Taking Izmail: Simple and in colorful details. The day of taking by Russian troops of the Turkish fortress Izmail (1790)
In 1768, Turkish Sultan declared a war of Russia, headed by Catherine II at that time. Leader Ottoman Empire I wanted to get a podolia and volyn, expand my possessions in the Northern Black Sea region and in the Caucasus, as well as install the Protectorate over the speech of the compulciety.
During the war, the Russian army under the leadership of Peter Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov defeated the Turkish troops, and the Mediterranean squadron of the Russian fleet under the command of Alexei Orlov and Grigoria Spiridov defeated the Turkish fleet. As a result, Russia forced the enemy to sign Kychuk-Kainardzhi Agreement, according to which the Crimean Khanate formally gained independence, but in fact it began to depend on Russia. In addition, the Ottoman Empire paid Russia military contributions in the amount of 4.5 million rubles. And gave way to the Northern Coast of the Black Sea along with two important ports.
In 1783, the Manifesto of Catherine II Crimean Khanate was joined in Russia.
In 1787, the Ottoman Empire nominated the ultimatum of Russia demanding the recovery of vassalite Crimean Khanate and Georgia. In addition, the attacker wanted to receive from Catherine II permission to inspect the ships passing through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles strait. The Empress responded with refusal, and Sultan immediately declared a new war of Russia. True, he did not know that
austria will fight against the Ottoman Empire, which has previously signed a military treaty with the Russian Empire.
"I myself am surprised by the agility and the courage of my people"
In war, Russia tried one after another. So, the Russian-Austrian army under the command of Alexander Suvorov defeated the Turkish army near Fokshans. And the Sevastopol squadron under the leadership of Marco Wornovich and Fyodor Ushakov defeated the enemy fleet at the Island of Fidonisi. About the sea battle of Catherine II wrote the commander-in-chief of the Russian army and the prince Gregory Potemkin: "The action of the fleet of Sevastopolsky pleased me a lot: almost incredible, with some kind of power God helps beat strong Turkish weapons! Tell me how to please the Winovich? The crosses of the third class are sent to you, do not give him one or the sword? "
Soon the battle of the Kerch Strait took place, during which the Russian squadron under the command of Fyodor Ushakov won and did not allow the Ottoman Empire to land their troops in the Crimea.
"I myself am surprised by the progress and courage of my people," said Ushakov. "They fired into the enemy ship infrequently and with such a snarling that, it seemed, everyone learns to shoot at the goal."
But what he wrote about the results of the battle of Ekaterina II: "The victory of the Black Sea Fleet over Turkish we celebrated yesterday with the silence of Kazan ... Council Admiral Ushakov Great Thank you please tell me all his subordinates."
Execute each
However, despite the multiple victories of the Russian army, the Ottoman Empire did not agree to adopt the conditions of the world on which Russia insisted, and Sultan in every way delayed negotiations. It became clear that the acceleration process will succeed with the take of Izmail - a powerful fortress with a high shaft and a wide moat, whose garrison was about 35 thousand people under the command of Aidozle-Muhammad Pasha.
Sultan issued an order that in case of the fall, Izmail will need to execute each warrior, defending the fortress.
At the end of November 1790, Grigory Potemkin ordered Alexander Suvorov to accept the command of parts, precipitated Izmail. The commander immediately sent the commandant Izmatimatum with demand to pass the fortress no later than a day from the moment of the ultimatum. Ultimatum was rejected.
Alexander Suvorov gathered a military council, which decided that it was necessary to start the assault as soon as possible. According to the memories of contemporaries, the great Russian commander ordered his soldiers to "take plenty of at any cost."
State Memorial Museum A.V. Suvorov "Portrait of A. V. Suvorov in the Mundire of the Guards Transfiguration Regiment", Joseph Creicinger. Canvas, oil, 40.5 × 31.5 cm. 1799 year.
"There were prisoners who died from fear at the sight of a slaughter."
The storming of the fortress was appointed for early morning on December 22: Suvorov believed that darkness is needed for the surprise of the first strike. However, according to historians, the attack of the Russians did not become a surprise for the Turks: the last night every night was ready for the assault and also knew from the mines about the plans of the commander.
At five o'clock in the morning, the assault began, and soon the enemy was supplanted from the fortress tops and retreated into the inner part of the city. Through the captured knight, Khotyn and Bender gates, Alexander Suvorov moved to the battle reserves. The Turkish garrison continued to resist - the troops of Aidozle-Muhammad Pasha fought for each house. According to memories, the Turks "expensive sold their lives, no one asked for mercy, women rushed brutally with daggers on a soldier. The allocation of residents multiplied the ferocity of troops, nor the floor nor the age nor the title was spoken; Blood flowed everywhere - close the curtain of the horror spectacle. "
By four o'clock in the afternoon, the fortress was fully taken. 26 thousand Turks were killed, the rest were captured. The common losses of Russians were 4582 people.
"Our soldiers with peaks and bayons attacked the Turks, which were armed with sabers and daggers, - recalled the French officer Langeron, volunteer of the Russian army. "This fight lasted five hours: Turks were expelled from the fortress walls, they barricaded on the streets, and each house was besieged. Finally, at noon four hundred of the Turks (remaining out of 30 thousand who defended the city), weapons lay down, and the battle ceased. The followed terrible robbery ended only the next day. Almost all columns we lost a third killed and wounded, and in one - two thirds. On 23 thousand participants of the assault accounted for 6 thousand to 7 thousand victims, including three major generals, one brigadier, six colonels, more than forty lieutenant colonels or majors and two hundred and three hundred junior officers.
It took several days to remove the corpses that the morals were filled, earthy trees, streets and large squares. It could not be a speech about to save the wounded, almost everyone was mercilessly finished. There were prisoners who at the sight of this terrible slaughter died from fear. "
If the fallen Russians were buried on the church rite, the dead warriors of the Ottoman Empire threw right in the Danube. Captive Turks sent to the city of Nikolaev under the cone Cossacks.
The commandant of the fortress of Suvorov appointed Mikhail Kutuzov - the future of the famous commander and the winner of Napoleon.
Who got a diamond uniform
"Thus, a victory was made," Alexander Suvorov, Gregory Potemkin, was rapidly reported. - The fortress of Izmail, such a fortified, so extensive and which seemed to the enemy invincible, taken by the Russian bayonies terrible to him, persistence of the enemy, who belonged to the hope of his own troops, long. Although the number of troops receiving Taine was supposed to be 42 thousand, but the number of killed enemies of up to 26 thousand should be assumed to accurately calculate.
Sereskir Ai-Mekhmet, the three-year-old Pasha, who bombed with Izmalel, seated with a crowd of more than 1 thousand people in a stone structure and not although I was rented, was attacked by the Fanagori Grenadiers in the team of Colonel Zolotukhina. And both he, and all the former beaten and the porole.
In the fortress of Izmailovskaya found 245 guns, among which nine Mortira, and on the shore twenty, only 245; Large powder cellar and different shells. In trophies, 345 banners were taken, except for those koi in battles are israged, Bunchukov Seven and Sanzhanki two, Lansons eight.
Bringing your lightness with the obsession of the famous victory congratulation and gratitude for instructions to me the famous feathipment, I read myself a direct duty to witness the hardness and courage of the bosses and the boundless diligence and the courage of all the ranks of all the ranks and apply to your favor and the patronage of the reward to employees and comrades. "
For the assault, Alexander Suvorov dreamed of getting Gain General Feldmarshal - Higher military rank In the ground forces. However, the Feldmarsh Mundir seated with diamonds received Potemkin, and Suvorov was appointed by the Lieutenant Colonel of the Transfiguration Regiment.
Thunder Victory, distribute!
After taking Izmail in the Ottoman Empire began a panic. Sultan was forced to agree to the conditions of the Yask civil agreement, which put the end of the Russian-Turkish war. According to the document, the Ottoman Empire refused claims to Georgia and pledged to not take any hostile actions against Georgian lands. Russia has also focused on all Northern Black Sea and strengthened its political positions in the Caucasus and Balkans.
In 1794, the land of Odessa was founded on the lands received as a result of the Yask civil agreement.
The sturm of Izmail is dedicated to the informal Russian anthem "Thunder Victory, distribute!". The author of the words performed the poet Gabriel Derzhavin. Unofficial anthem Russian Empire Started with the following rows:
Thunder Victory, distribute!
Have fun, brave Ross!
Double glory decorate.
Magomeet you sweep!
Shortly after the victory over the Turks, Alexander Suvorov began to strengthen the new Russian-Turkish border running along the Dniester River. According to his order on the left bank of the Dniester in 1792, Tiraspol was laid - the largest city in Transnistria today.
Victory in the Russian-Turkish War 1768-1774. Provided Russia access to the Black Sea. But under the terms of the Kychuk-Kaynardzhi Treaty, the strong fortress Ishmael, located at the mouth, remained for Turkey.
In 1787, Turkey, supported by England and France, demanded a revision of the contract from Russia: the return of the Crimea and the Caucasus, recognizing the invalid subsequent agreements. After receiving a refusal, she started hostilities. Turkey planned to seize Kinburn and Kherson, plant a large landing in the Crimea and defeat the database of the Russian fleet Sevastopol. For the deployment of hostilities on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Kuban, significant Turkish forces were directed towards Sukhum and Anapa. To ensure its plans, Turkey has prepared a 200-thousandth army and a strong fleet from 19 linear ships, 16 frigates, 5 bombardir corvets and a large number of ships and provision vessels.
Russia launched two armies: Ekaterinoslav General Field Marshal Grigory Potemkin (82 thousand people) and Ukrainian Field Marshal General Petra Rumyantsev (37 thousand people). Two strong military buildings were isolated from the composition of the Ekaterinoslav army were in Kuban and in the Crimea.
Russian Black Sea Fleet Based at two points: the main forces - in Sevastopol (23 warships with 864 guns) under the command of Admiral M.I. Worthanovich, the future Great Flotodets Fedor Ushakov served here, and the rowing flotilla in the Dnipro-Bug Liman (20 low-tonnage ships and ships, partly not yet armed). On the side of Russia, a large European country was made - Austria, which sought to expand its possessions at the expense of the Balkan states under the rule of Turkey.
The plan of action of allies (Russia and Austria) was offensive. He was to invade the limits of Turkey on both sides: the Austrian army was supposed to begin an offensive from the West and master Khotin; The Ekaterinoslav army had to deploy military actions on the Black Sea coast, to master the Ochast, then go to the Dnieper, clear the area from the Turks between the Dniester and the Prut, for which the Bender. Russian fleet It was supposed to be active actions on the Black Sea to sow the opponent fleet and prevent landing operations to Turkey.
Military actions developed for Russia successfully. Shakhkov, Alexander Suvorov's victory at Fokshans and Ramnica, created prerequisites for the completion of the war and signing the world profitable for Russia. Turkey did not have at this time forces for serious resistance to the armies of the allies. However, politicians could not use a favorable moment. Turkey managed to collect new troops, get help from western countriesAnd the war dragged into.
Yu.H. Sadylenko. Portrait of A.V. Suvorov
In the campaign of 1790, the Russian command planned to take the Turkish fortresses on the left bank of the Danube, and then transfer hostilities for the Danube.
During this period, brilliant successes were obsessed with Russian sailors under the command of Fyodor Ushakov. The Turkish fleet suffered major defeats in the Kerch Strait and the Island of the Trenda. The Russian fleet captured strong domination on the Black Sea, ensuring the conditions for the active offensive actions of the Russian army and the rowing flotilla on the Danube. Soon, salting by the fortresses of Kilia, Tulcha and Isaccha, the Russian troops approached Izmail.
The fortress Izmail was considered impregnable. Before the war, she was rebuilt under the guidance of French and German engineers, significantly increased its strengthening. From three sides (Northern, Western and Eastern), the fortress surrounded the shaft with a length of 6 km, up to 8 meters high with earthen and stone bastions. Before the shaft, the ditch of 12 meters wide and up to 10 meters of depth, which in separate places was filled with water. From the south side, Izmail was covered by the Danube. Inside the city there were many stone buildings that could be actively used to conduct defense. The garrison of the fortress was 35 thousand people at 265 serfs.
K. Lebezko. Suvorov teaches soldiers
In November, the Russian army is a number of 31 thousand people (including 28.5 thousand people of infantry and 2.5 thousand people cavalry) With 500, the instruments were besieged with sushi. The river flotilla under the command of General Orase de Ribas, destroying almost all the Turkish river flotilla, blocked the fortress from the Danube.
Two assaults izmail ended in failure and troops switched to a planned siege and artillery shelling of the fortress. With the beginning of autumn bad weather in the army located in the open locality, mass disease began. Millingly with the opportunity to take plenty of storm, who led the generals, the generals decided to take the troops to winter apartments.
On November 25, the command of the troops under Izmail was instructed by Suvorov. Potemkin provided him with the right to act at his discretion: "Continuing whether the enterprises on Izmail or Leaven." In his letter to Alexander Vasilyevich, he noted: "My hope for God and your courage, hurry my gracious friend ...".
Arriving for Izmail on December 2, Suvorov stopped the troops from under the fortress. Assessing the situation, he decided to immediately prepare the assault. After examining the strengthening of the enemy, he noted Potemkin in the report that they were "without weak places."
Preparation for the assault was held for nine days. Suvorov sought to maximize the focus of suddenness, for which the preparation for the offensive was hidden. Particular attention was paid to the preparation of troops to assault actions. The village of the throw had trees and walls similar to Izmail. Six days and nights soldiers worked on them ways to overcome the RVs, shafts and fortress walls. Suvorov has encouraged the warriors with the words: "More sweat is less than blood!" At the same time, preparation for a long siege was simulated for the deception of the enemy, batteries were laid, fortification was carried out.
Suvorov has found time to develop for officers and soldiers special instructions, which contained the rules for doing the battle during the storming of the fortress. In the Trubaevsky Kurgan, where a small obelisk is towering today, there was a tent of the commander. Here, painstaking preparation for the storm was carried out, it was thought out and all before the smallest detail was envisaged. "At such a storm," Alexander Vasilyevich confessed later, "it was possible to venture only once in life."
Before the battle at the Military Council, Suvorov said: "Twice the Russians stood before Izmail and retreat from him twice; Now, for the third time, nothing else remains how to take a fortress or die ... ". Military Council unanimously acted in support of the great commander.
On December 7, Suvorov sent the commandant I wrote a letter of Potemkin with an ultimatum about the surrender of the fortress. The Turks, in the case of voluntary surrender, was guaranteed the life, preservation of property and the opportunity to cross through the Danube, otherwise "the fate of Ochlakova will follow." A letter ended with the words: "The brave general of Count Alexander Suvorov-Ramniksky was appointed to execute this. And Suvorov attached his note to the letter: "I came here with the troops. 24 hours on thinking for passing and will; The first my shots are already invoking; Sturm - death. "
Taking Izmail. Unless author
Turks were refused to capitulate and responded in response that "Mostly, the Danube will stop within his own and the sky will bow to the earth than the Ishmael surrendered." This answer on the orders of Suvorov was read in every company to inspire the soldiers before the storm.
The assault was scheduled for December 11th. To preserve the secrecy of Suvorov, did not give a written order, but was limited to the oral formulation of the task of commander. The commander planned to spend a night simultaneous attack ground forces and river flotilla from different directions. The main blow was applied by the least protected routing part of the fortress. The troops were divided into three detachments of three columns in each. The column included up to five battalions. Six columns acted with sushi and three columns - from the Danube.
Detachment under the command of General P.S. Potemkin is a number of 7,500 people (the columns of the generals of Lviv, Lassi and Mecknowoba were included in it) was to attack the Western FAS fortress; Detachment General A.N. Samoilova number of 12 thousand people (Columns of Major General M.I. Kutuzov and Cossack Brigaders Platov and Orlov) - Northeast Fox Fortress; The detachment of General de Ribas is a number of 9 thousand people (the columns of Major Arsajnaev, Chapega's Brigadier and Major's Guard Major Markov) had to attack the striped fac of the fortress from the Danube. The total reserve of about 2500 people was divided into four groups and is located against each of the fortress gate.
Of the nine columns in the main direction, six were concentrated. They also have the main artillery. Ahead of each column was to move a team of 120-150 arrows in a loose building and 50 workers with a chant tool, then three battalions with fascines and stairs. Closes a reserve column built in a kara.
F.I. Sunny. Actions of Russian artillery during the storming fortress Izmail in 1790
Preparing the assault, in the morning of December 10, Russian artillery from sushi and ships led continuous fire on the strengthening and batteries of the enemy, which lasted before the start of the attack. At 5:30 minutes and 30 minutes on December 11, the columns moved to the fortress assault. River flotilla under the cover of the fire of ship artillery (about 500 guns) landed the landing. The precipitated met the attacking columns with artillery and rifle fire, and in separate sites and counterattacks.
Despite strong fire and desperate resistance, the 1st and 2nd columns broke into the shaft and captured the bastions. In the course of the battle, General Lviv and the command of the 1st column took the Colonel Zolotukhin was seriously injured. The 6th column immediately mastered the shaft, but then delayed, reflecting the strong counterattack of the Turks.
In the most difficult conditions, the 3rd column was: the depth of the Rib and the height of the bastion, which she had to take, turned out to be more than in other places. Soldiers had to bind the stairs under the fire of the enemy to climb on the shaft. Despite the big losses, she performed his task.
The 4th and 5th columns compiled from the hurked Cossacks were solved. They were counterattanded by the Turks from the fortress, and the Cossacks of Platov had to overcome the moat with water. The Cossacks not only coped with the task, but also contributed to the successful attack of the 7th column, which was divided into four parts after the landing and went to the attack under the flank fire of Turkish batteries. During the battle, Platov had to take on the command of the squad, replacing a seriously wounded General Samoilov. Successfully coped with the tasks and the remaining columns that attacked the enemy from the Danube.
With the dawn, the fight has already walked inside the fortress. At 11 o'clock, the gate was opened and reinforcements were included in the fortress. Heavy street fighting continued to twilight. Turks were desperately defended. The assault columns were forced to separate and act separate battalions and even rotary. Their efforts were constantly increasing due to the introduction of reserves into battle. To support attacking the ingestion, part of artillery was introduced.
"The fortress of Izmail, so fortified, how extensive and which seemed to the enemy invincible, taken terrible for him by Russian bayonets. The persistence of the enemy, who believed in turning hope of his own for the number of troops, downtown, "wrote Potemkin in the report of Catherine II.
During the storm, the Turks lost more than 26 thousand people, 9 thousand were captured. The Russians captured about 400 banners and Bunchukov, 265 guns, the remains of the river flotilla - 42 vessels, large stocks of ammunition and many other trophies. Russian losses amounted to 4 thousand killed and 6 thousand wounded.
Taking the Russian troops Ishmael sharply changed the strategic situation in the war in favor of Russia. Turkey was forced to move to peace negotiations.
In the Hall of Izmailsky historical Museum A.V. Suvorov
"There was no fortress fortnight, there was no defense desperately defense Izmail, but Izmail was taken," these words from the report of Suvorov Potemkin carved on the monument established in honor of the great Russian commander.
Petrov, who took Izmail?
- Marya Ivanovna, honestly, I did not take!
From the classic joke
How Turkey woke famously
Among the outstanding historical victories overlooking the Russian army, there are not so many such that did not just remain in the memory of the descendants, but even entered the folk folklore and became part of the language. Sturm Izmail just belongs to such events. It appears in the anecdotes, and in the usual speech - "the taking Izmail" is often jokingly called the "attachment", when in a short period of time it is necessary to perform an extremely large amount of work.
Sturm Izmail became apotheosis of the Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791. The war broke out with the filing of Turkey, trying to take revenge for previous defeats. In this striving, the Turks relied on the support of Great Britain, France and Prussia, which, however, did not interfere in hostilities.
Turkey's ultimatum of 1787 demanded the return of the Crimea from Russia, refusing to the patronage of Georgia and the consent to inspect the Russian commercial vessels passing through the straits. Naturally, Turkey has received a refusal and began military actions.
Russia, in turn, decided to use a favorable moment to expand possessions in the Northern Black Sea region.
Commander Alexander Suvorov. Reproduction of paintings. Source: www.russianlook.com
The fighting was formed for the Turks catastrophically. Russian army applied an enemy defeat for defeat, both on land and at sea. In the battles of the war 1787-1791, two Russian military geniuses shone - the commander Alexander Suvorov and Flotodets Fedor Ushakov.
By the end of 1790, it was obvious that Turkey suffers a decisive defeat. However, Russian diplomats did not succeed in increasing Turks to sign the peace treaty. I needed another, solving military success.
Best Fortress of Europe
Russian troops approached the walls of the Izmail Fortress, which was the key object of Turkish defense. Ishmael, who was on the left bank of the Kyilian sleeve of the Danube, covered the most important strategic directions. His fall created the possibility of a breakthrough of the Russian troops for the Danube in Dobrudju, which threatened the Turks with the loss of huge territories and even partial collapse of the empire. Preparing for war from Russia, Turkey has reinforced Izmail. The best German French military engineers was engaged in the fortifications, so Ishmael at that moment became one of the strongest fortresses in Europe.
High shaft, a wide dance of a depth of 10 meters, 260 guns on 11 bastions. In addition, the garrison of the fortress by the time of the Russian approach exceeded 30 thousand people.
Prince Grigory Potemkin. Reproduction of paintings. Source: www.russianlook.com
Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army The Lower Prince Grigory Potemkin I gave the order to master Izmail, and the detachments of the generals Gudovich, Pavel PotemkinAlso Fleotilla General de Ribasaproceeded to its execution .
However, the siege was laid sluggishly, the general assault was not appointed. The generals were not at all cowards, but the troops at their disposal were less than it was in the garrison Ishmael. Take a decisive action in a similar situation seemed madness.
Satisfied in the siege until the end of November 1790, at the Military Council Gudovich, Pavel Potemkin and de Ribas decided to take away the troops on winter apartments.
Mad Ultimatum of Military Genius
When such a decision was known to Gregory Potemkin, he came into rage, immediately canceled the order of the discharge, and I was appointed by the head of the assault of Ishmel-General Alexander Suvorov.
Between Potemkin and Suvorov, by that time a black cat ran. The ambitious Potemkin was a talented administrator, but his headquarters were very limited. On the contrary, the fame of Suvorov rolled not only throughout Russia, but also abroad. Potemkin was not eager to provide General, whose successes caused Jealousy, a new chance to distinguish itself, but there was nothing to do - Izmail was more important than personal relationship. Although it is possible that Potemkin secretly kept the hope that Suvorov would roll the neck on the bastions of Izmail.
Decisive Suvorov arrived under the walls of Izmail, on the move, unfolding troops, who were already separated from the fortress. As usual, he infected everyone around his enthusiasm and confidence in success.
About the fact that the commander really thought was known only to a few. Personally, having come up with Izmail, he briefly threw: "This fortress without weak places."
And already after years, Alexander Vasilyevich will say: "On the assault on such a fortress, it was possible to decide only once in life ...".
But in those days at the walls, I inspired the doubts, General-Annef did not express. He took six days to preparing the master assault. The soldier was sent to the exercise - in the near village, the Earth and Wood Analogues of the RVA and the walls of Izmail were hurriedly, which worked out methods for overcoming obstacles.
I chewed himself with the arrival of Suvorov was taken to a hard blockade from the sea and sushi. After the completion of the preparation for the battle, General-Annef sent an ultimatum to the head of the fortress Great Sereskru Idozle Mehmet Pasha.
Exchange letters between the two commander managers entered the story. Suvorov: "I came with the troops here. Twenty-four hours on thinking - and will. My first shot is already invoking. Sturm - death. " Aidozle-Mehmet-Pasha: "Rather, the Danube will blow up and the sky falls on the ground than Ishmael surrendered."
Judge for yourself: We have already talked about the power of the fortress, as well as about its 35,000th garrison. And the Russian army consisted of only 31 thousand fighters, of which one third was an irregular army. According to the canons of military science, assault in such conditions is doomed to failure.
But the fact is that 35 thousand Turkish soldiers were actually suicide bumps. Frightened military failures, Turkish Sultan published a special firman, in which he promised to execute anyone who will leave Izmail. So Russians confronted 35 thousand armed to teeth, desperate fighters who intended to fight to death in the fortifications of the best European fortress.
And therefore the answer of the Idozle-Mehmet-Pasha Suvorov is not boastful, but quite reasonable.
The death of the Turkish garrison
Any other commander would really turn her neck, but this is about Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. The day before the assault, the Russian troops began arteryprepace. At the same time, it should be said that the assault time for the garrison was not a surprise - its Turks revealed the dedicators, apparently, who did not believe in Suvorian genius.
Suvorov divided the forces by three detachments of three columns in each. Detachment General-Major de Ribas (9000 people) attacked from the river side; The right wing under the authorities of the Lieutenant General Paul Potemkin (7,500 people) had to strike from the western part of the fortress; Left Ling Samoilova (12,000 people) - with east. 2500 cavalrymen remained the last reserve of Suvorov to the most extreme case.
At 3 o'clock in the morning on December 22, 1790, Russian troops left the camp and began to focus in the initial places for the assault. At 5:30 minutes and a half of the morning, after an hour and a half before the onset of dawn, the assault columns began an attack. We boiled a fierce battle on defensive shafts, where opponents did not gelude each other. The Turks defended all the way, but the blow from three different directions disoriented them, not allowing to concentrate forces in one direction.
"Sturm Izmail on December 11, 1790," Fragment of Diorama, Danilevsky E.I., Sibirsky V.M., Museum A.V. Svorov in Izmail, 1972. Source: www.russianlook.com
By 8 o'clock in the morning, when Rawtiled, it turned out that the Russian troops mastered most external fortifications and began to close the enemy to the city center. Street fighting turned into a real slaughter: the roads were littered with corpses, thousands of horses left without siders burned straight on them, burned at home. Suvorov gave an order to introduce 20 light guns on the streets of the city and the creek beat on the Turks directly tip. By 11 o'clock in the morning, advanced Russian parts under the command of General Major General General Major Boris Lassi occupied the central part of Izmail.
For an hour of day, organized resistance was broken. Separate resistance foci was suppressed by Russians to four in the evening.
Desperate breakthrough carried out several thousand Turks under the command Kaplan Girea. They managed to get out of the city walls, but here Suvorov moved a reserve against them. Experienced Russian huntsmans pressed the enemy to the Danube and completely destroyed the broken.
By four o'clock in the afternoon I ammail fell. Of the 35 thousand of his defenders, one person who managed to escape. Russians were killed about 2,200 people, more than 3,000 were injured. Turks lost 26 thousand people killed, out of 9 thousand prisoners about 2 thousand died from wounds in the first day after the assault. Russian troops were captured by 265 guns, up to 3 thousand pounds gunpowder, 20 thousand nuclei and many other combat supplies, up to 400 banners, large reserves of the province, as well as jewels worth a few million.
PhotoFact AiF.
Pure Russian award
For Turkey, it was a complete military catastrophe. And although the war ended only in 1791, and the yosh world was signed in 1792th, the drop in Izmoal was completely morally broken by the Turkish army. One name of Suvorov brought horror on them.
According to the Yaskime of 1792, Russia received controls all the Northern Black Sea Corrosion from Dniester to Kuban.
Admired by triumph soldier Suvorov, poet Gabriel Derzhavin Posted by anthem "Thunder Victory, distribute!", Which became the first, still informal anthem of the Russian Empire.
PhotoFact AiF.
But there was one person in Russia who was reacted by Izmail reacted by restraint - Prince Grigory Potemkin. Applying before Catherine II. About awarding distinguished, he suggested to Empress to reward his medal and lieutenant colonel of the Guards Transfiguration Regiment.
By itself, the rank of lieutenant colonel of the Preobrazhensky regiment was very high, because the Colonel rank was exclusively the monarch. But the fact is that by that time Suvorov was already the 11th lieutenant colonel of the Preobrazhensky regiment, which greatly devalued the reward.
Suvorov himself, who, like Potemkin, was a person ambitious, expecting to receive the title of General Feldmarshal, and was extremely offended and fascinated by the reward received.
By the way, Grigory Potemkin himself for the capture of Izmail was awarded the Feld Marshal uniform, the diamonds, worth 200,000 rubles, the Tauride Palace, as well as a special obelisk in his honor in the royal village.
Ishmael "From hand to hand"
Interestingly, the capture of Izmail Suvorov was not the first and not the last storm in this fortress by Russian troops. For the first time it was taken in 1770, but in the results of the war they returned to Turkey. The heroic assault of Suvorov in 1790 helped Russia win the war, but Ishmael returned Turkey again. For the third time Izmail will be taken by the Russian troops of the general Cash In 1809, however, in 1856, according to the results of an unsuccessful Crimean War, he will pass under the control of Vassal Turkey Moldova. True, the strengthening will be broken and blown.
PhotoFact AiF.
The fourth taking Izmailov Russian troops will be held in 1877, but it will pass without a fight, since the controlled city of Romania during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 will conclude an agreement with Russia.
And after that I inspired more than once to move from hand to hand, while in 1991 it would not become part of independent Ukraine. Forever? Hard to say. After all, when it comes to Izmail, it is impossible to be fully confident.
11 (22) December 1790 g. During the Russian-Turkish War 1787-1791gg Troops A. V. Suvorov was taken by the impregnable fortress Ishmael.
Victory in the Russian-Turkish War 1768-1774gg Provided Russia access to the Black Sea. But under the terms of the Kychuk-Kaynardzhi Treaty, the strong fortress Izmail, from 1711g. Served by the Base of the Russian Danube Flotilla, remained for Turkey.
In 1787. turkey, supported by England and France, demanded a revision of the contract from Russia: the return of the Crimea and the Caucasus, the recognition of invalid subsequent agreements. After receiving a refusal, she started hostilities.
Despite the brilliant victories of the Russian army underOchakovy (1788), Fokshan (1789) and on the river Ramp (1789), the opponent did not agree to accept the conditions of the world on which Russia insisted, and in every way tightened negotiations.
In 1790. , after unsuccessful attempts by the generals I.V. Gudovich, P. S. Potemkin and flotilla deRibas to master Izmail, Commander-in-Chief of the South Army General-Field Marshal G.A.Potomkin ordered General-AnnefuA. V. Suvorov, whose troops stood at the Galatian, take command of parts, precipitated Izmail. Taking command 2.(13) december, Suvorov returned to Izmail the troops, who were moving away from the fortress, and blocked it from Sushi and from the River Danube.
The fortress Izmail was considered impregnable. She had the shape of an irregular triangle facing the vertex to the north. From the south she was covered by the Danube River, from the West, the North and East - an earth shaft with a length of over 6km, high 6-8 m, with 7 excavation and stone bastions, as well as fortress ditch width 12m, depth of 6-10 m filled in a number of places with water depth to 2m. Garnisison numbered 35thousand people and 265 guns. The Komentant of the Fortress was one of the most experienced Turkish military leaders Idos Mehmet Pasha. Russian troops numbered 31thousand people and over 500guns.
Having finished in 6. days Preparation of the assault, Suvorov 7(18) December 1790 g. sent the commandant Izmatimatum demanding to pass the fortress; To the official letter, the commander put a note: "Seraskiru, seniors and everything society: I arrived here with the troops. 24.an hour to think for passing and will; The first my shots are already brought; Sturm - death. What I leave you for consideration. " Ultimatum was rejected.
9 (20) december, the Military Council collected by Suvorov decided to immediately begin the storming of the fortress, which was appointed at 11(22) december. On the Council of Suvorov stated: "he pleaded the Russian army twice and receded twice; We remain, for the third time, or to win, or dare with Gleva. "
10 (21) december with the sunrise began preparing the storming fire with flanking batteries, from the island and from the ships of the flotilla (only about 600guns). ArtProduction continued almost a day and ended in 2.5an hour before the assault.
11 (22) December 1790 in 3 the first signal rocket was launched at the expense of the passage, for which the troops were built into the columns and moved to the appointed places, in 5h 30. min. The columns went to the storming of the fortress. The river flotilla came to the shore and under the cover of the fire of artillery landed the landing. To eight o'clock in the morning after a stubborn battle, Russian troops were occupied by all the most important fortifications, after which brutal street fights were unleashed inside the city: "Narrow streets were full of defenders, shooting from all houses ... how many streets - so much separate detachments and battles ... ". Already at two o'clock in the afternoon, all columns penetrated into the city center; At four o'clock, the victory was won finally. Izmail fell. At the assault, the column of General M.I. Kutuzova, which took the Kyilian gate, especially distinguished. For the skillful leadership of the fight and personal bravery of Suvorov appointed him to the commander of the city.
Turk losses were huge: more than 26thousand people were killed, 9thousand came to captivity. 265 was taken in Izmailguns up to 3 thousand pounds powder, 20thousand nuclei and many other combat seals, up to 400announced, 8 Lansons, 12 ferries, 22 light vessels and a lot of rich production that has risked. Russians were killed 64officer (1 Brigadier, 17 headquarters, 46 ober officers) and 1thousand 816 ordinary; wounded 253.officer (three major generals) and 2thousand 450 lower ranks. The total number of losses was 4thousand 583 people. Some authors define the number of killed until 4thousand, and injured up to 6thousand
Ishmael was taken by the army, led by the number of the garrison of the fortress - the case is extremely rare in the history of martial art. The success was ensured by the care and secrecy of the preparation, simultaneously hit all columns, clear and accurate setting of goals.
For the assault and the capture of Izmail Suvorov was appointed by Lieutenant Colonel of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The lower ranks were awarded oval silver medals, with the Venell of Empress on one side and with the inscription "For excellent courage for taking Izmail December 11,1790 "to another. For officers, a gold sign was installed with inscriptions "For excellent courage" and "Izmail taken December 11,1790.
The capture of Izmail contributed to the rapid and successful ending of the war with the Ottoman Empire. 29.december 1791 (January 9, 1792) was concluded Yasky peace treaty between Russia and Turkey, who confirmed the accession of the Crimea to Russia and established the Russian-Turkish border on p.Dniester. In the yoke agreement Izmail was returned to Turkey. For the third time Izmail was taken by Russian troops 14(26) September 1809 g. During the Russian-Turkish War 1806-1812gg and in Bucharest Treaty (1812) remained for Russia.
Lit.: Rakovsky L. I. Kutuzov. L., 1971. Ch.5. The day Izmoil's fatal; The same [electronic resource].URL: http: // Militera. lib. RU / BIO / RAKOVSKY / 05. HTML; Elchaninov A. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov // History of the Russian Army from the origin of Russia to war 1812st. Petersburg., 2003. S. 350; The same [electronic resource].URL: http: // Militera. lib. RU / H / SB_ ISTORIA_ RUSSKOY_ ARMII / 27. HTML; On southern frontiers // AstapenkoM., Levchenko Q. will remember all Russia. M.,1986. S. sixteen; The same [electronic resource].URL: http: // Militera. lib. RU / BIO / ASTAPENKO / 02. HTML; Report General-Annefa A.IN. Suvorov Prince G.BUT. Potemkin about the assault // Military Historical Journal. 1941. N.4. P. 127-132.
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What fortress is remembered first, it is worth only to mention the name of the genius Russian commander Alexander Suvorov? Of course, Izmail! The assault and the rapid mastering of this stronghold of the Ottoman Empire, which closed the path from the north for the Danube, actually into the inner areas of the ports, became one of the tops of his commander career. And for the Russian army, the day of the take of Izmail forever became one of the most glorious episodes in its history. And with full right now on December 24 is one of the seventeen memorable dates included in the list of days. military glory Russia.
It is noteworthy that even in this list, which is just closed by the Izmail anniversary, there is a curious calendar inconsistency. The solemn date drops on December 24, and in fact, the assault is named on December 22! Where did you think so much?
Explains everything simple. In all documents concerning the course of the Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791, the date of the storming of the fortress is December 11th. Because it is about the XVIII century, then another day of the difference between Julian and Gregorian calendars is supposed to be added to this date. But since the list of days of the military glory of Russia was drawn up in the 20th century, then during counting to dates on the old style, not at the habit of eleven, and to thirteen days. So it turned out that memorial date Appointed on December 24, and in the description noted that in fact, the assault was the day on December 22, 1790 in the new style - and December 11th to the old style.
Suvorov and Kutuzov before storming Izmail. Hood O. Veresky
Everything rests on Izmail
In the history of the Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791, the taking history of Izmail occupies a special place. The prologue to this war was another Russian-Turkish war - 1768-1774. It ended in the actual joining of the Crimea to Russia (it was formally completed in 1783), and the conditions of the Military confrontation of Küchuk-Kainardzhiysky gave Russian military and merchant ships the opportunity to be based on the Black Sea and to freely leave him through the straits, controlled by the port - Bosphorus and Dardanelles. In addition, after the conclusion of this peace treaty, Russia was able to seriously influence the situation in the Caucasus, and actually began the process of incorporating Georgia to the empire - which completely answered and the aspirations of the Georgian kingdom.
The course of the first Russian-Turkish war, which Empress was led by Empress Catherine, was so unsuccessful for the Turks, that when signing Kychuk-Kainardzhi world, they, despite the active intervention and support of England and France, did not dare to argue with the terms of the Russians. But as soon as the memory of the catastrophic lesions, applied by the Ottoman troops by Russians under the command of the commander of Petra Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov, began to wear, Istanbul, who was very actively hinted at the injustice of the terms of the agreement London and Paris, immediately wanted to revise the humiliating, in his opinion, the contract.
First of all, the Ottomans demanded that Russia return them to the Crimea, to completely stop all the actions to expand the impact in the Caucasus and agree that all Russian courts passing through the straits were subjected to indispensable inspection. To go to the humiliating conditions of St. Petersburg, who remembered very well the newly ended war could not. And uniquely rejected all the claims of Istanbul, after which the Turkish government declared the war of Russia on August 13, 1787.
But the course of hostilities turned out to be absolutely not the way that he was seen in the Ottoman Empire. Russians, contrary to the expectations of Istanbul and complimentary reports of Spies London and Paris, turned out to be much better than the Turks are prepared for war. As they began to demonstrate, won one after another. First, in the first major battle at the Kinburn Spit, General Suvorov's squad, in which there was only one and a half thousand fighters, the head of the Turkish landing of the Turkish land of the Turkish landing: out of five thousand the Turks, only about seven hundred people were saved. Seeing that they do not have to count on success in the offensive campaign, and they wanted over the Russian army in field battles not shine, the Turks moved to passive defense by betting on their Danube fortresses. But they also calculated: In September 1788, the troops under the command of Peter Rumyantsev took the Khotyn, and on December 17, 1788, the army under the command of Potemkin and Kutuzov took the Ochasts (by the way, in that battle, the captain Mikhail Barklay de Tolly was distinguished in that battle). In an effort to take revenge for these defeats, the Hassan-Pasha Turkish Vizier at the end of August 1789 with a 100,000th army forced the Danube and moved to the Rhmnik River, where September 11th and suffered a crushing defeat from Suvorov's troops. And in the next, 1790, under the onslaught of Russian troops, Killy, Tulch and Isaccha fortresses were consistently.
But even these defeats did not forced the port of looking for reconciliation with Russia. The remains of the garrisons of the fallen fortresses gathered in Izmail - the Danube fortress, which in Istanbul was believed to be uncomplyful. And the first unsuccessful attempt of the Russian troops under the command of Prince Nikolai Repnin from Walk to take Izmail in September 1789 only confirmed this opinion. In the meantime, the enemy did not rise to the Izmail Walls, in Istanbul did not even think about the world, believing that this time Russia breaks his teeth about this strong nut.
Storm Izmail, Engraving of the XVIII century. Photo: wikipedia.org.
"My hope for God and your bravery"
The irony of fate was that the unsuccessful storm made by Prince Repnin in 1789 became a kind of compensation to the Turks for losing the battle for Izmail at the end of the summer of 1770. And then with the troops that still managed to take the stroke fortress, commanded all the same Nikolai Repinn! But in 1774, under the conditions of the same Küchuk-Kainardzhi world, Turkey was reprimanded, which tried to take into account the first defense mistakes and strengthen the defense of the fortress.
Resisted Izmail very active. Neither the attempt of Prince Nikolai Repnin nor the efforts of Count Ivan Gudtovich and Graph Pavel Potemkin, who were besieged the fortress in the fall of 1790, was not crowned with success. It turned out to be the fact that on November 26, the Military Council, in which Gudovich was meeting, Potemkin and commanded the Major Osip de Ribas who became in Danube, the Majep de Ribas (the most legendary founder of Odessa) decided to remove the siege and command the retreat.
The solution is categorically rejected by the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army Prince Gregory Potemkin-Tavrichesky. But realizing that the generals, once already painted in their inability to take the fortress, hardly do it even after the new Terrible order, laid the duty to master Izmail on Alexander Suvorov.
In fact, the future generalissimus was prescribed to make it impossible: no wonder some researchers believe that Potemkin, who was dissatisfied with the rapid nomination of the new commander, threw him under Izmail, hoping that he was completely overweight. I hinted at me and unusually soft, contrary to quite tense relations between the warlords, the tone of the letter of Potemkin: "My hope for God and your bravery, Hurry my gracious friend. In my order to you, the presence there is personally connected to all parts. Many Tamo of equal generals, and from that there are always some kind of Seimas indecisive ... Looks all and totake, and pray to God to take! There are weak points just just went together. The most reluctant friend and the funeral servant Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky. "
Meanwhile, the strength of the Russians, even after Suvorov led to him in just six months ago, they personally formed by the Fanagori Grenadadersky Regiment, as well as 200 Cossacks, 1000 Arnauts (volunteers from Moldovan, Valahov and other peoples of the Balkan Peninsula who came to the Russian service ) And 150 Hunters of the Apsheron Musketeer Regiment, its strength has significantly inferior to the forces of the Turks. In total, the beginning of the assault of Suvorov had a thirty one thousand active bayonets and a saber. At the same time, the garrison of Izmail exceeded the number of Russian troops at least 4,000 people. And what! This is how the general of Orlov writes about this: "The garrison has recently increased very much, because troops from fortresses have been gathered here, which were already taken by Russians. ... there is no data at all for reliable and accurate definition Number of garrisona Izmail. Sultan was very angry with troops for all preceding surrender surveys and company commanded in case of falling Izmail to execute from his garrison of each, wherever it was found. ... Detercity to defend Izmail or dying was separated by many of the other three- and two-bedroom passengers. Few unimustal did not dare to detect their weakness. "
Suvorov Alexander Vasilyevich. Photo: wikipedia.org.
Fate of the false fortress
When Suvorov, who arrived under Izmail 2 (13) December, incognito examined the fortress in a circle, his verdict was disappointing: "Fortress without weak places." But such a weak point was still found: they became the inability of the Turkish garrison to reflect the simultaneous storm with three directions started by Suvorov, including from a completely unexpected - from the Danube. The fact that for five days before the start of the assault, Suvorov troops was built in full compliance with the plan of the commander, and then they studied to storm the layout of Izmail's walls, and therefore perfectly imagined themselves how to act during the assault actor.
After the thirteen battle, the fortress fell. The losses of the Turkish side were catastrophic: 29 thousand people died at once, two thousand died from the Russian Academy of Sciences during the first day, 9000 were captured and were forced to bear the fallen comrades from the body and dump them into the Danube. Russian troops, although it is believed that during such operations, the loss of storming an order exceeds the losses of the defendants, separated by much less blood. Nikolay Orlov leads such data in their monograph: "Russian losses are shown in relational: killed - 64 officers and 1,815 lower ranks; wounded - 253 officers and 2,450 lower ranks; All loss of 4,582 people. There are news that determine the number of up to 4 thousand and wounded to 6 thousand, only 10 thousand, including 400 officers (out of 650). But even if the last figures are true, then the result is still amazing: in the superiority of the enemy of the position of the position and the lively force to defeat him, by changing the loss of one to two!
The further fate of Izmail was bizarre. Lost for Turkey after the success of Suvorov, he returned to her under the conditions of the yoke of the People: And all sides of the conflict clearly paid their report that it was the fall of the fortress who accelerated his conclusion. In 1809. russian troops Under the command of General Lieutenant, Andrei Zassa again take him, and the fortress for long half a century will remain Russian. Only after the defeat of Russia in Crimean warIn 1856, Izmail will give Moldavia - Vassalu of the Ottoman Empire, and the new owners, under the terms of the transmission, will explode strengthening and stop earthen shafts. And after eleven years, Russian troops will enter Izmail for the last time to free it from Turkish presence forever. And already will be included without a fight: Romania, which at that time will be the mistress of the former fortress, will betrace Turkey and will open the road of the Russian army ...
