Man: Systematics and characteristic signs in the structure of the body. General signs of man and mammals of which position of a person in the system of the animal world

In the structure and location of their bodies, a person belongs to the class of mammals. The most significant features inherent in both a person and mammals are moss, greasy and sweat glands, hairpots of the body, specialized teeth (cutters, fangs, pre-edged and indigenous), four-chamber heart and left aorta arc, pulmonary breathing, and the presence of a diaphragm, Highly developed brain, intrauterine development of the embryo, breastfeeding with milk. Both in person, and animals, single links of fabric metabolic substances are similar to POCT and individual development, the principle of storage and sale of the genetic code, and others for the whole organic world. The maximum similarity of a person is found with representatives of the family of man-like monkeys, or anthropoids: Gorilla, chimpanzees, orangutung, gibbon. The commonality of the internal structure of a person and anthropoids is complemented by the external similarity of their single plan of the structure of the upper and lower extremities, the absence of tail, very similar ears, the presence of nails on the fingers, etc.

It is almost impossible to distinguish the embryos of a person of primates and other vertebrate animals in the early stages of development. The human embryo is formed by chord, gill grooves, gill arcs and the corresponding network of blood vessels, just as

how it takes place in the ancient shark fish. In the process of embryonic development, a person appears in a person and then a number of other similar signs disappears, but some of them are saved as rudiments Indicating an explicit connection with the animal world. These include: Copchik - the rest of the tail, expressed in the spine of the embryo at the age of 1.5-3 months of intrauterine development, the outer hair cover, the worm-shaped process of the blind intestine, subcutaneous muscles, which are developed in humans only on the face and in the form of rudiment there are subcutaneous Ear muscles, etc. In total, a person has more than 90 rudiments.

A. N. Seversarov (1866-1936) indicated that the development of the proportion of modern vertebral suggests not so much about what was the adult forms of vertebrate ancestors, as they were, what their germinal forms were, as many significant changes in the structure of the body of hereditary The nature occurs during embryonic development and are reflected in the structure of adult forms in subsequent generations.

Undoubtedly, however, that the study of germinal forms allows you to judge about a number of features of the structure in adult ancestral forms, especially since the reproduction and transmission of signs occurs through adult forms, and not through the embryos.

Human embryos of five to six days already have mesodermic segments. The phenomenon of segmentation in the structure of the muscles of the human embryo testifies to the stage of the oldest chords, from which he inherited also, for example, a spinal string, primary renal primitives (front kidneys), traces of the tail intestine.

At the age of several weeks, human and other mammals are found by many traits of similarities with fish. Groom grooves develop on the sides of the cervical and head departments. The circulatory system is similar to characteristic - a two-chamber heart, tail artery, blood vessels as part of six arcs of aortic, suitable for gill mugs. This join here: the general shape of the body of the embryo, tail, gill grooves, the filamentous continuation of the rear spinal cord department.

All this convinces us that some of the oldest ancestors of man, like other top vertebrates, were fish. Some features of the "fishing stage" of development can manifest itself in a person in the form of atavisms. An example is cervical fistulas communicating with a throat.

At the same early stage, a person's brain has a very very primitive structure, however, as in all other vertebrates, it is already divided into three primary brain bubbles: front, middle and rear.

The front brain bubble forms olfactory shares, behind them the front brain of two hemispheres (in each of them in the cavity - the first and second ventricle), and even further the intermediate brain (in it the cavity is the third ventricle, then the epiphysis and pituitary gland).

The middle brain bubble is subsequently turns into the middle brain: the so-called "quadruse" is formed on the upper side. The channel inside the middle brain, otherwise the Silviev plumbing, communicates with the cavity of the fourth ventricle that is formed in the rear and oblong brain. From the bottom of the middle brain there are legs of a large brain, which, together with its hemispheres, is formed from the front and middle departments of the brain.

Finally, the rear brain bubble gives the beginning of Varoliev Bridge, cerebellum and an oblong brain, within which the fourth ventricle is formed. The oblong brain is directly moving into the dorsal, and the cavity of the fourth ventricle is in the spinal channel.

Of the modern vertebrates, a relatively very primitive brain we find fish. The hemispheres of the front brain of fish is very small and have small olfactory shares. There are almost no transverse links between the hemispheres, which are already developing in amphibians and reptiles. However, the transverse relationships arising with the complication of the brain are especially characteristic of the brain of most mammals, which are the highest well-developed spinal.

The middle fishe brain is represented mainly by the visual bolmochemium and constitutes the largest part of the brain, as it exceeds the hemisphere in the volume of eight-nine times. The intermediate brain, located between the hemispheres and the middle brain, carries the brain appendage fish: at the top - the epiphysis below is the pituitary gland.

Epiphiz represent an organ that phylogenetically ne closely is associated with another, namely with a dark eye. Possessing the ability to capture the light rays of a dark eye in some modern vertebrates develop as an unpaired body. Among the circulation chapters, he meets with Midnog, and among the reptiles in Gatteria, roundheads, Varana. On the turtles of most fossils of the oldest fish, amphibians and reptiles, a hole of the dark eye is found. From here it can be assumed that the parietal eye is developed and our very remote ancestors - lower vertebrates.

An even more interest is the pituitary. Judging by the structure of this body at the head of the chapter (it was at Mixin, whose pituitary tube opens outside the hole on the head in front of the eye, and the inner end communicates with the intestine), it is also a very ancient education. The pituitary gland has the nearest attitude towards the initial digestive tract with the oral part and the gill system, and its front part is derived to the protrusion of the primary oral cavity. In its own rear section, the pituitary gland is formed from the converted lower, narrowing end of the funnel of the intermediate section of the brain.

The pituitary and epiphesis were previously considered completely mysterious authorities. At one time, the philosopher Descartes even assumed habitat soul in epiphysis. But there is nothing particularly mysterious in them: these ancient organs have changed very much and are now the glands of the internal secretion. Features of their development in humans indicate its relationship with the lowest vertebrals. In some adults, people have neglected the pituitary tube reaches the mucous membrane of the upper end of the throat, where even the so-called additional hypophysies are sometimes found. In the main, or wedge-shaped, the bones of the skull in 3-5% of cases there is a cranial-pharmaceutical channel in the form of a tube residue for passing the pituitary stem (on the chimpanzee turtles, this channel is more common).
The epiphysis in the brain of the human embryo is developing, as well as in modern vertebrates, behind the parietal body, with which it is in some insufficiently clarified communication:
It may even be, according to V. M. Shimkevich, both of these organs are the relics of two pair formations that have attracted a relation to the development of the bodies of our remote ancestors - lower vertebrates.
What is inherited by a person from the stage of amphibians? This can, according to some researchers, include swimming metering, developing between the fingers in the human embryo. In the lower part of the wall of the belly of a person inherited from amphibian tendons of straight muscles.

The person received from amphibians also a sedanized artery (branch of the lower berry artery). The case of staying in an adult in a skeleton of the wrist of a free central bone is, perhaps, one of the examples of return to the type of block of amphibian ancestors.

In the olfactory department, man inherited from amphibious part, called the Jacobson Authority: It develops by the fifth month of the morning life in the form of a channel coming from the nasal cavity into the mouth. Although at the end of the uterine development, this body is reduced, but it can still be found in an adult in the form of a short, blindly ending the canalza, to which the end of special nerves are suitable. Jacobsons organ strongly developed in ruminant mammals.

Finally, the person inherited from the ancient amphibians is still the rest of their blinking metering in the form of the so-called semi-lobby, or a peeling meat, in the inner corner of the eye. This fold corresponds to a well-developed fooling metering, reptock, and in some fish.

Among the mammals, the blinking membrane has undergone severe reduction, especially in vehicles and most primates, but is significantly developed, for example, rabbits, cats and some monkeys. A person's half-party fold is a vivid example of rudiment.

From the reptile man inherited a number of signs that are found primarily in the uterine period, for example, in the development of the brain, in the structure and nature of the label of the limbs in the fetus of several months.

Further, as part of the front gill arc, from which the lower jaw is subsequently formed, the embryo is laid by mecklelev cartilage. Subsequently, he, like all mammals, gives two auditory bones, namely the hammer and anvil. Meanwhile, the ancestors in the ancestors, having experienced the process of ossification, served as a complex compound between the lower jaw and the skull, which is also observed in modern reptiles. The third hearing stone (stirrup) arising from the sub-speaking (hyoid) gill arc in one form or another of amphibians and reptiles.
The nature of the hair distribution on the body of the fetus groups - three and five pieces, to a certain extent corresponds to the method of arrangement of the scales on the skin of ancient reptiles, served by the ancestors of mammals.

Among the later ancestors of man were ancient mammals, as evidenced by an even greater number of facts. Thus, the brain of the human fetus in the early stages of development of its smooth surface and the primitiveness of the structure strongly resembles the brain of modern lower mammals (these features are inherited by a person, probably from their mesozoic forms).

Other primitive features found in its ontestium show about the relationship of a person with lower mammals. For example, the human six-week embryo is formed the primitives of several pairs of the mammary glands along the Milky Lines. Throughout the body (except palms and soles), it develops rather thick, albeit a small hair gun, otherwise Lanuga. Nice rollers are formed in the oral cavity on a soft nose, in a pronounced form so characteristic of monkeys, predatory and other mammals.

At the age of 1.5-3 months, the tail department is noticeably expressed, in which the final section of the infarded spinal column with 8-9 vertebrae bookmarks can be detected. By the end of this period, the outer section of the tail is reduced, retracts. In the inner portion of the tail department, from 6 to 2 vertebrae, receiving the name of the detergens and are usually tightly struggling between themselves in the tailbone, which in young men and women, as a rule, does not grow up with a sacrum.

Staying in the form of an exception and developing in some people, the last three signs and some other inherited from mammalian ancestors are atavism cases. This includes, for example, the lack of many human fruits wrapped the curl of the ear shell. In some adults, the shape of the so-called ear of Macak is preserved. Such a form of external ear is characteristic of human fruits at the age of five to six months and is inherited, obviously, from the fossil lower monkey, in some respects similar to the Macak and component one of the links of our pedigree. In the case of an incomplete wreath of the curl of the sink on its upper-lateral portion, a small skin expression is formed in the form of a tubercle called "Darwinov".

The atavisms from the stage of mammals also include: the extraordinarily strong development of ear muscles, allowing a person to move the ear shell; Development of Morgana Golders Large to the depth of over one centimeter; extra mammary glands, or nipples; Proportion of some extra teeth; Excessively severe hair and face; tail.

Each person has a worm-shaped outflow of a blind intestine, or Appendix: this rudimentary body is an indisputable evidence that our ancestors on the lower mammals have possessed a rather long blind intestine. In some modern mammals, such as rodents, hoofs, in the blind intestine there is an energetic process of digestion of the food mass.
Appendix is \u200b\u200bone of the numerous rudiments of the human body. The extremely characteristic feature of rudiments as residual authorities is the strong variability of their shape, size and structure. So, with an average length of 8-9 cm Appendix, the person sometimes reaches 20-25 cm, like human monkeys; It happens and is strongly shortened, up to 1-2 cm, and in very rare cases and is completely absent. Being rich in lymphoid tissue, especially at a young age, a worm-shaped process, apparently corresponds to some kind of blind intestine of other mammals who do not have appendix .

It can be assumed that the ancestors of people in the course of evolution partially or completely lost the following features: the subtlety of the smell, hair cover, most of the skin muscles, tail, the grabbing ability of the foot, signs in the jaws and intestines pointing to the herbivorous lifestyle, Essentialness of ear shell. The females of the later ancestors of man, namely, semoresseans and monkeys, due to a decrease in the number of cubs who were born, there was a reduction of most of the mammary glands, according to Darwin, transmitted to the males of these ancestors.
Atavisms (from lat. "Atavus" - ancestor) represents signs that are absent from the near, but characteristic of a very distant ancestors of a person. For example, thick hairproof body, the appearance of additional nipples in women and men, cases birthpeople with a tail and others. All these facts at one time gave the foundation of Ch. Darwin to conclude that the person and mammals occurred from one common ancient ancestor.

Thanks to the development of the Mimic Musculature, anthropoids can express common emotions: crying, laughter, anger or excitement, etc. Anthropoids are sick with many infectious diseases inherent to man (tuberculosis, abdominal typhoid disease, children's paralysis, dysentery, etc.) Picknasy meets Down disease ( Mental retardation), the emergence of which, as in humans, is associated with the presence of a third chromosome in the karyotype from the 21st pair. Detected traits of similarity in blood groups. Biochemical and molecular studies have shown that in the similarity of the proteins of albumin, the chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutan; Pavian and Martyski, these proteins have a slight similarity with human proteins, and are completely far on this sign from a person long-standing and lemurs. Domestic biochemist A. N. Belozersky analyzed the results of DNA molecular hybridization to identify the degree of general genetic information in human chromosomes and some monkeys. It turned out that the number of similar nucleotide sequences in the DNA in humans and chimpanzee was 91%, in humans and gibbon - 76, in humans and macaque of the reshu - 66%, that is, the closer in systematic terms the animals stand to a person, the more They are similarities in the molecular structure of DNA.

The man inherited from primates such features like wide shoulders and wide flat breasts, the community of the structure of the elbow and cranky joints, the hands and the entire top belt, are the qualities that the monkeys arose due to the woody lifestyle.

Darwin paid special attention to the proof of the phylogenetic community of emotions and how to express them, devoting them a separate essay, closely associated with the "man's origin". In the composition of the "Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals", which came out of the press in 1872, Darwin successfully showed that, according to the features of elementary mental activity and methods of expressing sensations, a person is undoubtedly genetically connected with monkeys. Another important conclusion was the one that among human races of mental differences does not exist.

All the facts of this kind were studied by Darwin, along with rudiments and atavisms, the same led him to the conviction that the person had a long pedigree, which go deep into the history of the animal world, and that the last link before the first people was the fossil human monkey.

The ability to grab and contrasting the thumb remaining, expressed in all primates, not only preserved in humans, but continued to develop. Anthropoids are able to use suitable items as an "gun" or "weapons" to achieve a certain goal, which served as the most important prerequisite for the emergence man's work.

The proximity of the person to anthropoids is traced in other peculiarities, but each of the human monkeys has only a certain set of the most common features. For example, the magnitude is closest to everyone to human gorilla, chimpanzees, orangutang, by weight of the body and the length of the limbs - chimpanzees, in the shape of the femur bones - Gibbon, on the structure of the bones of the pelvis, stop and the magnitude of the brain - Gorilla, etc. according to the anthropologist A. Kizsa, in humans and gorilla 385 common morphological signs, in humans and chimpanzees - 369, in humans and orangutan - 359. Gibbon and lower monkeys have 117-113 common signs with man.

A newborn person in the first days of life surprises an extraordinary chain. Such a feature serves as one of the indirect guidelines on the origin of a person from animals living in trees, and testifies to the monkey stage in human pedigree.

However, a person is distinguished from the world of animals fundamental biological differences Such as the vertical position of the body and movement on two legs, a high degree of hand development and the ability to perform a variety of, subtle and high-precision operations, a large volume of brain, which is 2.5 times higher than the anthropoid brain and 3.5 times - its surface area Finally, speech that is peculiar only to a person. It is not by chance that Ch. Darwin at one time concluded that none of the modern human monkeys is the immediate attitude of people. The pedigree person is a long chain of his predecessors, it goes deep into tens of millions of years, and the last link in front of the first people was the fossil human monkey. Unknown in the life of Darwin, the fossil predecessor of man was discovered later, confirming the scientific foresight of the scientist.

A person has a very ancient evolutionary pedigree. Among the more and more ancient ancestors are: lower monkey, semoressean, low placental mammal, primitive short mammal, single-pass mammal, reptile, amphibian, double fish, ganoid fish, primitive chord animal type of lancing, general ancestor of lancing and ascdes in the form of invertebrate . At the very beginning of the animal world, the first living beings are, which are thus the initial point of development and for humans. Human egg cells some way reminds of this initial stage of phylogenetic evolution.

In the structure and location of their bodies, a person belongs to the class of mammals. The most significant features inherent in both a person and mammals are moss, greasy and sweat glands, hairpots of the body, specialized teeth (cutters, fangs, pre-edged and indigenous), four-chamber heart and left aorta arc, pulmonary breathing, and the presence of a diaphragm, Highly developed brain, intrauterine development of the embryo, breastfeeding with milk. Both in the person, and in animals, single links of tissue metabolism, in a similar way growth and individual development are carried out, the principle of storage and implementation of the genetic code and others. The maximum similarity of a person is found with representatives of the family of human monkeys, or anthropoids: Gorilla, Chimpanzee, orangutung, gibbon.

It is almost impossible to distinguish the embryos of man, primates and other vertebrate animals in the early stages of development. The human embryo is formed by chord, gill grooves, gill arcs and the corresponding network of blood vessels are similar to how it takes place in the ancient shark fish. Some features of the "fishing stage" of development can manifest itself in a person in the form of atavisms. An example is cervical fistulas communicating with a throat. In the process of embryonic development, a person appears, and then disappears, a number of other similar signs, but some of them are preserved in the form of rudiments, pointing out an explicit connection with the animal world. These include: Copchik - the rest of the tail, expressed in the spine of embryo at the age of 1.5-3 months of intrauterine development, the outer hair cover, a worm-shaped outflow of a blind intestine, subcutaneous muscles, which are developed in humans only on the face and in the form of rudiment there are subcutaneous Ear muscles, etc. In total, a person has more than 90 rudiments.

From the reptile man inherited a number of signs that are found primarily in the uterine period, for example, in the development of the brain, structure and nature of the limbs of the fetus of several months.

The nature of the hair distribution on the body of the fetus groups - three and five pieces to a certain extent corresponds to the method of arrangement of scales on the skin of ancient reptiles, served by the ancestors of mammals. Among the later ancestors of man were ancient mammals, as evidenced by an even greater number of facts. Thus, the brain of the human fetus in the early stages of development of its smooth surface and the primitiveness of the structure strongly resembles the brain of modern lower mammals (these features are inherited by a person, probably from their mesozoic forms).

Other primitive features found in its ontestium show about the relationship of a person with lower mammals. For example, the human six-week embryo is formed the primitives of several pairs of the mammary glands along the Milky Lines. Throughout the body (except palms and soles), it develops quite thick, albeit a small hair gun. In the oral cavity on the soft sky, noticeable rollers are formed, in a pronounced form, so characteristic of monkeys, predatory and other mammals.

Such a form of external ear is characteristic of human fruits at the age of 5 -6 months and is inherited, obviously, from the fossil lower monkey, in some respects similar to the Macak and the component of one of the links of our pedigree. In the case of an incomplete wreath of the curl of the sink, a small skin growth is formed in the form of a tubercle, called Darwinov.

The atavisms from the stage of mammals also include: the extraordinarily strong development of ear muscles, allowing a person to move the ear shell; The development of Morgana Golders Large to the depth of over 1 cm; extra mammary glands, or nipples; Proportion of some extra teeth; Excessively severe hair and face; tail. Each person has a worm-shaped outflow of a blind intestine, or Appendix: this rudimentary body is an indisputable evidence that our ancestors on the lower mammals have possessed a rather long blind intestine. In some modern mammals, such as rodents, hoofs, in the blind intestine there is an energetic process of digestion of the food mass.

Appendix is \u200b\u200bone of the numerous rudiments of the human body. The extremely characteristic feature of rudiments as residual authorities is the strong variability of their shape, size and structure. So, with an average length of 8 -9 cm Appendix, the person sometimes reaches 20 -2 5 cm, like human-like monkeys; It happens and is strongly shortened, up to 1 -2 cm, and in very rare cases and is completely absent. Being rich in lymphoid tissue, especially at a young age, a worm-shaped process, apparently, corresponds to some kind of blind intestine of other mammals not having an appendix.

At one time, Ch. Darwin led to convincing evidence of the phylogenetic community of emotions and how to express them, devoting them to them a separate essay, closely related to the "Human origin." In the composition of the "Expression of Emotions in Human and Animal", released in 1872, Darwin successfully showed that, according to the features of elementary mental activity and methods of expressing sensations, a person is undoubtedly genetically connected with monkeys. Another important conclusion is that there are no mental differences among human races.

C. Darwin at one time concluded that none of the modern man-like monkeys is the immediate attitude of people. The pedigree person is a long chain of his predecessors, it goes deep into tens of millions of years, and the last link in front of the first people was the fossil human monkey. Unknown in the life of Darwin, the fossil predecessor of man was discovered later, confirming the scientific foresight of the scientist.

Remember!

Name the general signs of the species of type chord; Mammal class.

The data of the comparative embryology and the anatomy of a person and other animals make it clear that the criteria of zoological systematics are the kind of Homo Sapiens (intelligent man) refers to the kingdom of animals, the loss of multicellular, the type of chord, vertebrate, the mammal class, the form of primates, the family of the hominid (Fig. 144).

Fig. 144. Systematic position of a person in the detachment of primates

Consider those properties and signs on the basis of which we occupy this situation in the system of organic world.

The data of comparative anatomy. It is unlikely that someone will challenge our belonging to a certain kingdom and grate. We are bilateral symmetric multicellular animals and on these features are similar to all worms, arthropod and chord.

For a person, as well as for all representatives such as chord The general features of the organization that are not found from other types are characteristic.

A man's embryo has an internal axial skeleton - chordless to the segments. Our nervous and digestive systems are laid in the form of two tubes lying from different sides of the chord. At the early embryonic stage of development of the foreground department of the human digestive system - the throat - permeated with gill slots, which in the future disappear, and one of them gives rise to an auditory passage and Eustachius pipe. The blood system is closed, and the heart is located on the abdominal side of the body.

The type of chordovy is divided into three subtypes, and the vertebral subtype, in turn, combines six classes. We list the signs that us relate to other representatives mammal class: bone spine replacing chord; seven cervical vertebrae; two pairs of lever limbs; the presence of bone marrow (in birds bones hollow); hair cover; sweat and sebaceous glands of the skin; milk glands; well-developed lips and muscular cheeks; diaphragm; Three hearing bones of the middle ear (in birds and reptiles - one); Auricle; four-chamber heart, two circle of blood circulation and one left arc aorta; Non-surfactant erythrocytes (all other vertebrate classes - nuclear); Alveolar lungs. In addition to these morphological signs, it should be noted that for all mammals, and including people are characterized by such progressive features of the organization, as the high development of the central nervous system, especially the bark of large hemispheres; diverse adaptive reactions and complex behavior; Intensive metabolism and perfect thermoregulation. Intrauterine development and nutrition of the embryo through the placenta characterizes us as representatives placement subclass. It should be noted that all listed morphological features common to humans and other mammals are homologous, i.e., have the same origin.

Common signs of man and other representatives primate detachment The following are graspidative type limb (the first finger of the brush is opposed to the rest); the presence of a clavicle that provides high hand mobility; Extended finite phalanges of fingers with nails; Three types of teeth - cutters, fangs, indigenous; high development of the hemispheres of the brain; reproduction throughout the year; the presence of one pair of mammary glands; Birthually one young and long-term care of it; A complex organization of relations between individuals and a high level of development of higher nervous activity.

Numerous rudiments and atavisms, which are known for almost all organ systems, also testify about the relationship of a person with animals, which are known for almost all organ systems. Rudimia are underdeveloped organs that have practically lost their functions in the process of evolution. Their presence indicates a human relationship with lower corporate spinal animals. Examples of such rudiments are muscles of ear sink, tail vertebrae (Copchik), remnants of a blinking eye meter, a worm-shaped outflow of a blind intestine. Atavisms are signs that once existed from our ancestors, they were further lost, but the genes responsible for their development are still preserved and under certain conditions cause the formation of these ancient signs. Bright examples of atavisoms are hair cover on face, outer tail, extra pairs of mammary glands, membranes between fingers (Fig. 145).

Fig. 145. Human Atavisms

These comparative embryology. In addition to these comparative anatomy, significant evidence of human origin from animals is the results of a comparative study of human and animal ontogenesis.

Individual human development, as well as other animals, breeding in sexual means, begins with the formation of zygotes. At a two-week age, the human embryo is traced signs of fish-like ancestors: a two-chamber heart, gill gaps, tail artery. Later in the structure of the embryo, it is possible to observe traits inherited from amphibians: a blinking metering in the inner corner of the eye, swimming metering between your fingers. At the six-week embryo there are several pairs of the mammary glands, the tail section of the spine is laid, which is then reduced and turns into anchor. The smooth surface of large hemispheres and solid hair cover in the fetus of a person indicate relatives with primitive mammals. Thus, the main features of the human embryonic development clearly define its animal origin.

Fig. 146. Manoid monkeys

Similarities and differences of man and man-like monkeys. People have many common signs, such as a large body value, the lack of tail and graval bags, good development of the mimic muscles and the similar structure of the skull (Fig. 146). Chimpanzee, gorillas, orangutans have a well-developed brain, especially his frontal shares, a large number of convolutions in the crust of large hemispheres. In addition to the morphological signs of our close relationship, other data are also indicated: we are similar in the Rh Factor and Blood Groups (AV0), we are ill and the same "human" diseases. Pregnancy and gorilla, and a person is about 280 days.

The evolutionary kinship of organisms can be determined by comparing their chromosomes. The greater the similarity between the nucleotide DNA sequences, the closer the relationship between the species. Man and chimpanzees have more than 95% of similar genes.

Well-like monkeys, like people, a high level of development of higher nervous activity, they are easily trained, they have excellent memory and rich emotional life.

At the same time, there are indigenous differences between man and higher primates. Only a person has a real strain (Fig. 147). Thanks to this, a person has long and powerful legs, vaulted foot, wide pelvis, S-shaped spine. Flexible brush and moving fingers provide accurate and varied movements.

Fig. 147. Skeletons of Monkey and Man

A person has a very difficult arranged brain, the average volume of which is 1350 cm 3 (in the gorilla 400 cm 3). Thanks to the development of larynx structures, a person is capable of a self-parting speech.

A person is a biosocial creature that occupies a high step of evolutionary development, which has consciousness, speech, abstract thinking and capable of public labor.

Questions for repetition and task

1. Describe the systematic position of a person in the animal world.

2. Specify the signs of a person as a representative of the mammalian class.

3. What signs are common to humans and man-like monkeys?

4. List the features of the structure inherent only to a person.

5. What significance in anthropogenesis had an increase in the volume of the brain?

Forward \u003e\u003e\u003e

Question 1. Describe the systematic position of a person in the animal world.
A person belongs to the type of chordic, vertebrate subtepa, the class of mammals, a subclass of placental, a detachment of primates, a subdiree of human-like (anthropoid-top monkeys) of primates, the foresee of the highest narrow monkeys, the family of the hominid (people), the only kind of man (HOMO) with the only view of a reasonable man (Homo Sapiens).
In addition to the countersier of anthropoids, to primates are still lemurs and long ads.

Question 2. Indicate the signs of a person as a representative of the mammalian class.
The person can be attributed to the class of mammals according to the following signs:
seven cervical vertebrae;
Hair cover, sweat and sebaceous glands of the skin;
well-developed lips and muscular cheeks;
diaphragm and alveolar lungs;
Own sink and three hearing bones of the middle ear;
one aortic arc (left) and nuclear-free red blood cells;
warmth;
Milk glands, care for offspring;
Similarities in the development of the embryo.

Question 3. What signs are common to humans and man monkeys?
A man with man-like monkeys (pongids) relates a large body value, the lack of tail and graval bags, good development of the mimic muscles, similar structure of the skull and skeleton at all. In addition, common people and human monkeys are groups of blood and a rhesus factor, the similarity of chromosomes (from 23 chromosomes 13 similar to chimpanzees), various diseases, long period of pregnancy and continuous prepubertal (expensive) period. Combines them and high level of development of higher nervous activity, the ability to quickly teach, the ability to use tools, good memory, rich emotions. As an example, it is possible to give experiments to teach man-like monkeys of deaf-and-dumb, during which the gorillas and chimpanzees were absorbed to 200-300 words-gestures. The human and chimpanzee genome coincides with 98.5%.

Question 4. List the features of the structure inherent in man only.
There are differences of a person from animals.
A person is a social being, producing tools that use them for the impact on nature. A person has a highly developed brain, has consciousness, thinking, a self-parting speech and a number of anatomical features that have arisen in connection with the employment, characteristic of only a person. Differences are associated with the direction of evolution. Man and man-like monkeys - the two branches of the detachment of primates, which in more comparisonly recently separated from the total pedigree.
For a person, it is characteristic:
1. Adaptation to straightening. The spine acquired the S-shaped curved, the stop has a dome-shaped form. These are the main devices that provide shock absorption and shakes of the body when walking, jumping, which is important to protect the brain. The thumb of the foot performs the function of the support. The pelvis is wider, it takes on the pressure of organs in a vertical position. The chest is flat, compressed from the sides, due to the pressure, which internal organs are on the ribs, due to the horizontal position of the body when walking. The brain part of the skull increased and prevails over the facial. There are no abnormal arcs. Jaws and chewing muscles are weaker. In the lower body of the body are especially developed, fodder, four-chapted, calbal, Cambalo muscle. The consequences of straightening are associated with the limitation of the speed of movement, hypertension, a fixed sense, the expansion of the veins on the legs, osteochondrosis.
2. The presence of a flexible brush hand is a labor organ adapted to complex movements. A man's brush specializes as a grabbing body, well devoured a thumb. A man has hands shorter legs.
3. Brain well developed. The person is strongly developed by temporal, frontal and dumplings, where the main centers of the highest nervous activity are located. The brain surface is 1250 cm2. The surface of the cortex in the frontal department is twice as much as the highest monkeys. Characterized by the emergence of speech, distracted thinking, consciousness.
4. The skin devoid of wool has become a gigantic receptor field capable of bringing more execution information into the brain. This served as a factor in the intensive development of the brain. The "fleet" of the skin is the last biological premise for the formation of a person as a creative social being.

Question 5. In any
Increased size and complication of the structure of the brain provided a person to the development of many functions, such as high-organized nervous activity, learning ability, the presence of a large amount of memory and complex emotions, speech. They also contributed to the occurrence of abstract thinking and ability to work. Centers associated with sense organs provide the finest analysis of visual and hearing information, which allows us to perceive and understand the facial expressions and speech. Motor centers of the brain are extremely accurate and operational management of the muscles of the fingers, voice ligaments, etc. In many respects, it is precisely the development of the brain allowed a person to achieve the high stage of evolutionary development, which he now takes.

In accordance with modern scientific ideas, anatomically modern person is the result of the development of matter for 13.7 billion years and is the most difficult-organized variety from all observable.

It is well known that a person belongs to the world of multicellular creatures. Among the colossal number of multicellular forms, a person belongs to the group of bilateral symmetric: the right and left half of our body belongs to each other as an object and its image in the mirror. Among the bilateral symmetric organisms, a person occupies an appropriate place in the kingdom of animals.

The human body has many signs common with mammals: spine, 7 cervical vertebrae, two pairs of lever-type limbs, closed blood system, four-chamber heart, nuclear-free red blood cells, hair cover, constant body temperature, pulmonary breathing, well-developed nervous system and sense organs. The most great similarity of a person with primates.

According to the criteria of zoological systematics, the appearance of a special family, the hominid refers to the instrument of primates, a mammal class, vertebrate subtype, the type of chord (Table No. 1).

Table №1

Place of modern man in the kingdom of animals

Taxon	Latin name	Russian name	Composition of this group of animals
Kingdom		Animals	All animals
A type	Chordata.	Chordovy	All animals having chord
Subtype	Vertebrata.	Vertebrae	All animals having a spine and 2 pairs of limbs
Class	Mammalia.	Mammals	All warm-blooded animals covered with wool, which give birth to the lively young
Squad	Primates.	Primates	Semobestations, monkeys, man monkeys and man
Suborder	Haplorhini.	Gaplorides	Disclaimers, monkeys, man monkeys and man
Infrastructure	Catarrhini.	Facility monkeys	Old World monkeys, man monkeys and man
Forwarding	Hominoidea.	Hominoids	Man-like monkeys and man
Family	Hominidae.	Gominids	Man and his ancestors
Rank	Homo.	Actually people	Person
View	H. Sapiens.	-	Neoanthropic
Subspecies	H. Sapiens Sapiens.	-	Anatomically modern man (people)

Systematics of primates detachments.

About 200 species of modern primates are known, combined in 61, 12 families (Table No. 2). Currently, the number of primates is quickly reduced. Over 60 of their species and subspecies are listed in the Red Book.

Now the living primates are divided into two main groups - streptirine and haplorine. The first group - Strepsirin Primates is the most ancient group of primates, to which the semi-esshynes are the most primitive representatives of primates.

Fig. 1.1. Ordinary tupaya rice. 1.2. Mangown Lemur

This group includes 6 families: Tupayi (Fig. 1.1), Lemurs (Fig. 1.2), Laurie (Fig. 1.3), Indri, etc.

Streptsirine primates have nostrils in the form of commas, opening on the bare part of the tip of the nose, the upper lip of these primates is smooth fixed and without hair. In addition to more primitive morphology, semoressens are small in size, differ from the real monkeys by behavior. It is almost exclusively night, insectivorous and herbivores living with groups, but some species lead a single lifestyle.

The second group is haplorine primates (they have nostrils more rounded, bordered by the walls of the nose and opening on the movable, with a developed muscular layer, and the oversized upper lip) - consists of three main taxa - long precipitates, wide and cloth monkeys.

Disclaimed is a relic group living in Southeast Asia, similar to a semoressean (Fig. 1.4). This group includes only one family, which combines animals with a rat with a rat, a number of systematization schematization schemes relate to higher primates. Disclaimed appeared in Eocene, fossil groups were found in Europe and Northern

America.

Fig. 1.3. Fat Laurie. 1.4. Philippine Dolgiat

Now they are preserved only at the Indonesian and Philippine Islands. Modern long experts exceptionally night animals. Bright specialization for the night and twilight lifestyle - huge eyes and ears of long-standing. Live alone or couples, in bamboo thickets, on small trees or in clarified forests. Because of the movement with jumps, the hind legs are very long, with a specialized stop (heel and varnish bones are very extended, large and small ber bones partially collapsed, and the thumb of the foot is increased for grabbing). Feed insects, spiders, small lizards.

Wide and cloth monkeys are a group of human-like higher primates. They are also called monkeys of new and old light. Approximately 35 million years ago both America separated from Eurasia and Africa, so wide monkeys developed there in isolation. In most monkeys of the new light, the cartilage nasal partition is wide, and the nostrils are widely separated and turned outward. Modern wide monkeys are placed by wood monkeys of two families - toy and queen living in tropical wet forests of Central and South America, it is almost completely woody, herd animals, they almost do not descend on earth, they eat predominantly plants and insects. Externally, very different, behavior is sometimes very complex. The morphology is characterized by a combination of some primitive signs in the structure of the skull and very specialized in the structure of the body, for example, a grabbing tail. We are characterized by the formation of "mixed flocks", which includes representatives of different types of monkeys, and sometimes even raccoons and birds.

The size of the wide monkeys ranges from the mouse to the dog. Wide-up - day animals, except for several species leading a night lifestyle.

In the old world, primates developed more intensively and adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle. The monkeys of Eurasia and Africa have a narrower nasal partition and nostrils, as a person, are drawn down. Focused monkey into two groups: lower vocal monkeys and human-like monkeys - hominoids.

Among the modern lower defective monkeys, only one family is allocated - Martyshkovy, these family include - Martyski, Makaki, Mandrils, Pavians, Tonken-Thosen Monkeys, Colobuses, Nosachi, Languri-bossy in Africa, Asia and Europe (Gibraltar).

Fig. 1.5. Nosach rice. 1.6. Japanese Macak

Morphologically differ from the pongid of a simpler brain and the presence of tail (Fig. 1.5, Fig. 1.6). Martychkovy are one of the most evolutionarily succeeding monkeys. All kinds lead a daily lifestyle. There are both terrestrial and woodcuts. They occupied

A fairly wide range of environmental niches, all representatives are herd and vegetative.

Fig. 1.7. Chimpanzee Fig. 1.8. Gorilla

Gominoids include modern people and their closest relatives - Pongida - man-like monkeys. Modern man-like monkeys (chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutane, gibbon) are form, about 10-15 million years ago declared from the development line, a common with a person (Fig. 1.7, Fig. 1.8). These are large monkeys that lead the day, herd lifestyle and roasting. Large pongyida-orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees - lead a ground lifestyle, and smaller - gibbons are completely woody animals. Gibments and Orangutans inhabit Southeast Asia, Gorilla, Chimpanzees - Equatorial Africa.

Therefore, they are divided into two groups: Asian forms, to which Orangutan and Gibbon, and African, which include chimpanzees and gorilla, is the largest of the now living primates. People are in closest relationship with African man-like monkeys. Of these, the closest people are anatomically and behaviorally chimpanzees.

Chimpanzee includes two modern types: ordinary and bonobo chimpanzees, or dwarf chimpanzees.

Ordinary chimpanzees are common in Equatorial Africa, where it dwells in tropical rain and mountain forests. These are large monkeys with a total body length to 1.5 m, body weight 45-50 kg, sometimes up to 80 kg. Putting chimpanzees predominantly vegetable food, occasionally termites and ants. With some regular chimpanzee hunt for small animals. It is characteristic that at the same time their behavior changes dramatically. For example, an altruism appears - they are divided by meat, as well as the established hierarchy ceases to act in the group - even the dominant individual cannot take meat from the subordinate individual.

Dwarf chimpanzee lives in a small area between the rivers of the Congo and Loibal. It is much smaller in size than ordinary chimpanzees, slim, the face of his face black, on the sides of the forehead hair is longer. It is characteristic that the dwarf chimpanzee is more often moving on the hind legs, transferring different items in the hands, for example, nuts. Chimpanzee has very developed tools, for example, they split nuts with stones.

A modern person is quite sharply distinguished from other hominoids with one signs and extremely similar to them for a number of others. A modern man inhabits the whole planet, adapted to the daily lifestyle and omnivorous.

From this lesson you will learn about the human relationship with other animal species. Find out the systematic position of the species is reasonable in the modern classification of living beings, get acquainted with the features that combine us with other mammals. The features of the structure of our organism will also be considered, which distinguish a person from other animals and make our biological species unique and unique among other unique species.

A person like a living creature is part of the world of animals. Our view refers to the type of chord, vertebral subtepa, the class of mammals, subclass of placental mammals, detachment of primates, the family of the hominids, the family and the form of a reasonable person (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1. Human place in the system of living organisms

The fact that our view refers to the kingdom of animals is convincingly proves our morphology, cytology and physiology.

Belonging to the type of chordic is visible at the stage of intrauterine development. The human embryo has a chord, a nervous tube, located over the chord, the heart located on the abdominal side under the digestive tract.

The person's belonging to the vertebrate subtype is determined by the replacement of chord by the spine, a developed skull and a jaw apparatus, as well as two vapors (Fig. 1) and a brain consisting of five departments.

Fig. 1. Human skeletons and frogs have similar features characteristic of all vertebrate animals

The presence of hair on the surface of the body, the five spoken departments, four-chamber heart, highly developed brain, sweat, sebaceous, Milky glands, as well as warm-bloodedness allow person to attribute a person to the mammalian class.

Development of the fetus inside the mother's body in the uterus and its power through the placenta - to the subclass of placental mammals.

The presence of anterior limbs of grasing type, in which the first finger is opposite to the rest of the fingers, nails, well-developed collaries, as well as the change of dairy teeth in the process of ontogenesis and having to-carry, mainly one young allows you to attribute a person to the instrument of primates. At the level of the squad, the similarity of a person with other animals ends.

Symptoms allowing to separate the family people from other primates are unique to humans. In the family, people have only one man, in which only one modern appearance is reasonable man.

Consider signs that distinguish the person from other animals.

First of all, this is the highest nervous activity. The person has developed the second signal system (see class 8 class higher nervous activity), which is responsible for speech perception, and also well-developed logical thinking, memory, abstract thinking. These abilities arise due to the developed core core. The person among all animals is the ratio of brain mass by body weight.

The second difference is the features of the skeleton responsible for true strain. Our spine has 4 bends that optimally transmit the weight of our vertically located body to the feet (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. The spine of a person is adapted to true straightening

And the legs have vaulted feet, which are withstanding the load when running and jumping (see video).

Flexible brush, in principle, peculiar to many primates, but only a person has achieved such flexibility that makes it easy to manipulate both small and heavy objects.

Moreover, movements can be both powerful and very subtle, allowing, for example, to embroider or write (see video).

Strying, developed handbrushes and a powerful brain allowed a person to produce labor tools - from a pointed stick to a space satellite (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Artifacts of ancient (spear - left) and modern (space satellite - right)

Some birds and other primates are able to use the foundation tool found, such as stones and sticks. But none of them can make themselves a special gun.

The second signal system made it possible to create a very highly organized society. No flock of animals is capable of such a subtle and efficient interaction as a human society (see video).

Thus, with the biological positions of the systematics, a person is an animal from the adhesion of primates. It has all the fabrics and systems of organs characteristic of other primates.

Human genotype differs from the genotype of the nearest human monkeys, for example, Bonob's dwarf chimpanzees, one percent. At the same time, a person, in contrast to animals, has developed abstract thinking, is able to produce and use tools of labor. It exists in a society in which there is a division of labor and which is managed by speech.

List of references

A.A. Kamensky, E.A. Kriksunov, V.V. Beekeeper. General biology, 10-11 class. - M.: Drop, 2005. Follow the link: ()
D.K. Belyaev. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 11th edition, stereotypical. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. - 304 p. (

Scheme 1. Human place in the system of living organisms

The fact that our view refers to the kingdom of animals is convincingly proves our morphology, cytology and physiology.

Fig. 1. Human skeletons and frogs have similar features characteristic of all vertebrate animals

Development of the fetus inside the mother's body in the uterus and its power through the placenta - to the subclass of placental mammals.

Symptoms allowing to separate the family people from other primates are unique to humans. In the family, people have only one man, in which only one modern appearance is reasonable man.

Consider signs that distinguish the person from other animals.

The second difference is the features of the skeleton responsible for true strain. Our spine has 4 bends that optimally transmit the weight of our vertically located body to the feet (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. The spine of a person is adapted to true straightening

And the legs have vaulted feet, which are withstanding the load when running and jumping (see video).

Flexible brush, in principle, peculiar to many primates, but only a person has achieved such flexibility that makes it easy to manipulate both small and heavy objects.

Moreover, movements can be both powerful and very subtle, allowing, for example, to embroider or write (see video).

Strying, developed handbrushes and a powerful brain allowed a person to produce labor tools - from a pointed stick to a space satellite (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Artifacts of ancient (spear - left) and modern (space satellite - right)

Some birds and other primates are able to use the foundation tool found, such as stones and sticks. But none of them can make themselves a special gun.

The second signal system made it possible to create a very highly organized society. No flock of animals is capable of such a subtle and efficient interaction as a human society (see video).

Thus, with the biological positions of the systematics, a person is an animal from the adhesion of primates. It has all the fabrics and systems of organs characteristic of other primates.

List of references

A.A. Kamensky, E.A. Kriksunov, V.V. Beekeeper. General biology, 10-11 class. - M.: Drop, 2005. Follow the link: ( )
D.K. Belyaev. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 11th edition, stereotypical. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. - 304 p. (

It has its own features. They are connected with the biosocial basis of a person reasonable.

Man: Systematics

On the one hand, a person is the object of wildlife, the representative of the kingdom of animals. On the other hand, this is a social personality that lives according to the laws of society and strictly obeys them. Therefore, modern science of human systematics and the peculiarities of its origin are treated with both biological and social positions.

Human Systematics: Table

Representatives of the taxa, which belongs to modern people, have a number of similar features of the structure. This is proof of the presence of their single ancestor and the common path of evolution.

Taxonomic unit	Similarities and characteristic features
Type chords	Formation at the initial stages of development of the embryo of chord and nervous tube
Speed \u200b\u200bvertebral	The formation of the inner whose spine is
Mammals class	Fineralizing the young milk, the presence of a diaphragm, differentiated teeth, pulmonary respiration, warm-bloodedness, intrauterine development
Detachment Primates	Five-plated limbs, contrasting thumb rest, identity of 90% of chimpanzees genes
Gominida family	Brain Development, Little Ability
Rod man	The presence of a vaulted foot, a free and developed upper limb, the presence of spinal bends, ai-graduated speech
View man is reasonable	Intellect and abstract thinking

Type chords

As you can see, the person's place in the systematics is clearly defined. Heterotrophic type of food, limited growth, the ability to active movement determine its belonging to the kingdom of animals. But according to features, the representative of this systematic unit also includes classes of bone and cartilaginous fish, reptiles, amphibians and birds.

How can such different organisms relate to one type? It's all about their embryonic development. In the early stages, their axial chord is laid. A nervous tube is formed above it. And under the chord, the intestine in the form of a pass-through tube. There are gills in the throat. With the development of these ridiculous structures, a person underwent a series of metamorphosis.

The spine is developing from the chord, from the nervous tube - the spinal and brain. The intestine acquires a cross-cutting structure. Gill slits in the throat will overgrow, resulting in a person goes to pulmonary breathing.

Mammals classes

A typical mammalian representative is a person. Systematics refers it to this taxon is not accidental, but for a number of characteristic features. Like the entire representative of mammal animals, man feeds his young milk. This valuable nutrient is produced in specialized glands.

The systematics of a person intelligent refers it to the group of placental mammals. During the intrauterine development, this body binds the mother and future child's body. In the placenta, their blood vessels are intertwined, a temporary connection is established between them. The result of such a work is the implementation of transport and protective functions.

The similarity of a person with other mammal representatives is also in the peculiarities of the structure of organ systems and the flow of physiological processes. These include enzymatic digestion. Biologically active substances are highlighted by the liver, salivary and pancreas. The overall feature is the presence of differentiated teeth: cutters, fangs, large and small indigenous.

The presence of a four-chamber heart and two circles of blood circulation determines the warmth of the person. This means that its body temperature does not depend on this indicator in the environment.

View man is reasonable

According to the most common hypothesis, man and some species of modern monkeys have one ancestor. There are a number of evidence. The family of hominids is characterized by an important feature - straight. This feature, of course, was associated with a change in lifestyle, which led to the release of the anterior limbs and the development of a hand as an organ of labor.

The process of the formation of a modern species was held in several stages: the oldest, the ancient and the first modern people. These phases have not replaced each other, and a certain period coexisted and competed with each other.

The oldest, or monkeysoids, were able to independently make the tools of labor from stones, mined fire, lived in the primary herd. Ancient, or Neanderthals, communicated with the help of gestures and a ridiculous self-parting speech. Their rules of labor were also bone. Modern people, or Cryanovonians, built their own housing or lived in caves. They sewed clothes out of the skins, knew a pottery, tamed animals, grown plants.

A person whose systematics is determined by a combination of anatomy, physiology and behavioral reactions, is the result of long-term evolutionary processes.

And with her and the position of man in the system of the animal world, it is not necessary to dip in the past, because evolution is a process that is always happening and everywhere around us. For example, bacteria that are easily destroyed by Penicillin earlier, acquired a new, resistant antibiotic form.

Natural selection

Nature ordered as follows: The better the animal is adapted to the conditions of the range, in which it lives, the more his chances to survive and have offspring. His children can inherit deviations that made the father's animal so successful in their local environment. Types of animals change over time, better adapting to environmental conditions. There are new species, thousands of or millions of years live, and then disappear. Evolution needs time and happy cases in order to change.

Features that can help survive like, for example, are the best teeth or more brain, - may appear in newborns as random deviations. If new features really help to survive, and animals can live longer, or survive in conditions where the usual representative of the species dies, it means that these features will be transmitted from generation to generation. When these abilities are really helpful, the animals that have them will gradually displace those that do not have them.

Darwin's theory

According to Darwin's theory, any living being does not produce an identical copy of himself during his life. The child does not look like a mother, the kitten does not look like a mother-cat, even wheat grains differ from each other. If we consider them under a microscope or carry out chemical analysis, then you can notice their dissimilarity. Variability is a material for natural selection. If these properties are necessary for the life of a new creature, it will live and lead offspring, if not, the merciless natural selection will remove it from the biological sphere, and it will die as hundreds and thousands of unsolicited individuals. What is the position of a person in the system of the animal world? The most mysterious selection of nature, as well as her crown, of course, is a man.

Position of man in the system of the animal world

People are attracted to primates, which have more than 100 species, including human-like monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees. If we indicate the position of a person in the system of the animal world, are primates, namely chimpanzees have the closest relationships with a person, 98.4% of the genes they coincide. It has been proven that 2.6 million years ago, the division of primates on 2 branches occurred. 1- in Australopitheka, subsequently extinct, and 2 position of a person in the system of the animal world, - in a person skillful. It is known that the first humanians existed on Earth another 3-5 million years ago.

A lot of studies, measurements, excavations and made on their basis, scientific evidence, indicate that the position of a person in the animal world system is attached to the type of primates. All primates have general signs.

Everyone has hands and feet with five fingers on each.
There are teeth that are adapted to chew a lot of different foods.
Everyone give birth mostly for one young, less often - for several children.

Signs of human position in the system of the animal world

But there are significant differences between them.

Only a person is typical of the spinning on two legs and, accordingly, the special structure of the ridge, pelvis, legs, hands, muscles and other organs.
Human hand is able to carry out many different and accurate movements. Human skull is higher and round;
The brain part of the skull dominates the facial, has a high forehead, weak jaws with small fangs, the chin is clearly outlined.
The human brain takes the volume - 1800 cm3, which is 3 times the brain of primates. The person has perfectly developed parts of the brain, where there are essential mental and speech centers.

First person among primates

The very first human ancestor - Australopita, could already move in a vertical position. Thanks to this, he could keep the tools and primitive weapons in his hands.

According to the scientific theory, the appearance of a person's reasonable did not happen suddenly, it became the result of a long evolutionary development that took tens of millions of years. Scientists have appropriated the name "Homo Sapiens" to a person who can make elementary tools, as well as buried his tribesmen. The most primitive instrument of labor was a sharpening stones. 500 thousand years ago, people had already treated wooden sticks, making them spears. And only 250 thousand years ago appeared

50 thousand years ago they learned to make lamps carved from stone, in which instead of frying animals were fat, after another 20 thousand years old onions and arrows appeared. From the initial type of ancestors to the type of "homo sapiens", the development jumps took place within 14-20 million years. Further evolution led to the emergence of Australopithek, able to apply surrounding items as an instrument, and even expose them to elementary processing.

Human development

When the primates were divided into two branches: the first subspecies during evolution turned into a person skillful, and the second - in Australopita African, later extinct. The evolution made a jump when the appearance of the "skillful" appearance. He owned elementary thinking and speech, main information carriers, which was then transmitted to the following generations. The appearance of the "person is reprehensible" arose 100 thousand years ago. With its appearance, the amount of information has increased significantly, which contributed to the creation of a new heritage type - not genetically, but through material and spiritual experience. This was equal to 1250 cm3, but his evolution did not stop on it. At this stage of development, the accelerated progress of biological changes was noted.

Considering the position of a person in the system of the animal world, you can briefly describe this.

The oldest people were engaged in collecting and hunting. They led nomadic life, eating plants and meat of animals that came across them on the way. For housing, they used caves, but the ancient findings confirm that in this period the first dwellings from the branches were constructed. At some point, the tribes realized that a constant dwelling had a number of advantages. In a safe place, you can hide edible reserves for hungry periods, protect yourself from bad weather and predators. In such villages, it is more convenient to get along with each other, and also easier to fight back from the enemy. In the process of evolution, the human brain increased disproportionately. But the most important achievement: people became a collective active entity, the main components of which work, mind and speech, and this is the main difference between people from animals.

Man and animal world

The position of a person in the animal world system has a powerful impact on this world. The man of the Paleolithic time has already hunted, exterminating extinct creatures today. Animals, birds and fish gave people food, the skins served as the first clothing, shoes and items. Since people began to use meat, they learned how to produce fire and tame animals. As it improves the tools of hunting and taming the animal world increased.

Evolution in our time no longer matters for a person, rather, on the contrary, it has a global environmental impact. The position of the person in the modern animal system is hazardous for the biological manifold of species. It comes from human activity, and is associated with changes in animal habitats, global climate change, elimination of exotic species and dissemination of diseases. Regardless of the color of the skin, forms and sizes, all of humanity belongs to the same type - "Reasonable man." Man's behavior displays how evolution has programmed, for example, to search for a pair, filling the stomach or run away from danger.

Evolution or external intervention?

Everything seems to be simply and understandable in the evolutionary theory of human origin. But nevertheless, scientists have not yet come to a single and indisputable statement that it was the impetus to the transition from primates to a person reasonable.

According to various theories, there could be an external intervention, such as crossing representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations with the ancestors of people or the management of the evolution by the forces of extraterrestrial superphan.

Thanks to the intellect, a person made a huge breakthrough: he may take care of himself, make a choice or risk. Able to write, compose music, draw paints. And also build aircraft and ships for researching the entire planet, as well as space ships to learn space.