Review of the fifth volume of the tenth "history of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. The history of China from ancient times before the beginning of the XXI century a new history of China near the Red Tikhvinsky
China's history from ancient times before the beginning of the XXI century: in 10 t. T. I. Ancient and ancient history (by archaeological data): from Paleolith to V c. BC. / Ch. ed. S.L. Tikhvin; Ot. ed. A.P. Wooden. - M.: Eastern literature, 2016. - 974 p. ISBN: 978-5-02-036576-6
The first volume of the "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century", interpreting a diverse range of problems associated with the formation of a modern person as a biological species, the beginning of its instrument activities, the adaptation of early human teams to the changing natural environment of the huge region of East Asia, is on the verge of interaction Sciences about nature and humanitarian knowledge. The connection of archaeological data with the information of historical documents allows you to verify many moments of the early history of the Chinese statehood, the complex movement of the historical process, which has turned the scattered groups of the agricultural population of the Northern and South China into a single demographic structure capable of experiencing both bright ups and periods of decline, Intermitted in the development of the country for thousands of years.
To the reader (S.L. Tikhvinsky) ..... 5
Introduction (A.P. Derevko) ..... 8
History of archaeological research and historiography of Chinese archeology
Chapter 1. History of archaeological research in China ..... 19
The origin of the Chinese archeology (P.M. Kozhin, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 19
Foreign scientific expeditions in China of the end of the XIX - early XX century. (B.A. Litvinsky, I.F. Popova, Yu.S. Khudyakov, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 24
Russian archaeologists in Manchuria (V.E. Larichev, S.V. Alquin) ..... 32
The formation and development of the National Archaeological School in China (A.P. Derevko, V.E. Larichev, S.A. Komissarov, P.V. Martynov) ..... 35
Organization of archaeological science in Taiwan (after 1945) (Yu.A. Azarenko) ..... 42
Chapter 2. Study of the Archeology of China abroad ..... 45
Themes, methods, principles of research of archeology and the ancient history of China in the West (P.M. Kozhin) ..... 45
Russian School of Researchers of the Archeology of China (V.E. Larichev, S.A. Commissioners, P.V. Martynov) ..... 50
Paleolithic (A.P. Derevko)
Chapter 1. Paleogeography and the climate of China in the Quaternary period ..... 56
Chapter 2. Ancient Paleolithic (1.8-1.5 million - 150 thousand L.N.) ..... 62
Ranned Pleisotocene locations with pebble-renewable industry ..... 67
EarlyPlestocene locations with a microlithic industry ..... 74
Medium Pleistocene location in the north of China ..... 84
The medium-playback location of the central and southern China ..... 101
Chapter 3. Ancient Paleolithic (150-30 thousand L.N.) ..... 107
Chapter 4. Formation of upper-pressurelyolitic culture (30-15 thousand l.) ..... 112
Chapter 5. The final stage of the Paleolithic - the era of the spread of the microchloritic industry ..... 133
Chapter 6. Formation of a man of a modern anatomical type in China ..... 144
Neolithic (IX - middle III thousand BC)
Chapter 1. Neolithic in the historic region East Asia (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 151
Neolithic period as part of the historical process in East Asia ..... 151
Geographical membership of the historic region East Asia ..... 152
Ethnolinguistic situation ..... 158
About archaeological cultures and their allocation ..... 160
Changing Epoch: On the appearance of ceramics and polished tools in the south of East Asia (outside the historical borders of the region) ..... 161
Early neolithic (9000-5500 BC) ..... 162
First stage (9000-7000 BC.) ..... 162
The second stage (7000-5500 bd. BC) ..... 168
Middle neath (5500-3500 BC) ..... 181
First stage (5500-4500. BC.) ..... 181
The second stage (4500-3500. BC.) ..... 214
Late neatoli (3500-2500 BC.) ..... 255
First stage (3500-3000 years BC) ..... 257
Second stage (3000-2500 BC.) ..... 286
Chapter 2. Neolithic areas outside the historic region ..... 303
Northeast of modern PRC (S.V. Alquin) ..... 303
Paleoecology questions ..... 303
Characteristics of Early Neolithic cultures ..... 304
Culture Hongshan ..... 308
Fuhe culture ..... 315
Culture Xianle ..... 321
North-West of the modern PRC (prov. Gansu) (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 327
Tibet (E.I. Kychanov, P.V. Martynov, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 328
Southeast of modern PRC (prov. Fujian) (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev) ..... 332
Southern regions of modern PRC (prov. Guangdong and Guangxi-Zhuang Autonomous Area) (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 340
Taiwan (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 354
General results of the development of East Asia in Neolithic (P.M. Kozhin) ..... 357
The birth of statehood. Early and medium bronze (2500-1300. BC)
Chapter 1. Early Bronze Century of the historic region East Asia (2500-1800 BC.) ..... 363
Transition from the era of stone to the metal era on the territory of East Asia (V.I. Molodin, P.M. Kozhin) ..... 363
Periodization of the Bronze Age in the region (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 367
Monuments of the region, on which early bronze early products were found ..... 368
Minerals and metallurgical production (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 370
The first stage of the early Bronze Age (2500-2100. BC) (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 371
Lower Yangtze ..... 371
Average Yangtze ..... 389
Shandong ..... 396.
Great plain ..... 403
East of Middle Juanhe ..... 403
West of Middle Juanhe ..... 407
Upper Juanhe ..... 410
The second stage of the early Bronze Age (2100-1800 BC) (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 412
Lower Yangtze ..... 412
Shandong ..... 420
Great plain ..... 421
Average Yangtze ..... 422
West of Middle Juanhe ..... 423
Upper Juanhe ..... 426
East of Middle Juanhe ..... 429
Chapter 2. The average bronze age of the historic region East Asia (1800-1300. BC.) ..... 436
Lower Yangtze (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 436
Shandong (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 452
Great Plain (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 454
History of the early Shan (XVII-XIV centuries. BC) on written and archaeological sources ..... 456
East of Middle Juanhe ..... 459
Culture Siagnan (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 459
"North City" (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 460
Tairy Sorry (E.A. Girchenko, P.M. Koisin) ..... 469
Erlitou culture (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 470
Sorry Yanshi (E.A. Girchenko, P.M. Kozhin) ..... 479
Erlian culture (E.A. Girchenko, P.M. Kozhin) ..... 480
Average Yangtze (S.A. Komissarov, A.V. Varenov) ..... 481
Monument Panlongchen (about 1400-1300 BC. Er) ..... 481
West of Middle Juanhe (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 484
Upper Juanhe (A.V. Varenov) ..... 485
Results of the development of the historic region East Asia in the middle bronze age (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 488
Chapter 3. Cultures of the early and middle bronze century outside the historic region ..... 489
Northeast of modern PRC (S.V. Alquin) ..... 489
Culture of the lower layer Xiazzyan ..... 489
Northwest of modern PRC ..... 496
Monuments of the bronze era on the territory of Xinjiang (V.I. Molodin, B.L. Litvinsky, Yu.S. Khudyakov, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 496
Culture Zuzungi (S.A. Commissioners, P.V. Martynov) ..... 499
Culture Syba (V.I. Molodin, S.A. Komissarov, A.I. Soloviev) ..... 502
Culture of Gumugo (Afanasyevskaya) (V.I. MOLODYN, S.V. Alkin) ..... 506
Culture Xiaohah (V.I. MOLODYR, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 509
Chekurchek cultural phenomenon (A.A. Kovalev) ..... 512
Southeast and south of modern PRC (S.A. Commissioners) ..... 515
Culture of the shells of Cupus Tsunto (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev) ..... 516
Culture Huanguashhan (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev) ..... 519
Coastal monuments Guangdong and Siangan (S.A. Komissarov, Yu.A. Azarenko) ..... 519
Periods Shang-Yin and Western Zhou (end of the XIV - VIII century BC). Late bronze century
Introduction (P.M. Kozhin) ..... 525
Chapter 1. Shang-Yin State (about 1300 - 1027 BC.) ..... 531
Song sources Shang (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 531
Political story Shan (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 535
Historical and archaeological characteristics of the city center Shan (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov with the participation of E.S. Isyanichina) ..... 547
Spiritual culture and socio-political structure (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 602
Spiritual culture ..... 602
Power structure and control apparatus ..... 609
Crafts and agriculture ..... 613
Military affair ..... 614
Neighbors Shan and relationships with them ..... 616
Public Education Outside Shan (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 619
East Middle Juanhe ..... 619
Great plain ..... 620
Shandong ..... 621
Average Yangtze ..... 622
Lower Yangtze ..... 623
Northern Shan neighbors (P-shaped bend Juanhe and Upper Fenha) ..... 625
Upper Juanhe ..... 625
Archaeological monuments of early Zhou (about 1200 - 1027 BC) (S.A. Komissarov, S.I. Blumhelen) ..... 626
Monuments of the region of the capitals - cities of Feng and Hao ..... 633
Battle for Muu and end of the state Shan (V.E. Larichev, S.A. Komissarov, M.A. Kudinova, E.G. Gienko) ..... 639
Chapter 2. West Zhou State (1027-771 BC.) ..... 647
Western epigraphima as a historic source (V.M. Kryukov) ..... 647
Political history of Western Zhou (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 658
Social Structure and State Device (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 670
Social structure ..... 671
Beliefs and cults ..... 676
Religious ceremonies and religious utensils ..... 677
Ownership, sovereign states and the peoples of East Asia in the XI-VIII centuries. BC. (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 680
Jin ..... 680.
Qin ..... 681.
Juns ..... 683.
Zheng ..... 685
Huay and ..... 686
Other states of Shandong ..... 689
Eastern and ..... 689
Archaeological monuments of the period Western Zhou ..... 694
Location of the Valley of Juanhe (S.A. Commissioners, M.A. Kudinova) ..... 694
Monuments of the Jetzz basin (S.V. Laptev, E.A. Solovyova) ..... 714
Chapter 3. Late bronze cultures outside the historic region East Asia ..... 722
Xinjiang (A.I. Solovyov, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 722
Kayao culture ..... 722
Gansu-Qinghai Plateau (S.A. Commissioners, A.I. Solovyov) ..... 727
Culture Sindian and Owl ..... 727
Verkhovy Yangtze (S.A. Komissarov, E.A. Girchenko) ..... 729
Culture Sanxindui (about 1300 - 1000 BC) ..... 729
Coastal monuments Guangdong and Fujiani ..... 736
District of Rivers Minjiang and Julongjiang (S.V. Laptev, E.A. Solovyova) ..... 736
Huanthulun culture (S.V. Laptev, Yu.A. Azarenko) ..... 737
Cultures Housse and Fubin (S.V. Laptev, Yu.A. Azarenko, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 739
Taiwan (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 742
Culture of Zhyshanian ..... 742
Culture Inpau ..... 743
Dahu culture ..... 743
Culture Fanbitau ..... 744
Culture Banian ..... 744
Cyllin culture ..... 748
Culture Yuanshan ..... 749
Culture Zhiyuan ..... 750
The period of Chunzu (771-453 BC).
Early Iron Century
Start of the Iron Century in China (V.I. Molodin, P.M. Kozhin, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 751
Chapter 1. History and culture of the region East Asia in the period of Chunzu (771-453 BC) ..... 755
Sources ..... 755
Inscriptions on bronze vessels (V.M. Kryukov) ..... 755
Inscriptions on weapons (V.M. Kryukov) ..... 757
Inscriptions on stone drums (Schigowan) (A.N. Chistyakova) ..... 758
Written documents on bamboo and wooden planks (M.V. Kolkov) ..... 759
Political Story (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 768
Power structure and management apparatus (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 784
The system of training civil and military personnel and the creation of "philosophical schools" (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 788
Beliefs and priesthood (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 789
Chapter 2. History and material culture of kingdoms in the territory of the historic region ..... 793
Personal ownership of Vana (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 793
Kingdom Jin ..... 796
Political Story (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 796
Metropolitan complex (M.Yu. Ulyanov, P.V. Halturin) ..... 798
Tianma's burial ground (S.A. Komissarov, A.N. Chistyakova) ..... 800
Kingdom qi ..... 805
Political Story (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 805
Capital of the Kingdom of Qi: Lignji Monument (S.A. Commissioners, A.N. Chistyakova) ..... 809
Kingdom Lou ..... 814
Political Story (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 814
The capital of the kingdom of Lu: Tsyufu (A.N. Chistyakova, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 818
Kingdom Zheng (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 819
Kingdom Sun (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 823
Kingdom Zhongshan (S.A. Commissioners, O.A. Khachaturian) ..... 826
Kingdom Yan (A.V. Kostylev, S.A. Komissarov, A.L. Nesterkina) ..... 830
Kingdom Chu ..... 832
Political Story (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 832
Material culture (S.V. Laptev, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 843
Kingdom of the Church Circle (Tsai and Zeng) (S.A. Komissarov, S.V. Laptev) ..... 849
Kingdom at ..... 852
Political Story (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 852
Material culture (S.V. Laptev with the participation of E.A. Solovyva) ..... 855
Yue Kingdom ..... 857
Political Story (D.V. Deopik, N.O. Azarova, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 857
Material culture (S.V. Laptev with the participation of E.A. Solovyva) ..... 858
CHAPTER 3. HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE NEWS QIN in the period of Chunzu ..... 860
Political History (D.V. Deopic, M.Yu. Ulyanov, M.S. Kulyko) ..... 860
Material culture (S.A. Commissioners, O.A. Khachaturian) ..... 863
Chapter 4. Early Iron Age Cultures Outside the Historic Region East Asia ..... 871
Northeast of modern PRC (S.A. Commissioners) ..... 871
Culture of the upper layer Xiazzyan ..... 871
North of modern PRC (D.P. Shulga, S.A. Commissioners, E.S. Bogdanov) ..... 876
Moginship Yuikhanmäo ..... 876
Monuments of the Taochanbala group ..... 876
Culture Maocingow ..... 878
Group of monuments Janlan ..... 882
Xinjiang ..... 885
Culture Chaukhu (S.A. Commissioners) ..... 885
Culture Yanbulak (S.A. Commissioners) ..... 888
Valley or (Saki and Usuke) (N.A. Sutyagina) ..... 892
Gansu-cinhai plateau and Tibet ..... 895
Culture Chajin (N.A. Sutyagin) ..... 895
Culture Tsygun (Chigun) (E.I. Kychanov, S.A. Commissioners, P.V. Martynov) ..... 897
Monuments with stone boxes (S.A. Komissarov, P.V. Martynov) ..... 900
South-West and south of modern PRC ..... 902
Culture Ba-Shu (S.V. Laptev, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 902
Dongshonian-Diancan civilization (VIII-III centuries BC) (S.V. Laptev, N.V. Polymak, S.A. Commissioners) ..... 909
Dongshon Finds in Syangan (S.A. Commissioners, Yu.A. Azarenko) ..... 915
Afterword (A.P. Derevko, P.M. Kozhin) ..... 918
The chronology of the main historical events of the periods of Shan and Zhou ..... 924
Selected bibliography ..... 930
Name pointer ..... 950
Geographic name sign ..... 954
Index of monuments and cultures ..... 958
- Publisher: M.: Science
- ISBN: 978-5-02-039991-4
- Year: 2017
- Colich. Pages: 821
- Circulation: 1000
Cost: 2 992 rubles.
Description of the book:
The eighth of the publication "The history of China from ancient times before the beginning of the XXI century" is dedicated to the first quarter of a century of the existence of the People's Republic of China (1949-1976). This period begins with coming to power in the country of the Chinese Communist Party and ends with the departure of the Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Mao Zedong. Already a few years after the formation of the People's Republic of China, a number of problems on the restoration and development of the country's economy were resolved, large-scale construction launched. Then followed the decade of searching for the development of the development and internity struggle against the CCP General Commission, the decade of the "cultural revolution", which caused a huge damage to the country's population and huge damage to the au pair. For historians-Kitayevov, specialists in the field of international relations, all interested in history and culture of China.
To the reader (Acad. S.L. Tikhvinsky) .......... five
Preface (Yu.M. Galenovich) .......... nine
People's Republic of China in 1949-1960. (V.N. Usov)
G L A B A 1. The formation of the People's Republic of China.
The first years. 1949-1952 .......... nineteen
Proclamation of the PRC .......... nineteen
Suppression of "counter-revolution" .......... 29.
Campaign against the fight against "three evils" and "five abuses" .......... 32.
"Revilization" of the intelligentsia .......... 36.
Korean war .......... 40.
Agricultural reform .......... 44.
Economic bases .......... 48.
G L A V A 2. The transition to socialist construction. 1953-1956 .......... 54.
"GENERAL LINE". Constitution of the PRC .......... 54.
The first five-year plan. 1953-1957 .......... 61.
"The case of Gao Ghana is Jao Shushi" .......... 64.
Transformation .......... 70.
VIII Congress PDA .......... 78.
"One hundred colors" .......... 91.
"Streaming style." Fight against the "right" .......... 98.
Politics for religious organizations .......... 106.
The results of the first five-year plan .......... 108.
Science, education, culture and art .......... 110.
G L A V A 3. "Large jump." 1957-1960 .......... 118.
Preparation ………. 118.
Start ………. 121.
Economy .......... 142.
"The case of Peng Dehay" .......... 149.
Culture, art and science .......... 158.
Effects ………. 162.
G L A V A 4. USSR and PRC in 1949-1960. .......... 169.
The formation of relationships .......... 169.
Soviet-Chinese cooperation .......... 184.
Chinese atomic bomb .......... 192.
Chinese People's Republic in the period of "settlement"
Second half of 1960-1965 (V.N. Usov)
G L A V A 1. Course on "Settlement". The second half of 1960-1962 .......... 199.
Search ………. 199.
Clarification .......... 222.
Efforts to "resolve" the economy .......... 235.
G L A V A 2. Collision of trends. 1963-1965 .......... 247.
Disagreements .......... 247.
10th plenum. 1962 .......... 251.
"Four cleaning" .......... 262.
"Preparation for war" .......... 282.
"Antreeszyonist" campaigns .......... 302.
G L A V A 3. Culture, education, science and technology. 1961-1965 .......... 309.
Culture, art and social sciences .......... 309.
Education .......... 330.
Nuclear weapon ………. 339.
G L A V A 4. Foreign policy of the PRC. 1961-1965 .......... 343.
Relations of the USSR and the PRC .......... 343.
"Cultural Revolution". 1966-1976 (V.N. Usov)
Mr L A C 1. First stage. 1966-1969 .......... 348.
Preparation………. 348.
Start………. 359.
HunVeibins .......... 376.
"Chaos………. 406.
"Capturing power" .......... 415.
"Rev." .......... 440.
"The case of Liu Schooci" .......... 456.
IX Congress PDA .......... 461.
G L A V A 2. The second stage. 1969-1973 .......... 467.
Strengthening the role of the army and preparation for war .......... 467.
"Lin Biao case" .......... 479.
X Congress PDA .......... 485.
Mr l and in a 3. Third stage. 1973-1976 .......... 496.
"Criticism Lin Biao and Confucius .......... 496.
"Settlement" .......... 512.
"Criticia Dan Xiaopin" .......... 523.
"April events" of 1976 .......... 531.
Mr l and in a 4. The impact of the "cultural revolution" .......... 539.
Culture, education and science .......... 539.
Foreign policy of the PRC and the relations of the USSR and the PRC .......... 550.
Effects………. 561.
Foreign policy of the PRC (A.O. Vinogradov) .......... 566.
Help Soviet Union (I.N. Sotnikova) .......... 590.
Friendship Society (G.V. Kulikova) .......... 620.
Society of Chinese-Soviet friendship .......... 620.
Society of Soviet-Chinese friendship .......... 627.
Physical culture and sports in the PRC (N.Yu. Demido) .......... 655.
Personalia. Political and public figures (V.N. Usov) .......... 669.
Chronology of the main events (Yu.M. Galenovich) .......... 746.
Name pointer (A.A. Verchenko) .......... 793.
Geographic name sign (A.A. Verchenko) .......... 806.
Selected bibliography .......... 814.
You have not chosen a single issue of the magazine
Size: px.
Start showing from page:
Transcript.
1 History of China
2 History of China from ancient times before the beginning of the XXI century in ten volumes Editor-in-Chief Academician RAS S.L. Tikhvinsky Main Editorial Board Akadem Ik Ra M.L. T IT ARACE (deputy Esthel of the main r ... Candidate of Ilologic Sciences S.M. A Nikeeva, Corresponding Member RA N V.I. In Asiliev, Akadem IK RA N L.P. D Yerevianko, Academ IK RA B.C. M Yarnikov, Corresponding Member RA N V.V. N and y mk and n, d - historical sciences I.F. Piece, Akadem IK RA N [B.L.
3 r o s s and y with k a k a k i d e m i n a k and n with t and t u t in about with t about p and s ei story China from ancient times before the beginning of the XXI century Tom III Troherezarnia, Jin, South and Northern Dynasty, Sui, Tang () Responsible Editors Doctor of Historical Sciences I.F. Popova, Doctor of Philological Sciences M.E. Kravtsov M o s k in a n and u k a in about with t about h n i l and t e r a t u r a
4 UDC 94 (510) BBC 63.3 (5kit) I90 The publication was implemented with the financial support of the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation (RGHF), the draft history of China from ancient times before the beginning of the XXI century: at 10 t. / Ch. ed. C.J1. Tikhvinsky ISBN T. III: Troherers, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tan () / Ot. ed. I.F. Popova, M.E. Kravtsova; In-t Eastern manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. M.: Science Vost. lit., p. : IL. ISBN (in Per.) The third of China's history from ancient times before the beginning of the 21st century "covers two global historical periods, each of which played a key role in the history of Chinese civilization. The first is the so-called political fragmentation period (or the era of six dynasties), which lasted from the III to the end of the VI century. During this period, which began after the death of the powerful ancient Empire, Han, there was a partial conquest of the country with "small peoples" and the movement of the center of the national civilization from the river basin. Huanghe in the southern regions of China (south of Yangtze). At this time, the formation of Taoism as a national religion and the formation of the Chinese turndhi tradition, the mechanism of interaction between the three teachings (Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism), which led to religious syncretism, which has become one of the most specific phenomena of China and the entire Far East. The second historical period covers the Empire of Sui and Tang, in which the restoration of the country's political cultural unity and the approval of imperial statehood in its qualitatively new version was occurring. The strengthening of the administrative and bureaucratic foundations of the Chinese Empire and the Golden Age are connected with the era of Tan in many of the most important areas of artistic culture (poetry, visual, musical and dance art). ISBN ISBN (t. 3) Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2014 with editorial publishing. Science Eastern Literature, 2014
5 To the reader, great successes of the People's Republic of China over the past decades in economics, science, technology, culture, sports, its growing international authority determine the increasing interest of the Russian public to modern life and the history of our nearest neighbor in the Far East, with which the Russian Federation has The total boundary of the length of over 4000 km. More or less regular relations between the two states arose in the middle of the XVII century. Under Peter I, the Orthodox Spiritual Mission was founded in the capital of Qing China, the members of which with their works were promoted by the Russian public with the history, culture and modern life of residents of the neighboring country. In the second half of the XIX century. In Russia, the scientific study of China, Chinese and history began to teach in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan Universities and in the Eastern Institute in Vladivostok. The study of China was further developed during the years of Soviet power, which in many respects the good-neighborly policy of our state and the sympathy of the peoples of Russia to the national liberation struggle of the Chinese people suffering from the feudal-militarist oppression, arbitrariness and military aggression of imperialist powers. Domestic China's greatest flouret reached the first decades of our relations after the proclamation of October 1, 1949 of the People's Republic of China and the Conclusion on February 14, 1950. The Agreement on Friendship, Union and mutual assistance between the USSR and the PRC. Signed in Moscow on July 16, 2001 by the leaders of the two states on good neighborliness, friendship and cooperation between the Russian Federation and the PRC became the basis for the further development of relations between the neighboring countries and opened a new stage in our joint history. At the beginning of the XXI century. Both sides continue to consistently follow this path. Regular contacts are carried out between the leaders of the two states, decisions are made to further develop the strategic partnership, the coordination of actions in regional and international affairs is carried out. During the official visit of the Chairman of the PRC Si Jinping to Moscow on March 22, 2013, it was signed by him and the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, a joint statement was signed on mutually beneficial cooperation and deepening relationships between both countries, and the Action Plan was adopted to implement the provisions of the Neighborhood Treaty, Friendship and cooperation between the Russian Federation and the PRC. Of all civilizations that arose in the past in different parts of the world, only Chinese is distinguished by the continuity of its thousands of years. Sumerskaya, Hittskaya, Assiro-Babylonian, Creoto-Miktenskaya, Ancient Egyptian civilization, Incas cultures, Maya and many others disappeared as a result of internal interdisos
6 6 to the reader of the BIC, enemy invasions, natural cataclysms - volcanic activities, earthquakes, floods, droughts, etc. The Chinese civilization has made a noticeable contribution to the development of the entire human society. From China, the world found out the technology of high-quality casting bronze, the production of porcelain, silk, tea, paper, powder making; From there, they came to us a compass, the seismograph, there for the first time began to build large-sized sea vessels, a movable typographic font appeared, etc. At various historical periods, China led an active land and maritime trade not only with its immediate neighbors, but also with territories, subject to the Persian Empire, the rulers of the countries conquered by Alexander Macedonian, the Kushan kingdom, the Roman Empire and the Arab Caliphat, as well as with the countries of South Asia and East Africa. A particularly strong impact of China's policy and culture have provided for many centuries to neighboring countries (Korea, Japan, Vietnam, the countries of Southeast Asia). Until the middle of the XVIII century. Chinese civilization with a greater or lesser degree of success overcame numerous disasters - foreign invasions, civil wars, natural disasters. However, gradually accumulating the lag from the world's leading powers, which made it on the path of the industrial revolution, and then the Armed invasion of Great Britain and France in the middle of the XIX century, Militarist Japan from the end of the XIX century, as well as the intervention of eight powers when suppressing the rebellion of the Etoeuan, sharply slowed down the development of China. , turning it into a semi-colonial, semi-podal country depending on foreign states. The victory of the People's Democratic Revolution under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party led October 1, 1949 to the creation of a new state in the Chinese land - the People's Republic of China. People's China has become on the path of construction in the country of socialism with Chinese specifics and more than 30 years has been successfully implementing the policy of reform, modernization and openness for the outside world. Nowadays, the People's Republic of China demonstrates its success in the field of economics, science, the development of nuclear energy, cosmonautics, rocket buildings, construction of high-speed railways and motorways, as well as in various sports. The sixtime encyclopedia "China Spiritual Culture" edited by Academician RAS MLTitarenko (M.,), created by the team of domestic soulologists, caused a wide response of readers and was noted by the State Prize of the Russian Federation for 2010 Nevy interest among the Russian public, no doubt, will cause a sudden to reader a decade "History of China from ancient times before the beginning of the 21st century", on which scientists of various academic institutions and universities of Russia (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Eastern Manuscripts, Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Asian Countries and Africa Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, St. Petersburg State University, etc.). Authors, scientific editors of volumes and members of the main editorial board, realizing the complexity of the task to accommodate the multiplinary history of the Chinese civilization at the limits of ten volumes, tried to reflect the basic events of the Isto
7 to the reader 7 of China - from Paleolithic parking and first neolithic settlements to modern PRC with its generally accepted international authority. In each volume, there is an average of about 60 al., Chronological tables, illustrations and maps, elected bibliography, pointers are provided. At the same time, since the publication is designed for a fairly wide range of readers, the authors and editors of Tomov tried to combine the scientific level of material filing with its popular presentation. China's history in ten volumes is broken in chronological periods. T. I. Ancient and ancient history (by archaeological data): from Paleolith to V c. BC. Ot. Editor - Acad. RAS A.P. Derevianko (Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Novosibirsk). T. II. The era of Zhango, Qin and Han: v. BC. - III century. AD Ot. Editor - D.I.N. J1.S. Pellets (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). T. III. Troyzaravia, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tan: Ot. Editors - D.I.N. I.F.Popova (Institute of Eastern Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg), D. Filol. M.E. Kravtsov (St. Petersburg State University). T. IV. The period of the five dynasties, the Empire Song, the state of Liao, Jin, SI: T. Editor - D.I.N. I.F.Popova (Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg). T. V. Dynasty Yuan and Min: D. Editors - D.I.N. A.Sh. Kadyrbaev, D.I.N. A.A. Bokschinin (Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). T. VI. Qing dynasty: Editor - D.I.N. O.E.Nepomnin (Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). T. VII. Republic of China: Editor - D.I.N. N.L.Mamaeva (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). T. VIII. People's Republic of China: Editors - D.I.N. V.N.USov, A.G. Turkevich (Institute of Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). T. IX. People's Republic of China: editor - d.polit.n. A.V. Vinogradov (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). T. X. Taiwan, Xiangan (Hong Kong), Aomen (Macau), foreign Chinese diaspora. Ot. Editors - D.Yu.N. L.M.Gudoshnikov, K.I.N. G.A.Stepanova (Institute of Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). In the prefaces to Tomas, along with the presentation of the main content of Tom, information about significant historical events that took place in the period described in Asia, Europe and America are given. The selection of illustrations was carried out by the authors and responsible editors of Tomov, as well as Acad. RAS B.L.R.Ttin. The authors and editors of this tenwoman express the hope that the work imagined will allow the reader to familiarize themselves with the history of China, which will contribute to the development of further mutual understanding and friendship of the nations-neighbors of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. Academician RAS S.L. Tikhvinsky, Chairman of the Chief Editorial Board of the Decymness "History of China from ancient times before the beginning of the XXI century"
8 Introduction This volume covers a long period of the history of the Chinese civilization of the and 19th centuries., Accommodating several separate and relatively independent eras. The death of the ancient Empire Han (206 BC, N.E.) marked the beginning of the "troubled time", decentralization, a turn of the short-lived dynasties, which, after almost 400 years, completed the association of the country under the rule of Sui () and Tang (). Reviveding on an extensive space, the Chinese Empire experienced his highest in history in the stories in the era of Tan and, passing the stage of cohesion, development and decline of imperial statehood, at the beginning of the X century. Under the blows of the peasant war, he again broke into a number of independent territorial entities. In the centuries-old history of China, the period of 1st centuries. It was marked by global historical and cultural processes, during which the basic traditions were crystallized, which determined the further typological features of not only Chinese, but also the entire Far Eastern civilization. This era has developed a system of state ideology, administrative management, codified law, religious complex and canons of culture, determining the appearance of Chinese civilization for a century ahead. Events-rich political history III VI central explosive, running between two huge centralized empires Han and Tan, includes several periods. The first - Trozenia (Songo,), when, after the death of Han, the country broke up into three sovereign states - Wei (), y () and Shu (Han-sh y,). Next, follows the periods of the Western Jin dynasties (265 /) and East Jin (317 ^ 420), often demanded in Chinese sources in the Epoch of two Jin. At the first of them, a short-term association of China has occurred. With the second regions of the Juanhe basin (North China), they were conquered by neighboring non-Chinese peoples, founding a lot of short-term state entrepreneurs (kingdoms). Actually, at this time, the Chinese statehood for the first time in his entire history moved to the south, to the regions of the lower and middle course of the Yangtze. The ethnocultural fragmentation of the then China was finally established in the era of the peace and northern dynasties (Nanbeachao, 386 / / 589). The people of dynasties (Nanchao) refer to each other Chinese states: Luisn (4 2 0 ^ 7 9), a rhino qi (), Liang () and Chen (). North Dynasties (Baichao) include the North Wei State (Toba Wei, or
9 Introduction 9 Later Wei,) and the Western Wei (), East Wei (), Northern Qi () and Northern Zhou () arising from its fragments. However, with all the discreteness of the historical and political process, the period III-NI centuries. Forms a holistic phase, the unity of which was due, in addition, the general and continuity of cultural changes. Therefore, in the European china (for Chinese scientists, this problem is not so urgent due to the conciseness and capacity of hieroglyphic terminology) in the first half of the 20th century. We started searching for such a terminological designation that would cover all these centuries. From 1930 and to the present, they are often indicated by the terminological clichés derived from the concept of "political fragmentation". Approximately from the middle of the XX century, when in European and, somewhat later, in the domestic china, the theory of "Chinese Middle Ages" was prevailed, for 111 VI centuries. The definition of the "Epoch of the Early Middle Ages" or "Early Medieval China" (Early Medieval China). In the Soviet studies of the years, the terminological formula "on the threshold of the Middle Ages" was also used. It is impossible not to recognize that the allocation of the "Epoch of the Rampnessee China" meant the complete recognition of historical and cultural integrity and originality of the III VI centuries. At the same time, there were a lot of scientists who skeptically referred to this definition, believing that it was fraught with false associations with European average centuries. In recent years, in Western Chinese, they are increasingly resorting to the arsenal of Chinese historiographic terminology. The term Nanbeichao, or the "Era of separation to the north and south", is proposed to apply to the entire period of the III VI centuries to emphasize the principal significance of the formation in the north of the new ethnocultural substrate. The editor of this volume is the most acceptable term "six dynasties" (Luchao), through which the traditions indicated six state formations, starting from the kingdom at the three-season period and, including the Yellow dynasties, whose capitals were located on the site of modern Nanjing. Consequently, in terms of "sh there are dynasties" the desired chronological parameters are laid. In addition to the problem of terminology definitions, the epoch of the six dynasties continues to be one of the least studied periods of the history of the Chinese civilization. This is explained, on the one hand, the incredible complexity of both historical and political and cultural processes, to the limit of saturated different, often extremely ambiguous, events and phenomena. On the other hand, a traditionalist stereotype has taken over the academic community for a long time, originating in the historical thought of the Tang era, when the period III VI centuries. It was perceived solely as a "troubled time", consisting of socio-political collisions and disasters and marked by the fall of ethical feasures and the degradation of all national spirituality. Nevertheless, the foundations of the unprecedented heyday of the Chinese civilization in the Tan Epoch were laid during the six dynasties.
10 10 Introduction A relatively fast union of a huge country at the end of the VI century. It became possible thanks to the deep economic and political prerequisites that caused the dynasties in the era of the Epoch. Grueling internecine wars undermined the economy of the country, led to the mass death and resettlement of peasants, made it difficult to use the irrigation system. Centralization was necessary to combat river spills and devastating droughts. It was necessary to effectively protect the land borders from the increased northern nomadic neighbors. At the same time, the unification of the original Chinese lands contributed to the formation of a new ethnic and cultural alloy, it is essentially updating his appearance of the Chinese ethnic. Destruction, launching and hunger led to the development of methods and methods of the country's conclusion from the state of the economic collapse. The decline of agriculture served as an effective incentive of the development of crafts and trade. Many old and re-built cities became large trade and craft centers, focused not only on the domestic market, but also external trading ties. Military dictatorial dignity and we have strengthened imperial ideals and values, which has found an expression in the desire for imperial order as a better form of the organization of society. The beginning of a complex and multilateral process of integrating Chinese society into a single administrative-territorial, economic and military structure was laid a short-term predecessor of the Great Tang - Empire of Sui, who united the country in 589. It was the Sui Soviet sizes who began to implement paramount measures aimed at strengthening the central authority and improvement A bureaucratic apparatus inherited from the Northskaya dynasties. The most successful and efficiently operating institutions - the central administration authorities, the administrative-territorial structure, military organization, the tax system - were modified and obtained distribution to the most part of China. A single legal and state examination system was restored and improved. The area of \u200b\u200bcrops expanded, the crafts rose, new cities were revived and rose. Construction of canals and roads that combined the north and central part of China with fertile districts in the south and east, laid the foundation for the country's economic unity. However, all these, of course, important reforms were carried out on the scale of unbearable for the recently recreated empire. Domestic political miscalculations and excessive external conquering ambitions led to the crisis of sui and the new wave of folk rebounds and separatist turbines. The Board of the Tang Dynasty, re-united the country, was a period of economic heyday, the political power and gloss of culture of the Imperial China and had a huge multilateral influence on the entire subsequent course of the history of the Far Eastern region. Having accepted the political course of Sui, aimed at restoring unity, the Imperial House of Tang developed and put on the basis of his transformations a political ideology, which became not only a powerful structure-like start of Chinese society, but
11 Introduction 11 and ensured unprecedented the viability of imperial statehood. The historical situation that established in China by the beginning of the VII century, demanded further strengthening of the supreme power and focusing in the hands of the ruler of the Unified Empire of Real Management Functions. This fundamentally important goal was achieved by the Tanning ruling home, taking into account the political and social changes that occurred in China for the period of fragmentation and civil engineering. Decentralization and instability in the Epoch of Shunt Dynasties caused multidirectional destructive processes: On the one hand, political forces aimed at achieving concrete short-term tasks were enough to achieve a certain part of the bureaucracy from political activities. The main interests from the sphere of state-inactive in the spiritual one. The theoretical universalism of the monarch functions in practice was turned into uncertainty and non-specificity. In total self-consciousness, centrifugal sentiment increased, the importance of the identity and kind was elevated, the opposition of state person inepening unable to rule. Therefore, developing the dogmas of the Supreme Power, the Tang dynasty did not just talk about bringing the service to his side, but also demonstrated that he sees a worthy political partner in the state person. The Rannentan State Administration Theory was intended to be the basis for the interaction of a viable monarchy personified in a bright, talented ruler, the embodiment of which was the second emperor Tan Tai-Tzun (), and the bureaucratic elite, the standards of personal self-actualization of which, due to objective reasons, were then very high. The Board of Tai Zuna under the motto of Zhen Guan ("True Consideration",) was not only the "golden time" of the Tangan era, but one of the highest periods of the entire history of China. Tha-Tzunu managed to achieve the political stability of the state in the key period of the formation of the empire and thanks to this, to carry out a grandiose military-conquest program for the restoration of the Chinese power in the territorial limits, exceeded the borders of the Han Empire. Thanks, on the one hand, personal commander participation in conquests (which appreciated nomads-neighbors), on the other hand, to include military affairs in the traditional Chinese concept of universal fitting, Tai Zong managed to achieve from Turks who had a certain political predominance in Central Asia, Unprecedented recognition of their leadership and inclusion in the Tanning Empire as its ordered component. The proof of this recognition was the proclamation of Tha-Zunu defeated by him in 630 by the Turks of the Heavenly Cagan. The structure of the imperial statehood, the structure of the imperial statehood had absolutely real for a sufficiently long prospect of safety, determin
12 12 Introduction Lowering the reasonably admissible limit of complexity, manageability, feasibility of financial costs, government resource costs for its maintenance and foreign policy. That is why the Tanning Empire without much shocks successfully survived the reign of Gao-Jun () and the empress from Jethyan (U-Khou,), who are the same as the period of the board of Taijun under the motto of Zhen Guan, were attributed to Chinese traditional historiography for the Epoch of the Primary Tan . At this time, the power of the Tank Empire spread to extensive territories, including the oasis states of the Western Territory (the current Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous District PRC), through which the Great Silk Road passed. According to this trading track, not only the main commodity exchange between China and the West, but also the cultural influence of China to the West, and back, on the same way, was a foreign influence on China. Thanks to the development of the northern caravan and southern sea routes, the Chinese began to absorb and organically scatter into their own culture, the heterogeneous elements of the civilizations of the East and the West. Starting from the III III centuries. Of the faithful India through Kashmir and Central Asia, and then through Hotan and Dunhuan to China, Buddhism has rapidly penetrated, which has been increasingly influenced in Chinese society. Nominally vassal tang recognized very remote states, in 659 even a formal-ambitious institution of the administrative-territorial structures of the Tangan Empire in the lands to the modern Afghanistan occurred. In the middle of the VII century. Under the power of China, although not long ago, the kingdom of the Korean Peninsula - Kogouro, Packs and Silla. The rule of the empress of Jethyan has become an interesting and unique phenomenon of political culture of the Far East. U-Khow, being the only one in the history of China, a different "emperor" (.huandi), tried to create an absolutely new concept of the supreme power. Adapting the official state ideology and ritual to the new political reality of his personal domination, she used the postulates of Buddhism, allowing the rebirth of the monarch without a gender component. However, the Chinese Imperial Confucian ideology did not provide the Empress chances for legitimizing the political role, which she claimed. U-Khou, being a spouse Gao-Jun, entered Chinese history as a legal representative of the Tansky House. The short board founded by the Zhou dynasty () did not lead to the rupture of the Tang's era on the early and late, as happened to Han, when Van Man mansurized the throne and proclaimed the short-lived Xin dynasty (9-25. AD). At the same time, it is undoubtedly established by Yu-Hou Dynasty Zhou had its authentic state ideology, and the Tang revived in 705 was significantly different from the one that was before. It is well known that traditional Chinese historiography did not complain to Y-Khow, especially during the Song period, when the judged Pinchao term was born, where Ping means the female of the animal, and the chao dynasty. The revaluation of the role of the role of Jethyan in Chinese history took place not earlier than the middle of the XX century, when the works of Chen Yintyu () and Guo () were published.
13 Introduction 13 It is assumed that the Zenit of its fame of the Empire of Tan reached under the Emperor Xuan-Jun (Rights), in the unprecedented period of the take-off of Chinese culture - poetry, music, urban planning, called "high, or prosperous, tang". However, over the external brilliance of that epoch was already hidden more than serious problems. All courtyard attempts to restrain the growth of private land tenure, the monitoring of the peasants, the erosion of the provincial management structures and the central power vertical vertical did not produce the result. Desperate to bring in order to deliver the administrative and bureaucratic system in order to deliver the administrative bureaucratic system, Xuan-Zong decided on an extremely risky innovation. In 742, he laid on the Governors-General (Jedigia) military and civil authority in the territory entrusted to them. Strengthening the Institute of Jedigius, which is specific and in many ways the decisive feature of the military administrative device of the Tangan Empire, in the end led to the political collapse of the dynasty. The uprising of the General Governor Anh Lushan (in Chinese historiography it is called "Ann's Rebellion of An [Lushany] and Shi [Sofa]") GG. The entire North China devastated, millions of inhabitants of the country, huge masses of mercenaries and led to a radical permutation of forces in all Asia. After the suppression of this uprising, the Tang Dynasty is increasing the deepest crisis (the period of Late Tan), from which she no longer recovered, and eventually died as a result of civil engineers and a continuous series of peasant uprisings and Liu Mpeenzed Nights. For a long period of wt. Many key world history events occurred, the main civilizational centers of the West and the East were formed and the dogmas of world religions - Christianity, Buddhism and Islam was finally imposed. At the end of the IV century. The Roman Empire broke up to the eastern with the political center in Constantinople and the Western, the capital of which moved from Rome to the spare capitals (similar to Chinese Payad) in Trier, Mediolan (Milan) and Ravenna. At the boundaries of the Western Roman Empire, the tribes of the Germans, which played then deciding with the role of His role in her crash. On the fate of the Eastern Roman Empire, the permanent capital of which from 330. Constantinople becomes, influenced the Greeks, Slavs and some peoples of anterior Asia. Returning to the Emperor, a significant part of the coastal territories of the former Western provinces of Rome, the Eastern Empire, who received the name of Byzantine in history, until the end of the XI century, up to the end of the XI century. It remains the powerful Mediterranean power and, along with China, one of the largest civilization centers of the then world. Over time, the Persian Sassanid Power Persian Sassanid Power, which covers the territories of modern Iraq and Iran enhances the eastern borders of Byzantium. The threat of the invasion of nomadic peoples pushed the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid state to the Union, although there was a constant struggle for trading routes from China to the Black and Mediterranean seas. From the middle of the vi in.
14 14 Introduction to the system of geopolitical relations of the largest states of that time and in the struggle for controlling trade routes, the Kaganants of the Turkic nomads of Central Asia are included, and from the middle of the VII century. - Arabic x alifat. In 651, Sassanid Iran fell under the blows of the Caliphate troops, which is more than a century to the end of the IX century. It becomes uniting the center of the Muslim world. By VIII century Under the rule of the Khaliphat, there were extensive territories, including land between Amradea and Syrdarya, Fergana, Tashkent Oasis, Iranian Highlands, which were in the sphere of geopolitical interests of Tan. And thus, for China, the rivalry with farther, the Central Asia, Arab-Muslim conquerors, becomes an important content of external politicians. The expansion of the territory of these two largest states of the medieval East was mutually stopped in 751, when south of Oz. Balkhash (on the Talas River) took place between the Chinese army under the guidance of General Gao Xiangzhi (Mind 755) and the Army of the Arab Caliphate. After an uprising, Anh Lushany, a significant part of the territories, subordinate to the Chinese emperor before the Chinese emperor, fell under the control of the Tibetan state, a lot and successfully fought with China, and Uigur Kaganata (). As a result, the Tanging Empire has lost control over Central Asia, which means that the trading routes passed through it. At the same time, in the northeast of China, a new enemy was designated - the state of Liao, based by the thickens, and in the north - the Tangutsk state of Western Sia. In Europe with IV century. vii in. There is a "great resettlement of peoples." At this time, there are peak of migration processes that have covered almost the entire continent and radically change their ethnic, cultural and political appearance. The tribes that the ancient Greeks and the Romans were called "barbaric", experienced a period of decomposition of a tribal system. Under the pressure of nomads from the east, they tried to seize new lands in the context of the weakening of the Roman Empire, which had more unable to resist the onslaught by the fastest neighbors. In 1v-V centuries. The main role in the great relocation was played by the German and Turkic, subsequently Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes. In 486, the Frankish conquest in North Gaul had the Frankish kingdom, headed by Karl the Great (), who, after many years of war, was able to unite huge territories into a single Empire of Caroling under his authority. After the death of Karl, the Great Empire broke up into three parts. This disintegration was issued by the Verden Treaty concluded between the grandchildren of Karl Great in 843. Under this contract, Karl on nicknamed Bald got lands to the west of the Rhine - West Frankish Kingdom, i.e. Future France, Louis German captured areas east of the Rhine and north of the Alps - the East-Frank Kingdom, Future Germany, Lothar received a lane for the Land of Level Bank Raina (future Lorraine) and Northern Italy. Significant processes occur at this time and in ethomation of the Slavs, which in V c. from the territory of the Vicarpathian and Right Bank of the Middle Subway
15 Introduction 15 Mail to West, South and Northeast. The Slavs migrated to the West in the direction of the Verkhov Vistula and Elba from the Eastern and Northern side of Karpat. They applied to the east in the direction of the Verkhov Volga and Oka. To the south, the Slavic tribes moved toward the Danube, population around his tributaries and invade the limits of the Byzantine Empire. In U1-UN centuries. The Slavic world was divided into three groups: southern, western and eastern. United in IX century. In the Unified State of the Earth, East Slavic tribes received the name Rus. The core of the territory of the Old Russian nationality was the city of Kiev, called the Russian Chronicles of the Mother of Russian Cities. During his heyday at Dynasty, Tang China made a noticeable contribution to the culture of neighboring countries, and caused the imitation wave in Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Tibet, young states of Central Asia. The most different parties to their lives from the political device and court customs before writing, typography, poems and the cutting of their nations were obliged to tanish culture. The aristocrats of neighboring states sent their children to learn from the Tansk capital Changan, according to Changani, magnificent capital were erected - Köndju in Korea and Kyoto in Japan, the doctrine of Confucius and Chinese Buddhism was widely spread. Many monarchs invite or the Chinese as officials, mentors and poets, behind them until the XVII century. The name "Danger people" (Tanzh Ein), and the Chinese quarters in non-Chinese cities are still called "Tanning People Streets" (Tanzh Entjie). Responsible editors of Toma: Dr. OR Historical Sciences I. F. Popova (Institute of Sustainable Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences), Ministry of Sciences of Philological Sciences M.E.K. Retzova (from the ANKT -P. E. Erburg State University)
16 List of authors Tom b AR Gacheva in Hytry N and Kolaevna in ATS Adda b Orisovna, Cand. Form Sciences D aboutn Skye and Lexandra E Vgenyevna, Cand. East. Sciences E Rem EEV to Ladimir Est Izgizhevich (), Cand. Form Sciences Zedynitsky A Lexandr D M Irtyievich, Cand. Form Sciences to Xi Khija and Lexandrovich, Cand. Form Sciences to Retzova M Arina E Vgenyevna, Dr. Philol. Science of NAVI b Oris m Ihailovich, Cand. East. Sciences P O Wov and Rin F Eorversna, Dr. East. Sciences of tanks in Yarslav M Ihailovich, Dr. East. Sciences with Moline Georgy I Kovlevich (), Dr. East. Sciences with a bias of the UK A Lexandr Georgievich, Dr. Philol. sciences p at the time of time of Oryan and V.E.E. Rem Eeva B and Ryu Kova Astasi I'm with Ergeevna for the Case of Names T Yerekhov And Ntona Eh Duardovich, B Ch-about SM Tin O. Ndreyevna Glossary 1. T oponya, ethnonyms, architectural ethnonima e and cult ENDA ENPLA Glossary 2. T ЕРМ ина на на ма МА Арина е геневна x Ronology basic x historical events , Pie Oova and R and N and F Egorovna, to the flask M Arina Egyvna T of Absorption of dynasties and kings T Yerekhov And NTON Eduardovich
17 Table of contents to the reader (S.L.Tikhvinsky) ... 5 Powered (I.F.Popova, M.E. Kravtsova) ... 8 hours Ast i p o l and t and ch e c k and i S t o r i k and t and I iii - x centuries. G L A V A 1. On the renovy ENNA ENOSE sources on the history of K and Taya I I I I X BB. (M.E. Kravtsova) g l and in a 2. t r about the arms of the E () (m E. Kravtsov) at the turn of the centuries and epochs () The history of the kingdom of Wei (/ 266) the history of kingdoms y () and Han - Has () g l and in a 3. d and n asthma, I am an ad n village n b (2 6 5 /) (M.E. Kravtsov) External and internal policy of the GG internal political crisis and the troubles of eight vans of the death of Western Jin () g l and in a 4. with Evnna E C AR of the IV century. (Ma E. Kravtsova) Synnian kingdoms Han (304 /) and early Zhao () Syunnu-Jesch kingdom later Zhao () The disk kingdom early Liang (301 /) Kingdom Early Yan (333 /) and other publications founded by Xianbians-Muuns The disk kingdom is early Qin () Northern kingdoms of the end of IV - the beginning of V to the south-western kingdom of Cheng (303 /) g l and in a 5. D and N Asti I am in a non-sustaining C zi n b () (m E. Kravtsova) Shard Imperial statehood of rebellion, war and palace intrigues agony and death
18 Table of contents of 987 g and in a 6. With the Evnna era of the era of the Youth and from the Evnna X dynasties () (M E. Kravtsov) from the tribal strings to the state, the flourishing and the collapse of the Toby State North Wei () Northern States VI in G L A V A 7. Y W Nokaytski era of the era of the Yu x and with Evnna X dynasties () (M. E. Kravtsova) Dynasty Lu-Song () Dynasty South Qi () Dynasty Liang () Events x years VI in. and the Chen dynasty () g l and in a 8. and m n Er and I sui () (IFPopova) climbing the internal policy of Wen-di () external policy Wen-Di Edema Yang di () domestic policy Jan-di Foreign Policy Jan-Di Taiyan Uprising 617 g g La in A 9. and M P Eria T An () Board Gao-Tzu () (I.F.Popova) Great achievements of the period of Zhen-Guan () (and .F.Popova) Foreign policy Tha-Tzun () (I.F.Popova) Board Gao-Tzun () (I.F.Popova) Climbing Jethyan (U-Khou) (I.F.Popova) Regency for Jethyan with sons () (I.F.Popova) at Jethyan - "Emperor" dynasty Zhou () (I.F.Popova) The Board of Zhong Zun () and Zhu-Zun () (I. F. Popova) Emperor Xuan Zong, period Kai-Yuan () (I. F. Popova) Rebells Anne Lushan () (I.F.Popova) decline in Tan () (M.E. Kravtsov, I.F.Popova) Rebel movements of the second half of the Tang era and uprising Juan Chao () (based on materials G.S.Smolin) Agony and the death of the Great Empire (M.E. Kravtsova) Mr. A B a 10. Eto the limit of the latch processes, natural environment and economic and cultures zoning (A.E.Donskaya) era of six dynasties of the era of Sui and T An
19 988 Table of contents of the II R E L L I D E O L O N O-I D E O L O M and C A C C I I C I T A E I I I I I - X BB. Mr L A C 1. K O N F C and ANTI and COP UCID SKE E and Nestites in I I I V I BB. (V.N. Bargacheva) The main directions of development of the Confucianism The system of selection of officials and the development of Confucian socio-ethical views The educational system of GL A B A 2. D JSC in I I I V I BB. (M E. Kravtsova) The doctrine of the Tao and its cultural and religious origins of the School of Heavenly Mentors (Tyanshi-Dao) and mass religious movements of II IV centuries Elitar Daoic teachings of the III IV Recent Late Taoyskiyskiy schools and the formation of the Taoist canon. Uddisism in the IIIVI century: Fo-Buddhist tradition (E.L.), Buddhist tradition in Asia, Buddhism in Asia, Buddhism of the III VI centuries. and the problem of the time of the penetration of Buddhist teaching into China formation of the Chinese Buddhist tradition of g l and in a 4. T Ri's teachings and state religious and ideological policy in the era of Sui and T An (A.D. Zelnitsky) features of official religious ideological policies at Tan Taoism In the era of Tan: leading figures and the main directions of the development of theoretical thought and book tradition The place and role of foreign concerns in the religious life of the Tang's Society of Cost III N O --T and N and C. And I m s l b III - X centuries. G l and in a 1. t ank o e legislation (VMRYBakov) criminal establishment of luu obligatory establishment l and n
20 Table of Contents 989 Regulatory Establishment of G E Inemondition Establishment Sh and G L A C A 2. N Aucca and Technology (based on Materiaeyev) Astronomy and Astrology Mathematics Chemistry, Alchemy, Medicine, Botany and Biology Technical and Rational Knowledge Geographical Knowledge and the development of vehicles Mr L A C 3. A RHITETINO-INZH Energies (M.E. Kravtsov) theory and practice of urban planning Constructive-engineering features of the construction practice of the typology of structures and their architectural embodiments of architectural and mathematical theories of hither to iv l and t E R A T U R N O E T C O R C E C T C O III - X BB. Mr L A C 1. C Horried Literature of the Epoch Epoch of Dynasties of Eyes and Theoretics of Literature I I I V I BB. (M.E. Kravtsov) Literary and theoretical thought of the era of six dynasties: The main monuments of the view on literary and poetic creativity The genome composition of the artistic literature (Wen) Mr L A C A 2. and STR R and I Poets I I I V I BB. (M.E. Kravtsova) "Wind and Osters Era Jian-An" Poetry in the style of Zheng-Shi Poetry in the style of Tai-Kan Poetic creativity IV in the poetic creativity of the dynasty period Lu-Sun Poetry in the style of Yong-Ming and the poems of the palace style g L and V A 3. PR O For Siaosh about the era of Shhti Dynasty (M.E. Kravtsov) Mr. A V A 4. L And the Teratura of the Epoch T An (Agostorukuk) about the phenomenon of tanarian literature Four outstanding and Chen Zizian Bo Juy-and, Yuan Zhen and "New Yuef" Wang Fangzhi and Religious Buddhist Poetry
21 990 Table of contents of Jianojhan and the concept of "world of works" Wang Wei Meng Hay Yu Yu and Liu Juniuan Chuanii Poetry of the end of the era Tang Ch at the I I I I - X BB. Mr L A C 1. P OEKRALN OE and ZOBRI TELN OE AND MEASURE (M.E. KRAVTSOVOV) Stone monumental sculpture of funeral plastic Reliefs Monumental painting Mr L A V A 2. B Uddyskoye and Taoist cult and zallini Teln Art ( M.E. Kravtsova) Narching and iconographic principles of Sino-Buddhist cult art Main artistic monuments: Cave monasteries and rocks Temples Regional art schools Taoist religious arts Mr. A V A 3. With a vertical train (M.E. Kravtsov) origins Painting Silk and Picturesque Creativity of the Epoch of the Six Dynasties Picturesque Creativity of the Tang Age: The main genre-stylistic directions and their representatives of Mr. A V A 4. D EKORATIVN O-P RIKLADN OE ART (M.E. KRAVTSOV) Ceramics jewelry lacquer Mr l and in a 5. M bonds Caratic dance art (.A.B.Vac, M.E. Kravtsov) Cult and ceremonial-spectacular repertoire of Chinese states III VI centuries
22 Table of contents 991 Music and dance art of the Nordic States of the IV-VI centuries high-united music of the Great Tang and the court "Banquet Music" Popular musical and dance performances of the Paris of False Ene and I Annex 1. Famous Santers and War Series of China III-VII centuries. (B.Movikov) Appendix 2. Table of dynasties and kingdoms Appendix 3. Chronology of the main historical events Appendix 4. Maps and zb r Anna Bibliographer IA has a camerican names of LosSariy 1. Toponyms, ethnonyms, architectural and cult facilities Glossary 2 . Terms from the writers of authors Tom
23 Scientific publication The history of China from the ancient Eish and x times before the beginning of the XXI century. In 10 Tom Ah T Ohi III Troyzaravia, Ji, South and Northern Deal, Sui, Tang () approved to the press of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts RAS Chief Editor Ya.B. Gaisheric editor A.A. Pimenov artist E.L. Erman Technical Editor O.V. Volkov Corrector I.I. Chernysheva Computer layout M / 7. Gorshenkova format 70xl00 "/ j6. Printing offset waste. Paragraph 80.0 + 2.3 pp (incl.). Hill. Kr.-Ot. 89.2. Uch. L. 78 , 0 Circulation 1000 cop. Publishing station Zak. 420 Science Publishing House, Moscow, Trade Union Str., 90 Publishing Firm "Eastern Literature", Moscow, Maronovsky Per., 26 PPP "Typography" Science ", Moscow Mr.9, Shubinsky ., 6 LLC "Digital Typography 21", Moscow, ul. Rocdelskaya, d. 15, p. 29 ISBN ISBN
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation FGBOU VPO "Altai State University" Historical Faculty of Department of Oriental Studies I.V. Anisimova, I.B. Bochkareva, D.A. Glazunov, Yu.A. Lysenko History of China
China and Japan in the Middle Ages 1. The beginning of the Middle Ages 2. Sui and Tang Empire 3. China during the reign of Mongols 4. Empire Min 5. Features of China's development in the Middle Ages 6. Formation of statehood
Table of contents Preface (V.I. Basischin) ... 3 Introduction (V.I. Basischin) ... 4 378 Section I History of Ancient Egypt Chapter 1. Country and Population. Periodization of the history of ancient Egypt (V.I. Kuzishchen) ... 9 Chapter 2.
Specialty cipher: 12.00.01 Theory and history of law and state; History of legal teachings Formula of the specialty: the content of the specialty 12.00.01 "Theory and History of Law and the State; History of legal
The history of Korea (new reading) / Ed. A.V.torkunova. M.: Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University); "Russian Political Encyclopedia" (Rosspan), 2003. 430 p.,
Passport of the scientific specialty SIFR and the name of the scientific specialty: 12.00.01 Theory and history of law and state; History of the teachings on the right and state of the Formula of the specialty: the content of the specialty
Specification of the test on the subject of the World History for Unified National Testing and Complex Testing (approved for use in a single national testing and comprehensive testing
Thematic planning Tutorial: History of Russia Class: 0 Program: I. L. Andreev, L. M. Lyashenko. The history of Russia from ancient times until the end of the XIX century. Program for 0 classes of general education
Approved by the educational and methodological council Protocol 7 "28" September 2015, I approve a vice-rector for educational work N.Yu. Filonenko "September 28" 2015 annotations to working programs Disciplines Direction of training
Private educational institution of higher education "Rostov Institute of Entrepreneur Protection" (RISP) reviewed and coordinated at a meeting of the Department "Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Disciplines"
St. Petersburg State Budget Professional Educational Institution "Sestrian Lyceum named after S.I. Mosina "Approve: Deputy Director for A.V. Kuznetsova 205. Calendar-thematic
Calendar thematic planning The name of the section and the time of study time Introduction. Live Middle Ages. Subject. The formation of 5 medieval Europe (VI XI century) Ancient Germans and the Roman Empire.
Hours of training or the name of the section and theme lesson thematic planning for the subject story class 6 2016-2017 academic year Planned deadlines for the program of the program of current control home
In accordance with the State Educational Standard, the study manual sets out a course of history. For students of secondary professional educational institutions. Contents section 1. Concept and typology
C O D E E E RZ A N and E Preface ... Section I. Basics of historical knowledge 1. For what and how the history is studying ... 4 2. Concepts of historical development ... 8 Section II. Ancient and ancient story Theme 1. Primitive
Annex 3 Educational Establishment of Higher Education "St. Petersburg Institute of Foreign Economic Relations, Economics and Law" (OU in SPB IVESP) Methodical recommendations on extracurricular
I approve the deputy. Director for Ur "3" 0 9 2012. GBOU SPO "Buzuluk Leschoz-Technical School" Calendar-thematic plan for discipline about dB. 04 "History" for the specialty 250110 - "Forest and Forest Parking"
Thematic planning for the course "World History. History of Russia and the world from ancient times to the end of the 9th century »Basic level 0 class Explanatory note Thematic planning is developed on
P / p Calendar-thematic planning of the course of the history of the average name of the sections, the lessons of the living Middle Ages Chapter. The formation of medieval Europe (VI-XI) the formation of the barbaric kingdoms. State
Calendar and thematic planning of lessons on academic discipline Oud.04 History Group: 8M Lecturer: Ostrukhova Tatyana Vladimirovna Number of hours for the period of study: Theoretical training: 08
Secondary vocational education V.P. Symin, Yu.N. Arzamaskin History Recommended by NMS on the history of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation as a teaching aid on the "history" discipline for students
The textbook covers the history of our country from ancient times to modern times. Its content complies with the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education
V.P. Syremin History of Russia Abstract Lectures Tutorial Knurus Moscow 2015 UDC 94 (47) (075.8) BBC 63.3 (2) Ya73 C30 Reviewers: S.D. Polovtsy, Dr. East. Sciences, prof., C30 Syun V.P. Russian history. Abstract
Thematic planning. Clause section and the clock Time Time Time Time Timing Plans 1 Introduction. Live Middle Ages 1 01.09 Topic 1. Formation of medieval 4 Europe (VI XI century) fact
Working lesson Working program "History of Russia from ancient times by the end of the 16th century" An explanatory note of the real working program of the history of Russia is developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational
Section 3. History of the Middle Ages Topic 3.2. India and the Far East in the Middle Ages. Lecture 3.3.1. India, China and Japan in the Middle Ages. Plan 1. India in the Middle Ages 2. China in the Middle Ages 3. Japan in Middle
History of Russia as a system of educational tasks period (topic) Chronologic frames 1 Ancient Russia IX XII centuries. 2 Russia between East and West (Rus during the period of feudal fragmentation. Fighting of the Russian people
1 Thematic planning on history in grade 10 for 2016/2017 academic year. Topic Lesson History of Russia The newest story Note The history of Russia from ancient times 40 until the end of the XIX century. Introduction 1 1.
Calendar and thematic planning Grade 6 lesson lesson in the subject The topic of the lesson by the clock The date of the lesson by plan in fact Note Introduction. Our homeland is Russia. Subject of domestic history. Subject
Calendar-thematic planning on history 0 class Contents D / s Count control. P / R, etc. Date of hours History 68 History of Russia 5 Section "Ancient and Medieval Rus" () Chapter. Primitive Stroy
MBOU Satinsky secondary school considered at the meeting of the Pedagogical Council approved by order _44 dated 08/31/1 Protocol.10 from 08/31.1 Director of School Demin T.N. Working programm
Test specification. Test name: Test on the discipline "World History" for the certification of pedagogical workers of secondary schools. 2. The purpose of the development: the test is designed to determine
Municipal budgetary educational institution of the city of Kerch Republic of Crimea "Considered" at a meeting of MO Teachers of the Humanitarian Cycle MBOU Protocol from 2017. Hands. MO I.B. Marinenko "coordinated"
Calendar and thematic planning of lessons on academic discipline Oud.04 History Group: A Lecturer: Ostrukhova Tatyana Vladimirovna Number of hours for the period of study: Theoretical training: 78
Calendar and thematic plan on history (8-9 classes) Tashkent 205 Calendar and thematic planning for the subject of history 8th grade World History (5 hours) T / R Threads Watch Date Conducting - Hard 5 Introduction
State final certification of world history for grade 9 students. Ticket 1 1 Life and classes of primitive people. 2 causes and prerequisites of great geographical discoveries. Christopher Columbus. 3.
5. Basic educational program of the main general education History of Russia Universal history (5-7 classes) Cabinets of history, social studies Name Number of furniture and other property Cabinet for
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Saratov State Technical University named after Gagarina Yu.A." Balakovo Institute of Technology,
III. Educational materials Abstract lectures Introduction. Plan 1. Essence, forms, features of historical knowledge and sources of studying history. 2. The history of Russia is an integral part of the World History. 3. Domestic
The location of the discipline in the structure of the educational program The Work program is drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education
In 2013, the first volumes of the large-scale scientific project of domestic Chinese, the 10-Tomnoy "History of China from ancient times before the beginning of the XXI century, were seen.In the summer of 2014, the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences held a discussion of the second volume published under the editors of L.S. Fracture and dedicated history of China V c. BC. - III century. n. e.
The full name of this volume: China's history from ancient times before the beginning of the XXI century: in ten volumes. T. II: The Epoch of Zhango, Qin and Han (V c. BC. E. - III century. N. E.) / Ch. ed. S. L. Tikhvin; Ot. ed. Tom L. S. Fractures; Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Far East. - M.: Science - Eastern Literature, 2013. - 687 p.
The discussion was very busy and very acute.
The discussion materials of the second volume "Chinese history" are published in the following publication: society and state in China. T. XLIV, Part 2 / Landfall: A.I. Kobzyev et al. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2014. - P. 462-615. (Scientists of IV RAS. Department of China. Vol. 15).
The same materials are presented in free access in the section "Reviews" of the portal Sinology.ru (© Copyright 2009-2014).
Here are some fragments of the discussion:
"A.R. Vyatkin: General impression: This volume is a hastroom work, the reader will be hard to read and understand it. The project was not thought out and discussed, and the chronological principle was not resumed. There are inversion everywhere, unacceptable in such labor. There are idiotic fragments, and it would be better to send this volume to the waste paper; It is simply indecent. It seems a sign of a crisis not only at the Academy of Sciences, but also in synology "(OGK. T. XLIV, Part 2. P. 608-609).
"A.I. Kobzyev: ... as a current professor of two universities with a large pedagogical experience I can see that the appeal of students to such literature is an ambivalent character. They are capable of, on the one hand, naively rewrite and repeat any beliebend from the Internet, the benefit of the technique allows not to strain the brain for this, and on the other - to be sized with the help of all the same wonderful techniques to the real depths and without constraints to expose pseudo-automories about which colleagues are often Difficult to express impartial judgments. In this case, it is clear that chaotic content in solid academic packaging should have a frustrating effect on an ordinary reader and an inexperienced student. And the fact is that the creators of Toma are crazy or carriers of "Chinese logic". We have the result of an awkward cutting and gluing old texts using "scissors". L.S. The fracture had to be attached to that confusion, which he was engaged in a lot, for which the horse joined and tremble Lan - Zhango with Qin and Han. However, this vivissection was made on topologic, since the more skilled master would take the other upper border of Zhango to at least formally bind to this period Confucius. It is not clear why creatures are absolutely not thinking about the consequences of their spit to eternity. All the same Internet and omnipresent students will provide Herostratov to them for a long time, if not forever "(OGK. T. XLIV, part 2. P. 612).
"S.V. Dmitriev. ... Unfortunately, recently, I still come across books from which the impression is created, as if the author did not assume that they would be read. So it should never be. We can write nonsense if we believe in them; But not to produce such things under academic stroke, which no one believes. Based on such a volume, it is easy to conclude that domestic Chinese education is a collection of marasmatics ... "(OGK. T. XLIV, part 2. P. 613).
It's amazing, but reading such sharp reviews did not cause me a negative attitude towards the book under discussion, but gave rise to reflections of a completely different kind.
First, the lively discussion, which unfolded around this book, hesitates the hope of the intensification of the Russian academic synology already in the near future. Why do I think so? Because the discussion is the essence of science, and friendly criticism is the norm of scientific life. While there is a discussion, while there is an adequate response of colleagues and while the desire to offer a new argued version of reading the old problem - the humanitarian science will live. Stormy scientific discussions are one of the indicators of active and "healthy" scientific life.
As for the sharp Philippik to the editor of this volume, they are, from my point of view, a purely subjective and discussion opinion, which undoubtedly deserves attention, but which does not suggest that it should be unconditionally accounted for. Our modern empirical world gives examples of such "surrealistic" paradoxes that the connection in one cultural space and horse, and the trembling Lani does not seem so unreasonable to me. Why not? There is nothing more specific periodization of history, but nothing in historical science is so relative as periodization. It all depends on the chosen criterion. And if we are talking about matrah, then the choice of the periodization criterion is their full right. Periodization is always, to a certain extent, mythologous, since only in the mythological space can be stopped what is in constant motion. If we are talking about the markers that place the direction of the historical process, here, for sure, there will always be options.
And, of course, I can not agree with the proposal to burn the circulation of this book (or "destroy", as some participants of the discussion offered: OGK. T. XLIV, part 2. P. 608, 613). Books can not be destroyed. Even bad. And even more so books that are a very worthy part of the history of domestic science. As it seems, this work should be treated for this purpose - both to work that reflects the history of Russian chicastology. Leonard Sergeevich Fractures - editor of this volume and one of his authors - made a undoubted and very significant contribution to the history of domestic synology, as well as other multiple authors of Tom, which, with full right, can be called, as Professor K.M. TERTICTIC, high-level professionals (OGK. T. XLIV, part 2. P. 603). I am confident that without their work, on which we grew up, there would be no us, and this turbulent discussion. Therefore, I think I need to say thanks to Professor L.S. Fracture for this work. In this book, L.S. Pernomov presented the result of his many years of research, as well as studies of their colleagues. Research, which, perhaps, the entire last quarter of the last century was highly appreciated not only in the domestic, but also in the international professional community. And at the beginning of the XXI century, they were an indicator, especially for Chinese Synologists and Confucianovenov, a high level of development of Russian Chinese education.
Yes, the main studies of the authors of this volume, like his editor, conducted not yesterday and, maybe not even the day before yesterday, but this was known long before the implementation of this project. Therefore, mostly sharp criticism in the address of the editor and authors, I would have written off on a general crisis in domestic synology, first of all - for crisis phenomena in organizing our scientific life. And the discussion of this volume, by the way, brought the discussion just on this, from my point of view, the main problem of Russian chicastology. Professor A.I. Kobzyev, for example, accurately pointed to the organizational unaware of modern Russian synology to solve such ambitious scientific projects and proposed reformat the structure of academic oriental institutions (OGK. T. XLIV, part 2. P. 609).
I will most impress some estimates of Professor M.Yu. Ulyanova, who sounded during the discussion of the second volume of the "Chinese history":
"The exit to the light of this volume is a significant event in the scientific life of our country.
In the near future, the publication of the total of 10-Tynnik in the presence of the 6-languid encyclopedia "Spiritual Culture of China" and a large number of sources translated into Russian will create a new information space in the synology, which needs to be comprehended ...
The authors and editorial board most likely sought to create a popular and public scientific publication. If we assume that the target audience is the "mass reader", the goal is achieved - in his hands it will be an impressive volume written by specialists, not burdened by the scientific apparatus, but abundantly supplied with illustrations in which it is described about the most different sides of the history and culture of the ancient China ...
... It should be expected that the discussion of this and other volumes will cause a "stream of constructive criticism" and "avalanche of valuable comments". And how to know may, it is after this a new stage will begin in the development of domestic synology. Be that as it may, thank the authors of Tom for their many years of work. And let's hope that the publication of this book will push the Sineologists of the Olds to the responsible, planned and thoughtful work, which will lead to the implementation of scientific projects and the creation of the academic history of the ancient China "(OGK. T. XLIV, Part 2. P. 544, 548) .
What ultimately do we have? First, we have the second volume - a serious author's monograph on the history of China V c. BC. - III century. n. e. Secondly, we have 150 pages of critical analysis of this work (OGK. T. XLIV, part 2. P. 462-615). My God, if I had a textbook and detailed criticism for him in the student years, I would be just happy! I think this criticism needs to be published by a separate publication - for use in the educational process as a supplement to the second one. True, in such a separate edition, I categorically do not want to see those fragments in which the authors during the controversy go beyond the academic discussion. I understand that in the heat of the discussion there is anything, but why then publish it all? Moreover, I would even agree with such a publication (in the end, everyone has the right to his point of view), if it were not about the book that our students would read. As it seems to me, future Chinese, we must learn somewhat differently.
On the other hand, in such a collection of criticism I would like to get acquainted with the estimates expressed by colleagues from the institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, from the Institute of Eastern Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (for example, with the opinion of Irina Fedorovna Popova, Yuri Lvovich Karol or their disciples), with a point of view Boris Grigorievich Doronina and other respected St. Petersburg Chinese.
With this supplement, the student will receive a wonderful kit to study the history of China. And at all, an ideal option, if we managed to implement one of the proposals that sounded during the discussion, to write a separate monograph reflecting, so to speak, an alternative approach to the most important problems of China's history V c. BC. - III century. n. e. Such a three-part set would be the best gifts to our students.
So, from my point of view, all of us with the history of China is very good.
But with the academic history of China, it seems to me, not quite good. Because the creation of a multi-volume academic history of China is a problem that I think that Russian chicastology is not ready to decide today, and in completely objective reasons. Currently, to create such history within the framework of the National Russian project is unrealistic. And not because we have a bad chickeology, but because, firstly, this story herself is too long and not simple, secondly, because it has a lot of poorly studied places, thirdly, because it includes a grand amount of sources and An immense historiography, especially the last decades, and finally, because at present there is simply no real social order for such a project, which implies long-term development with all the obligations of the customer.
Multi-volume academic history of China is at least an international project. And the attempt now to realize it in the framework of the national scentric tradition is doomed, as it seems to me, for just as sharp criticism, as well as that that he sounded in the department of China Yves RAS about the second volume edited by the respected L.S. Fracture.
Implement such a project, and here I agree with A.I. Kobzev, it is possible only with a very serious scientific and organizational approach. I think that for this you need, firstly, to create a special organizational structure for this project (Research Center, the experimental and innovative scientific platform - the name is not the essence) in one of the Russian universities. And at its base, form a strategy for the implementation of the project, solve problems of periodization, chronology, lone and staffing (i.e., to develop the ideology of content), parallel to the personnel and creating small research teams for specific scientific problems. Moreover, such a scientific platform should also have financing, and infrastructure that allow you to invite specialists from all over Russia for a month and for a year or two or three.
Secondly, such a structure, as I think, must necessarily have access to international data databases so that its researchers, invited professionals and their own, students controlled by it could, so to speak, without leaving the courtyard to know the world, that is, working With relevant sources and historiography both in Russian and in Chinese and European languages. In other words, it is necessary to create an appropriate infrastructure - a free and open information cynological laboratory, including access to electronic bibliographic databases and full texts of domestic, European and Chinese magazine articles, monographs and dissertations.
Thirdly, under such a project, it is necessary to specifically prepare frames, having organized several target sets of students, carrying out specialization of literally from the first year and already with junior courses aiming specific students on solving specific research tasks.
Only in this case, I think, after 15-20 years, we can really get something that it will not cause so sharp criticism. In the meantime, it seems to me, all the works, even with the vulture "Academic", will be made of copyright and, to one degree or another, to determine the priorities of the scientific interests of specific authors, their personal libraries, scientific relations and other subjective factors.
From my point of view, our time is the time of good copyright monographs. And this, in general, is not bad. If it were not for one "but". Why did you need to show so much excessively sharp centlences to the editor? And this is the second question, for which the materials of the criticism of the second volume of the "Chinese history" are forced to think.
Criticism, even very sharp, the professional community can only welcome. However, individual fragments of the published discussion made a depressing impression on me, since they clearly come out from my point of view, beyond the academic norm. Perhaps this is the norm of communication that pretended to Iv RAS? I do not know why I do not take to judge my colleagues and qualify their sharp and unreasonable, as it seems to me, Pass. I am writing exclusively for your students - scientific communication has its own laws and rules. It is necessary to criticize the scientific work of colleagues. But! During criticism, it is impossible to insult a person. It is impossible, criticizing the book, criticize the person. During the scientific discussion, it is impossible to eat over those who cannot answer you. A rich Russian gives us the opportunity to choose a variety of lexical options to express feelings and relationships to the subject discussed. But! There are words and expressions that are unacceptable to use during the scientific discussion. In scientific discussion, it is impossible to descend to verbal aggression; Aggression, even verbal, - did not leave the scientist.
And further. There are two groups of authors, when criticized which, especially strictly, should adhere to ethical norms and the principle of benevolence. The first group is those who are still studying. The second is those who taught you, i.e. Your teachers.
Such rules were the norm where I studied, and I would very much like that the rules remain the norm not only where I work, but also in the environment of my colleagues.
That is why it is completely incomprehensible to me, as you can at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Sarcasm and in a completely inappropriate context, talking about the hobbies of colleagues, which is no longer alive, but who worked for many years in the same institute, and maybe in the same office. Moreover, it was not an ordinary scientist, but a teacher with a capital letter, an outstanding researcher and an expertise of the ancient Chinese literature, with an expert of the highest level. In this case, I mean such a wonderful scientist, which was and remains for many of us Igor Samoilovich Lishevich.
Of course, I was unpleasantly struck by individual communion addressed to Leonard Sergeyevich, a large scientist, completely undeservedly, from my point of view, offended during this discussion. One thing I can say, this kind of passage causes negative emotions by no means towards the dilapidated Leonard Sergeevich or his work.
When I was students, we called our University of School. By the way, one of the wings of the Eastern Faculty of LSU in those years was also called a "school". And in such a designation, a deep meaning is hidden. School is a shelter of mercy, good and higher ethics. Not told by me, but it is said very correctly. This higher ethics should feel anyone who goes to school, who is sortied by university life or scientific and teaching activities. This we must teach our students, including our speech behavior when discussing scientific issues, including their publications.
Oddly, it will seem after all that was said above, but the discussion materials published in the book "Society and the State in China" (T. XLIV, Part 2.), I plan to use in classes with freshmen on the discipline "Introduction to China . Why? All for the same reason. These materials are a good practical manual for discussing the topic "Norms of professional ethics of China." In the book there are examples of violation of such rules. An analysis of these violations will show students, as it is impossible to conduct a scientific discussion, and hopefully will contribute to the formation of their proper relationship not only to synology, but also to people.
Yours faithfully,
S.V. Filonov, D.Yras.n.,
head of the Center for Synological Research AMGU
Ot. Editors - D.I.N. I.F. Popova, Ph.D. M.E. Kravtsova (IVR RAS, St. Petersburg).
// M.: Eastern Literature. 2014. 992 C. ISBN 978-5-02-036530-8
[ annotation: ]
The third volume of "China's history from ancient times before the beginning of the XXI century" covers two global historical periods, each of which played a key role in the history of Chinese civilization. The first is the so-called political fragmentation period (or the era of six dynasties), which lasted from the III to the end of the VI century. During this period, which began after the death of the powerful ancient Empire, Han, there was a partial conquest of the country with "small peoples" and the movement of the center of the national civilization from the river basin. Huanghe in the southern regions of China (south of Yangtze). At this time, the formation of Taoism as a national religion and the formation of the Sino-Buddhist tradition, the mechanism of interaction of three teachings (Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism) is developing, which led to religious syncretism, which has become one of the most specific phenomena of China and the entire Far East. The second historical period covers the Empire of Sui and Tang, in which the restoration of the country's political and cultural unity and the approval of imperial statehood in its qualitatively new version. The strengthening of the administrative and bureaucratic foundations of the Chinese Empire and the Golden Age are connected with the era of Tan in many of the most important areas of artistic culture (poetry, visual, musical and dance art).
