The struggle of Russians against foreign invaders 13th century. The struggle of Russia against foreign invaders
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE KRASNOYARSK REGION
REGIONAL STATE BUDGETARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
"KRASNOYARSK COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP"
to conduct open lesson
on History
Topic: "The struggle of Russia against foreign invaders in the 13th century "
Material prepared by:
History teacher
first qualification category
Tatrishvili Yulia Vladimirovna
EXPLANATORY NOTE
A lesson in studying new material, a lesson - a workshop. "» , in the preparation of students in the specialty "Auto technician"
This lesson occupies one of the main places in the study of the History of Russia, since with the help of it the following general competencies are formed:
Lesson form - lesson - workshop.
Purpose of the lesson :
1.the formation of students' knowledge about the struggle of the Russian people with foreigninvaders inXIIIcentury;
2. formation of the ability to find the necessary material in the text of the textbook;
3.
.
continue to develop skills and abilities to work with historical
documents and historical maps;
4. the formation of cognitive interest in the history of the Fatherland;
5.
the formation of patriotic personality traits on heroic
examples of defenders of the Motherland.
Lesson Objectives:
1. Educational : to acquaint students with the heroic struggle of the Russian people and the peoples of the Baltic states with German and Swedish feudal lords;to reveal the essence of Alexander Nevsky's leadership talent;
2. Developing : develop the skills of students to work with the text of the textbook,historical sources, map, analyze the causes of aggression withparties western countriesdefine the role politician in historystates
3. Educational : promote patriotic education,fostering respect for the defenders of the Motherland.
Lesson plan
Lesson form : lesson - workshop.
Location: krasnoyarsk, st. Kurchatova 15, KGBPOU "Krasnoyarsk College of Industry Technologies and Entrepreneurship", study room 303 "Stories"
Occupation type : lesson in learning new material.
Teaching methods:
before students the task of independent processing of the historical source. Involvement of students in cognitive activity. Scoring of future actions. Issuance of historical documents.3 min
Repetition of safety rules
Heuristic. Voicing the basic safety rules by students when working in the office.
2 minutes
Working with maps, historical documents, diagrams.
Research. Choosing the best methods for working with historical documents and materials.
5 minutes
Practical part, composing answers
Reproductive. Students' performance of tasks using historical materials (flow chart).
25 minutes
Presentation of work results.
Heuristic.
Students' presentation of the results cognitive activities... Voicing your messages, conclusions.
7 minutes
Summarizing
Summing up the lesson.
2 minutes
Expected Result:
Formed knowledge:
Basic concepts, events, processes of the historical period:
Formed skills:
work with historical maps;
work with historical documents;
work with illustrations;
revealing historical events, concepts and definitions
group work;
public speaking;
Formed competencies:
OK 2. Organize your own activities, choose standard methods and ways of accomplishing the assigned tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality.
OK 3. Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and be responsible for them.
OK 4. Search and use the information necessary for the effective implementation of the settasks personal development.
OK 5. Use information and communication technologies in professional activities.
OK 6. Work in a team and team, communicate effectively with different social statuses.
OK 7. Take responsibility for the work of team members, the result of assignments.
OK 8. To independently determine the tasks of personal development, engage in self-education, consciously plan to improve their education.
Equipment:
illustrations
map "Russia inXIII in."
map "Rus in XIV-XV centuries "
circuits using a projector.
handout with questions tooccupation
Demo material
HandoutAppendix 1.2 3.4
Appendix drawings
Appendix 4 score sheet
Teaching methods:
Dialogic.
Monological.
Heuristic.
Research.
Reproductive.
Training methods: story, explanation, characterization, writing out concepts, working with historical sources and documents, comparison, reasoning, independent work, slideshow.
Control methods: poll.
TRAINING LESSON PROJECT
Topic of the lesson: « The struggle of Russia against foreign invaders in the 13th century»
The purpose of the students: mobilization of students for educational and practical activities.
TRAINING LESSON PROJECT
Prepare for classPresentation
Attachment 1
2. Isolation of the problem
Historical documents with assignments are distributed. Clarification of the essence of future work
Acquaintance with historical documents, with assignments, assignments are discussed in groups.
Handouts - documents, illustrations, assignments
Appendix 2
3. Practical part, work with historical material
Controls the process of selecting historical information, completing tasks
Make selection necessary information, perform tasks by source.
Historical documents, mapsapplication
5. Presentation of work results.
He offers to voice the completed tasks and offers to evaluate the quality of the ready-made response of the teams and to enter the results in the evaluation sheets.
They voice their answers, draw conclusions. Evaluate the performances of the opposing teams, fill out the score sheets
6. Summing up
Suggests to summarize the work
Summing up the results.
Hand over completed assessment sheets
During the classes
Intermediate goalTeacher actions
Student actions
Psychological attitude to activity
Welcomes learners
Celebrates attendance. Finds out the reasons for the absence of students
Provides uniform pedagogical requirements and checks readiness for the lesson
Creates a friendly atmosphere of communication and a business rhythm of work.
Greet the teacher.
Absent are reported.
Adapt to the workplace. They perceive, comprehend, realize the importance of work in class.
2. Isolation of the problem
Problem statement
“Oh light, bright and beautiful, the decorated Russian land! You are glorified with many beauties ... You are filled with everything, the Russian land! ... "
“A huge number of people died, many were taken prisoner, mighty cities disappeared from the face of the earth forever, precious manuscripts, magnificent frescoes were destroyed, secrets of many crafts "
These two statements characterize Russia inXIII in.
Problematic question: What events are we talking about? Why did this metamorphosis take place, what happened in Russia?
This will be discussed in the lesson, the topic of which:"The fight of Russia against external invasions in XIII in.
Listens, corrects the students' answers, finally formulates the goal of the lesson
The purpose of the lesson: deepen your knowledge on the issue: "the struggle of Russia against external invasions in the 13th century" andsolve the problem of: why Russia could not withstand as a result of the conquests, which is at a higher stage of social development?
Discuss the problem situation.
1.B XIII in. Feudal fragmentation took place in Russia.
2 the invaders have invaded .
3. Actualization of basic knowledge
Updating basic knowledge
Organizes verification homework.
Asks targeted questions to stimulate the thinking activity of students.
Questions:
What are the reasons feudal fragmentation Rus?
Name and show on the map the main principalities-states that appeared in Russia during this period?
What are the consequences of feudal fragmentation for Russia?
What was the most dangerous consequence and why?
Right. The weakening of the state's defenses is the main danger for Russia.XIIIin. In the 13th century the Mongol-Tatars were the enemy that weakened the internal and external position of Russia. But they weren't the only enemies. In the west, there was another insidious and dangerous enemy... These are the Swedes and the Crusaders.Today in the lesson we have to answer the questions:Why did the Russians manage to defeat the knights?
What was the general talent of Alexander Nevsky?
How did the Russian land try to defend its independence and fought against the Tatars - the Mongols?
Once again formulates the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Explains new material and gives the task:
– Batu's invasion did not affect the north-western regions of Russia - Novgorod and Pskov lands. But here, too, an extremely dangerous situation has developed.
German knights - crusaders and members of spiritual and knightly orders - settled in the Baltic States.
The organizer of the Crusades was the Catholic Church. Crusaders are knights, participants in the crusades. In the armies of the crusaders, with the blessing of the Pope, special monastic-knightly organizations were created, they were called spiritual-knightly orders. The defeated Russia seemed easy prey to the crusaders. German knights - crusaders, members of the Livonian and Teutonic orders settled in the Baltic States.
With the blessing of the Pope, they set out to establish the Catholic faith by force not only in the Baltic States, but also in the Russian lands. The knights did not consider Orthodox Christians.
To reinforce what was said:
- Who are the crusaders and what are their goals?
- What is a knightly order?
- Who in the 13th century threatened Russia from the West?
- Who are the crusaders?
- What was their goal?
It was assumed that the Swedes and the German orders of knighthood, by joint efforts, will make crusade to Russia.The teacher tells, using a map, the history of the campaigns of the Swedish and German knights to Novgorod:Eastern European lands have long attracted the attention of Swedish and Danish feudal lords with their wealth. These lands were also of interest to the Catholic Church, which sought to expand its influence to the east.But when the Mongol-Tatars attacked Russia from the east, the Teutonic and Livonian orders united for a campaign against Russia from the West.
Write down the topic. Formulate the purpose of the lesson
They listen, comprehend, reason,
Formulate the answers.
4.Fulfillment practical work
Practical skills training
Coordinates the work of students with historical source, map, illustrations
Perform work according to the assigned task.
Presentation of work results
Testingactions associated with the independent construction of an oral speech utterance
Practicing the skill of checking the quality of the completed assignment, assessment.
Invites you to complete tasks using handout material and electronic presentation. Provides assistance in completing assignments, coordinates the actions of students.
– So, let's get down to the tasks.
I the task:
1. Each team is given worksheets with tasks.
Formulate and present their answers.
Summarizing
Evaluation of the success of the work done. Issuing homework
Our lesson ends, let's summarize.
Analyzes the activities of students (readiness for classes, preparation of homework, discipline and activity in the lesson, the success of mastering a new teaching material) and evaluates it.
Gives marks: 1. Based on the results of homework check. 2. Based on the results of the work in the lesson (answers to questions, messages, work with the text of the textbook, additions, clarifications). 3. Only positive marks for completing the test on a new material.
Asks the question: Who disagrees with these estimates?
Analyzes answers, focuses on errors, substantiates the objectivity of assessments. Notes and morally stimulates students who successfully completed assignments, actively worked during the lesson, helped the teacher.
Students who received unsatisfactory grades are invited to analyze the reasons for the failures and are invited to consult.Invites learners to summarize the lesson. Collects score sheets
Well done, thanks for the work in the lesson.
Summarize the results of the lesson.
Listen to the teacher,
Ask questions.
Express their own opinion
Agree or disagree with estimates.
Appendix # 1
Document No. 1
Words are missing in the text of the document ... .... insert the missing words after finishing the text
“As a result, in July… ..the Swedish army led its fleet at the mouth of the river…. The command of the army was taken over by the son-in-law of the Swedish king - Birger. Moving inland, his army stopped on the left bank of the river ... .., not far from the mouth of the Izhora. The Swedes were so confident in their victory that, according to some sources, they sent a message to the young Prince Alexander, which said “We are here and we will capture you and your land.” As for Alexander's actions, he had accurate information about the movement of the Swedish army , since in Novgorod, intelligence activities were well established. The young prince decided to use the surprise factor by gathering the city militia and making a rapid march to the place where he stopped swedish army... During the movement of the troops, more and more detachments joined him. "
What kind of battle are we talking about?
Date of the battle?
Participants in the battle?
Document number 2
From the "Simeon Chronicle":
Questionsandassignments todocument no.2
Select in the text the facts that speak about the heroism of Russian soldiers;
Determine the reasons for the victory of the Novgorod squad
Formulate the significance of the Battle of the Neva for the fate of the Russian people
[The ruler of Sweden Birger] having heard about the bravery of the Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich, he planned to defeat him or take him prisoner and capture Veliky Novgorod and its suburbs and turn the Slavic people into captivity. And he said: "I am going and will conquer the whole land of Alexandrov." The king gathered a great force, his chiefs and bishops, both Swedes and Norwegians, and sum, seven, and filled the ships with a multitude of their regiments and moved with great force, overwhelmed by a warlike spirit, and came to the Neva River and stood at the mouth of Izhora, wishing to his madness to seize Ladoga and even Novgorod and the entire Novgorod region. Then the news came that the Swedes were marching to Ladoga, and the king at the same time proudly sent ambassadors to the Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich in Novgorod with the words: "If you can resist me, then I am already here and will conquer your land" ... And Alexander went to the Swedes with his brave warriors, not with many retinues, because there was no time to gather a large army. His father, grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, did not know about the attack on his son Alexander, there was no time to send a message to his father, because the enemies were already approaching. And many Novgorodians did not have time to gather in the army, because the Grand Duke Alexander hastened to go against the enemies. And he came to them on Sunday 15 July, and there was a great slaughter with the Swedes. Many Swedes were beaten, and Alexander himself inflicted a wound on the face with his sharp sword. [In some editions of the chronicle - 20 husbands of Novgorod died along with the citizens of Ladoga.
Map of the Battle of the Neva
Appendix 2
Document no. 3
From the "Simeon Chronicle":
Questions and tasks to the document № 3
Determine what prevails in the above snippet: historical facts or an artistic description of the event.
Formulate the reasons for the victory of Russian soldiers.
Why the tactics of the knights, which brought them success in the wars in Europe, did not lead to victory at Lake Peipsi?
What is the significance of the victory of Alexander Nevsky?
And he went with his brother Andrei, both Novgorodians and Suzdalians, to German soil with great force, so that the Germans would not boast, saying "we will humiliate the Slovenian language."
Already the city of Pskov was taken and German tyuns were planted in the city. The Grand Duke Alexander occupied all the ways to Pskov and suddenly took the city, and, capturing the Germans and Chud and German governors, imprisoned them in chains in Novgorod, and freed the city of Pskov from captivity, and fought the German land and burned and took many prisoners, and others interrupted. They gathered, saying with pride: "Let's go to Alexander and, having won, we will take him prisoner." When the Germans approached, the guard of the Grand Duke Alexander was surprised at the strength of the German and was horrified. Prince Alexander the Great, having prayed in the Church of the Holy Trinity, went to the German land, wishing to avenge the Christian blood ... Hearing about this, the master went against them [Alexander's regiments] with all his bishops and with all the multitude of their people and their strength, whatever was in their area, together with royal assistance; and converged on a lake called Peipsi. Grand Duke Alexander has returned back.
The Germans and the Chud followed him. The great prince set up an army on Lake Peipus on Uzmen, near the Crow Stone, and, preparing for battle, went against them. The troops converged on Lake Peipsi; there were many of those and others. There was Alexander and his brother Andrew here with many of his father's warriors, Alexander had many brave, strong and strong, all were filled with a warlike spirit, and their hearts were like lions. And they said: "Prince, now is the time to lay down their heads for you."
It was then a Sabbath day, and at sunrise the two armies met.
And there was an evil and great slaughter for the Germans and Chudi, and the crackle of breaking spears and the sound of the blows of swords was heard, so that the ice on the frozen lake broke, and there was no ice visible, because it was covered with blood. And I myself heard about this from an eyewitness who was there. And the Germans turned to flight, and the Russians drove them with a fight as if by air, and there was nowhere for them to run away, they beat them 7 miles on the ice to the Subolitsk coast, and the Germans fell 500, and the Chuds were countless, and 50 of the best German governors were taken prisoner and brought them to Novgorod, and the other Germans drowned in the lake, because it was spring. Others fled badly wounded. There was this fight ... ... ...
In the summer of 1240, they captured Izborsk, and then captured Pskov.
Detachments of knights appeared near Novgorod. And there was no one to defend the city, because boyars, fearing that Alexander Nevsky would expand the rights of princely power, forced him to leave Novgorod. However, soon the veche begged him to return with his retinue to protect Novgorod.
Students are given an assignment: Using material from a historical document, arrange passages from the document in chronological order.
1 .... Both the Germans and the Chud made their way like a wedge through the shelves. And there was an evil and great slaughter for the Germans and Chudi, and there was a crackling from the breaking mines and the sound from the blows of swords, so that the ice on the frozen lake broke and there was no ice visible, because it was covered with blood ...
2 .... Hearing about this, the master came against them with all his bishops and with all the multitude of their people and their strength, whatever was in their area, together with royal help; and went down to the lake called Peipsi ...
3. ... Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich came to Novgorod and soon went with the Novgorodians, the Ladozhians, the Karelians and the Izhorians to the city of Koporye and destroyed the fortress to the ground, and killed the Germans themselves ...
4 .... The prince, the great, set up an army on Lake Peipus on Uzmen near the Crow Stone and, having strengthened the strength of the cross and prepared for battle, went against them. (The troops) converged on Lake Peipsi; there were a lot of both ...5 ... And the enemies turned to flight and drove them with a battle, as through the air, and there was nowhere for them to run away; and beat them 7 miles on the ice ... and the Germans fell 500, and chudi
countless, and captured 50 of the best German commanders and brought them to Novgorod, and other Germans drowned in the lake, because there was
spring, while others fled, seriously wounded ...
6 .... The Grand Duke Alexander took all the way to Pskov and suddenly took
city, and captured the Germans and Chud and the governors of the German, and in chains
sent to Novgorod, and freed the city of Pskov from captivity ...
("The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky")(Answer: 3-6-2-4-1-5)
Appendix No. 3
Document No. 4
(According to the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle)
Which battle is shown in the diagram
What kind of battle are we talking about
“In the year 6732 (1224). An unheard-of army came, godless Moabites, called Tatars; they came to the Polovtsian land. The Polovtsi tried to resist, but even the strongest of them, Yuri Konchakovich, could not resist them and fled, and many were killed - to the Dnieper River. The Tatars turned back and went to their vezha. And so, when the Polovtsians ran to the Russian land, they said to the Russian princes: “If you don’t help us, then today we were beaten, and you will be beaten tomorrow.” There was a council of all the princes in the city of Kiev, and decided at the council as follows: "It is better for us to meet them in a foreign land than on our own." This council was attended by Mstislav Romanovich of Kiev, Mstislav Kozelsky and Chernigov and Mstislav Mstislavich Galitsky - they were the oldest princes of the Russian land. Grand Duke Yuri of Suzdal was not present at that council. And the younger princes were Daniel Romanovich, Mikhail Vsevolodich, Vsevolod Mstislavich of Kiev and many other princes. From there they walked eight days to the Kalka River. They were met by the Tatar guard detachments. When the sentries fought, Ivan Dmitrievich was killed and two more with him. The Tatars drove off; near the river Kalka the Tatars met with the Russian and Polovtsian regiments. Mstislav Mstislavich ordered first to cross the river Kalka to Daniel with a regiment and other regiments with them, and after them he moved; he himself rode in a guard detachment. When he saw the Tatar regiments, he came to say: "Arm yourself!" Mstislav Romanovich and another Mstislav sat and did not know anything: Mstislav did not tell them about what was happening because of envy, because there was a great enmity between them. All the Russian princes were defeated. This has never happened. The Tatars, having defeated the Russian people because of the sins of Christians, came and reached Svyatopolkov's Novgorod. The Russians, not knowing about their deceit, went out to meet them with crosses and were all killed. Expecting the repentance of Christians, God turned the Tatars back to eastern land, and they conquered the Tangut land and other countries. Then their Genghis Khan was killed by the Tanguts. The Tatars, however, deceived the Tanguts and subsequently ruined them by deception. And they ruined other countries - with an army, and most of all by deception. "
Questions to the document:
Where and when did the first battle of the Russians with the Mongol-Tatars end.
Who led the Tatar and Russian troops?
Why were Russian troops defeated in the battle on the Kalka River?
What is the meaning of the battle on Kalka ?
Appendix No. 4
Appendix # 6
What kind of princes are shown in the illustrations
2
1
Appendix No. 5
Fill in the table
"The struggle of Russia against external invasions"
Date of battle
Battle objectives
Invaders
Results of the battle
Appendix # 6
Using the illustration, try to determine where which battle is depicted.
1.
2.
3.
+
The thirteenth century went down in the history of the Old Russian state as the time of the heroic struggle of the Russian people for independence. From the east, the Mongol-Tatar conquerors attacked Russia, from the north-west - German, Danish and Swedish knights-crusaders. Only heroic resistance to external enemies allowed Russia to maintain conditions for independent development.
The attack on Russia from the east, organized by the Mongol khans, became especially dangerous. The Mongol Empire was formed at the beginning of the 13th century at the kurultai (congress) in 1206. It united the numerous and warlike nomadic tribes of the steppes of Central Asia and the adjacent regions of Siberia. By its nature, it was an early feudal state, which was called "nomadic feudalism." The economic basis of this state was the property of nomadic feudal lords on livestock and pastures. All these tribes were engaged in cattle breeding, and in the north in the taiga regions - also hunting.
In 1206, at the general congress of Mongolian leaders, Temuchin was proclaimed by Genghis Khan, the “great khan” of the Mongol Empire. He managed to create a strong and numerous army of nomads and began campaigns of conquest. The historical situation has greatly favored this. The neighboring countries of Mongolia were going through a period of political fragmentation and could not unite to repel the conquerors. This was one of the reasons for Genghis Khan's success.
The campaigns began soon after the formation of the Mongol Empire. In 1207-1211 the Mongol-Tatars seized the lands of the Buryats, Yakuts and other peoples of Southern Siberia. Then the offensive began on North China. They occupied Beijing in 1215. Genghis Khan put at his service the enormous scientific and cultural potential of China. The Mongolian army was strong not only with fast and powerful cavalry, but also with Chinese military equipment - battering and stone-throwing machines, projectiles with a combustible mixture.
In the summer of 1219, having collected a huge army, Genghis Khan began to conquer Central Asia... Khorezm Shah Muhammer failed to organize resistance to the Mongol-Tatars, he scattered his army over the fortresses, which allowed Genghis Khan to break it up in parts. The cities of Samarkand and Bukhara surrendered without a fight, Khorezm, Urgenchi and others were destroyed. In 1222, the Mongols-Tatars completely conquered Central Asia. The country was devastated, hundreds of thousands of people died, ancient cities disappeared in the fires, irrigation facilities fell into decay, and outstanding cultural monuments were destroyed.
After that, significant forces of the Mongol-Tatars under the command of Jebe and Subedey went to conquer Iran and the Caucasus. In 1222, this army, devastating Northern Iran, broke into the Transcaucasus and along the coast of the Caspian Sea entered the Polovtsian steppes. The Polovtsian Khan Kotyan turned to the Russian princes for help. Russian squads and Polovtsians met the conquerors on the Kalka River, where a battle took place on May 31, 1223. The lack of a unified command, the inconsistency of actions and strife between the Russian princes even during the battle predetermined its tragic outcome for the Russian regiments. From the banks of the Kalka, only a tenth of the Russian army returned to Russia. Russia has never known such a heavy defeat.
The Mongol-Tatars pursued the remnants of the Russian regiments to the Dnieper, but did not dare to invade Russia. After conducting reconnaissance of the forces of the Polovtsians and Russian regiments, the Mongols returned to Central Asia through the Volga region.
The attack on Eastern Europe by the forces of the "ulus of Jochi", where Genghis Khan's grandson Batu, or Batu, as the Russian chroniclers called him, now ruled, began in 1229. The Mongolian cavalry crossed the Yaik River and invaded the Caspian steppes. The conquerors spent five years there, but did not achieve noticeable success. Volga Bulgaria defended its borders. The Polovtsi were pushed back beyond the Volga, but not defeated. Continued resistance to the Mongols and Bashkirs. The offensive by the forces of one "ulus of Jochi" was clearly exhausted. Then, in 1235, at the kurultai in Karakorum, a decision was made about a general Mongol campaign to the West under the leadership of Khan Batu. The total number of the Mongolian army reached 150 thousand people. None of the opponents could have deployed such an army. In the fall of 1236, the Mongol-Tatars concentrated in the Caspian steppes. The invasion of the West has begun.
The first victim of this invasion was the Volga Bulgaria. The Mongols destroyed and plundered this country, and the population was either killed or taken prisoner. In the fall, their main forces were concentrated in the upper reaches of the Voronezh River to invade North-Eastern Russia.
In Russia, they could not but know about the invasion of Batu. But the princes engaged in strife did nothing to unite their forces against the common enemy. In the winter of 1237, hordes of Mongol-Tatars crossed the Volga and invaded the Ryazan principality. Ryazan prince Yuri Igorevich turned to the princes of the Vladimir and Chernigov principalities for help, but did not receive help from them. They abandoned the joint struggle against the Mongols. The "Tale of Batu's invasion of Ryazan" tells that Prince Yuri decided to appease the Tatar khans by sending his son Fyodor and boyars with rich gifts to them. Batu took the gifts and began to mock the Russian ambassadors. He demanded "tithes in everything." The Russian ambassadors replied: "When you defeat us, everything will be yours."
Prince Yuri gathered an army and set out to meet the enemy. In the open field, the battle lasted for several hours. The main part of p 
the Yazan army was killed. In December 1237, the Tatar-Mongols approached the capital of the Ryazan principality and began an assault on it. Residents of Ryazan bravely defended their city. This went on for five days and nights. Finally, on December 21, the Tatar-Mongols broke through the wall with battering machines and burst into the city. They set fire to houses, robbed and killed residents.
Folk legend tells how the Tatars once again had to meet with the Ryazan people. Ryazan governor Evpatiy Kolovrat was at that time in Chernigov. Learning about the invasion of the Tatars, he rode to Ryazan and saw a terrible picture of ruin. Kolovrat decided to take revenge on Batu. He gathered 1,700 soldiers and attacked the Tatars during their retreat to the Vladimir principality. Kolovrat's warriors fearlessly swooped down on the enemies and began to "mercilessly destroy them." Evpatiy himself and his brave men died, but the Tatars suffered heavy losses.
Having devastated the Ryazan principality, the Mongol-Tatars approached Moscow. Muscovites bravely defended their city, but could not resist. They burned and plundered the city and surrounding villages, and killed the population. Then the Tatars captured Suzdal, destroyed the white-stone palace in Bogolyubovo, and took many artisans prisoner.
On February 4, 1238, Batu was besieged by Vladimir. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich was not in the city, he left to gather an army. The residents of Vladimir decided not to give up. As noted in the chronicle, they declared: "It is better to die in front of the Golden Gate than to be in captivity with the Tatars." On the second day, the invaders broke into the city and set it on fire. The prince's wife and their children were killed in the burning city. The inhabitants of Vladimir were partly exterminated or taken prisoner. The conquerors spread throughout the principality. They ravaged and destroyed Rostov, Yaroslavl, Tver, Yuryev and other cities. On the river City on March 4, Batu's hordes surrounded the troops of Yuri Vsevolodovich. “There was a great battle and a wicked one, and blood poured like water,” the chronicler wrote. All Russian soldiers, together with Prince Yuri, died for their land. A large detachment of Tatars besieged the city of Torzhok for two weeks. Finally, he was taken. The enemies slaughtered all the inhabitants and moved on. Their goal was to capture the wealthy Novgorod. But the spring thaw began, the forces of the Mongol-Tatars noticeably weakened and, before reaching Novgorod a hundred miles, they turned south, again robbing and killing people.
In the summer of 1238, Batu took his heavily battered and thinned army across the Volga, to the Polovtsian steppes. And in 1239 he resumed the campaign against Russia. One of the Tatar detachments went up the Volga, devastated the Mordovian land, the cities of Murom and Gorokhovets. Batu himself with the main forces went along the Dnieper. After heavy fighting, he captured Pereyaslavl, Chernigov and other cities.
In the fall of 1240, the Tatar hordes approached Kiev. Batu was amazed at the beauty of the ancient Russian capital. He wanted to take Kiev without a fight. But the people of Kiev decided to fight to the death. The battering machines knocked round the clock, the Tatars broke through the walls and burst into the city. The battle continued on the streets of Kiev, cathedrals and houses were destroyed, residents were exterminated. Despite desperate resistance, Southern Russia was also devastated and captured by the Mongol-Tatars.
In the spring of 1241, the conquerors left the Russian lands and invaded Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. But the offensive impulse of the Mongol-Tatars was already weakening. At the beginning of 1242, having reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, Batu Khan turned back and through Bulgaria, Wallachia and Moldavia returned to the Black Sea steppes. Russia saved the peoples of Central and Western Europe from Mongol ruin and conquest.
Having finished the conquest of the Russian lands, in 1243 the Tatar-Mongols founded a large and strong state near the southern borders of Russia - the Golden Horde, whose capital was the city of Sarai-Batu on the Lower Volga. The Golden Horde included Western Siberia, the Caspian steppes, the North Caucasus, Crimea. Russia was not part of the Golden Horde, the Russian principalities retained their own administration, army, and religion. The Mongol khans did not interfere in the internal affairs of the Russian principalities. However, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich had to recognize the power of the Horde Khan. In 1243 he was summoned to the Golden Horde and was forced to accept from the hands of Batu a “shortcut” for the great reign. This was the recognition of dependence and the legal registration of the Horde yoke. But in fact, the Golden Horde yoke took shape in 1257, when a census of Russian lands was carried out by the Horde officials and a regular tribute was established. The collection of tribute from the Russian population was entrusted either to the representatives of the khan - the Baskaks, or to the tax farmers - the bessermen.
The consequences of the two-hundred-year Tatar-Mongol yoke were very grave. It led to a prolonged decline in the economic, political and cultural development of the Russian lands, it was the beginning of their lag behind the advanced Western European countries. The old agricultural centers of Rus fell into desolation, and the cultivated areas were reduced.
The Tatar-Mongol yoke divided Russia, weakened the economic and political ties between the eastern and western lands. There was a massive devastation and destruction of Russian cities. According to the archeologists of the country, of the 74 cities of Russia known from excavations in the XII-XIII centuries, 49 were destroyed by the Tatars, 14 of them ceased to exist, and 15 turned into villages.
The death and capture of skilled artisans led to the loss of many craft skills and technological methods, the disappearance of such crafts as filigree, rabble, cloisonné enamel, etc. Stone construction in cities was suspended, the fine and applied arts and chronicles fell into decay. Due to the leakage of silver into the Horde, money circulation in Russia almost completely ceased.
A heavy blow was dealt to the political and commercial ties of the Russian state with foreign countries. Only Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Vitebsk, Smolensk have not lost these ties with the West. Only the Volga trade route has survived.
The restoration of the economy and the revival of cities and villages was aggravated by the departure of a significant part of the national income to the Golden Horde in the form of heavy tribute, as well as the continuous raids of the Mongol-Tatars on the Russian lands. According to the calculations of the historian V.V. Kargalov, in the last 20-25 years of the XIII century alone, the Tatars made 15 major invasions of Russia. And cities such as Pereyaslavl, Murom, Suzdal, Vladimir, Ryazan were invaded by the Horde several times. It took almost a century to restore the economy and create the necessary prerequisites for the elimination of political fragmentation and the formation of the Russian centralized state.
One cannot fail to note the influence that the Mongol-Tatar yoke had on the choice of the path of development of North-Eastern Russia. First, the yoke turned the Russian princes into vassals of the Mongol khans. Becoming their "service books", the Russian princes absorbed the spirit of the Mongol empire - the unquestioning obedience of their subjects and the boundless power of rulers, unlimited, tough and cruel.
Secondly, the yoke played a negative role in the fact that basically the ruling class perished. Only in the Ryazan principality, 9 out of 12 princes perished. After the Horde yoke, a new nobility began to form on the basis of citizenship relations, the old nobility was almost liquidated. In Russia, a despotic regime became the norm for a long time.
In the XIII century, danger hung over Russia not only from the east, but also from the west. German and Swedish feudal lords decided to take advantage of its weakening. They believed that a convenient time had come for the conquests of the Baltic and Northwestern Russian lands. This invasion was authorized by the Pope. The Teutonic knights were the first to invade the Baltic. On the lands of the Livs, Estonians and Latvians seized by them, the spiritual-knightly Livonian Order was established, which forcibly began to convert the local population to the Catholic faith. Hence the German knightly aggression began to spread to the Lithuanian and Russian lands.
From the north, the Swedish feudal lords began to threaten the Novgorod possessions. In July 1240, a large Swedish army on ships entered the mouth of the Neva River. The Swedish troops were commanded by the son-in-law of the Swedish king Birger. He sent his ambassador to Novgorod with the news that his army was already on Russian soil. Prince of Novgorod Alexander Yaroslavich, having received the news of the invasion of the Swedes, gathered his squad, foot militia and opposed the conquerors. July 15, 1240 russian army approached the Swedish camp. B 
the Irger and his governors did not expect a surprise attack. Part of the Swedish troops was in the camp on the banks of the Neva River, and the other part was on ships. With a sudden blow, Alexander cut off the Swedish troops from the ships, some of which were captured. The Swedish aggressors were defeated, and the remnants of Birger's troops sailed home on ships.
The victory over the Swedish feudal lords was won thanks to the courage of the Russian soldiers and the military leadership skills of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich, whom after this victory the people called Nevsky. As a result of the defeat of the invaders, the Novgorod Republic retained its lands and the possibility of free trade in the Baltic Sea.
In the same 1240, the German knights began their offensive against Russia. They captured Izborsk and moved towards Pskov. Because of the betrayal of the mayor Tverdila and part of the boyars, Pskov was taken in 1241. In Novgorod itself, a struggle broke out between the boyars and the prince, which ended with the expulsion of Alexander Nevsky from the city. Under these conditions, individual detachments of the crusaders found themselves 30 kilometers from Novgorod. At the request of the veche, Alexander Nevsky returned to the city.
In the winter of 1242, Alexander Nevsky gathered an army from Novgorodians, Ladozhians, Karelians and drove the German knights out of Koporye, and then, with the help of the Vladimir-Suzdal regiments, the enemy was expelled from Pskov.
Alexander Nevsky led his regiments to Lake Peipsi and placed them on the eastern steep shore. Taking into account the formation of the knights "pig", Alexander Nevsky in the center put on foot militia, and on the flanks - selected horse squads.
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on April 1242, a battle took place on the ice of Lake Peipsi, called the Battle of Ice. The knight's wedge pierced the center of the Russian position and buried itself on the shore. The flank attacks of the Russian regiments, like ticks, squeezed the German "pig" and decided the outcome of the battle. The knights could not withstand the blow, in panic they fled along the spring ice of the lake, which fell through under the weight of the knight's armor. According to chronicle data, 400 crusaders died and 50 were taken prisoner. The victory won by Alexander Nevsky on Lake Peipsi thwarted the plans of the crusader aggression. The Livonian Order was forced to ask for peace. However, relying on the help of the Roman Catholic Church, at the end of the 13th century, a significant part of the Baltic lands was captured by knights.
Thus, during the XII-XIII centuries, Russia became a participant in important political and socio-economic processes. The final disintegration of the Old Russian state took place into dozens of principalities and lands. This, on the one hand, contributed to the development of local productive forces, and on the other hand, it had a favorable effect on the implementation of the aggressive plans of the Mongol-Tatars. Russia was conquered, but not conquered, the Russian people continued to fight against the oppressors. Its potential was evidenced by the brilliant victories on the Neva over the Swedes and on the ice of Lake Peipsi over the German knights. Ahead was the time of decisive battles with the Mongol-Tatar conquerors.
The XIII century is a time of hard trials for the Russian people. Attempts to seize and colonize Russian lands were carried out both from the north (Swedes), and from the west (German knights), and from the east (Mongol-Tatars).
Russia and the Swedes. The Swedes were the first to take advantage of the difficult situation in Russia. Russia and the Scandinavians have long competed for the lands of the Neva and Ladoga regions. The struggle did not stop either in the XI or in the XII centuries. In 1164, a large fleet of Swedes appeared at the walls of Ladoga, but was defeated on the river. Voronya Novgorodians. In 1228, the Emi-Finno-Ugric tribes, who were allies of the Swedes at that time, came to fight in Lake Ladoga in boats.
In July 1240, the Swedish fleet reached the confluence of the Neva river. Izhora with the intention to go to Novgorod. Prince Alexander of Novgorod (he was 19 years old) spoke with his squad and part of the militia. On July 15, 1240, the Swedes were defeated. Prince Alexander received the honorary nickname Nevsky.
Russia and the Germans. Since the end of the XII century. begins the advance of the Germans into the Baltic lands. In 1202, the Order of the Swordsmen was formed to capture the Baltic and Christianize its population. At the same time, the Danes captured Revel (Tallinn). However, by 1224 all of Estonia was conquered by the crusaders. The crusaders destroyed the local population, and their lands were settled by colonists - the Germans. To fight the Germans, the peoples of the Baltic and Rus are united. Novgorodians won victories over the knights more than once. So it was in 1234 when Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich defeated them in the battle on the Emajõge River. In 1237 the Order of the Swordsmen (Livonian) became a branch Teutonic Order (formed in 1198). This increased the danger to Russia, which at the same time was subjected to the Mongol-Tatar invasion.
In 1240, the knights-crusaders captured Izborsk and Pskov and found themselves 40 versts from Novgorod. The previously exiled Prince Alexander was returned to the city. Leading the army, he liberated the captured cities and moved towards the crusaders. On April 5, 1242, a battle took place on the already melted ice of Lake Peipsi, which was called the Battle of Ice. Thanks to the military skill of Alexander Nevsky, the courage and heroism of the soldiers, the Novgorodians won. German expansion was stopped, and the Russian lands were saved from Germanization, Catholicism and enslavement.
In the same period, in the east and south of Russia, there was a struggle against the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Mongolia and Buryatia were the indigenous territory of the Mongol tribes. At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongol tribes were united. Under the leadership of Temujin, the Mongols conquered the Tatars, killed some of them, and united with the rest. In 1206, at the tribal convention (kurultai), Temujin was proclaimed the ruler of all Mongol tribes. He received the name of Genghis Khan (The Greatest Khan) (October 1155 - 1227). Genghis Khan strengthened military organization, which consisted of a horse army with excellent organization and iron discipline, with a single command. Well armed with bows and sharp sabers, dressed in helmets and sealskin shells, moving easily on fast horses, the Mongols were almost invulnerable to arrows. Even the highest Chinese military equipment for that time was used.
The first major clash of the combined forces of the Russians and Polovtsians with the Mongol-Tatars took place on May 31, 1223 on the Kalka River in the Azov steppes. Russia suffered a heavy defeat; killed nine-tenths of the combined forces. The reasons for the failure of the Russians: disagreements between the Russian princes, the lack of support from the princes of Kiev and Vladimir, the superiority of the Mongols in organization and discipline. Having reached the Dnieper, the Mongol-Tatars turned back.
In 1237, returning from the steppes under the leadership of Genghis Khan's grandson Batu (1208-1255), the conquerors crossed the Volga and invaded Russia. Ryazan, Vladimir, Suzdal, Moscow, the southern Russian lands (Chernigov, Kiev, Galicia-Volyn, etc.) were plundered and burned during February 1238, 14 Russian cities were destroyed.
The overwhelming superiority in military forces (from 37.5 to 75 thousand people) and technology, the lack of political and military unity in Russia contributed to the success of the Mongol-Tatars, despite the heroic resistance of the Russian city-states. It was possible to avoid direct invasions of Novgorod and Smolensk.
Having conquered Russia, the conquerors invaded Europe in 1241. The "scourge of the Lord" (as the Europeans called the Mongols) caused horror and panic there. In the letters of the European rulers to each other it was written that "the entire Christian (ie, Catholic) world is threatened with general destruction." However, after a series of battles in the Czech Republic and Hungary, Batu turned back. Some historians explain this by the fact that Batu, having lost significant forces on Russian soil, did not dare to leave the Russians in the rear, others by the fact that Batu, due to the death of the great khan Ugedei, was to take part in the election of an heir.
Rus' dearly cost her dedication. According to archaeologists, 49 out of 74 Russian cities were destroyed and ruined by the Tatars, 14 of them ceased to exist forever, and 15 turned into rural settlements. Tens of thousands of townspeople and villagers were killed. Many thousands, especially artisans, were taken prisoner.
In the summer of 1242, returning from the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the Mongols in the lower reaches of the Volga formed a new state within the Mongol Empire - the Golden Horde (Jochi ulus). It covered a huge territory: the lands of the Volga Bulgarians, Polovtsians, Crimea, Western Siberia, the Urals, Khorezm. The capital was Saray or Sarai-Batu, founded not far from the present Astrakhan. Ambassadors were sent to the northeastern princes, demanding that they appear to Batu with an expression of submission.
In the late 50s of the XIII century. in Russia, a system of collecting tribute ("Horde exit") was introduced - household taxation (for which a census was carried out - "number"), as well as military service. The institution of the khan's governors, the Baskaks, was created, exercising economic and political-military control in the Russian lands (existed until the beginning of the 14th century). "Great Baskak" had a residence in Vladimir. So the tributary dependence of Russia on the Golden Horde was established.
New invasions of the Mongol-Tatars did not stop either. The first campaign after Batu took place in 1252. It was "Nevryuev's army" that destroyed the Suzdal land. In 1293, the "Dudenev army" fell upon Russia, which "took 14 hails, and made the whole earth empty." In general, in the last 25 years of the XIII century. The Horde undertook up to 15 campaigns against Russia.
What impact did the Mongol invasion have on Russian society? First of all, there was a decrease in the population, part of the population was forced to flee to safer areas: to the west and northwest of the Volga-Oka interfluve. Secondly, a reserve of the feudal-dependent peasantry appeared at the expense of those landless people who were forced to flee to safe areas and turn to the nobility, especially the princes, to pay tribute. Thirdly, the position of the nobility is changing: existing before at the expense of tributes, feeding, polyuds, now they are losing these sources of income - everything is sent to the Horde. From here comes their reorientation to land ownership. Therefore, at the end of the XIII - XIV centuries. there has been a certain increase in large-scale private land ownership.
Fourthly, the importance of the prince in the political sphere is growing. If during the period Ancient Rus the princes were dependent on the veche, but now they came to cities with a khan's label, and, if necessary, with a Tatar detachment. So the princely power in relation to the population is strengthened.
However, even under these conditions, the Old Russian political system... The city-state continued to exist: Novgorod and Ryazan, new ones appeared - Moscow and Tver, and some centers of former times receded into the shadows (Rostov, Vladimir, etc.) Old Russian political traditions are not interrupted either. In particular, the activity of veche meetings was preserved, both in the XIV, and even in the XV centuries.
The Russian people did not put up with tributary dependence on the Horde. In 1257-1259 in Novgorod, in connection with the population census, the Novgorodians refused to be "included in the number." The speech was interrupted by Alexander Nevsky, who pursued a policy of compromise with the Mongols and believed that the time for an open clash with the horde had not yet come. In 1262, the townspeople of Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Ustyug the Great, Vladimir dealt with the Muslim merchants-tax farmers. Performances also took place later - in the 70-90s of the XIII century. The wide scale of the popular movement forced the horde to change the system of collecting tribute. Part of the collection was transferred to the Russian princes, and the influence of the Basmachi was limited.
So, from the middle of the XII century, centrifugal forces increased in Kievan Rus, which led to the feudal fragmentation of Rus: it broke up into a dozen independent principalities. It was a natural, progressive process that contributed to the further rise of the productive forces, the development of feudal relations. However, this factor led to a weakening of the state's defense power. Russia was invaded by foreign invaders (Swedes, Lithuanians, Germans) and in the second quarter of the XIII century. was enslaved by the Golden Horde.
In the section on the question of the struggle of Russia with foreign invasions in the 13th century, briefly asked by the author chevron the best answer is At the beginning of the 13th century, the ancient Russian principalities had to face an onslaught of conquerors from both the East and the West. The Mongol army turned out to be much stronger than all the nomads who had attacked Russia before, which resulted in the conquest of most of the territory of Russia and the establishment of a two-century Mongol-Tatar yoke. On the contrary, in the battles on the western borders of Russia, Prince Alexander Nevsky managed to stop the onslaught of the crusaders, fixing the historical borders of the Russian lands for a long time.
In 1206, the Mongol Empire was formed, headed by Temuchin (Genghis Khan). The Mongols defeated Primorye, North China, Central Asia, Transcaucasia, and attacked the Polovtsians. The Russian princes (Kiev, Chernigov, Volyn, etc.) came to the aid of the Polovtsy, but in 1223 on Kalka they were defeated due to inconsistency of actions.
In 1236 the Mongols conquered the Volga Bulgaria, and in 1237, led by Batu, invaded Russia. They ravaged the Ryazan and Vladimir lands, in 1238 they broke the river. Sit Yuri Vladimirsky, he himself died. In 1239 the second wave of the invasion began. Pali Chernigov, Kiev, Galich. Batu left for Europe, from where he returned in 1242.
The reasons for the defeat of Russia were its fragmentation, the numerical superiority of the united and mobile army of the Mongols, its skillful tactics, and the absence of stone fortresses in Russia.
The yoke of the Golden Horde was established - the state of invaders in the Volga region.
Russia paid her a tribute (tithe), from which only the church was exempt, and supplied soldiers. The collection of tribute was controlled by the Khan Baskaks, later by the princes themselves. They received from the khan a letter to reign - a label. The prince of Vladimir was recognized as the eldest among the princes. The Horde intervened in the strife of the princes and ravaged Russia many times. The invasion inflicted big damage military and economic power of Russia, its international prestige, culture. The southern and western lands of Rus (Galich, Smolensk, Polotsk, etc.) later passed to Lithuania and Poland.
In the 1220s. Russians took part in Estonia in the struggle against the German crusaders - the order of the sword-bearers, which in 1237 was transformed into the Livonian Order, a vassal of the Teutonic. In 1240, the Swedes landed at the mouth of the Neva, trying to cut off Novgorod from the Baltic. Prince Alexander defeated them in the Battle of the Neva. In the same year, the Livonian knights launched an offensive, taking Pskov. In 1242 Alexander Nevsky defeated them on Lake Peipsi, stopping the raids of the Livonians for 10 years.
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In the 13th century Kievan Rus as a single state ceased to exist. The fate of the western and eastern Russian lands was different.
In the middle of the 13th century, most of the Russian principalities were conquered by Mongol troops who came from the east. Russian princes began to pay tribute to the khan of the new Mongolian state, the Golden Horde. The Khan of the Horde decided which of the Russian princes would become the Grand Duke. This permission was called the “reign label”.
Mongol rule in Russia lasted over 200 years. One of the results of this domination was the creation by the Russian princes in the 15th century of a new state with the capital in Moscow.
From the west, the Novgorod and Pskov lands in the 13th century were attacked by Swedish, German and Lithuanian troops. These attempts to capture were repulsed. As a result, the population of the northern and eastern Russian lands remained Orthodox and fell under the influence of the khans of the Golden Horde, and did not come under the influence of the Catholic Church and European kings.
After the collapse of Kievan Rus, the southern and western Russian lands fell under the influence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and then of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In these lands, the influence of the Catholic Church grew.
Subsequently, the struggle for the western lands of the former Kievan Rus between the Russian state and the European states took place with varying success. Today, part of these lands are part of Russia, part is part of Belarus and Ukraine.
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Mongols are nomads who started their conquests from Central Asia. In the 13th century they conquered China, Central Asia, Transcaucasia, and in the 30s of the 13th century they attacked the Russian lands. Genghis Khan is the founder of the state (empire) of the Mongols. |
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The first battle of the Mongolian and Russian troops took place in the 20s of the 13th century (in 1223) on the Kalka River (south of the borders of Kievan Rus). The Russians came out in alliance with the Polovtsy against the Mongols, but the Mongols won. The reason for the defeat of the Russian-Polovtsian troops is considered to be the lack of a common command. Historians consider the Battle of Kalka as a warning to the Russian princes. The princes did not understand this warning and did not join forces before the Mongol invasion of Russia. |
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The Mongols attacked Russia in two waves in the 30s of the 13th century (in 1236 and 1239). They completed the conquest of Rus by the end of the 30s of the 13th century (by 1240). The first to be conquered were the northeastern Russian lands: Ryazan principality, Vladimir-Suzdal, Smolensk. During the second invasion, the southern and southeastern lands were conquered: the Chernigov, Kiev, Galicia-Volyn principality. |
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The northwestern Russian lands around the cities of Novgorod, Pskov, Polotsk, Turov were not devastated by the Mongols. During the conquest of Russia by the Mongols, Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan was in charge (stress on -u-, often called Batu Khan, stress on -y-). |
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Genghis Khan at the beginning of the 13th century divided the territory of the state between his sons. This part of the state was called “ulus”. The Golden Horde is a Mongolian state that arose in the 13th century on the lands conquered by the Mongols in Western Siberia, the Urals, Central Asia and the northern Black Sea region. This state was also called “Ulus Jochi”. Jochi is the son of Genghis Khan. Already in the middle of the 13th century, the Golden Horde became an independent state. The horde existed until the end of the 15th century, then divided into separate khanates. |
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As a result of the Mongol conquest, the Russian princes became vassals of the khans of the Golden Horde. A vassal is a feudal lord, subordinate to another feudal lord and obliged to act with an army on the side of the one to whom he obeyed. In addition, Russian princes paid tribute to the Mongols. Tribute was collected first by the Mongols themselves, then by merchants or by the Russian princes themselves. It is the vassal dependence of the Russian princes on the Mongols that is called the Mongol yoke. To gain power in the principality, the prince had to obtain permission from the Khan of the Golden Horde. This permission was called "shortcut". The Mongol yoke existed in Russia for about 240 years: in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. |
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The eastern Russian lands were under the Mongol yoke for about 240 years. The Russian princes, being vassals of the Mongol khans, fought with each other for a shortcut to reign. The Mongol Khan gave the label to the Russian prince. As a result of the Mongol conquest, the eastern Russian lands ceased to be a part of Europe, their further development led to the emergence in the 15-16 centuries of the Muscovy, which claimed a special role in the world. Western Russian lands were either not conquered by the Mongols, or freed from their rule faster than the northeastern ones. Novgorod land remained formally independent. Southwestern Russian principalities (Galicia-Volyn, Turovo-Pinsk, Kiev, Polotsk principalities) already in the 13th century became part of a new state - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Many Russian princes alternately entered into alliances with the Horde against Lithuania, then with Lithuania against the Horde. In the eastern Russian lands, Orthodoxy remained the dominant religion, in the western lands the influence of the Catholic Church increased. |
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Alexander Nevsky is a Russian prince who is famous for his victories over the Swedish, German and Lithuanian troops who invaded the Novgorod and Pskov lands in the middle of the 13th century. |
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Nevsky did not fight with the Mongol khans, he preferred to negotiate. Having received a label from the khan for the great Vladimir reign and becoming the main russian prince, he did not support the Novgorodians, who refused to pay tribute to the Golden Horde. Under pressure from Alexander, a Mongol census was carried out in Novgorod and the population of Novgorod was taxed. Alexander Nevsky had the opportunity to accept the patronage of the Catholic Church and thus get rid of the Horde dependence or reduce this dependence, but refused to do so. This decision of Alexander allowed Orthodoxy to remain the dominant religion in the eastern Russian principalities. |
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The Novgorodians called for Prince Alexander, first in connection with the invasion of the Swedes, and then in connection with the attack of the Germans in the early 40s of the 13th century. The army, led by Alexander, defeated the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240 (after which Alexander was given the nickname Nevsky) and over the Germans in the Battle on the Ice on the ice of Lake Peipsi in 1242. Alexander Nevsky's victories prevented the conquest of Novgorod and Pskov lands european kings and the spread of Catholicism in them. |
