Civilization of the ancient two-language. Chronology of the history of ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Mesopotamia chronological framework table

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Culture of Ancient Mesopotamia (briefly)

Mesopotamia - Mesopotamia or Mesopotamia is a historical and geographical region in the Middle East, located in the valley of two great rivers - the Tigris and Euphrates. This plain along the middle and lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates is almost entirely located within Iraq, in the south-east it enters Iran, in the north-west - in Syria and Turkey. Ancient Mesopotamia is one of the great civilizations of the Ancient World. Conditional chronological frames - from the middle of the 4th millennium BC. e. (Uruk era) to October 12, 539 BC e. (fall of Babylon). At different times, the kingdoms of Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia and Assyria were located here.

Writing

One of the most important achievements of the Sumerian period was the invention of writing. Cuneiform was written on clay, which was abundant in Mesopotamia. Fired clay tablets are better preserved than papyrus or other writing material of plant or animal origin. Thanks to this, many written monuments came from Mesopotamia. Entire libraries of cuneiform tablets have been discovered. The collection of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal in Nineveh in the 7th century BC became world famous. In the 19th century, part of this library was found - more than 25 thousand tablets. The texts were classified according to branches of knowledge. It is difficult to overestimate the significance of this find for world history.

An outstanding monument of legal thought were the laws of King Hammurabi, the record of which was preserved on a two-meter stone pillar. The laws numbered 282 articles, which reflected all aspects of society. Legal norms protected the interests of the ruling class of slave owners.

Astronomy

The needs of life and economy contributed to the development of science and scientific knowledge. The needs of the agricultural economy forced the inhabitants of Mesopotamia to turn to the study of heavenly bodies. They monitored the movement of the sun, moon and stars. A star map was created and all celestial bodies visible to the naked eye were marked on it. Babylonian Astronomers. from the number of fixed stars, or, as they were called, "calmly grazing heavenly sheep", they identified five bright stars with independent motion (planets), and quite accurately determined their difficult path. In the VII century. BC e. they learned to predict lunar eclipses.

The development of astronomical knowledge made it possible to create a calendar. The year was divided into twelve lunar months, each of which consisted of either 29 or 30 days, so there were 354 days in the year. The error in comparison with the solar year was corrected by the introduction of a leap year, which consisted of 13 months.

Medicine of Mesopotamia

Medicine reached significant development in Mesopotamia. Surgeons knew how to perform complex operations. Diseases were treated with drugs. Medicines were made mainly from plants. Failure to understand the causes of diseases caused doctors to use all kinds of conspiracies and spells to drive out the "evil spirit", as if it had taken over a person.

Mathematics in Mesopotamia

Knowledge in the field of mathematics is developing. For practical purposes, numerous tables were compiled for four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The Babylonian system of numbers was based on the numbers 12 and 60. The remains of this system in our division of day and night into 12 hours, hours into 60 minutes, years into 12 months. In Mesopotamia, units of measures of weight, length, area, volume, money account were developed, subsequently borrowed by other peoples.

Already in the third millennium BC. e. in Mesopotamia they knew how to make glass. Cuneiform tablets describing the structure of the glass-smelting furnace, as well as glass decorations have been preserved. Strong paints (enamels) were created to cover bricks. The tiles made with their help, having lain in the ground for thousands of years, look as if they were made quite recently.

Architecture in Mesopotamia

The inhabitants of Mesopotamia achieved great skill in the construction business. They first learned to fold vaults, widely used in architecture of later times. The majestic royal palaces with many halls, courtyards, corridors were built from raw, less often burnt, bricks. The royal palaces of the Assyrians were distinguished by special splendor, in the 7th century. BC e. The walls of the palaces were often covered by artists with images of court life, battles and hunting. They skillfully conveyed the tension of the battle, the fury of predators pursued by hunters and wounded by arrows, and often the lines of prisoners ruthlessly urged on by the soldiers.

The classical form of the temples was a high stepped tower - a ziggurat, surrounded by protruding terraces. The most famous ziggurat in history can be considered the temple of the god Marduk in Babylon - the famous Tower of Babel, the construction of which is referred to as the Babylonian pandemonium in the Bible (90 meters high). The landscaped terraces of the Tower of Babel are known as the seventh wonder of the world - the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

According to the teachings of the Babylonian priests, people were created from clay to serve the gods. And it was the gods who determined the fate of people. Only the priests could know the will of the gods: they alone knew how to summon and conjure spirits, to converse with the gods.

The Flood Myth

Some legends reflect the natural disasters that people faced in ancient times. The legend of the flood is written on clay tablets. It says that the gods, angry with people, sent a flood to earth to destroy humanity. Only one person was warned of an impending disaster. He built a large ship with a mast and a sail, took his family, domestic and wild animals, plant seeds. The flood lasted for six days. The water flooded the whole earth. All living things died. Only one ship was scampering across the endless sea. On the seventh day, the sea calmed down, and over the watery desert, the man saw the island, which turned out to be the top of a high mountain. A ship docked to her. The escaped people and animals got out onto the land.

Nature, population, periodization of the history of Ancient Mesopotamia

Lecture 5. ANCIENT BINARY (MESOPOTAMIA)

Mesopotamia is an area in the middle and lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (hence the second name - Mesopotamia). Its location at the crossroads of trade routes has provided it with a leading role in international trade. The climate of Mesopotamia was different in the north and south: in the north it was snowing and raining, in the south it was dry and hot. Fruit, grain (barley, spelled, millet), industrial (flax), garden crops (onions, cucumbers, eggplants, pumpkin) and legumes, as well as date palms and grapes were grown here. The fauna was rich in ancient times.

The population of Mesopotamia was characterized by ethnic diversity, partly due to the policy of forcible resettlement of peoples of the 1st millennium BC. e. The settlement began from ancient times. Nations: Sumerians, Akkadians, etc. Later, the Sumerians merged with the Semites, but retained their religion and culture.

In these territories, there were several civilizations replacing each other, which is reflected in the accepted periodization of the history of the Ancient Mesopotamia:

- Ancient Sumer (III millennium BC): early dynastic period, creation of despotic monarchies, the emergence of the state of Akkad;

– Babylonian kingdom: Old Babylonian (Amorite) period XIX – XVI centuries. BC e., Middle Babylonian (Kassite) XVI-XII centuries. BC e. and the New Babylonian (VII-VI centuries BC) periods; the conquest of the country by the Persians;

- Assyrian state: Old Assyrian period (XX-XVI centuries BC), Middle Assyrian (XV-XI centuries BC), New Assyrian (X-VII centuries BC).

Ancient Sumer.In Mesopotamia, the development of civilization depended on irrigation, which was supposed to streamline the floods of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This problem was resolved around the middle of the 4th millennium BC. e. Around the same time, the first Sumerian tribes appeared in southern Mesopotamia and the Uruk culture emerged with cities such as Eridu, Ur, Uruk. It is characterized by the creation of the foundations of the Sumerian civilization, the emergence of class society and statehood. Near the end of the 4th - beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. e. there is a pictographic writing, the need for which is associated with the need to strictly account for the complex and diverse temple economy that has arisen. In the first half of the 3rd millennium, southern Mesopotamia dominated the region economically and politically over the Akkadians and Hurrians living to the north. Irrigation agriculture was improved, the number of metal products increased, and the first bronze tools appeared. Slave-owning relations are developing at a rapid pace, organs of state power are being improved with all the characteristic attributes: the army, bureaucracy, prisons, etc. In the XXVIII - XXIV centuries. BC e. successively rise and receive the hegemony of the cities of Kish, Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Umma. In the XXIV - XXIII centuries. BC e. Sumer comes under the rule of Akkadian rulers, the most influential of whom was Sargon. He organized the first ever standing army, managed to create a large centralized state in Mesopotamia with unlimited power of the king. In the XXII century. BC e. the territory of Sumer was conquered by the nomadic tribes of the Kutians, whose power was overthrown by the founders of the III dynasty of Ur (XXII - early XX centuries BC).
At this time, significant changes are taking place in the economy, society acquires a pronounced slave-owning character, and grandiose construction is underway. A type of temple building such as a ziggurat is being improved. The state structure of the Sumerian-Akkadian state acquires the typical features of oriental despotism, and a significant layer of bureaucratic bureaucracy appears in the country. Writing is being improved, the myth of Gilgamesh is being created and written down, where for the first time in world history we meet the legend of the Flood. At the beginning of the XX century. BC e. The Sumerian-Akkadian state perished under the onslaught of neighboring tribes and peoples.

Babylonian kingdom.After the fall of the III dynasty of Ur, Mesopotamia is going through a period of political fragmentation, a number of small kingdoms are fighting for dominance in the region. As a result of this struggle, the city of Babylon gains political independence and rises, where the First Babylonian (Amorite) Dynasty reigns. The flourishing of Babylon is associated with the name of King Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC). He managed to unite the whole of Mesopotamia under his rule, consistently subjugating Uruk, Isip, Larsa, Mari, Assyria. During the reign of Hammurabi in Babylon, monumental construction was carried out, as a result of which the city became the largest center of Mesopotamia, the administration was strengthened and social and property relations were streamlined, as evidenced by the famous "Laws of Hammurabi". But already under the son of Hammurabi, the struggle for the liberation of the regions and states conquered by Babylon was growing, the pressure of the warlike Kassite tribes, the state of Mitanni, formed in the north-west of Mesopotamia, finally, in 1595 BC, increased. e. the Hittites destroy Babylon, after which it falls under the rule of the Kassite rulers. During the Kassite rule, horses and mules were regularly used in military affairs, a combined plow-seeder was introduced, a network of roads was created, and foreign trade was intensified. From the XIII century BC. Assyria inflicted more and more powerful blows on Babylon, which was eventually joined by Elam, the local rulers, and, as a result, around 1155 BC. e. the Kassite dynasty ends. In 744 BC. e. Assyrian king Tiglathpalasar III invaded Babylonia, retaining her the status of a separate kingdom. In 626 BC. e. a rebellion broke out against Assyria (leader Nabopalasar, founder of the Chaldean dynasty). Under King Nebuchadnezzar II, Babylonia began to flourish. He pursues an active foreign policy (with varying degrees of success, he fights in Egypt and more successfully in Judea). After the death of Nebuchadnezzar II, the throne went to Nabonidus, who tried to create a powerful state with the help of religion. He declared Sin to be the supreme god instead of Marduk, which led to a conflict with the priesthood.

In the VI century. BC e. in the East, a powerful enemy appeared - the Persians, who defeated the Babylonians in 539. Nabonidus was captured and exiled. Tsar Cyrus was portrayed as the liberator of the country. His policies were distinguished by respect for the religion of the Babylonians and forcibly displaced peoples. Cyrus retained Babylonia as a distinct entity within the Persian empire.

Assyria.The state that emerged at the crossroads of profitable trade routes with its center in the city of Ashur was initially focused on the development of profitable trade relations with various regions. To this end, the Assyrians tried to establish a number of colonies outside Assyria proper, but this was prevented by the rise of the state of Mari on the Euphrates, the formation of the Hittite state and the advancement of the Amorite tribes. In the late XIX - early XVIII centuries. BC e. Assyria goes over to an active foreign policy and becomes a large state with a new management organization and a strong army. Further confrontation with Babylon led to the subordination of Assyria to this state, and at the end of the XVI century. BC e. Ashur becomes addicted to Mitanni. In the XV century. BC e. attempts to revive the power of the Assyrian state are renewed, which by the end of the XIV century. were crowned with success. The state reaches its highest rise in the XIII century. King Tiglathpalasar makes over thirty campaigns, as a result of which Northern Syria and Northern Phenicia were annexed. The objects of aggression are the southeastern regions of Asia Minor and the Caucasus, where Assyria is at war with Urartu. But at the turn of the XI - X centuries. BC e. the country is exposed to the invasion of the Semitic-speaking tribes of the Arameans who came from Arabia. The Arameans settled in Assyria and mixed with the indigenous population. The further history of Assyria during the 150 years of the rule of foreigners is practically unknown. BC e. Assyria was able to recover from the Aramaic invasion, largely thanks to the introduction of iron products into economic circulation and military affairs. Since the IX century. BC e. the expansion of Assyria is developing in almost all directions, especially intensively under the kings Ashurnasirpal II and Shalmanasar III. On its way westward, Assyria reaches the Mediterranean coast. The richest war booty that flowed to Assyria was used to decorate the capital, build royal palaces, and improve fortifications.

At the end of the 9th - first half of the 8th centuries. BC e. Assyria is in decline, caused by both internal and external reasons, from which it was able to emerge only after the coming to power of Tiglathpalasar III, who carried out administrative and military reforms. Somewhat earlier, an important event in the field of military affairs occurred in Assyria: cavalry(previously only chariots were used). The organization and armament of the army of Assyria began to far exceed the army of its neighbors. Permanent units were introduced with a clear gradation into divisions, the size of the army reached 120 thousand people.

These reforms ensured the prosperity of Assyria in foreign policy in the 8th-7th centuries. BC e. As a result of several wars, it turns into the largest state of Western Asia, which included Mesopotamia, most of the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and a number of regions of Media. For the first time in history, Assyrians began to practice the resettlement of significant masses of the population from the conquered territories to other lands. The huge power was not distinguished by inner peace. Along with successful wars, the Assyrian kings had to constantly pacify the conquered peoples. Late 50s - 40s VII century. BC e. characterized by uprisings, when a powerful coalition of Babylon, Elam, Lydia, Egypt, Media stands against Assyria. But Assyria manages to suppress them. In the course of these wars, the Assyrians lost their "monopoly" on military innovations, they were successfully adopted by Media, Egypt, Babylon. In 614-605 BC e. the new coalition managed to inflict a military defeat on the Assyrians. Their largest cities - Ashur and Nineveh - were destroyed, the nobility was exterminated, the ordinary population scattered and mixed with other peoples and tribes. Assyria ceased to exist.

Control questions

1. What are the features of the natural and geographical conditions of the Ancient Mesopotamia?

2. Name the main stages of the periodization of the history of Mesopotamia.

3. What are the features of the economic and political development of Ancient Sumer?

4. Describe the main stages of the formation of the Babylonian kingdom.

5. Why is the reign of Hammurabi called the time of the highest prosperity of Babylon?

6. What are the features of the development and reasons for the decline of the Assyrian state?

The history of Mesopotamia during the times of the Sumerians, Akkads, Assyria and Babylon is still largely poorly understood. Often, new finds, new texts or monuments with memorial inscriptions force historians to correct certain dates and periods in the life of the Mesopotamian states.

There is especially little information on the chronology of the Sumerians - they, as a rule, did not compile chronological lists or chronicles. The famous “Tsar's List” dating back to the III dynasty of Ur gives a very inaccurate chronology - both due to the poor preservation of the copy of the list, available to ancient scribes, and due to the fact that some of the rulers from the list are purely mythological characters. The period of Hammurabi's reign in Babylon is usually taken as the main starting point for the chronology of the Mesopotamian states. The dates of the later historical period are much more accurate, since the Assyrian rulers compiled rather detailed lists of their dynasties, indicating various important events that took place at that time. Astronomy also comes to the aid of historians in this matter. In ancient chronicles and temple inscriptions, there are sometimes references to events such as a solar eclipse or a comet, which were considered divine omens. With the help of modern methods, it is quite easy to determine the dates of these events with great accuracy. Dates Southern Mesopotamia (Sumer and Babylonia) Northern Mesopotamia (Assyria) X-IX millennium BC The first settlements of farmers in Mesopotamia 6500 BC Pre-ceramic culture Early IV millennium BC The oldest Mesopotamian pottery and bronze 1st floor. IV millennium BC Eridu - the first city of the Sumerians, the cradle of the Sumerian civilization 2nd half. IV millennium BC El Obeid culture (pre-Sumerian period) 3000 - 2800 BC. The origin of Sumerian pictography, Proto-Written Period (Uruk culture) 2800 - 2700 BC BC. Culture of Jemdet-Nasr (the first monuments of Sumerian writing) 2600 - 2350 BC. Early Dynastic Period in Sumer. In Lagash - the time of the reign of Lugalanda, the reforms of Uruinimgina. In Uruk - the rule of Lugalzaggesi, the first serious attempt to unite all the cities of Sumer into a single kingdom Regular appearance of the first nomadic pastoralist tribes of the Semites 2350 - 2284. BC. The reign of Sargon the Ancient, the emergence of the Akkadian kingdom 2284 - 2150. BC. Sargonid rule in Sumer. Akkadian kingdom 2150 - 2060 BC. The invasion of the Kutians, their conquest of northern Mesopotamia and northern Sumer (except for Ur and Uruk) 2060 BC Exile of the Kutians from Sumer 2050s BC Rule of Gudea in Lagash, the last rise of Lagash as a cultural and political center of Sumer 2050 - 1950 BC. The reign of the III dynasty of Ur, the unification of Mesopotamia under the rule of the Kingdom of Sumer and Akkad 1950 BC. The invasion of the nomadic tribes of the Amorites. The arrival of the Assyrians to the territory of Mesopotamia. 1950 - 1700 BC. The time of small kingdoms, a partial return to the era of the city-states of Sumer. Formation of the Assyrian kingdom with the capital in Ashur 1850 BC Babylon becomes the largest trade center and the de facto capital of southern Mesopotamia. Founding of the I Babylonian dynasty, the beginning of the Old Babylonian period of the history of Mesopotamia. The beginning of the Old Assyrian period, the unification of all northern Mesopotamia 1728-1686. BC. The reign of Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the 1st Babylonian dynasty. End of the Old Babylonian Period 1680-1530 BC e. The reign of the I Babylonian dynasty, the gradual loss of power over Mesopotamia by the Babylonian rulers Growth of the political and economic influence of Assyria 1530-1160. BC. The capture of Babylonia by the Kassite nomads. Middle Babylonian or Kassite period. Assyria under the rule of the Mitanni kings The turn of the XV-XIV centuries. BC. Assyria subjugates all of Mesopotamia during the reign of King Ashuruballit of the XIV-XI centuries. BC. Middle Assyrian time. The conquest campaigns of Tiglathpalasar I (1116 - 1078 BC), a significant increase in the power of Assyria 1128 - 1105. BC. Reign of Nebuchadnezzar I End of the 11th century BC. Weakening of Assyria under the onslaught of nomads, transfer of the capital of the country from Ashur 900-605. BC. Babylon becomes dependent on the Assyrian kingdom, but remains a privileged city. New Assyrian time. Unification of all Mesopotamia 809 - 804 BC. The reign of Queen Shammuramat (Semiramis) Transfer of the Assyrian capital to Nineveh 745 - 727. BC. Reign of Tiglathpalasar III, Assyrian seizure of Egypt 704 - 680 BC. Destruction of Babylon by the troops of Sinacherib, loss of political independence of Babylonia. Reign of Sinacherib. Cancellation of all the liberties of the ancient cities of 669 - 633. BC. Ashurbanipal's reign. The last rise in the political power of Assyria. Cultural flowering, formation of the famous "Ashurbanipal library" 626-605. BC. The revolt of the Babylonians conquered by Assyria. Invasion of the Medes into the territory of Mesopotamia 605 BC Beginning of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II The defeat of the last Assyrian ruler Ashuruballit II. The death of Assyria 539 BC The conquest of Babylon by the Persian troops. Complete destruction of Babylon Beginning of the New Babylonian period. The Last Rise of Babylonia Chapter 3 THE LAND OF PYRAMIDS Civilization of Ancient Egypt Introduction History of Egypt Ancient Kingdom Early Kingdom Old Kingdom I Transitional Period Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Revolutionary on the throne Late Kingdom Greco-Roman period Economy and society of Ancient Egypt Perjet Ownership - private and not quite “ Hemuu ”Agriculture Fields and plowing Horticulture Livestock Hunting Birders and“ Shepherds ”Fishing Crafts Stone-cutting skills Stone Age in the land of pyramids Blacksmiths and foundry workers Jewelery craft Carpentry craft Shipbuilding Papyrus Leather and leatherworking Weaving and wool - Poor workmanship rich nobles Pharaoh Priests and temples Royal army Trade and merchants City and its inhabitants House What did the Egyptians eat How they dressed Family Material and spiritual culture Religion Animalism Gods of elements Solar myths Osiris, rising from the dead Cult of the dead Divine ruler ь Gods of Egypt in other lands Scientific knowledge Astronomy Mathematics Chemistry Medicine Writing and literature Formation of writing From the history of deciphering of hieroglyphs Literature Middle kingdom New kingdom Oral tradition Artistic techniques Architecture Painting and reliefs Sculpture Tutankhamun's tomb. The story of one discovery ON THE Eve of the EXAM Pre-dynastic period Ancient kingdom Middle kingdom New kingdom Late kingdom Appendices Egyptian deities Royal dynasties of Ancient Egypt *

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