Kazan Camping 1552. Ivan Grozny

"At the turn of the 40s and 50s of the XVI century in the field of Russian foreign Policy In relation to the countries of the East, and in relation to Kazan Khanate in particular, there is a significant fracture. The idea of \u200b\u200bconducting an active conquering policy to the east and south of the average flow of the Volga on the accession to the Moscow spaces from the Volga to the Urals and from Kazan to the Caspian Sea inclusive "is incurred.

Actually, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe geopolitical integrity of the Volga region became relevant for Russia when during the Turkish Protectorate over Kazan Khanate was the clear impossibility of compliance with the economic (first of all) and the political interests of the strongest Russia already tested the way - the consolidation of the Hangehogs in Kazan for the Moscow Miller. Own potential and the policy of Kazan Khanate did not have the character of a deadly threat to the Moscow state, but in conjunction with the forces of the Crimean Khanate, behind which the Ottoman Empire stood, the close neighborhood of Kazan Khanate was taled by a constant threat to the existence and integrity of Russia. Paradoxically, but it is the reorientation of Kazan to the strategic alliance with Crimean Khancy And Turkey predetermined the historical briefness of the Kazan Khanate.
"Tsarist hiking" on Kazan take the beginning of 1547 in the fall. It should be noted that there is a disagreement in the dates: V.V. Pelokhlebkin in the above-mentioned book considers the 1st campaign to December 1548 - February 1549, other sources available to me call the winter 1547-1548 - this date we will adhere to this date. The fact that the Russian shelves headed the young Sovereign Ivan IV Vasilyevich, in January 1547. Walked to the kingdom, emphasizes the primary "Eastern Policy" of Russia and the importance of the problem of Kazan Khanate. Approx. Shishkin S.P.

The first "Kazan campaign" Ivan IV

(December 1547 - February 1548)

Raise to war: The arrival of the Embassy to Moscow from Right-Bank Chuvash with a request for their adoption into the citizenship of Russia.

Military course:
1. Starting campaign fees in December 1547, troops with access to the field, according to Russian custom, were very late; The Ramdikov Shelves spoke on Nizhny Novgorod only in January 1548 (infantry), artillery and later - February 2 (sledge along the Volga).
2. The collection of the army took place on the Volga in the area between the current settlements of the Kadnitsa (left bank) and the lower work (right shore). But considering that spring will soon come and the road will be impassable, barely gathered, immediately decided to return to Moscow soon.
3. Other half of the army, i.e. South detachment under the leadership of Shah Ali and Princes V.Vorotansky and B.A. Gorbatoy-Shuisky, connected with the royal infantry at the mouth of R. Cili. He reached Kazan about February 4 and about a week stood under her walls, not passing anyone from visitors to the city. However, on February 10, 1548, he also decided to go to Moscow, without seeing no opportunity to take the Kazan Kremlin's storm. So briefly and quickly (for a week!) The first campaign of Ivan Grozny ended.
Most likely, the hike and did not intend to take Kazan, but wore the character of a military demonstration for the approval of the work of the fruits among the crude Rights of the Volga, which confirms the further development of events. Along the way (maybe, in general) I would like to note one tendency in the interpretation of the facts V.V. Perekhlebkin: if the campaign did not led to the taking of the Kazan Kremlin, then he also ended "ingloriously", "failure", at best, "to no avail"; If the Russian troops suffered defeat, then it is necessarily a "catastrophic defeat", etc. So it did not seem so? Approx. Shishkin S.P.

The second "Kazan campaign" Ivan IV

(November 17, 1549 - February 25, 1550)

Military course:
1. Speaking this time in a single detachment from Nizhny Novgorod, the Russian army as part of the Tsarskoy Streetsky troops, the Kasimovsky cavalry of Tsarevich Shah Ali and the Astrakhan Case of Tsarevich Cordener on February 12 reached Kazan and began her siege and artillery shelling. From guns managed by German Pushkarov, the prominent commander of the Kazan residents were killed, carelessly released on the walls of the Kremlin for review of the battlefield and actions of the attackers: Crimean Prince Chelitsa and one of the sons of Safa-Girea.
2. However, the winning weather that has come, the threat of early spring and the dishthele forced the king to remove the siege and return to Moscow.
3. Despite the huge costs and somewhat better than before, the organization, the campaign did not give absolutely no results - neither the military or political.

From the middle of the XVI century. In the Russian state there are transformations and improvements in the field of military organization and military equipment:
First, new types of selected, elite, privileged troops are being created (by Turkish sample).
Secondly, to military service Provincial nobles are involved in the elite troops, which immediately increases the moral and political level of the army.
Thirdly, technical improvements focused on the development of artillery, mainly heavy, siege, and in general, in service with firearms, which showed a clear superiority of the European Army and its difference from Eastern, where the main sense of troops remained cavalry, and the main type of weapons - steel arms.
Fourth, a considerable importance in military reform was also acquired by the engineering and fortification, also rebuilt with the help of European specialists involved in the training of troops of subversive pyrotechnic works during the siege of fortresses.
Fifth, was paid to the first time in the Russian army, special attention was paid to the development of a preliminary plan of military companies, justifying the movement of troops, evaluating items of their concentration and conducting hostilities according to the developed disposition, and not a volun way.
Thus, the foundations of such a new organ of the Russian army were laid as the main headquarters of the current army, which also became the advantage of the Russian army compared to the eastern.

Finally, the experience of previous failures of the Russian army was critical analysis.
So, on the eve of the organization of a new campaign against Kazan in 1551, was subjected to studying the cause of unsuccessful campaigns of 1545-1550. and the following decisions were taken:
First: refusal to practice winter campaigns that were considered light
a) on technical terms (sled, the move straight through the swamps, and not bypass) and
b) in economic (without ruining crops, without distracting peasants from field work).
The beginning of hostilities was transferred to the spring, and troops were supposed to use river paths as basic.
Secondly: the plan and the program of the campaign of the Special State Commission was developed in advance, as part of:
a) Boyarin Ivan Vasilyevich Sheremetev - from the command of the army;
b) Aleksey Fedorovich Adashev - (Member of the Selected Rada at Ivan IV) from the civil authorities (government administration);
c) Dyack Ivan Mikhailov, an extremely experienced diplomat, a participant in negotiations with the Swedes and Poles - from the foreign policy department.

The plan for the conquest of Kazan Khanate was developed in detail:
I. Military Program:
1. The blockade of Kazan by occupying all the river paths of Khanate.
2. The basis of the Russian Fortress-Wrapst in the mouth of R. Sviyagi (Sviyazhsk).
II. Political program:
1. Located in the Kazan throne of the Khan Hanov of the Crimean Dynasty.
2. Exemption from slavery of all Russian prisoners (intercourse)
3. Accession to Russia of the Right Bank of the Volga.
4. Replacement of Khan by the Russian governor in Kazan.
Both programs were to be implemented in stages gradually. Military efforts should have been economical and serve support to political requirements.
III. Military Plan of the company of the company 1551 and the leadership of the army were approved:
1. An indispensable demonstrative participation in the campaign personally was recommended (Ivan IV was at that time 20 years) - formally commander-in-chief.
2. The head of the headquarters was appointed Boyar Ivan Vasilyevich Sheremetev.
3. Commander of the Tsarist Regiment (Guard): Prince Vladimir Ivanovich Vorotynsky.
4. Commander of the main forces of the army (by a large regiment): Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky.

The third "Kazan campaign" Ivan IV

(April-July 1551)

Military course:
1. Alloy At the beginning of April, the construction forest along the Volga to the mouth of R. Sviyagi (30 km from Kazan is higher for the flow of the Volga).
The fortress-city (walls, towers, residential horses, churches) was secretly fired in the winter of 1550-1551 in the forests under the city of Turks in the Votchin Boyar Eashadow. By the spring of 1551, the logs were marked, disassembled and shipped to ships. Approx. Shishkin S.P.

2. Exit of detachments for the occupation of river tract:
a) The 1st squad went on top of the Volga on top and was deployed above the above Kazan.
b) The 2nd detachment was ground, the field, and was stationed below the Kazan (Casimovsky Tatars detachment).
c) the 3rd squad was the main russian armysent to the Sviyazki together with builders.
d) the 4th squad went with the R.Vyuka (Bakhtiara Zyuzin detachment) to Kamu.
The detachments received an order to become in all the glazers on the Volga, Kame, Vyatka, Sviag, "so that military people from Kazan and Kazan did not go", i.e. For the blockade of all river tract and, consequently, the entire transport and trade.

3. On May 17, the Russians took the steep mountain in the mouth of R. Sviyagi - the dominant height (25 km from Kazan!).
On May 24, Sviyazisk fortress was laid on the territory of the Kazan Khanate. During the day, the whole city grew, since hundreds of wooden finished logs were fused along the Volga, which prepared in advance during the year in Uglich and Balakhen. They remained only to put.
At the same time, bribery of the Chuvash and Mariers (Cheremsov), which inhabited this territory of Kazan Khanate, was organized, so that they adopt Russian citizenship. They were promised:
a) freedom from filters for three years;
b) gifts: money, fur coats (velvet), horses;
c) similar benefits also partly by Tatars;
d) Pressure was also used: the Russian troops drove in front of them foreigners (unarmed) to Kazan, from where they were shot. Chuvashi and Marius kept this test, without sneaking out than they proved that they were willing to completely submit to Russian.

4. By covering the country with a ring of blockade and rejugging the actual right (mountain, i.e. high) Coast of Volga, Russian forces have practically disorganized the economic life of Kazan Khanate, since the fields, the ramps were located on the meadow (left) side of the Volga, and move the local population there Russian military units were not allowed.
The population has been said that the blockade will be removed if the Khan government will comply with Russian requirements: a change of Khan and the transfer of all Russian halongs.
5. The blockade completely paralyzed the life of Khanate: Volzhskaya trade was destroyed, the supply of products in Kazan stopped, swimming in the rivers was prohibited, all goods that smoked from the bottom of the Volga, from Astrakhan selected. The village of the left and the right side of the Volga was separated.
In June, the progress of the population began: it demanded from Han to satisfy Russian requirements. But the Khan troops supplied the rebellion of the Chuvish and Udmurts. However, inside the starving Kazan began to excitement.
6. At the end of June, the Crimean garrison of Kazan decided to run to the chamber, but all 300 people. Princes, Murz and other nobles, with their several hundreds of security, fell into an ambush, arranged by Russian complaints, and everyone was destroyed: ordinary - sinking, princes and Murza are taken to Moscow and executed (46 major military bosses).
7. Kazan was captured by the Russian army without a battle, Han-baby Utymysh and his mother Recents were overthrown, and in Kazan, a temporary government was formed led by Hudai-kul-Obno and Prince Nur Ali Width. It entered into peace negotiations with Russians, sending a delegation to Sviyazhsk.

Russian-Kazan truce agreement 1551

Date of signing:July 6, 1551
Place signing: G. Sviyazhsk
Casimovsky "Tsar" Shah Ali;
From Kazan Khanate: The head of the Kazan clergy, the Great Mufti Kul Sheriff, Prince Bibars Rasov;
Conditions of the truce 1. The truce is 20 days;
2. The Kazan Provisional Government sends ambiguing ambassadors to Moscow.

Moscow-Kazan truce agreement 1551

Date of signing: August 1551
Place signing: Moscow Kremlin
Commissioners from Russia: Dyack Ivan Mikhailovich Viscous;
From Kazan Khanate: Ambassador Prince Enbars Rasov;
Conditions of a truce 1. Recognize the new Kazan Khan Shah Ali;
2. Note the Russian government of the young Khan Utyamysh (2 and a half years!) And his mother-Regentsh Syun Beach.
3. Note the Russian government of the family (wives and children) of the fled and executed Crimean Tatars;
4. To bring to the Kazan Usti (meaning the mouth of R. Nazanka when it is pushing it in the Volga, 7 km from the most fortress of Kazan) and convey Russian Boyars of Russian halves who were in slavery from noble Kazan (Princes, Murz, nobles), and Alongunnikov belonged to ordinary Tatars - to transfer later when Shah Ali will already be at the Kazan throne.
5. According to the signing of these conditions, the Russian government removes (stops) the blockade of river paths and transportation.

Negotiations on the final Moscow-Kazan peace treaty 1551

(August 9-10, 1551)

Commissioners:
From the Moscow state: Shah-Ali, Prince PS Serbrya.
From Kazan Khanate: Mulla Kasim, Prince Bibars Rasov, Khoja Ali-Merden.

After the meeting ceremony, checking the powers and the official discovery of the negotiations of the Ambassadors of Kazan unexpectedly announced that the Kazan Khanate would be separated from half up, on the mountain (right) and meadow (left, volit) part, and that only the Zavolzhskaya part would be considered to be considered to be considered the Kazan Khanate will go to Moscow.
The ambassadors, who first have heard the conditions for which they did not speak in the Simplicit Negotiations in Moscow, refused to sign new conditions of the peace treaty, but they were threatened in case of refusal to immediately begin hostilities against Kazan.
Making desperate attempts to save their state, Kazan diplomats still achieved a deferment for several days of decisions on the section of the Kazan Khanate and signed the world (paraffin) under the same conditions, as signed in Moscow a few days earlier a truce. (Apparently, these negotiations took place near Kazan - in Sviyazsk or Kazan mouth. Only, the efficiency of convulvert convener can be explained - after 3 days. approx. Shishkin S.P.)
It was decided to convey the decision on the departure of the mountain side to the Moscow State on the "Collection of the entire Earth", which should have been convened at the mouth of R. Kazanka.
On August 11, 1551, Kazan ambassadors agreed to give the Russian side Khan Utyamysh and the Queen (Khanshu) Syun-Beach.

Kurultay on R. Kazanke

(August 14, 1551)

Kurultaya convocation site: Ustress R.Cazanka while pushing it in the Volga (7 km from Kazan).
Attended:
a) All Muslim clergy led by Kul Sheriff Ibn Mansur, i.e. All Sheikh, Sheikh-Zade, Mullah, Mullah-Zade, Khoji, Dervishi;
b) are challenged - Khanov's relatives on all lines led by a thin-edition;
c) Princes and Murza led by Nur-Ali, the son of Bulat-width.
The contract was signed under strong Russian pressure and threats: the mountain side was departed to the Moscow State.

Moscow-Kazan Peace Treaty 1551

Date of signing: August 14, 1551
Place signing: Usti R. Kazanka 7 km from Kazan
Signing the contract: Representatives of the highest estates of the Kazan Khanate.
Conditions of the contract 1. Kazan Khanate is divided into a meadow and mountainous part, and the mining departs to the Moscow State;
2. All all columns will be released. Contain Christians in slavery in Kazan Khanate is now prohibited. In case of incomplete liberation of the opponent, the Russian government immediately declares war.

The consequences of a peace treaty 1551:
1. After signing the contract for 3 days (August 16-18), there was a mass oath of Tatars on loyalty to the Russian government and the contract. The oath immediately uttered groups of 200-300 people.
2. From August 17, the liberation of Russian prisoners began. The first day was released (given in the field) 2700 people. In total, 60,000 people were released over the week throughout Khanate. (Installed on lists on bread allowance!)
3. After the liberation of the prisoners, the Russian troops were withdrawn, the blockade of rivers and the crossing was stopped, the Russian embassy was left in Kazan. The Russian Embassy led by Boyarian I. I. Khabarov (soon replaced by Prince Dmitry Fedorovich Paletsky) and Decik Ivan Georot.
4. Russian management has been introduced in Sviyazhsk.

But Kazan, including the new Proorus Khan Shah Ali, were unhappy with the section of the country. They hoped that they would be able to simplify the Russian king to return the mountainous side of Kazan. For this purpose, an emergency embassy in Moscow was stopped.

Embassy of Kazan Khanate to Moscow

(October 1551)

Embassy composition:
Prince Nur-Ali Ibn Bulat-Shirin, Big Karachi;
Prince Shah-Abass Shamov, Khansky Butler;
Baks Abdullah, Prince of Kostov, Khoja Ali-Merden.

Embassy requirement:
1) give back the mountainous side;
2) if they do not ignore, then allow to assemble in it;
3) will not be allowed all the filings, then at least part;
4) for the king to give an oath, which will comply with the treaty;

The answer of the Russian government:
1) no concessions regarding the mountain side. All grants should come to Moscow;
2) the king will give oath only after the return of all all bands;
3) ambassadors will be detained in Moscow as hostages to the complete liberation of Russian prisoners.

This led to completely reverse results: the prisoners began to detain, as the last chance of negotiating with Moscow.
At the same time, the opposition was formed to eliminate Shah Ali as a Russian gender. The plot was revealed, and more than 70 people. The "head" of the conspiracy was killed, including the Rough Brothers, Princes Bibars and Enbars, Oban Karaysh, Murza Kulai, and others. As the conspirators were eliminated in Russian pointer formally Khan Shah Ali, then he had an extremely difficult situation. Tatar aristocrats and clergy saw in it a direct enemy national aspirations and were unanimous in the desire to eliminate him as a hated Russian gender. At the same time, the Russian side did not help him unequivocally and was ready for any minute or remove him, replacing simply by the Russian set, i.e. Do not need it as in the "National Shirma", or "pay them", i.e. Having given it to the tatthars in the event of a sharp strengthening of the National Party in Kazan and the inability to overcome the power of the resistance of the Tatar opposition.
Shah-Ali himself, who promised his people to "raise the Russians" the return of Kazan Khanty's return from him half of the territory, saw the preservation for himself and the throne and life only in the case of the fulfillment of this promise and therefore refused to play the role of obedient Russian puppet, looked at the Russians " advisors "not like political allies, but as on their blood enemies.
In this situation, the Russian government finally decided to discard all diplomacy and decisive lowland Shah Ali and the appointment of the entire Kazan Khanate to the Moscow State in its place of the Russian governor to the Moscow State. However, so as not to cause this measure of the Tatar uprising, it was important to find such "technical" forms of the implementation of the liquidation of Kazan Khanate, which would be authorized by the Tatar tip. In view of this, the Kazan Embassy detained in Moscow was attracted to the consultation. In January 1552, the Moscow government set the question to him: "By some of them, they have a governor of life?"
Tatar politicians who understood that the main thing in the current situation, firstly, to preserve the unity of the territory of the Kazan Khanate, secondly, to preserve the actual autonomy of Kazan Khanate under formally Russian authorities and, thirdly, prevent the military invasion of Russian troops and a fighter war in Unequal conditions, - advised Tsarist diplomats:
1) to withdraw the Russian garrison from Kazan so that Khan, having lost Russian protection, he left the capital of Khanate and its low-depth would have happened "naturally."
2) Send from Moscow representatives of the Kazan aristocracy detained in hostages, to Kazan to clarify the residents of the Khanate to the situation and bring the oath of the Russian governor.
3) To actually leave the Tatar Muslim administration in Kazan Khanna.
In fact, to maintain the autonomy of Kazan Khanate financial and economically (local government is disposed of through the governor, and not the central government in Moscow).
The accession of the Kazan Khanate to Russia should be considered as a personal ENIA between Russia and Khanate, which should only be expressed in the replacement of Khan by the Russian governor.
All internal device and religious Muslim organization remain inviolable. Only the slavery of Christian prisoners is destroyed; Installed "Eternal World" between Moscow and Kazan, both of the Khanate reunite.

Note:
This project to join the Kazan Khanate to Russia was approved by the Russian Commission as part of Boyarin I.V. Shhemetyev, a personal representative of Tsar A.F. Odashev, Duma Deca I. Mikhailov, and in February 1552, A.F.Adashev himself arrived in Kazan So that the "peaceful" deposit Khan Shah Ali, who "voluntarily" had to give way to the Russian governor:
1) On March 6, 1552, Han left Kazan in Sviyazisk, along with 84 people. Princes and Murz, transferred to them Moscow, hostages.
2) On March 6, 1552, the royal diploma was announced in Kazan about the elimination of the Khanate and the appointment of the Vicar of the Sviyazhsky Voivier of Prince Ivanovich Mikulinsky seeds.
3) On March 7, 1552, Kazan was given to the oath of the governor and the king "Troika" of the Tsarist representatives:
from Kazan: Prince Chapkun Disapproving, Prince Bournash;
from Moscow: Sagittsky head Ivan Cheremisinov.
4) On March 8, 1552, the temporary Kazan government, headed by the challenge of Hudai-kul, headed to Sviyazhsk, where he took an oath from the governor in the spread of benefits and the attractions of the Russian nobility to the Kazan (Tatar) nobility.

It remained to implement only two formalities:
a) Departure from Kazan Khanshi to expulsion to Moscow.
b) Entry into Kazan governor of Prince Mikulinsky together with a mixed Russian-Tatar retinue and Russian garrison.

Coup on March 9, 1552

On the morning of March 9, 1552, the governor, a retinue, a Russian military detachment, hostage-Tatars (84 aristocrats) left Sviyazhsk to Kazan. At the same time, Khansha left Kazan. On the Volga, the Krochov Islands, they met the representatives of Kazan - Kinazyia and Khan Kildy.
At the Belyzbold village (later Admiralteskaya Sloboda), three Kazan aristocrats were separated from the governor, the princes of Kebek, Islam and Murza Alik Narykov, who asked permits to go ahead to prepare a meeting for the solemn entry of the governor to the gate of Kazan (the distance was about 2 kilometers).
Having arrived in Kazan, the Tatar aristocrats locked the gate, called for residents to arm and refused to let the governor and the Russian squad. Having stood at the gate of Kazan for several hours, Prince Mikulinsky was forced to return to Sviyazhsk, arrest the entire Tatar retinue and former hostages, but still not start hostilities, since it was still hoping for a peaceful conflict resolution.
However, Kazan were determined to defend their independence. The coup was performed seriously - so the Russians were confused.
The plan of "peaceful accession" of Kazan Khanate to Russia failed. The project to preserve the autonomy of Kazan Khanate also did not take place. But it could not change the ratio of the forces of the Russian and Tatar side. Military confrontation occurred, which simply temporarily delayed the act of joining Kazan.

Military events of the Kazan government in March-May 1552
1. The new Tatar government, who decided to fight with Moscow, was formed on March 10, 1552 and he was headed by Prince Chapkun.
2. The remaining Russian Archers (180 people) were disarmed and killed.
3. Kazan was invited to the throne of the Astrakhan Tsarevich Yadiger-Mohammed, they began active military actions against Russians and even achieved the deposition of the mountain side from Moscow. Thus, all the results of the one-year diplomatic preparation of the accession of Kazan Khanate to Russia were eliminated.
Russia had to start the war from the beginning.

Fourth (Great) "Kazan Hike" Ivan IV

(June 16 - October 12, 1552)

War participants and their goals:
1. Russia.
The initiator and organizer of the 4th hike - Tsar Ivan IV Grozny. He put the goal to destroy Kazan and to attach it to Russia.
2. Kazan Khanate with allies (Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Nogai Orda).
Turkish Sultan Suleiman II magnificent urged all Tatar states to unite to protect Independence Kazan Crimean Khan Devlet-Garya gave a promise to save the Kazan Khanate and create a single Crimean-Kazan Tatar state capable of withstanding Russian aggression and seizures.

Fifth "Kazan campaign" Ivan Grozny

(Summer 1553 - August 1556)

The purpose of the war: Finally conquer the Kazan Khanate, stop the struggle for the independence of its population.
Military course:
1. On the banks of the Volga, Kama and Vyatka were sent major punitive detachments under the general guidance of D.F. Odashev. They "sigh" all settlements along the shores of these rivers, killing everyone who was suspected of participating in an uprising, terrorizing the whole country. They captured all the transportation and transitions through these rivers, controlling and prohibiting the movement of Kazan in the country. But it was only the first wave of occupying actions.
2. In September 1553, a regular army was moved to the Kazan Khanate under the leadership of the Voevod: Prince Mikulinsky, Boyarin I.V. Shheremetyev. Military actions turned around all the country - Russian squads passed, destroying everything in their path - not only the average Volga region, but also rose up to Kame 250 km. The tactics of the scorched land was used: the villages were destroyed, compared with the Earth, cattle was selected and hijacked, the male population was usually destroyed, the entire workable population was captured.
3. Since the "War" took the character of the soldier of the unarmed population, it caused the association of all nations that inhabited Kazan Khanate: previously giving way to the Russians and Mariers, in some cases opposing the Tatars, united with them. This caused a new wave of strengthening Russian repression.
4. Winter 1553/54, i.e. From November-to December 1553. Until February 1554, Russian troops have taken a new campaign - the destruction of the supporting points of the rebels, the destruction of at all housing in the conditions of winter. A fortress was burned on R.Meshe, 6,000 men and 15,000 women were captured. Before despair, the population was forced to swear to the faithfulness of the king and pay grant.
5. In the summer of 1554, military actions resumed. The combined tatar and marine troops began to resist Russian troops, who went with punitive goals. Attempts by Russian governors to send against the restest people of the regions of Russia, forced to this step in the winter, completely failed, for the conquered again joined the rebels; The entire territory of the Kazan Khanate represented the war zone. The rebels began to kill everyone who collaborated with Russian authorities, they approached the Kazan itself and broke the guard regiment of the Russian army there.
6. Then the royal government sent a new major squad under Prince I.F. Miloslavsky, who occupied and devastated 22 volosts in the central part of the country, fired several dozen villages from the ground. About 50 thousand people were captured, and they were all executed.
The chronicles were not able to fix and list at least a part of the numerous battles at different points. Suffice it to say that the only Prince Kurbsky notes that his detachment had in 1554 over 20 battles with the rebels.
7. In the Arc Territory (Udmurtia), a number of sources were built in which military garrisons were left in order not to weaken the control over the population.
8. However, all this did not led to the elimination of the rebel detachments of Mammals Berdy, they retained their combat capability and numbers.
9. In 1555, both sides made a breather. Tsarist troops are tired. The population was suppressed not only by military repression, but also economic devastation - in the country two years in a row, sowed and destroyed during the warhead of the harvest. The workable population was pregnant.
10. But in the spring of 1556, Mammal Berdy began an offensive with his faithful, brave 2-thousand troops. However, the Russian military leaders were preparing for a whole year not in vain. In April 1556, the Army Boyarin P.V. Morozova approached the capital of the rebels Chalima and put it. As before Kazan, the fortress was taken as a result of a series of dies, mining and giant explosions (up to 300 pounds of gunpowder at the same time!). Khan Ali-Akram was killed, and Mammal Berdy was captured by cunning, taken to Moscow and executed. Changing his Bogatyr Ahmed (Akhmetek Batyr) was also captive and executed.
11. defeating the uprising in the Central District of Kazan Khanate, the Russian government appealed against the second district of the uprising - in Udmurtia. The whole area was devastated by the army of P.V. Morozov, already in May 1556, as usual, all men were killed, women and children were captured. As a result of Udmurtia, and then all the Kama region (Perm and Bashkir regions) were devastated.
12. In 1557, the people who were deprived of the leaders, bandaged by the destruction of the men's population and the captivity of all workable, brought to despair with many years of continuous ruin of the country, refused to continue the struggle. The war ended, no peace was. The country was simply attached to Russia, the Russian administration was introduced in it.
13. From Kazan, her last inhabitants were evicted - Tatars, they were taken place in Kuranchevy Sloboda, for R. Bulak, and in the empty city, which came to the perfect decline, were instilled 7,000 Russians. It was all that remained from the near-hundreds of the Tatar capital in the 50s of the XVI century. Around the Kazan formed a 50-kilometer band-ring made of empty, abandoned land, which in the next few years were distributed to the king of the Russian nobility, bringing peasants from Central Russia to contract these lands.

In Kazan itself, new construction began in 1552, especially intensifying in 1556, when Pskov builders and the architect Jokovlev were arrived in Kazan.

Note: The liquidation of Kazan Khanate caused a deep despondency and perturbation from all Muslim states: Turkey, Crimean and Astrakhan Khanate, as well as the Nogai Horde did not recognize Russia's conquests. However, they were not ready for the unity of actions and could not organize a joint military campaign to Moscow. The turnuit, as a result of their internal contradictions, the Moscow government of Ivan IV managed to continue the policy of conquests in the Volga region, and the next seizure facility was Astrakhan Khanate.

| In the period from the IX century to the XVI century. Kazan and Astrakhan Camping (XVI century)

Kazan and Astrakhan Camping (XVI century)

Wars of the Moscow Grand Prince Vasily III and his son Ivan IV of the Terrible, the first Russian king, with the aim of joining the Kazan Khanate - the largest Tatar state formed on the site of the Golden Horde.

Kazan Tatars, aware of the inequality of forces, did not assume to restore the domination of Rus, however, we considered the territory of the Moscow and other Russian principalities as an object for raids in order to capture production and primarily the "live goods" - prisoners, and also periodically demanded the payment of Dani. In 1521, when the main forces of the Russians were facing the fight against Lithuania, Kazan, together with the Crimean Tatars, reached Moscow, raving many Russian lands. It was the last major campaign of the Kazan Khanate against the Moscow Principality.

In 1523, after imprisonment of the truce with Lithuania, grand Duke Moscow Vasily III sent a big rail to the Kazan. As a result, the fortress of Vasilsursk was founded on the Volga 200 km from Kazan, which became the intermediate base of Moscow troops in subsequent campaigns.

The conquest of Kazan continued the son of Vasily III, Ivan IV Grozny, who climbed the throne in 1533. He organized three campaign against the Kazan Khanate. The first hike was held in 1547, but the troops did not reach Kazan, due to the difficulties of the supply, returned with halfway. In the same year, Ivan adopted the royal title, which emphasized the claims of Russia for all the territories previously occupied by the Golden Horde.

Kazan campaign (1552 year).

The second campaign was more successful, undertaken in 1549. In February 1550, Russian troops were asked by Kazan and began to bombard her from guns. However, the storming of the fortress ended in failure. In connection with the spring, the king decided to remove the siege, since the precipitating became difficult to bring food and ammunition to the camp. The sole success of this hike was the Bookmark of the Sviyazhsk fortress 25 km from Kazan. Sviyazhsk became the reference base in the third campaign, which ended with the take of Kazan.

Preparation of this campaign began in the spring of 1552. On the ocean and the Volga, the so-called "shimmer" was sent with a margin of food and artillery ("outfit") for all troops. Three shelf were concentrated in Sviyazh, and crossing the Volga between Vasilsur and the mouth of Kama were occupied by strong detachments. Part of the Russian troops in Murom, Kashira and Kolomna should, if necessary, to reflect the Crimean Tatars, if they tried to help Kazan. The number of rati, which went to the Kazan campaign, one of the Russian governors Prince Andrei Kurbsky subsequently determined in 90 thousand people, of which at least 30 thousand cavalry. The Russians had 150 heavy siege guns and a large number of light guns.

Under Kazan, almost all the military forces of Russia were thrown. On June 16, 1552, the main forces led by Great Prince made Moscow. Already on the way to Kolomna, it became known that the significant forces of the Crimean Tatars are moving towards Tula. On June 23, Tula governor Temkin said that the city was besieged the numerous Crimean army, enhanced by Turkish artillery and Yanychars. The next day, Tatars took the storm to Tula, who was repulsed. Having learned about the approach to the city of significant Russian forces - shelf right hand and an advanced regiment, urgently unlocked by the Grand Duke for helping Tula, Crimean Khan did not dare to repeat and retreat. The Russian shelves overtake the Crimean army on the Sivoron River and caused him a serious defeat. The mistake of Crimean Khan was that he hurried with a campaign, without waiting until Ivan IV from the army was not far away from Moscow, then he would have lost their opportunity to reflect the Crimean threat in time.

After the defeat of the Crimean Tatars, the campaign on Kazan continued. On July 1, all Moscow shelves, except the watchdog, gathered in Kolomna. Hence, the military council decided to move two columns. The right column in the big and advanced regiments and the right hand shelf went through Ryazan and Mescher, the left, in which Yrtaul entered (easy equestrian intelligence), guard and royal shelves and the regiment of the left hand, - through Vladimir and Murom.

On August 4, both columns were connected to the Boronechaeva settlement on the Sura River. On the morning of August 13, the Moscow Raint arrived in Sviyazhsk, where she was waiting for the garrison of the fortress, the militia from Cheremis, Chuvash and Mordlov, Tatar Schig Alya (Shih-Ali) Tatar ally, as well as arriving on the river ship rail with artillery and food reserves. On August 17, Moscow troops began crossing the Volga, which lasted three days. Already, this fact indicates a large number of Iwan's army of Grozny.

On August 19, the siege of Kazan began. The king offered Tatar khan to surrender, but received a refusal. The city was surrounded by a wooden wall with a length of about 5 km with 15 towers. It was covered with a moat with a width of 6.5 and a depth - 15 meters. Inside the city there was a Citadel - Kazan Kremlin, an obscured oak wall with 8 towers. East of Kazan in the Arsk Forest Tatars built a strengthening, from where the rear of the Moscow troops was threatened. The barrid of Kazan numbered about 30 thousand people. In addition, the Arc Strengthening was the detachment of Prince Epanci a few thousand riders. He led the partisan war.

On August 21, the Russians began to build siege fortifications - barisades from logs and tours, - filled ground baskets from rods. On August 23, the troops began to move to the walls of Kazan. Yrtaul, consisting of 7 thousand riders, was suddenly attacked by a strong Tatar squad and turned out to be cut. For the help of the noblestone Connection, Sagittarius was hurried, the fire from the heartband drew the Tatars. To the outcome of the 23rd, Kazan was completely surrounded. However, in the evening of the next day, the strong storm destroyed some of the ships with reserves, which complicated the position of the precipitating. But Ivan Grozny was adamant in the desire to take Kazan at any cost.

The Russians staged a dam and took the Kazanka River from the city to deprive the defenders of the water fortress. However, the Tatars began to take water from the key on the banks of the river to which the dungeon went. The deposits built around Kazan two circumvation lines. The garrison did the babble, preventing siege work, but was not able to disrupt them, destroying only small areas of fortifications.

On August 27, the Russians began to deploy artillery against Kazan. On August 30, 150 siege guns opened fire in the fortress, suppressing a significant part of Tatar artillery. On the Arsk field, the Russians built a wooden tower with a height of 13 m. It put 10 guns and 50 nakannitsa (light guns with a hook (nut) to counteract the return) and, taking the tower to the fortress wall between the Arsk and Tsareva gate, began to fire the city from the side of the Arsk Fields.

On August 31, the deposits began four subpople under Kazan walls. One of these subcords was supplied under the underground move, according to which the Kazan walked around the water. The move was blown up, and after that, a sharp lack of water began to be felt in the city. Its source remained only urban wells. Due to bad sanitary conditions in Kazan, epidemics spread.

On August 30, half of all Russian troops were moved against Epanci's squad. The small forces of the Russians entered the Arsa Forest, were attacked by Tatars and their retreats led the enemy under the blow of the main part of the troops. After that, the battle of the Epanci detachment retreated in its strengthening. However, he was not destroyed, and Moscow governors decided to storm the Arsk Fortress. On September 8, she was taken by a detachment under the command of Prince Gorbatoy-Shui. Thuchals ran with the remnants of his troops and could no longer bother the siege army with his raids.

On October 2, the troops of Ivan the Terrible began the assault of Kazan. Two days before that, the subpople was blown up at the Arc Gate, which destroyed protective structures in front of the gate. After that, the Russians brought the tours to the most goal. Archers, boyars and the Cossacks managed to capture the Arsa Tower. In addition, in the walls of the fortress, artillery did a number of breaks. A wooden log cabins hurked against the breakdowns of Tatars and fell asleep their land. Ivan appealed to Tatars with a proposal to capitulate, but they answered: "We are all a poke or sit." Then the army went to the attack.

The main blow was applied on the eastern and southwestern faces of the fortress, where the most breaks were. In the rest of the directions, the attacks were supposed to be tatar forces. Russian troops were divided into six assault columns. Each of the columns, in turn, was deployed in three lines. The first line was the Cossacks and boyars. The second line was the main forces of Streltsov, and the third line served as a reserve. The total reserve was the royal regiment.

At 3 o'clock in October, the subpoples were blown up under the Arsk and Nogai gates. After that, the fortress was opened fire from all guns. Under his cover, the troops went on the assault. The Tatars fired the enemy from guns and sides, lily on the stormed boiling resin, discharged on them logs. However, from the side of the Agian field, where, as a result of the explosion, part of the fortress wall was destroyed, the Russians managed to break into the city. The streets have a hand-to-hand fight. The Tatars undertook a desperate counterattack and pushed the opponents back to the walls. At that moment, Ivan introduced half the royal regiment into battle, which threw the Tatar to the Khansky Palace. Almost all the defenders of the city were interrupted or captive. Only a detachment of 6 thousand people crossed through the Kazan and went to the forest. At the same time, a significant part of the breakdowns were destroyed by the Russian troops that ensured the assault.

As a result of the capture of Kazan and the defeat of the Kazan Khanate, Moscow set control over the extensive region of the Volga region. The sad example of Kazan prompted Astrakhan Khanate in 1556 without a fight to surrender to the mercy of the king of Ivan. In 1580, the Volga region served as a bridgehead for a hike to Siberia Cossack detachments of Ataman Ermak.

Astrakhan Hike (1556).

After taking Kazan, Ivan Grozny managed with the support of 30-thousand troops to subjugate to his influence and Astrakhan Khanate, approving his ally there - Khan Dervish Ali. But the position of this ruler was fragile. Fearing closest neighbors - Turkey and the Crimea, Dervish Ali soon changed the foreign policy orientation and broke with Moscow. To understand the Astrakhan affairs, the king in the summer of 1556 sent there a small intelligence detachment of Streltsov led by the Voivoda Ivan Kormisinov. On the way to them, the detachment of the Cossack Ataman Lyapun Filimonova was joined. Fantastic luck has fallen on their share. As if squeezing over Russians for their heavy Kazan campaigns, fate almost bloodlessly awarded them to Astrakhan.

The first walked along the Volga cossack squad Filimonova number 500 people. He met near Astrakhan with the advanced parts of Khan, defeated them and began to wait for the approach of the strength of Cheremisinov. Connecting, both detachments on July 2, 1556 walked on the courts to Astrakhan. Han and his approximal accepted a small shooting-Cossack squad for the avant-garde of a strong royal rati. Knowing about the sad fate of Kazan, they fled from the city. As a result, the Russians almost without a single shot took almost empty Astrakhan. Strengthened there, they spent a number offensive operations Against Dervish Ali, who, in the meantime, received reinforcements from the Crimean Khan Devlet-Hire. However, the help from the ruler of Crimea was small (only 700 people), since his possessions were then attacked by the detachment of Dejak Rzhevsky.

While in distant Astrakhan, for hundreds of the mile from native places, a small Russian army operated skillfully and decisively. His commanders showed not only military, but also diplomatic abilities in an unfamiliar region. They managed to achieve a union with local Nogai Murzami, who also defeated Dervish Ali, took off his guns and sent them to Cheremisinov. The last Khan Astrakhan fled to Turkish possessions. As a result, Astrakhan Khanate was finally and almost bloodlessly enshrined by Russia. As in the case of Kazan, it was facilitated by the fact that a lot local residents They adhered to Russian orientation and did not want to obey the politics of Crimea and Turkey.

As a result of Kazan and Astrakhan campaigns, the entire Volga basin passes into Russian possessions. This most important region, which hostile to Russia tried to turn into a gigantic field of aggression, becomes a trade zone and economic development. The East Shaft collapsed, and since then this direction has ceased to represent the source of a permanent military threat to Russia. Generally military activities Ivan Grozny allowed himself to sharply reduce the sphere of the influence of Crimea and Turkey. As a result, the southern Russians, which took place at the beginning of the XVI century on OK, in the second half of the century reached the Don steppes and the Forn of the Caucasus.

According to the materials of the portal "Great Wars in the History of Russia"

"At the turn of the 40s and 50s of the XVI century in the field of Russian foreign policy in relation to the countries of the East, and in relation to Kazan Khanate in particular, there is a significant fracture. There is an idea of \u200b\u200bconducting an active conquering policy to the east and south of the Middle Treasury of Volga on Accession to Muscovy spaces from the Volga to the Urals and from Kazan to the Caspian Sea inclusive. "

Actually, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe geopolitical integrity of the Volga region became relevant for Russia when during the Turkish Protectorate over Kazan Khanate was the clear impossibility of compliance with the economic (first of all) and the political interests of the strongest Russia already tested the way - the consolidation of the Hangehogs in Kazan for the Moscow Miller. Own potential and the policy of Kazan Khanate did not have the character of a deadly threat to the Moscow state, but in conjunction with the forces of the Crimean Khanate, behind which the Ottoman Empire stood, the close neighborhood of Kazan Khanate was taled by a constant threat to the existence and integrity of Russia. Paradoxically, it was precisely the reorientation of Kazan to the strategic alliance with Crimean Khanate and Turkey predetermined the historical short period of the Kazan Khanate.
"Tsarist hiking" on Kazan take the beginning of 1547 in the fall. It should be noted that there is a disagreement in the dates: V.V. Pelokhlebkin in the above-mentioned book considers the 1st campaign to December 1548 - February 1549, other sources available to me call the winter 1547-1548 - this date we will adhere to this date. The fact that the Russian shelves headed the young Sovereign Ivan IV Vasilyevich, in January 1547. Walked to the kingdom, emphasizes the primary "Eastern Policy" of Russia and the importance of the problem of Kazan Khanate. Approx. Shishkin S.P.

The first "Kazan campaign" Ivan IV

(December 1547 - February 1548)

Raise to war: The arrival of the Embassy to Moscow from Right-Bank Chuvash with a request for their adoption into the citizenship of Russia.

The second "Kazan campaign" Ivan IV

(November 17, 1549 - February 25, 1550)

From the middle of the XVI century. In the Russian state there are transformations and improvements in the field of military organization and military equipment:
First, new types of selected, elite, privileged troops are being created (by Turkish sample).
Secondly, provincial nobles are involved in the military service in the elite troops, which immediately increases the moral and political level of the army.
Thirdly, technical improvements focused on the development of artillery, mainly heavy, siege, and in general, in service with firearms, which showed a clear superiority of the European Army and its difference from Eastern, where the main sense of troops remained cavalry, and the main type of weapons - steel arms.
Fourth, a considerable importance in military reform was also acquired by the engineering and fortification, also rebuilt with the help of European specialists involved in the training of troops of subversive pyrotechnic works during the siege of fortresses.
Fifth, was paid to the first time in the Russian army, special attention was paid to the development of a preliminary plan of military companies, justifying the movement of troops, evaluating items of their concentration and conducting hostilities according to the developed disposition, and not a volun way.
Thus, the foundations of such a new organ of the Russian army were laid as the main headquarters of the current army, which also became the advantage of the Russian army compared to the eastern.

The third "Kazan campaign" Ivan IV

(April-July 1551)

2. Exit of detachments for the occupation of river tract:
a) The 1st squad went on top of the Volga on top and was deployed above the above Kazan.
b) The 2nd detachment was ground, the field, and was stationed below the Kazan (Casimovsky Tatars detachment).
c) The 3rd squad was the main Russian army directed to the Sviyazki together with the builders.
d) the 4th squad went with the R.Vyuka (Bakhtiara Zyuzin detachment) to Kamu.
The detachments received an order to become in all the glazers on the Volga, Kame, Vyatka, Sviag, "so that military people from Kazan and Kazan did not go", i.e. For the blockade of all river tract and, consequently, the entire transport and trade.

Russian-Kazan truce agreement 1551

Moscow-Kazan truce agreement 1551

Negotiations on the final Moscow-Kazan peace treaty 1551

(August 9-10, 1551)

Commissioners:
From the Moscow state: Shah-Ali, Prince PS Serbrya.
From Kazan Khanate: Mulla Kasim, Prince Bibars Rasov, Khoja Ali-Merden.

Kurultay on R. Kazanke

(August 14, 1551)

Moscow-Kazan Peace Treaty 1551

Embassy of Kazan Khanate to Moscow

(October 1551)

Embassy composition:
Prince Nur-Ali Ibn Bulat-Shirin, Big Karachi;
Prince Shah-Abass Shamov, Khansky Butler;
Baks Abdullah, Prince of Kostov, Khoja Ali-Merden.

Coup on March 9, 1552

Fourth (Great) "Kazan Hike" Ivan IV

(June 16 - October 12, 1552)

War participants and their goals:
1. Russia.
The initiator and organizer of the 4th hike - Tsar Ivan IV Grozny. He put the goal to destroy Kazan and to attach it to Russia.
2. Kazan Khanate with Allies (Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Nogai Horde).
Turkish Sultan Suleiman II magnificent urged all Tatar states to unite to protect Independence Kazan Crimean Khan Devlet-Garya gave a promise to save the Kazan Khanate and create a single Crimean-Kazan Tatar state capable of withstanding Russian aggression and seizures.

Fifth "Kazan campaign" Ivan Grozny

(Summer 1553 - August 1556)

In Kazan itself, new construction began in 1552, especially intensifying in 1556, when Pskov builders and the architect Jokovlev were arrived in Kazan.

The results of the foreign policy of Ivan IV Grozny - Yellow allocated the attached areas

Goals and objectives

Foreign Policy Ivan IV Grozny It was aimed at strengthening the position of the state, and its main tasks are listed below:

Strengthening the positions of the Russian kingdom in Europe, getting a way out to the Baltic Sea
Elimination of the threat of raids from the south and south-east (Crimean, Astrakhansky, Kazan Khanate)
Expanding the influence of the East and Northeast

Main directions

Eastern direction- The accession of the Kazan Khanate in 1552, Astrakhan Khanate in 1556 and the campaign of Yermak to Siberia allowed not only to protect the Russian kingdom from the ruinous raids of nomadic tribes that continued for several centuries, but also significantly expanded its territory.

Western direction- Livonian war 1558-1583 was supposed to bring Ivan the Grozny wide opportunities for trading through the Baltic Sea, however, the complex internalolitical and economic situation, as well as the cohesion of European monarchs actually brought all the successes of the Russian kingdom at the beginning of the conflict.

Southern direction - The conflict continued for several centuries in Crimean Khanate was a significant problem that distracts troops and the economic damage to the southern regions. As a result of the defeat of the Crimean Army, Devlet-Hire in 1772 for the next 20 years, Crimean Khanate stopped raids.

Briefly about the content of the main events of the foreign policy of Russia in the second half of the 16th century

Kazan trips (1547-1552)

Map of Kazan Camping Ivan Ivrice

First Kazan hike (Winter 1547-1548) did not bring the result - without siege artillery, the Russian army could not take the assault of Kazan, behind the walls of which numerous defenders were hidden.

The second Kazan hike (Autumn 1549 - Spring 1550) also did not bring victory, as a reference point in the further confrontation of the Russian kingdom and Kazan Khanate at the site of a sign of the Sviyagi River, the Sviyazisk fortress was erected.

Before third Kazan campaign Ivan Grozny significantly strengthened the army, increased the amount of artillery. In 1551, a neutrality agreement was concluded in the conflict of the Nogai Horde.

In the summer of 1552, the 150,000-thousand army, equipped with 150-m large and medium-sized artillery guns, has moved to Kazan. On August 23, 1552, Russian troops were asked by Kazan with a dense ring. The draft line reached 7 km.

Scheme of the siege of Kazan by the troops of Ivan the Terrible

After a long siege, during which the Russians almost captured the city several times, the decisive assault was scheduled for October 2. In the evening of October 2, 1552, the capital of the Volzhsky Tatars Pala. On October 11, the Russian army spoke back to Moscow, leaving Garbiz-Shuisky in Kazan, led by A. B. Gorbatoy-Shuisky.

As a result of Kazan campaigns:

Kazan Khanate was completely destroyed,
russia was joined by the Middle Volga region,
there were prerequisites for the development of Russians of the Volga region, further promotion to the Urals and to Siberia, expanding trade relations with the Caucasus and the countries of the East.

Astrakhan hiking (1554 - 1556)

First Astrakhan Hike 1554 He was committed under the command of Prince Yuri Prince-Shemyakina. Ivan Grozny decided to take advantage of help from Nogai Murza Ismail for the change of the punlee Khan Astrakhan Yamburche. After the defeat of the main detachment of Astrakhans, Astrakhan was taken without a fight. As a result, Khan Dervish Ali, who promised support for Moscow was shown to power.

Second Astrakhan Hike(Spring 1556 - August 26, 1556) was triggered by the treason of Khan Dervish-Ali, which pulled to the side of Crimean Khanate and Ottoman Empire. In a direct clash, the Don Cossacks broke the Khan army near Astrakhan, after which in July Astrakhan was again taken without a fight.

Map of Astrakhan Hikes Ivan IV Grozny

As a result, quick and relatively "bloodless" (compared to the Kazan Khanate) of the subordination of the Astrakhan Khanate, the positions of the Russian kingdom in the region increased and the remains of the Goldenophary Empire agreed to the vassing position:

In 1557, the Nogai Horde recognized its dependence on Russia, whose territory was broken up in a riverfire. Bulaca and Yaika, as well as partially on the right (Zauralsky) Yaika shore.
In the autumn of 1557, the territory of modern Bashkiria, located in the pools of River Bashers and Ufa, was also included.
From 1560, the border of Russia in the East began to pass by p. Urals (YIK), and in the south (south-east) - by p. Terek.

Livonian War (1558 - 1583)

Map of the Livonian War Ivan IV Grozny

The war began with the attacks of the Russian kingdom to the Livonia in January 1558. At the first stage of war, Russian troops have achieved significant success, woning Narva, Derpt and whole line other cities and castles. In 1563, Polotsk was taken, but it was not possible to develop success, since in 1564 the Russian parts were divided into battle at cups. Soon after that, an oprichnina was introduced (1565-1572). In 1569, the Grand Principality of Lithuanian united with the Kingdom of Polish in a single issue compulovate.

Following the unsuccessful siege of the Russian troops (1577), the troops of the Commonwealth returned Polotsk and the Pskov unsuccessfully besieged. Swedes took Narva and unsuccessfully besieged nuts.

The war ended with the signing of Jam-Zapolsky (1582) and the plus (1583) truce. Russia deprived of all the conquests made as a result of the war, as well as land on the border with the speech of the associate and seaside Baltic cities (Coporye, Yama, Ivangorod). The territory of the former Livonian Confederation was divided between the speech of the associate, Sweden and Denmark.

As a result of the Livonian war The Livonian Order has completed its existence, the war contributed to the formation of a compulcular speech, and the Russian kingdom led to economic decline.

Crimean-Turkish trips

Crimean-Turkish campaign on Astrakhan

In 1569, Turkish Sultan Selim II decided to unite his efforts with Crimean Khanate for a joint campaign to Astrakhan - the seizure of this major shopping center, which is the key point of defense of the Russian kingdom in the region, was to be prepared for laying a channel on Volgodonskaya Plug (the land way of moving ships) between the Black and Caspian Sea.

Looking for Astrakhan, 20 thousand Turks and 50 thousand Crimean Tatars on September 16, 1569 began the siege. As a assistance to Ivan IV, Grozny sent 30 thousand people under the command of Vasily Silver, as well as the Zaporizhia Cossacks sent by the Polish king under the leadership of Prince Mikhail Vishnevetsky.

As a result of the coordinated actions of the Astrakhan garrison, under the leadership of Peter Silver, as well as the Cossacks and Russian troops who came to the aid of the Cossacks and Russian troops, the Turks and the Crimeans caused a crushing defeat.

In the spring of 1570, the ambassadors of Ivana Grozny concluded an aggression agreement in Istanbul, which restored the good-neighborly relations between the Sultan and King.

Russian-Crimean War (1571-1572)

After the capture of Ivan the Terrible of the Kazan and Astrakhan Hangey, Devlet's Gary swore to return them. In 1563 and 1569, together with turkish troops Devlet I Gary made two unsuccessful campaigns to Astrakhan. Starting from 1567, the activity of Crimean Khanate began to increase, hiking was performed every year. In 1570, the Crimeans, almost without having unsubsioned, were subjected to a terrible devastation area of \u200b\u200bRyazan.

In 1571, Devlet Gary took a campaign to Moscow. Having deceived Russian intelligence, Khan moved Oka under Kromov, and not Serpukhova, where he was expected by the royal army, and rushed to Moscow. Ivan went to Rostov, and the Crimeans set fire to the emissions of the capital not protected by the Kremlin and China. In the correspondence followed, the king agreed to give the Khan Astrakhan, but he was not satisfied with this, demanding Kazan and 2000 rubles, and then declared his plans to seize the whole Russian state.

In 1572, Khan began a new campaign to Moscow, ended with the destruction of the Crimean-Turkish troops in the battle of young people. The death of the selected Turkish army near Astrakhan in 1569 and the defeat of the Crimean Horde near Moscow in 1572 laid the limit of Turkish-Tatar expansion in Eastern Europe.

Results and results

The conquest of Astrakhan and Kazan Hangey.
Recognition of the vassal position of the Nogai Horde
East expansion after a hike of Ermak to Siberia
The total area of \u200b\u200bthe country is doubled.
Reflection of the hike of Crimean Khan to Moscow in 1572 - the next 20 years Crimean Khanate was not disturbed by Russian
Falling B. Livonian war - All conquests during the fighting had to be returned, the prolonged conflict of the issue is a serious damage to the economy.

In the 2nd half of the XV century. The decisive stage of the struggle for the final liberation of Russia from the Ordi addiction has come. In 1472, Ivan III refused to pay tribute to Horde. Khan Ahmat decided to "teach" Russia and restore the full domination of the Ordans over Russian lands. In the summer of the same year, he led the army to Moscow, choosing the path through Alexin - from the "Lithuanian border." Aleksina residents boldly met the enemy. On July 30, the Ordans struggled to adopt (stack) from the logs at the walls of the city and lit it. The townspeople showed authentic heroism, defended Alexin, "Incapture in the Ruta in the Ruta, but DSI is buried with wives and children in Grad." On July 31, the city fell, but on the eve of the Russian messenger, surpassing 150 km on replaceable horses, was in Moscow. To the belts of Oki, where the Ordans were already approached, Russian squads from Belie and Serpukhova were expressed urgently. The main forces of the enemy with amazement were observed on the left bank "Many shelves of the Grand Duke ... Armor of them were chicted by Velmi, as silver brilliant and weapons are excellent." It stunned by the warriors of Ahmat and forced the latter to abandon further attempts to "move" OKU and retreat.

In 1480, Khan Akhmat, having enlisted with the support of the Grand Duke Lithuanian and King of Polish Casimir IV, moved the army of 100-150 thousand. Ivan. III He knew about these negotiations Khan and prudently divided the Russian arousal into parts. He focused the greatest in the Lithuanian borders, preplanding the opportunity to connect to the orders and Lithuanians and covering Moscow by Lithuania. Casimir IV could not appear to the rescue of Akhmat, as the ally of Moscow, the Khan of the Crimean Horde of Mengly Garyury, invaded the podolia.

Russian command promptly found the movement of Ahmat's troops. The forces of Russian (about 100 thousand people) focused on the left bank of the Ugra, near the arranged intercourse, they set heavy meal and mattresses for fortifications. Food with light handits and arrow made of onions were put forward to the advanced position. In the distance from the coast, the Russian cafia is located, which, maneuvering along the coast of Ugri, could have assisted on threatened areas.

On October 8, 1480, Ahmat's troops tried to break through the Russian defensive line, but were met by friendly Fire Fire and Field Handles. The contemporary noted that the food flame inflicted tangible losses to the enemy, and from - the reddings of Tatar bows reduced their range and did not harm the Russians. Four days Russian troops beatbi, whether the onslaught of Ordans. The use of firearms in the field, in a battle caused the superiority of Russian troops. Ultimately, the Ordans did not dare to more decisive actions and began a retreat. In the period from November 8 to November 11, the opponent left the coast of Ugra. Russian doses pursued his retreating army to the borders of the Moscow Principality. "Standing at the thief" ended 240-year-old Orda Igo.

Observing Russia independence was of great importance of a political nature. In 1485, the Tver Principality finally entered the Russian state. Ivan. III With full right, he began to call himself the "Lord of All Russia" (on the Grand People's Prints - Russia). This was the first to officially recognized Lithuanian rulers. In 1494, the Verkhovsky Principles (Vorotnskoye, Odoevskoye, Belevskoe, and others) moved away from Lithuania "on Russia", and Ryazan and Pskov were practically governed by Moscow. At the turn of the XV-XVI centuries. The international state of the Russian state has changed. Rus boundaries directly in contact with Lithuania, Poland and Sweden. The Moscow State entered the Arena of World Politics.

Much attention Ivan. III She paid the security of the North-Western and Western borders of the Moscow state. The fortresses of the pit and kopory were built. The task of the return of Russian lands captured by the Livonian Order and the Grand Durability Lithuanian was decided. The first strike was inflicted on Livonia, which was forced to sign in 1482 truce. In 1492 opposite the city of Narva, on the right bank of the river, the new Russian fortress was laid - Ivangorod (in honor of Ivan Iii)which acquired the status and new trading port on the shores of the Baltic.

Success in the war with the Livonius contributed to the beginning of the armed struggle with Lithuania for the return of Russian Chernihiv and Smolensk lands. Military actions in 1500-1503 For Moscow, they have developed successfully. The Russian shelves in the Oki and Dnieper interference occupied the city of Mtsensk, Mosalsk, Bryansk, Putivl and a number of others, and after the mastery, expensive began to threaten Smolensk. This forced the Great Lithuanian Prince Alexander to move against the Moscow regiments a strong army (40 thousand people) under the beginning of the great hetman Prince Konstantin Ostrogsky. Ivan III sent to Du-Roguery to Raint under the command of Prince Daniel's chest. The battle took place on July 14, 1500 on the River Deck. The combined Russian army (about 40 thousand people) was located near the Moscow road on Mitkov Field, 5 km west of expensive-buckwood, on the eastern shower of Deck, where he took the position of a large regiment. His right flank covered the Dnieper, and the left - rested in a dense forest. The guard regiment was highlighted in the ambush and hid in the forest. The plan's plan consist in the deliberate retreat of the River of the Advanced Regiment, to lure the lot for Mitkovo field, impose a fight, and then to surround the siege shelf and destroy the enemy.

On July 14, the Lithuanian army met on the Moscow road with an advanced regiment of Russian troops and attacked him with the go. Russian Fridays, tolding the fight, retreated for the river. The enemy became interested in pre-entry and, moving the river, faced the main forces of the pussy. The big regiment tied the battle and stood almost a six-hour battle. When the Lithuanians have exhausted all reserves, a shascious regiment entered the battle team. His blow to the flank and rear to the enemy turned out to be crushing. At the same time, Russian warriors destroyed the bridge over the river. Lithuanian army who lost 8 thousand people killed, surrendered. For the first time in the history of Russian-Lithuanian military clashes, Lithuania completely lost a major army. Almost all Lithuanian governors headed with Ostrog himself were captured. Victory at Delaware had a large military-political importance. The world enclosed in 1503 consolidated the city of Chernihiv, Starodub, Novgorod-Seversky, Putivl, Rylsk and 14 others.

Grand Duke Vasily III (Rules in 1505-1533) continued the policies of the Father and during the fighting 1507-1508, 1512-1522. His troops managed to cause Lithuanians a number of defeats. Vasiliy III Posted to return Smolensk, captured in 1404. Lithuania. In July 1514, he approached Smolensk with the army of 80 thousand warriors, pulled 300 guns of various caliber under the walls of the fortress. On July 29, a powerful artillery shelling began. He made an awesome impression on the defenders of the fortress. On the third day, the cannonade ceased. Lithuanian governor Yuri Sologub decided to capitulate. So skillfully organized fire of artillery "opened" the gate Smolensk. Almost all Russian lands were reunited with the Moscow State. Mounted the border of Russia with Lithuania. The Russian state returned to the shore of the Dnieper, and his border defended 50-80 km from Kiev.