Finished presentation on the topic of the Nogai Horde. Lesson's abstract on the topic: Nogai Horde
Nogai Horde: History, Culture and Accession to Russia
History of education and flourishing
At the end of the 14th century, the decay process on separate Khanate began in the Golden Horde. One of them became the Nogai Horde or, as they themselves called their state - the Mangyt Yurt, and Managing themselves.
The territory of its location was between the Rivers Volga and the Urals (Yaik). It began its formation at the end of the 14th - early 15th centuries, and finally undertakes for an independent state Education By 1440.
The capital was the city of Saraike or Sarajijuk, located on the banks of the Ural River (YaIK), which was the center of large trading from the Black Sea region to Central Asia. In the 14th century, about 100 thousand inhabitants lived there.
Like the remaining Khanate, who left the Golden Horde, the Nogai Horde continued to conduct a nomadic lifestyle, the main activity was cattle breeding and hunting. Finally, the state was aligned with the Son of the Ergyge Nur-hell-Dene. This period is taken by the flourishing of the Nogai Horde.
Rulers
The title of the ruler of the Nogai Horde has the name "Bii" or "Nogai Biy". The first ruler of the Mangytic Yurt is considered by Egg Han (1392-1412), it is he who is the founder of the dynasty that stood at the head of the nomadic state education. After the death of one, his son - Nurradin (1412-1419) became the head of the state, he continued his father's policy and was able to invest in a process for the formation of an independent Manti Yurt.
After the death of Nurrdadda Biem became the eldest son of the Uman - Mansur (1419-1427). After Mansur was executed in 1427, his younger brother - Gazi came to power (1427-1428), became the Bekstrabeck of the ruler of the Eastern Cheap, where he was killed because of envy in career growth. After the heirs of Nurrraddan come to power. Vakkaas Biy, Son Nurrraddina (1428-1447). With it, the independence of the Manti Yurt was preserved and the foundations of the Nogai Horde were developed.
In his place, the son of Vakcas - Khorezmi (1447-1473), not so much information about his reign, but it is known that he spent the permanent searches of the allies, and also participated in battles, in one of these in 1473 he was killed by an arrow. The next Beem became Abbas - the son of Nurrradada (1473-1491). His reign was entitled to the tendency to the separation from strong allies and neighbors, it is also known that Abbasa in mind some kind of grinding had to run.
Now in the power of Musa (1491-1502), the son of Vakcas and one of the most active figures. The final achievement is the final independence of the Nogai Horde, its influence in Europe and external political ties increased. After his death, Brother Musa - Yamgurchi became the brother (1502-1504). He continued his brother's policy and was recognized as a legitimate heir, but her status on the political external stage was already much lower. He adhered to a peaceful policy towards the Moscow kingdom.
After Yamgurchi, the period of internecine wars occurs. Hassan is the younger son of Vaccasa (1504-1508), he did not use such an authority as brothers and therefore tried to strengthen his position with various unions. Information about him disappear, starting from 1508, then the son of Musa - Sheikh-Mohammed becomes instead (1508-1510 and 1516-1519).
The last bays were Alchagir, the son of Musa (1508-1516), Agish, Son Yamchurg (1521-1524), Said Ahmed, Son Musa (1524-1541), Sheikh-Mamai, Son Musa (1541-1549), Yusuf, Son Musa (1549-1554) and Ismail, Son Musa (1557-1563).
Culture
There are not many nomads of Nogay nomads, most of the evidence were recorded by travelers after the collapse of the Nogai Horde. So, let's start with everyday life. They lived their legs in yurts - large spherical structures. Usually, one big family accounted for two yurts - one for children and one for the older generation. His parking lots were placed in places of rich in feed crops for livestock.
Migration processes in the tribe occurred seasonally and were associated with the need for a constant change of place of residence. Dressed feet in accordance with your lifestyle. So, men wore long cloth kaftans that could be blue, red or gray flowers. Under it was cloth or sheepskin pants and cotton shoes. Women wore similar clothing, some could afford white linen robes and silk bathrobes.
Depending on weather conditions and men, women wore sheep's fur coats. The heads of men were pointed bins or caps of cunits, and in women - round folded caps of the ears of Russian coins. Shoes served leather and practical boots.
Nogai pets pet meat, dairy products of various preparation, sometimes baked from wigs or rice flour tortillas, also diversified their food with game and fish. They had honey and alcoholic beverages, Ayran and Buz.
The internal organization of relations occurred by the norms of ordinary law, that is, traditional (for example, blood revenge for murder or redemption for the bride, etc.). By virtue of its history, geographic location and neighbors, the Nogai Horde adhered to the Muslim religion of the Turkish sample, but like nomads, the Nogai preserved quite strong remnants to Muslim beliefs of the ancestors - pagan.
As for literature, the literature of oral form dominated the Nogai Horde. It was formed on the basis of constant seasonal movements, which also influenced the emergence of new elements of the cultures of the neighbors and the spread of their own. The keepers of culture were old-timers. The written culture was primarily used by the rulers of the Horde and Mirza for correspondence with monarchs.
It is known that in the Nogai Horde the city and the capital of Sarajichuk performed an important economic, political and in some plane a religious center. But the question of other cities of Nogai historians are responsible negatively. Since the Nogai were "avid" nomads, they were not going to build cities and fortifications, as one of the possible theories, it can be assumed that they used the facilities that were inherited from the Golden Horde. However, archaeological, local history and folklore finds allow us to ask such questions, the answers to which are extremely ambiguous.
War
Since the legs are nomadic people, their main military force has become the root, mostly light and mobile. Since such troops were not superfluous, they were used in long movements and ambushes. Tactics concluded in fast and maneuverable blows. The most combed to be Guard Khan and squads of specific Murz and Biyev, as they were best provided.
The most significant is the war that in the 90s. The 14th century conducted by Egypt against Tukhtamysha Khan for 15 years. Thanks to her, the territory of the Nogai Horde expanded to the West Siberian lowland. In all other cases, the war was held with neighboring tribes or Nogai warriors performed in hostilities as mercenaries.
Accession to Russia
Only after the ethnopolitical community of the Nogai (no longer Mangyt) was fully formed, and it happened to the second half of the 15th century, we can talk about the beginning of really diplomatic noga-Russian relations. They begin to form since the end of the 14th century and expressed in strengthening the trade and economic and political relations of the Nogai Horde with the Russian state.
The reigning Ivan Grozny believed that Kazan and Astrakhan Khanate threatening with Russian lands, and also keep the Volga trading path in submission. After several unsuccessful diplomatic attempts, the king decided to take these Khanate to military force. After the accession of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khunni to Russia, as well as other Asian peoples, the Nogai Horde recognized its dependence on the Moscow state.
After some time, the time of the decline of Nogaev came and as a result of civil strife among the Nogai ruling clause, the Nogai Horde broke up into several independent Hordes. Those of it were distinguished by three breeding - the latter, the small and Altyul Horde.
- the legs were stood out of the Golden Horde, and how to self-attacking their association - Mangyt Yurt, and called mangares;
- the Nogai Horde adhered to the Muslim religion of the Turkish sample, but like nomads, the Nogai has quite strong remnants to Muslim beliefs of the ancestors - pagan;
- The title of the ruler of the Nogai Horde has the name "Bii" or "Nogai Biy".
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Kuban Nogai Orda
The 50s of the XVI century Right Bank Kuban-part of the Crimean Khanate. Here, from the uluses of the Nogai Horde, the state formation of feet small.
Horde of Small Nogates Navruzskaya, Kaisan, Kaisaevskaya, Budzhan, Bestinaevskaya, Gemboleukskaya, Self-Kulskaya,
The Kuban Nogai Horde was managed by Seracir, he had broad powers and endured final sentences in civil and criminal cases. His revenues lived in his village in his village consisted of the tenth grain harvest of the grain, one ram from each kibita and 800 bulls
1769 The Russian-Turkish War height Four Nogai Hordes: Budzhanskaya, Bijan, Jamboylukskaya, Self-Kulskaya declared their desire to move to Russian citizenship. In February 1771, the delegation of Nogaites arrived in St. Petersburg. Three months later, Nogai hordes moved to Kuban.
1. Having contributed to the resettlement of Nogai to the Kuban Steppes, Russia removed a large military force from the low-level Dnipro, just before the invasion of Russian troops in the Crimea. 2. Russia hoped that the Nogai would be able to cover the southern Russian borders from the raids of the mountaineers. 3. Russian diplomats hoped that nomads in the future form an independent, Russian friendly state, which will be a counterweight of Turkey in the struggle for the Black Sea
Main activities Nogaitsev Remotla Hunting cattle breeding Sovereignness Verblyudovystvo Sheeping trade trade
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Slide 1.
State system of the Nogai Horde. The formation of the Nogai Horde. Feature of the state system. System of state bodies. Public system. Right. Court and process.Clade 2.
1. Education of the Nogai Horde. The peculiarity of the state system after the collapse of the Golden Horde, in the north-west of Kazakhstan there was a new state education - the Nogai Horde. The territory of the Nogai Horde - between the Volga and the Urals (main territory). In the East - on the left bank of the Urals, in the northeast - to the West Siberian lowland, in the north-west to Kazan, in the south-west to Priaral, the Severian order (nomadic territory).
Slide 3.
1. Education of the Nogai Horde. Feature of the state system of the Nogai Horde in the XV - XVI centuries. represents a military aristocratic state. In the Nogai Horde there has been a steady ulus system of government management. The center was the city - Sarajishk (the city of the Nanigine Urals), which was founded in the XIII century.
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1. Education of the Nogai Horde. The peculiarity of the state system is considered by the founder of the Nogai Horde (the Mangyt Horde).
Slide 5.
2. The system of state bodies. The Nogai Horde was governed by Biem (Prince), elected from among the representatives of the closed estate of the ruling house of the Edge (genus Mangyt). Murza - the descendants of the numerous sons of the Edge - were major owners of land and livestock and possessed in their possessions with all the complete power. Inside his clan, they set the order of court proceedings, in their relations among themselves the principle of generic seniority.
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2. The system of state bodies. The Nogai Horde was divided into a number of self-governing uluses headed by Murza. Murza submitted to Biiu, which rules with the help of Nuradin.
Slide 7.
2. The system of state bodies The highest authority of the government is the Great Council (Kurultay), which consisted of the highest officials and relatives of Biya. This body elected Biya, limited his power. Biy convened a small advice from among the top ranks and approximate to the baby feudal.
Slide 8.
2. The system of state bodies Central executive and administrative and judicial authorities were carried out by three "highest ordinaries" (Nuradin, Kekovat, Toromb). Functions - Protection of the outskirts of the horde from the invasion from the outside. They were rulers of extensive territories, had warriors.
Slide 9.
2. The system of state bodies Central Power in the person - Council, Biya, the Supreme Governors (ranks) carried out the following functions: the Supreme Detention of pasture territories Confirmation of the rights of feudalists for ownership of uluses The appointment of income distribution of income implementation by the highest judicial function
Clade 10.
2. The system of state bodies at Bie had a permanent management authority - Karaduvan. He was at the winter bet of Biya in Sarajishk. This body carried out fiscal and police functions. In the uluses, the judicial and executive power was carried out by the rulers - Murza, local Duvans were created here.
Clade 11.
2. The system of state bodies existed - arbitrators - Mashadow courts, as well as shaky courts for religious affairs.
Slide 12.
3. Public system of the Nogai Horde Murza below Murz was karachei and imelders, as well as serve people (Ulann, Nuchers) - a generic aristocracy, meshed by Mangyt, but preserved influence in ulus. The bulk of the dependent population is generic cattlemen - communities. The part of the exploited - Tumaki (those who had placed poor nomads) - was subordinate to Biya and served as one of the sources of charge of centralized rent. Cossacks were distinguished - separate groups of nomads, who have lost contacts with their uluses and those who produced military prey. Small merchants (saudagers) and slaves (kula) were only a layer of basic classes.
Slide 13.
The fall in the Nogai Horde The existence of the Nogai Horde was interrupted by Kalmyk invasion, and the Nogai Confederation broke up, having submitted some of their political institutions (feudal congresses, Duvany, judicial system) with new political entities.
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Mongol invasion; Education and disintegration of the Golden Horde of the State of the Suplomergol period (AK Orda; Mogulistan; State of Timur; Nogai Horde; The Khanship of Abulhair). Their administrative and socially - economic development. Ethnic processes in the territory of Kazakhstan, the formation of Kazakh nation. Culture of Kazakhstan in the XIV - XVV. The formation of the Kazakh Khanate. Kazakh Khanate in the XVI century. (Khanov's Board: Kasima, Hacknazar, Taequela)
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Genghis Khan (1155 - 1227) Founder of the Mongol Empire (1206 -1260) Temacign. The year of birth, Temuchina remains fully uncalled, as the sources indicate different dates: 1155 (according to some sources 1162) he was born in the area of \u200b\u200bKenditau on the bank of the Oneon River in Mongolia. In the ECUME family - a luggage from the genus Kiyat - Bordzhiginov and his wife Oalong from the genus Olkhonut, which the father of the Essuchi beat off Merkit. Father died in a fight with the Tatar tribe, when Techotcin was 9 years old. A few years later, Temujin married his challenged Bortie from Konyrat. In the spring of 1206, the origins of the Oneon River on Kurultai, Temujin was proclaimed Great Khan over all tribes and received the title "Genghis Khan". Mongolia was transformed: the scattered and warring Mongolian nomadic tribes were united into a single state. After the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, his straight descendants from the first wife of the Male line, so-called chingizids, were heirs of the empire.
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To sole power, Gengizhan walked 20 years. The main task of Genghis Khan was the conquest of Western lands: Central Asia, Iran, Middle East, Transcaucasia, Eastern Europe. Gengizhan considered himself "Mongol", and the state of Mongolian. The main law - "Jasa" of Genghis Khan, consisted of 2 parts: I part - the words of edification; Part II - laws and punishment.
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Public system of the Mongol Empire The country is divided into 3 military administrative ulusa: Right wing (Barungar) Center (Cool) Left Wing (Jongar) 95 Tumenes. Tumen \u003d 10 "thousand". Thousand \u003d 10 "hundreds", etc. Before the "dozens" - 10 warriors. Tumen consisted of aimakov. Chiefs of districts, Tumenes and thousands were relatives and associates of Genghishana. Neuona - representatives of Mongolian nobility. The capital of the Mongolian Empire in Genghis Khacarum. The highest authority of state power - Kurultay - the Constituent Assembly (gathered 1 time per year, in the summer). The main questions were solved: plans and terms of war were developed and the internal issues of the life of the Empire were discussed.
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The conquest of the Mongols are conquered by Nimana, Cerey, Jalaira in Mongolia. 1207-1208GG - Yenisei Kyrgyz and Northern Siberian Nations (Zhosh) 1208-1209. - Tangutian state, Turfan Uygur Principality (Genghis Khan) 1210-1211. "The power of Genghis Khan moved the dominated Karlukov Arslan-Khan. 1211-1215. - China (adopted the military siege technique) 1217g. - Semirchye (Jebe Neuon). Mongols took it without resistance (it was weakened by Nimanami, headed by Khan Kuchluk - he chased Muslims and introduced the Christianity of Nestorian sense). In order to attract the people of Semirchye to their side, Genghis Khan forbade robbery and a massacre in the region. The city of Balasagun surrendered to Mongolas without a fight. Mongols called him Gobalyk - "Meek" 1218g. - "Ribraskaya catastrophe" - a shopping caravan of Genghis Khan out of 500 people, was destroyed by order of Cairo Khan (the governor of Khorezmshah in the city of Refire). It was the reason for the invasion of Genghis Khan in Kazakhstan and the Mavenneshire (ownership of Khorezmshaha) - (number of troops - 150 ton man: Mongols 111 t + Carluki and Uigur). 1219 - a 6-month siege of reflection (troops of the Chagatai and Heeping) 3 months - resisted the Mongols of Signak on Syrdarya. 15 days - the city of Ashnas fought; The cities of Uzgene and Barshikent are also captured. 1223G - on the river Kalka in Mongolas, the combined forces of Russian and Polovtsy (i.e. Kipchakov) were resistant. Central Asia and Kazakhstan are conquered by Gengizhhan for 5 years (1219g -1224g)
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The tragedy of defenders of the reflection ruler of reflection Kair-Khan (Gair-Khan) 6 months before the latter defended his city with an 80 thousandth army (he was made by the "posthumous silver mask"). The refill was completely destroyed (1219g - 1220g). The main reason for the defeat is the betrayal of the Korezm Karadge-Hadzhiba commander, sent by Shah Korezm to help reflect.
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The section of the Mongolian Empire In the XIII century, Cenghis Khan conquered labeled between the sons of four ulus. The formation of uluses ulus Chagata Ter. South. and Yu-in Kaz-on, Central Asia with the center in Almal. In the middle of XIV. The state of Chagataidov fell into mogulistan and Maverannovar. Ulus Tulua was Mongolia with the capital of Karakorum, where he later began to live and edit Ulus Ulus Juchi Ter.ot Irtysh to Eastern Europe. Vost. CHAVT-I-KIPCHAK, AIRAL, LOWDER SYRDARY, C-in Zhetisu (center., Sev., Zap. Kaz-N) Center - on R. Irteshe or the merger of Sarysu and Kengir. Ulus Utydeha Ter Zap. Mongolia, Altai, Tarbagata and the upper course of Irtysh. In 1229 "Great Khan is proclaimed, he began to live in Karakorum in 1251, Ulus Ugheda was eliminated. Juci died in 1227. His ulus inherited his son Batu. The lands of Kazakhstan entered the uluses of 3 sons. In 1259, after the death of Khan Monkey, the struggle between the descendants aggravated. In 1260 The Mongol Empire broke up to independent uluses.
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Golden Horde (mid XIII - mid XV centuries) Mongolian conquests swept in the XIII century. The huge territory of Eurasia. In 1235, according to the decree of the Kurultaya Hedgeh, the Bati, at the head of the large number of Tsarevichi Genghisids from the descendants of Zhosh, Jagataya, the most memorandum, and Tolulya, went to conquer Western lands, Eastern Europe and the Polovtsy steppe of Land-and-Kipchak. The latter, by this time, was the sustainable hereditary tenure of the descendants of Joshi Khan. As a result, the European hikes of Batya that lasted from 1236 to 1242. The Golden Horde was formed by the territory of which extended from the Altai Mountains to the Danube. Battle-based in 1243. The state of the Golden Horde in written sources was called Ulus Juchi. The name "Golden Horde" appears in Russian sources from the XVI century. In writing sources, this concept is ambiguous. In one case, under the Golden Horde, the personal ownership of Batu, that is, the Volga region and the North Caucasus; In the other - all ulus jicha. In the chronicles of Synginama (XIVV.) The legend is set forth, according to which Genghis Khan divided Zhosh's ulus between 3 grandchildren - Sons of Zhosh: Batu, Essential and Siliban, who were inherited by the Golden, White and Blue Horde. Batu began to rule the Golden Horde.
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Golden Horde - Ulus Zhosh. Founder - Batu Khan (Bati Sain - Khan) - 1227 - 1255. - in sources: a fair ruler; "Defender Muslims" (PERS. Historian Juvelini); "Paying attention to the development of cities" (Rus. Letply). Territory: from Altai Mountains to R. Danube. Capital: Sarai Batu (in the lower reaches of the Volga, in the con. Astrakhan); Shed Bern (Volgograd) - There is a hypothesis that it is 2 names of one city - the capital. Batu Han
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State device Golden Horde Public system: It was similar to the system of descendants of the Ulusov of Genghis Khan. The state consisted of uluses, and the uluses were subdivided into smaller possessions of the title of state ruler: Khan. The power of Khan was inherited. Management System: The civilian power of smaller possessions were in the hands of local rulers called Maliki. At the head of the sofa (the central executive body, which made finances, taxes, the inner life of the state) was a Vizier, in cities and subordinate uluses to tax collects and Danugi and Darugi and Baskaki, the army and diplomatic relations with other states conducted Beclebek. Population: Numerous tribes and nationalities, distinguished among themselves in terms of socio-economic development and possessed in a kind of culture and customs: Kypchaki, Nimana, Keraith, Uaki, Konyrats, and others. Mongols were in the minority, Kypchaki in most. Language: Kypchak. Development was conducted on Turkic and Uigur.
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Strengthening the Golden Horde Burke Khan - (Brother Batu 1255 - 1266) - strengthened the connection between the Golden Horde with the Sultan of Egypt Beibaris; Refused the dependence of the Mongol Empire, did not participate in Kurulti; He himself accepted Islam, but used him to strengthen ties with Muslim states. Mengu -temyir (1266 - 1280) - made a campaign in 1271 against Byzantium, which prevented relations with Egypt; concluded a contract with it; Developed trade relations with the countries of the Mediterranean. Tahti - Khan (1290 - 1312) - revived trade connections with Iran, the Caucasus, the Mamluk State of Egypt. Under Uzbek Khan (1312 - 1342) and his son Zhanybek Khan (1342 - 1357) - Golden Horde flourishing; Uzbek Khan Islam declared a state religion in 1312, a mosque was erected in cities. Burke Han
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The reasons for the collapse of the Golden Horde "Eposije" Al-Macrizi-Egyptian historian of the XV century, the contemporary of these events: "... Unreason has come a visual-country. Many fathers and children dose in the internecine war, as she predicted with her husband, the dark day came to the ground. The throne created by Genghis became the throne, where blood flowed. The Khan Palace disappeared from the eyes. The edge of the ruined became empty. They moved away from each other then Ajdarkan, Kazan and Crimea. Golden broke up Orda .. "- Astrakhan" In 833 (30.IX.1429 - 10.IX.1430) and previously previous years in the lands of Saransky ideashtski in Steakhkykykki, a strong drought and an extremely large marine ulcer, from which many people died, So only a few childbirth survived the flocks. - Tatar
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The reasons for the decay of the Golden Horde, restore the logical chain of the decay events of the Golden Horde on the example of the source "Eposidegia" Al-Macrizi-Egyptian historian of the XV century, the contemporary of these events:
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Causes of the decay of the Golden Horde. Logical chain of events of the decay of the Golden Horde on the example of the source, check yourself! Economic weakening The struggle for power in the top of the interworking within the state the attack of stronger neighboring states the economic and political weakness of the state disassemble
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The weakening and disintegration of the Golden Horde (Ulug Ulus) decline in the Golden Horde as a consequence of the enhancement of internecine strife is observed in the second half of the XIV century. The first signs of the decline of the Golden Horde appeared already in Janibek Khan (1342-1357). Having learned about the serious illness of his father Janibek, Sultan Berdibek, who was a governor in Azerbaijan, hurried to Shed, fearing to lose the throne. Hanom, Berdibek ordered to execute all his relatives, seeing competitors in them in the struggle for power. However, it was short-lived. Two years later, he himself was killed. With the death of Berdibek, the last Khan, the Batu dynasty, the Sheebanides and Tuka-Timurida, descendants of the fifth and thirteenth sons of Juci, began to enhance. The struggle for power in the Golden Horde has turned into a prolonged period of wars, when over 20 years from 1360 to 1380, more than 20 khans changed at the Sarai throne. Taking advantage of the defeat of Mama in the Kulikov field. Power in the Golden Horde in 1380 captured Khan Tukhtamysh. Fighting with Tohtamyam, the ruler of Maverannah Emir Timur, more than once made hiking on the Golden Horde and exposed her a plunder of the Golden Horde broke into separate states in the middle of the XV century.
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So, the Goldenopa State broke up in the XIV-XV V.V. This was due to the following factors: the lack of economic unity; feudal parts; struggle for power between descendants of Genghis Khan; The exacerbation of the contradictions between nomadic to know and the sedentary trading advantage of cities and agricultural regions; Significantly accelerated the collapse of the Golden Horde Kulikovskaya Battle (1380), where the Russians caused a major defeat of the Goldenopa tska; The collapse of the Golden Horde was promoted by Timur's campaigns, which he made in 1389, 1391, 1395. Golden Horde XVV. Siberian Khanate Kazan Khanate Crimean Khanate Astrakhan Khanate Nogai Chelaya Horde
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White Orda (XIV - the beginning of the XV century) on the territory of the Eastern Dia-Cypchak (from the yaik to the lower flow of Syrdarya) in the XIII - early XVVV. There was a state of AK Horde (White Horde). The territory of the Horde formed gradually, as the dependence on the golden horde weakened. Ak Horde included the ownership of the Horde of the Union and Syban. The center of Ak Horde is the city of Signak, located in environments. The flow of Syrdarya. At the head of state stood hagans from the family of Horde Edzhen (Son Juchi). It was finally broken with the dependence on the Golden Horde, it was possible by the middle of the XIV century Khanam Yerzen and Mubarak Hoja (1320-1344), AK Horde was strengthened at Khan Urus, which was ruled in the 60-70s. XIV century. It fell on it the main severity of struggle and protection against aggression Emir Timur. After death, Urus Khan and his son Toktakia Emir Timur told the throne of the White Horde Takhtamysh (the son of the Tuy-Khoja - the executed Urus Khan Khan Mangystau). In 1379, Having won the Timur - Malik, Torkhan subjured Zegnak. In 1423-1428 In AK Horde, the rules of the grandson of Urus-Khan Barak is the last Khan White Horde. Having won the grandson of Timur - Ulugbek, returned a number of cities. After his death, the power passes to Shabanida Abulhair.
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White Orda (XIV - beginning of the XV century) Ethnic composition of the white horde population The ethnic composition of the white horde was homogeneous. She was inhabited by Turkic-speaking tribes, which subsequently amounted to the main core of the Kazakh people. This is a tribe: Kypchaki, Convits, Argyns, Ashyna, Cantles, Cerey, Uysuna, Nimana. 3 Stages of the Foreign Policy of the White Horde. The period of the struggle of the rulers of the White Horde for the separation from the Golden Horde for the purpose of finding their independence. Open golden horde intervention in the inner affairs of a white horde. Fighting Urus Khan and his descendants against Emir Timur. Tukhtamama
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Moglistan (XIV - the beginning of the XVI centuries) by the middle of the XIV century ulus Chagata collapsed. In his eastern part, which included South Eastern Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the state of Moglistan was created. Historian Mohammed Haydar Dulati wrote that the territory of Moglistan has a length of 7-8 months of the road.
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Moglistan (XIV - the beginning of the XVI centuries) The founder of the state is the emir of the bunch of doodle tribe. Not being a Genghisid, he in 1348 built a 18-year-old Chagataid Togluk -Timura on the throne. Togluk-Timur Khan became the founder of the ruling dynasty, which was at the head of the Hangehog until the beginning of the XVI century. In the management of the State - Wom Khan helped Ulusbek (Ulusfiega) - Head of the Doodle Tribe. The capital of the state is Almalyk. Islam was declared a state religion at Togluk -Timura. In Ov foreign Policy Togluk-Timur tried to restore his power on all the lands of the former Chagatai ulus. In 1360-1361, he twice made Maverannovar hiking. In the Khan Tron of Maverannahra, he erected his son Ilyasa-Khoja. In 1365, in the battle near Tashkent (the Batpaktinsk "mud battle"), Han Ilyas-Khoja won the victory over the troops of Timur. In 1380-1390, Emir Timur repeatedly made devastating raids on Moglistan. Han Hizr-Khoja recognized the vassal dependence on Timur. During the reign of Mohammed Khan Moglistan again gained independence. In 1425, the descendant of Timur Ulugbek made a campaign to mogulistan and exposed his looting. Yesen-Bug occupied the Khan Tron (1433-1462) in the fight against Brother Zhunus. The disintegration of Khanate began during the control of the grandson of Zhunus - Khan ADB AR-Raishda.
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Emir Timur (1370-1405). During the feudal gravestia and wars in Maverannahra (Miscellaneous Amudarya and Syrdarya) in the 60s of the XIV century, Timur (Tamerlan), Emir Timur, was the son of Beck Taragia from the Turkized Mongolian tribe of Barlas. It does not belong to the number of descendants of Genghis Khan - ChingiSides, he did not take the title of Khan, but called Emir. 1370g. - Timur became the sole ruler of Maverannahra with the capital in Samarkand. Relying on the support of nomadic nobility, sedentary feudal and Muslim clergy, Timur began to unite under his control Central Asia.
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Emir Timur and his conquest Timur began the struggle for the creation of a centralized state. The objectives of Tamerlane were curbing the Golden Horde and the establishment of political influence in its eastern part; The union of Mogolistan and Maverannahra, separated earlier, in a single state called Chagatai Ulus. Considering the whole danger emanating from the Golden Horde, from the very first days of his board, Timur tried in every way to lead to the power of his goldenman Tokhtamysh. With a stubborn support for Timur Tukhtamysh in 1378. won the throne of the White Horde, and in 1380. - Golden Horde. The association under the authority of Tukhtamysh Golden and White Hord led to the exacerbation of relations between Timur and Tahtone. By the end of the 80s. XV century The political union of the rulers of mjulistan and AK Horde against Timur, but he did not fulfill his task. In response, Timur took two robbed campaigns, the most severe in their consequences for the population of Kazakhstan: in 1389 - in Mogulistan and in 1390-1391. - In Ak Horde and the Golden Horde.
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Emir Timur and his conquest in battles (1391 - R. Kunduzchi; 1395 - on R. Sterk) Tukhtamysh was finally divided by the troops of Emir Timur from 1371 to 1390, Emir Timur made seven campaigns to Mogolistan, finally defeated the army of Kamar Ad-Dina in 1390. Moglistan recognized the vassal dependence on Timur. To strengthen its power among Muslim Timur ordered to build in Turkestan, the Mausoleum Ahmed Yassaui, the military campaigns of Timur was robbed and cruel. In the XIV century, Tamerlan Empire was the most enormous state. She included Maverannahr, Khorezm, Transcaucasia, Persia (Iran), Punjab and other lands (only 27 states). In 1405, Emir Timur died in the reflection. He was buried in the mausoleum of his capital - Samarkand. After the death of Timur (1405), the struggle for the power between his descendants - Timurides began in the country. The past Empire gradually broke up. In Central Asia, feudal fragmentation increased.
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The Nogai Horde (the end of the XIV - XVI centuries) after the collapse of the Golden Horde and the weakening of the White in the north-west of Kazakhstan, the Nogai Horde was formed. The main territory was between the Volga and the Urals. The capital is the city of Saraike at R Ural, founded in the X century (at Kasim Khan at the beginning of the XVI century. He was the capital of the Kazakh Khanate) the name of the horde is coming on behalf of the warlord of the Golden Horde of the Foot. Nogai participated in the campaigns of Batu and was the head of five khans of the Golden Horde. The founder of the Nogai Horde - Eating - the Son of the Foot. Not having the right to the Khan title, he wore the title "Beklar-Run"; 15 years (1396 - 1411) was the actual ruler of the Golden Horde. Under the Eating, the Nogai Horde began to be separated from the Golden Horde, with HYP Ad-Dene - the son of Ergyge became an independent state. The basis of the population of the Nogai Horde was the Turkic-speaking tribes, which were in the army of the foot (Kypchaki, Nimana, Argyns, Constitus, etc.), the main mangyt tribe, originally called their ulus by the Mangyt yurt.
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Nogai Horde (End of the XIV - XVI centuries) In the 90s of the XIV century, Eggie led the war with Tahtysh Khan for domination in the Golden Horde and in order to expand the borders of the Nogai Horde. In the second half of the XV century, the name of the Noga nation appeared. At the head of state stood Khan. There was an ulus system of government management. At the head of the uluses stood Murza, possessed unlimited power. At the beginning of the XVI century, due to permanent internecasters in the Nogai Horde began. In the 1550s after the accession of Kazansky, Astrakhan Khanni to Russia, the Nogai Horde broke up into several possessions. In the XVI century Part of the Nogai population became part of the Junior Zhuza Kazakhs. At the beginning of the XVII century, the Nogai Horde was dependent on the Crimean Khanate and Turkish Sultans.
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The Khanate of Abulhair (1428 -1468) As a result of the collapse of AK Horde and Governorates, the power passed to the dynasty of the Shabanids. In 1428, the Khanate of Abulheira was formed. Abulheir's predecessor was Han Ak Horde Barak-Khan, who died in 1428. Abulheyr was a descendant of Genghis Khan in the tenth generation along his senior son Juci. In 1428, in the tour (Western Siberia) at the age of 17, he was proclaimed by Khan Uzbek ulus. The territory of Khanate extended from the yak in the west to Balkhash in the East. At the end of the XIV - the first half of the XV centuries. The population of Khanate was known under the general title of "Uzbeks", and the Khanship of Abulhair had another name "state of nomadic Uzbeks". The capital is the city of Tura (Chimgie Tura), later, the Bazaar, then - Signak. The ethnic composition of Khanate was represented by 92 Turkic-speaking sodes and tribe
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The state of nomadic Uzbeks of strong neighbors from the state of Abulhair was not. The Golden Horde agonated after the terrible defeat committed by Timur. In the south in Mogolistan, gravestia went. The Empire of Timur after his death quickly decayed. Crawing with Jucidami, Abulkhair began conquering in Wed. Asia. In 1446, Abulkhair made a campaign on Syrdarya and seized a number of cities - the Soszak, Signak, Ak-Korgan, Uzpect. Signak became a new capital of the state. In 1457, Abulkhair suffered a cruel defeat from Oratov near Signak. It loosened the state and finally undermined the authority of Abulhair. In 1460, Abulheyr-Khan Jaggizida Zhanybek and Karai, displeased with a tough policy of Abulheyr-Khan and his subjects, were revealed to the east in Semirchye, in Mogulistan, where they created their state - the Kazakh Khanate. In order to punish rebellious sultans, he went hiking in 1468. In the area of \u200b\u200bAkkistau near Almaty, Abulheyr died. After the death of Abulhair-Khan, the state was contemplated. The main causes of the decay were distributed, the gravestics for the section of the territory, convening the mass of people to other territories. The grandson of Abulheir Shehibani Khan, heading part of the tribes, went to Maverannahr and formed his state there.
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Northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia in the XIII - XV centuries. The territory of Western Siberia in the XIII - XV centuries. Inhabited Turkic-speaking tribes, the core of which was Kipchak. In the tribal union, the main role was played by Keeite. Western Siberia was included in the Ulus Juci and was considered the land of the dynasty of the Shabanids. The ruling dynasty is Taibugin. Taibuga Khan renamed the capital of the tour to the city of Chinggi Tura in honor of Genghis Khan. Tour now city Tyumen. Tohtamysh in 1398 was defeated by Egg, fled to Western Siberia, where the rules of the lot. After the death of Tokhtamysh, the Taibugans recognized the power of the Egypt. In 1428, Abulheyr Khan, won Western Siberia, joined her to his Khanate. In 1481 - 1483. Ibak Khan concluded with the king Ivan III agreement on friendship and union, established trade relations. Local to know in 1495 at the head of Taybuginz Mohammed unexpectedly attacked Chingi Tour. Ibak was killed. The ruler became Mohammed Khan. After the death of Mohammed Khan, the power remained in the hands of the Taibuginsky dynasty.
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Domestic policies and economics of states of the Sobergolian period. The Mongol Empire was divided between the sons of Genghis Khan on the uluses, who wore their names (Ulus Zhosh, Chagata). Inside of these possessions, smaller possessions appeared (Ulus Batu, Essen), which became small states. The concept of "ulus" \u003d country, people. The structure of administrative power in Kazakhstan in almost all states was the same. In the Nogai Handa, the khansky government was in the hands of Biiii, and in the rest of the states - was inherited, but to know the right to elect Khan from any member from the ruling dynasty. In the White Horde, the Khanate of Abulhair and Mogulistan, the tribes were called Emirs, in the Nogai Horde - Murzami. The title "Beck" was assigned to warlords and senior government officials. For example: Ulusbek, Tunimbek, soybeck. Title Biya was assigned to the people's judges. Mongolian title "Neyon" was assigned to representatives of a rich nobility. Titles "Bahadur" or "Batyr" also wore prominent military leaders. Slock called "Karacha" (mobile, commoner).
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Social structure. Representatives of the Supreme Power were chingizids - Khans, Sultans, were shared. At the second stage there were guides of birth and tribes - Emirs, Becks, Bii and BAI. They were obeyed by the rest of the state of the state. Based on the text of the textbook, enter the missing concept ....... At the head of the state was the great ..... Transvailed .... Public affairs were solved on ......, which included Ulusbeki, Emirs Beci, Bii. Advisors Khan were ...... the Supreme body of the Hangehog was ...... He convened ......... in the summer. In the White Holder, the Khanate of Abulhair and Mogulistan, the tribes were called ......, in the Nogai Horde - ... The title ... was assigned to military leaders and senior government officials. Title ... was assigned to the people's judges. Mongolian title ... worn representatives rich nobility. Titles ... wore prominent military leaders. Sleeps called ...... (mobile, commoner).
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Check yourself! At the head of state, the great ... (Khan) was passed ... (from the Father to the Son). Public affairs were solved on ...... (Khansky council), which included Ulusbeki, Emirs Beci, Bii. Khan advisors were ...... (Vezira) by the Supreme Body of the Hangehogo government ...... (Kurultay). He convened ......... (once a year) in the summer. In the White Horde, the Khanate of Abulhair and Mogulistan, the tribes were called ...... (Emirs), in the Nogai Horde - ... (Murzami) Title ... (Beck) was assigned to warlords and senior government officials. The title ... (Biya) was assigned to the people's judges. Mongolian title ... (Neuon) was assigned to representatives of a rich nobility. Titles ... (Bahadur or Batyr) wore prominent commander. Mortenside called ...... (Karacha) (Mobile, Simpolyn). Social structure.
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Types of ownership of land There were 4 types of land ownership of Government lands (owned directly by Khanam) Earth (descendants of Genghis Khan) Vacufny lands (mosques and ministers) of land, transmitted by Khans in hereditary property existed such types of land ownership as "ICTA" and "Surgal". They were distributed for the service, they were not inherited. Covered lands with the whole population of Genghis Khan divided between sons. These lands were called "Industion", which meant "dowry". Earth for Indu Khanan Golden Hordes were in the Volga region. Chagyatai state - in the valleys of the Chu and Talas rivers.
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Taxes and labor obligations fill out on the basis of the text textbook the following table: Simplers were obliged to carry military service from the leaders of the tribes with their horses and weapons. The tax of its content is the type of tax on the land of the Zeaquet - the tax, which was charged from the cattleproof in the natural form of a corporate tax, leaving the population in kind to ensure food troops. Calan is a tax charged from the population depending on the number of shower. Haraj -
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Taxes and labor duties check themselves! Simparishes were obliged to carry military service from the leaders of tribes with their horses and weapons. The tax of its content Baj is the type of tax on the land-processed zeaquet-tax from cattle in favor of Khan and Sultanov, the tavern is the tax, charged from the cattle-breeding population in the natural form of a hopper, charged from nomadic cattle breeders in the amount of 1% livestock livestock. Tagacha tax leaving the population in kind to ensure food troops. Calan is a tax charged from the population depending on the size of the land area. Ushur-tax leaving the population depending on the number of shower. Haraja is a marginal tax charged depending on the amount of crop obtained.
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State-administrative device Task: based on 4 points of the textbook Fill out a scheme about the administrative structure of the Hannai power, entering the titles of the titles of people working in the state apparatus, their functions in the notebook. Khan - Ulusbeki - Becks and Emirs - childbirth to know Daruga - Atabeki and Kokiltashi - Zhasulya - Ishik Aga Basa - Title Inak - Office Other functions
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State-administrative device Check yourself! Khan -Organization of the armed protection of the state from external enemies; Determination of the foreign policy of the state; Functions of the highest judicial power; Protection of the existing order and public device. Uluskeki -Voprosiovanie on the throne, army, diplomacy Beci and Emirs - childbirth to know Darugi - Khan governors in the city, terrain (tax collection, control over the order) Atabeky and Kokiltashi - educators of the heirs of Khan. Zhasauli (vigilantes) - followed the order and performance of customs and traditions on the people, weddings and festivities, Ishik Yeah Basa - Head of the Palace Service. Khan Hangehogs - Title Inak Mirrisikara's minors advisors - organizers of the Hangehogo hunting Other functions
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Economic situation. End of the XIII century - begins to revive after the Mongolian invasion of cattle breeding, agriculture and sedentary urban culture. 3 types of cattle breeding developed on the extensive territory of Kazakhstan: a settled, half-blooded and nomadic. The agriculture was mainly developed in the south-east of Kazakhstan, near the cities: Turkestan, Saoran, Refril, Signak (were irrigation systems) in 1269. on Kurultai on r. Talas decided to prohibit taxes from the urban population over the established norm. Urban culture has been developed during the Board of Khan Hanov White Horde: Sasy Bugs, Yerzen, Mubaraki, Chimpy. In the XIII - XIV centuries. The cities were spreading their handicrafts: pottery, brick-burned, mednitskoe, bronze, jewelry, glasswall, costelus and coastal. XIV - XV centuries. - the cattle breeding prevailed and therefore the material benefits were manufactured using animal raw materials. The breaking of a great flue way through the territory of Kazakhstan made it possible to the local population to exchange its products to various products of the West and the East.
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Addition of Kazakh nation. The basis of the formation of the Kazakh nation was an ancient autochthonic tribes: Saki, Usuki, Kangyuy, the tribes of the West Turkic kaganate (VI-VII centuries). In Karlukov ((viii - x century), the Karakhanids (X-XII centuries) there was an intense process of ethnic cohesion of the Turkic tribes of the seminar and southern Kazakhstan, and in the states of Kimakov and Kypchakov - Turkic tribes of the Northern, Western and Central Kazakhstan. By the XII -XIII centuries. On the territory of Kazakhstan, all the necessary historical and economic prerequisites have developed for the unification of various Turkic tribes in the nationality, they had a single territory, the general form of management, mutual language, general material culture and life. But this natural historical process was suspended for whole century by the invasion of Chingis Khan's troops. The addition of Kazakh nation was discarded 150-200 years ago. As a result of Mongolian conquest, a new ethnic component of Mongolian bodies and tribes, moved in some quantities in Kazakhstan, was added. In the ethnic formation of the Kazakh people, the main role was played by the Tribes of the White Horde, where the majority were Kipchak. The ethnopolitical community of the Khanate of Abulheira, the Nogai Horde and the Miil State was also its influence.
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Addition of Kazakh nation. The process of formation of the Kazakh elone was completed by the formation of the Kazakh Khanate in the 60s. XV century State Association in the second half of the XV-XVI centuries. The main ethnic groups of the Kazakh nationality and its ethnic territory accelerated the process of completing the formation of the nationality. Factors of the formation of a single nationality: 1) a single language similar to rituals, traditions and religion; 2) similar socio-economic and spiritual development; 3) the desire of tribes to unification; Consolidation of 2 ethnic groups and their territories. Unlike the Khanate of Abulheira and Ak-Horde, as well as Moglistan, the Kazakh Khanate had a wider and most strong ethnic basis - the already established Kazakh people. 2 ethnic groups were included in the Kazakh ethnic group: 1) the Kypchak tribes of Central, Northern and South Kazakhstan and 2) Uussy Southeast Kazakhstan. For the first time after the Mongolian conquest, almost all the Turkic bodies and the tribes of Eastern Dia and Kipchak, Turkestan and Semiruchery were combined into one state. The tribes that moved with Zhanibeck and Kemem were called Uzbek - Kazakhs. Two independent people were distinguished from this ethnopolitical community: Kazakhs and Uzbeks.
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The ethnonym "Kazakh" there are many opinions about the emergence of the name (ethnonym) "Kazakh". They are debated, starting from the XVIII century, but so far the researchers have not come to a common opinion. To date, there are more than twenty explanations of the etymology the word "Kazakh". Systematization of all kinds of research of origin and the meaning of the word "Kazakh" identifies the main three directions: mythological. Among the Kazakhs themselves, the myth was widespread about whether the word "Kazakh" happened from the word "white goose" (in Kazakh Gus-Swan translates as "AK Kaz", Kazakh - White Goose - Swan). Translated from the ancient Turkish word "Kazakh" is translated as "free", "separable people", "brave, freedom-loving people", "remote warriors". The name "Kazakh" originated from the names of the tribes that inhabited the territory of this Kazakhstan. The name of the tribes like Saki, the Casp, Khazara, the Ase modifying over time turned into the word "Kazakh". He headed Mamluk Egypt Kipchaki in 1245 ordered to create Arabic-Kipchak dictionary. In it, the term "Kazakh" is translated as "free", "Skitalets". This term was given social importance: so called the groups that separated from a kind, tribe and began to live according to their laws (until the XIII century - by Kumekov B.E.), with XIV. - The word "Kazakh" acquires ethnicity.
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Kazakh zhuza. The word "Alash" appeared in the IX - X centuries, it was a combat tight of the Kazakhs. According to the legend of Alasha - Khan is the progenitor of the Kazakh people. In the area of \u200b\u200bG. Zhozkazgan, R. Zhangabil found a place of bet on Alasha Khan, and on the coast R. Karakengir - his mausoleum (the structure of the X-XI centuries; it was completed in the XIV-XVV.) The traditional Kazakh society consists of three zhuza. On the time of the occurrence of zhuzov, the reasons for their appearance, internal structure And the meaning of the concept of general opinion has no scientists. Kazakh zhuza had the following features: internal regional unity; ethnic unity; cultural and economic community; The community of political leadership. Each Kazakh Zhuz had its own historically established space, the territory. So, the senior Zhuza is a seven and southern Kazakhstan, the Central, Eastern and Northern Kazakhstan, the Junior Zhusa - West Kazakhstan. The tribes of the Kazakhs, which were part of one zhuz, are relatives among themselves and even considered the descendants of one ancestor.
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It is believed that the division on the zhuza occurred in the X - XII centuries. Zhuza differed in the inner cohesion and in the leadership of power. Every zhuz had his own baby. And in the time of the Kazakh Khanate, every zhuz had his own Khan. The division into large unions on the endless expanses of the Kazakh land was the vital necessity and was associated with the specifics of the nomadic life and the complexities of government management. The end of the fission process on the zhuza coincides with the period of becoming Kazakh statehood. Kazakh zhuza were the economic and cultural and political parts of the Kazakh people. In peacetime, most of the internal problems, relations were solved within the zhuza themselves between the Kazakh Zhusami folded political, economic and cultural, ethnic connections. Target economic relations were established between the birth and tribes, trade relations were tied, marriages were concluded. General ethnoculture, linguistic, domestic and economic unity played a solid binder. And if clouds were thickened over the general homeland, the question was about her protection, then all Kazakh zhuza united in one powerful force. There was no disagreement on how such Zhuzu includes a territory: the Kazakh land was under threat. Kazakh zhuza.
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Prerequisites for the formation of Kazakh Khanate in XIV - XVVV. Kazakh tribes inhabited huge expanses from Irtysh to the Urals; from Altai to Aral and Caspiana; from karatal to Syrdarya; From Tian - Shan to Karatau. The territory of the settlement of the main Kazakh tribes. Conrats - from Turkestan to Karatau Nimana - from Ulytau to the river Ishim Argyna - from the River Irtysh to Central Kazakhstan Keemy - Zhetisu, Tarbagaytai, River Irtysh, Oz. Zaisan, between rivers Ob and Tobol Dulala - the banks of the rivers or, Chu, Talas, the district of Lake Issyk Kul and South Kazakhstan Kalkla and Jalaira - the foot of Karatau Mountains, the Bank of the Syrdarya River and Zhetis River. Uuss - in Zhetisu, the formation of Kazakh statehood has a long history. By the time of the appearance of the Kazakh Khanate, it is possible to distinguish 2 periods: I. The formation of the political organization of nomadics - the ancestors of the Kazakhs (until the middle of the XV century). II. Actually Kazakh statehood (from the middle of the XV century. - Before the beginning of the XVIII century), the main prerequisites for the formation of the Kazakh state were formed: the Khanate of Abulhair and Mogulistan lost to the former power. Reversible wars and feudal crossburses. The desire of tribes to the creation of an independent state.
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The history of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate. Khan Barak (1423-1428) - the last Khan Ak-Horde, conducted a siblive policy and was independent of local hedlemen. After his death, the birth leaders did not want to choose Han's heir to Ghanabek. They chose Abulhair, who was only 17 years old. In 1446, Abulkhair transfers the capital of Uzbek Khanate to the Sykanak, i.e. In the Ulus Zhanybek and Kerey in order to control trade between Central Asia and the Cheta-and-Kypchak. Kochyshek and pastures in the Turkestan district began to move to the Shabanids that the conflicts between Abulhair and Zhanybeck gave rise to conflicts. This was the main reason for the convergence of Zhanybek and Kerey, and the reason was the defeat of Abulhair in the battle with the Oratats in 1457. The authority of Abulhair began to fall, and if more than 70 generic leaders were supported by the election, then by 1457 - only 17. Reveaning Zhanybek And Kerea north - the western part of Mogolistan, from 200 thousand people and laid the beginning of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate - in 1465-1466. To gray. XV century Kazakh tribes were scattered and part of a number of Khanate: Uzbek, Moglistan, Nogai Horde, Siberian. The struggle went for the union of the entire ethnic territory of the Kazakhs, for the Pestridarian cities, pastures, etc.
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The history of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate. "Kerey and Zhanybek with ugly people arrived at Mogulistan during the lifetime of the Mogulian Khan Esen-Buoga, who was warmly accepted by fugitives and appointed them to habitat the Valley of Chu and Goats-Bashi. The arrival time of Kerya and Zhanybek with ugly people in possession of Mogul Khan Esen-Buoga should be dated 1459-60gg. " (Sultanov) The arrival of Keri and Zhanybek was carried out at the invitation of Esen-Buoga, which sought to strengthen his power and secure their help from their territory from Khan Abulhair, Oratov and the claims of Brother Zhunus. The main reason for the revenue was the authoritarian rule of Khan Abulkhair Shibanid, who was striving to prevent the strengthening of the descendants of another branch of Juchides, the descendants of Tuka-Timur and Orda-Ezhen, directly connected on the genealogical line with Khan Ak-Horde, which were Kerey and Zhanybek.
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The history of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate. In the early 70s, the Kazakh Khanate was divided into two wings. The left wing (Eastern) was headed by Kerey himself, the right wing (Western), which included possessions and other descendants of the Egypt - Zhanybek. Here you can talk about the Institute of Copyings, since the famous in the steppe. The borders of the Khanate extended from Irtysh to Zhaik (Urals). Mangyt Bii tried to get out of the power of Keri and Zhanybek. In 1472 Musa-Musza, concludes a union with Mohammed Shabani, promising to proclaim it with Han and-Kypchak, but the victory of Sultan Strestyka - Son Kerea at the Sigunlyk's pass in the Karatowa mountains, and then at Refire, Turkestan, Archka, forced Shaps Run again. Kazakh Hanice since the beginning of its formation was struggled for the combination of all the cheap-Kipchak tribes and the accession of the Presentarya cities. After the death of Kereya in 1474, Han became his son Buryndyk (1474-1511). Based on the Plyrdarian cities, Burynddyk Khan managed to combine nomadic childbirth Zhetis, Central and Western Kazakhstan. Buryndyk and Kasim settled in a short time in the city of Saraik in the lower reaches of the Urals, former capital Nogai ulus. After the death of Musa-Myza, most of the nomadic genera of Mangyt moves under the power of the Kazakh Khan of Burystka. A sharp struggle for power began between Burynddy and Kamim, which ended in 1511 by the victory of Kasima. In 1511, Burynddyk, devoid of authority, was expelled and a fatal khan became Kasym.
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The main directions of the policy of Kazakh khanov. With Kane Kasima (1511-18), called the "Disorder of Kazakh Lands", the borders of the Kazakh Khanate, expanded in the western direction, and reached the basin. Ural. The victories of Kasima over Muhammad Shaibani ended with the accession of the Presentarya cities - Tashkent and Turkestan. The number of citizens of Khan Kasima reached 1 million. Diplomatic relations with the Moscow state were established, trade and economic relations with Central Asia. Kazakh Khanate became known in Europe. Kasim-Khan paid great attention to strengthening the internal unity of the Kazakh Society - the laws called the "direct path of Kasima" were created. "Kasym Khannaң қasқa Zholy" after the death of Kasim Khan, the situation in the Kazakh Khanate complicated. Not being a centralized state, the Kazakh Khanate weakened by virtue of intra-political gravestics. Especially with Khan Tahira (1523-1533) with mediocre and cruel, Kazakhs lost many acquisitions of Kasim Khan. In the fight against the descendants of M. Schaibani, with Mangyt Murza of the Nogai Horde, Khana Mogolistan Tahir lost the western part of Central Kazakhstan, was forced to retreat to the south, lost 400 thousand people. Kasim Khan.
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The main directions of the policy of Kazakh khanov. After 15 years of crisis, Khan Hacknazar came to power (1538-1580), the son of Kasym, the Kazakh Khanate began to be revived. Hacknazar is a talented ruler, the diplomat and the warlord managed, although to temporarily push Mughal to Southeast Semirchye. By enclosing an alliance with Uzbek Khan Abdallah against Siberian Khanate, he is looking for connections with the Moscow state, which helped in the fight against Kuchum. As a result of the multi-faceted activity of Haknazar, part of the Nogaites passed into his submission, the boundaries of his possessions reached Emba and Urals. In the southern direction, leading between Abdallah and Baba Sultan, each of which promised him the right to possession of the Turkestan District, Haknazar tried to weaken them. He received four villages from Abdallah in Turkestan Vilayte for help against Baba-Sultan, and Baba Sultan, to drag the Kazakhs to his side, gave them to Iasi and Saoran. In 1580 Hacknazar was killed. He also failed to create a centralized state. After his death, the position of the Kazakh Khanate remains difficult.
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The main directions of the policy of Kazakh khanov. By the end of the XVI century. Kazakhs were pushed out by Jungars, legs, Uzbeks from sedent-agricultural areas of Semirchia. With the approach to the Russian borders of Hali, the Kazakhs were tested to the south and east; Bashkirs and Siberian Tatars, Karakalpaks, etc. Also made raids on them. The region of Turkestan with the cities of Otel, Sauran, Signak, Suzak, Iasi again turned out to have Shabanids. All this adversely affected economic. The new round of struggle for the strengthening of the Kazakh Khanate and the Presentarya cities was marked with Taequel - Khan (1582-1598). Using the Intra-Indian Spring, Tapeelage begins to fight with Sybanids. He managed to win the Vilayets of Turkestan and Maverannahra, but had to retreat when taken Bukhara. Ultimately, according to the peace treaty between the Kazakh and Central Asian khans, Tapeequel returned Samarkand, and Turkestan, Tashkent, Fergana entered the Kazakh Khanate. In Central Asia in 1598. The dynasty of the Shabanids on the ashtarkhanids was replaced. In Tueckel, the Kazakh Khanate and the Moscow State establishes diplomatic relations. Taequet managed to subordinate and part of Kalmykov, so he was called Khan Kazakhov and Kalmykov. In the last battle of 1598. Taequel was injured and died in Tashkent.
67 Slide
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68 Slide
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Conclusions: XVII century. marked at various invasions into the territory of Kazakhstan, because The Central Asian rulers did not want to put up with the loss of Turkestan, Tashkent, Fergana. But the struggle for strengthening the Kazakh Khanate continued outstanding Khans: Yesim, Zhangir, Tauca. In the 16-17 centuries, the formation and strengthening of Kazakh Khanate, the long-term struggle of Kazakh khanov for the Presentarya cities successfully completes, the formation of the Kazakh ethnic and its ethnic territory is completed, the complex system of two economic styles is completed: the nomadic cattle and agricultural. Thus, from the middle of the XV to the end of the XVII centuries. Kazakh Khanate passed the path from its occurrence to a large state in the Central Asian region. This story has abounded victory and defeats, but the Kazakh khanate survived. The historical importance of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate: tribes, the birth was included in the Kazakh people. Contributed to the cohesion of the Kazakh people, the organization of joint protection of the ethnic territory of the Kazakh state. The created Kazakh state was not only strengthened, but also expanded the boundaries of its territory. Sustained links with neighboring states were established. Socio-ek cancer and cultural development contributed to the flourishing of traditions and customs, the spread of Islam among the Kazakh people.
69 Slide
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Date: ___________ Class: 10 IR Lesson: ____
Topic: Nogai Horde at 13-15VV.
Purpose: Study of information on the formation of the Nogai Horde, its territory, consideration of the issue
northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia.
Tasks: Educational: Get acquainted with the political history of the Horde and find out the reasons for her decay
Developing: Form skills to study culture, creative search and thinking
Educational: Educate interest in learning the past
Type of lesson: traditional
Visual aids: map
Time: 45 min.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. . Organizing time
II. . Check knowledge gained in previous activities.
Oral survey
When the white horde began to be created
Tell us about the campaigns of Emir Timur and Khan Tokhtamysh on the White Horde
What was the ethnic composition of the White Horde
Tell us about the economic situation of the White Horde
III . Explanation of the new material
Plan
Education of the Nogai Horde, its territory
Political history of Horde
Disintegration of the Nogai Horde
Northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia
1. The name of the horde occurs on behalf of the warlord of the Golden Horde - a foot who participated in the conquest campaigns. The main population ismangyty therefore, his ulus is called Mangyt Yurt.Founder of Horde - Eat. In 1426 -1440gg. Under the Board of Nur-Hell Dina created an independent state-in.
Territory: between the Volga and the Urals,
Cent Horde Saraike (in the Urals), founded in 10 V. There were baths, mosques, bazaars, etc.
13-14B. - The flowering of the city, due to the trade routes from the Crimea and the Caucasus to Karakorum and China
Start 16V. . - the capital of Kahanhood Kaz in Kasim
1580 . The city is destroyed by the Don and Volzhsky Cossacks.
Under his rule, the title of "Becler-Beci" or"Great Emir." I had unlimited power.
Administrative power carried out - Beci, People, Sultans and BAI - solved the social economy questions. Power was inherited.
People - The ruler of Aulu submitted to the ruler of the ulus. (he collected taxes, collected warriors in campaigns)
90s G. 14V. - War Tokhtamysh with one for domination in the Golden Horde.
Start 17 V. - In Horde, the decline began and its disintegration on independent possessions, and after joining ml. Zhuzuz. The dependence of the Horde from the Crimean Khanate, Turkish Sultans + Pursuit by Russia is part in Turkey, the North Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Bashkirtobos.
Ethnic composition of the Nogai Horde
Nogai Orda
Turkic-speaking tribes
IV. . Reflection :
What do you know about the creation of the Nogai Horde?
What part of the lands of the Nogai Horde treated Kazakhstan?
Tell us about the ethnic composition of the Nogai Horde.
At the board of which Khan, the political situation of the Nogai Horde has strengthened?
What do you know about the political situation of Western Siberia?
Who are Taibugins?
V. . Total lesson .
D / z § 26 pp 125 - 130 retelling. Estimates for the lesson.
