of the world avant-garde - "Black Square", Kazimir Malevich

Generally modern times in art can be described as a desire for everything new and unconventional. There is a strong mixture of schools and styles.

The following styles also belong to the era of modern times:

• Modern
• art deco
• post-impressionism
• Fauvism
• Cubism
• Expressionism
• Surrealism
• Primitivism
• Pop Art