The history of the emergence of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh: What happens to who attacked anyone, what have Turkey and Russia

Nagorno-Karabakh - region in Transcaucasia, in the eastern part of Armenian Highlands. Eighty percent of the population of Nagorno-Karabakh - Armenians.

Armed conflict of Armenia with Azerbaijan around Nagorno-Karabakh flared up in the early 90s of the last century. Active fighting 1991-1994 led to numerous victims and destruction, about 1 million inhabitants became refugees.

1987 - 1988

The region has increased discontent with the Armenian population with its socio-economic situation. In October, the protest against incidents with the Armenian population of the village of Chardahlo was held in Yerevan. On December 1, several dozen protested residents were beaten and detained by the police, in connection with which the victims turned to the USSR Prosecutor's Office.

In the same period, a massive collection of signatures was carried out in Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia as a demand for the transfer of Nagorno-Karabakh to the Armenian SSR.
The delegation of the Karabakh Armenians gave signatures, letters and requirements for the reception office of the CPSU in Moscow.

February 13, 1988

In Stepanakert, the first protest demonstration was held on the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh. Its participants require the accession of Nagorno-Karabakh to the Armenian SSR.

February 20, 1988

The extraordinary session of NKAO deputies at the request of the Armenian deputies appealed to the Supreme Sovieties of the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR and the USSR with a request to consider and positively resolve the issue of the transfer of NCAO from Azerbaijan to Armenia. Deputies-Azerbaijanis refused to participate in the voting.

February 22, 1988

The Armenian village Askeran in the NKAO territory there was a clash using firearms between Azerbaijanis, police cordons put on their way, and the local population.

February 22-23, 1988

The first rallies were held in Baku and other cities of the Azerbaijan SSR in support of the decision of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee on the inadmissibility of the revision of the existing national territorial structure. In Armenia, in the meantime, the movement of support for the Armenian population of the NKAO has grown.

February 26, 1988

In Yerevan, a mass rally took place in supporting the transfer of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenian SSR.

February 27-29, 1988

Pogroms in Sumgait, accompanied by mass violence against the Armenian population, robbery, murders, arson and destroying property.

June 15, 1988

June 17, 1988

The Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR said that the decision of this issue could not enter into the competence of the Armenian SSR and found the transfer of NKAO from the AZSSR to the Armenian SSR impossible.

June 21, 1988

At the session of the regional council of the NKAO, the issue of exit from the Azerbaijan SSR again was again nominated.

July 18, 1988

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decides that Karabakh remains part of Azerbaijan.

September 21, 1988

Moscow announces the introduction of a military situation in NKAO.

August 1989.

Azerbaijan begins the economic blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh. Tens of thousands of people leave their homes.

January 13-20, 1990

Armenian pogroms in Baku.

april 1991

The divisions of the Soviet troops and riot police began "Ring Operation", officially aimed at disarming the militants in the Armenian village of Chaydend (Gethashen).

December 19, 1991

January 26, 1992

The first serious defeat of the Azerbaijani army.
Dozens of soldiers killed during the attack on the village of Dashalta (Karinac).

February 25-26, 1992

Hundreds of Azerbaijanis were killed as a result of the assault by Armenians of Khojaly.

June 12, 1992

The offensive of the Azerbaijani troops. Under the control of the military takes Shaumyanovsky district.

May 1994.

On May 5, 1994, in the capital of Kyrgyzstan, with the mediation of Russia and the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, the CIS concluded
The cease-fire agreement from May 12, 1994 in the region karabakh conflict. Moreover, the truce regime is complied without interfering
Peacemakers and the participation of third countries.

Sources:

• Human Rights Watch.
• Reuters.
• Web Site Of Nagorno Karabakh Republic Office in Washington Sumgait.info
• CHRONOLOGY OF THE CONFLICT PREPARED IN AUGUST OF 1990 by CIA
• Chronology Prepared by The "Memorial" Society (Russia)

The history of the Karabakh conflict is a small episode in an almost 200-year chronicle of contacting the Armenian ethnos with the Caucasian peoples. Cardinal changes in the South Caucasus are associated with a large-scale migrating policy of the XIX-XX centuries. Started Tsarist Russia and then continued by the USSR, right up to the collapse of the Soviet state. In this case, the resettlement process can be divided into two phases:

1) XIX-early XX centuries. When the Armenian people moved from Persia, Ottoman Turkey, the Middle East to the Caucasus.

2) During the 20th century, when intra-kaucasian migration processes were conducted, as a result of which autochones (local population) were supplied from the territories of the Armenians already populated: Azerbaijanis, Georgians, and small Caucasian peoples and thereby created an Armenian majority on these lands, with the aim of further Justifications of territorial claims to the peoples of the Caucasus.

For a clear understanding of the causes of the Karabakh conflict, a historical and geographical excursion should be made on the path traveled by the Armenian people. The self-confidence of Armenians - Hai, and the mythical homeland is called Hayast.

N.and the current geographical area of \u200b\u200bits stay - the South Caucasus, Armenian (Hai) people came into force historical events and the geopolitical struggle of global powers in the Middle East, in Malaya Asia and the Caucasus. In today's world historiography, most researchers of the Ancient East agree that the initial homeland of the Haiian people were Balkans (southeastern Europe).

The "Father of History" - Herodotus, indicated that Armenians are descendants of frigians who lived in the south of Europe. Russian Caucasian XIX century I.Shopen also believed that "Armenians are the essence of the aliens. It is the knee of Frygians and Ionians, which passed to the northern valleys of Anatolian Mountains. "

The famous Armenist M.Abekyan pointed: "It is assumed that the ancestors of Armenians (Haev) long before our era, lived in Europe, near the ancestors of the Greeks and Thracians, from where they crossed in Maly Asia. In the time of Herodotus in the V century BC We also remembered that Armenians came to their country from the West. "

The ancestors of the current Armenian people - Hai, moved from the Balkans to Armenian Highlands (East of Malaya Asia), where the ancient Midyans and Persians who lived next door, called them by the name of their former neighbors - Armenov. Also called the new people and the territory of the ancient Greeks and Romans, through which these names - the ethnonym "Armenians" and Toponym "Armenia" spread in the present historical scienceAlthough the Armenians themselves still continue to call Hayai, which further confirms their recovery in Armenia.

Russian Caucasoved V.L.Velichko noticed at the beginning of the 20th century: "Armenians, the people of unknown origin, with a undoubtedly significant admixture of Jewish, Siro-Chaldean and Gypsy blood ..; Not everyone, ranking themselves to Armenians, belong to the indigenous Armenian tribe. "

With Malaya Asia, Armenian immigrants began to fall into the Caucasus - in the current Armenia and Karabakh. In this regard, the researcher S.P. Zelinsky noted that Armenians, which appeared at different times in Karabakh, did not understand each other in the language: "The main difference between Armenians of different settlements of Zangezura (part of the Karabakh Khanate) make up the adverbs on which they speak. There is almost so much impoverished how many districts or individual villages ".

From the above statements of the Russian Caucasian XIX - the beginning of the 20th centuries, you can make a few conclusions: the Armenian ethnos could not be autochthon not only in Karabakh or in Azerbaijan, but also in the South Caucasus as a whole. Caucasus arriving at various periods of history, "Armenians" did not suspect the existence of each other, and spoke on various adverbs, that is, at that time there was no concept of a single Armenian language and the people.

So, in stages, the ancestors of Armenians found their homeland in the South Caucasus, where the original land of Azerbaijanis occupied. Mass E. the TAP of the resettlement of Armenians to the South Caucasus is marked by a benevolent attitude towards them of the Arab Caliphate who was looking for a social support at the conquered territories, therefore it was referred to the resettlement of Armenians benevolently. Armenians found shelter in the Caucasus in the territory of the state Caucasian Albania, but very soon, the same hospitality was expelled by Albanam (the ancestors of the current Azerbaijanis). With the help of the Arab Caliphate in 704, the Armenian-Gregorian Church tried to subjugate the Albanian Church, and the library of the Albanian Catholicos Nerses Bakura turned into the hands of Armenian church dignitaries was destroyed. Arab Khalif Abd Al-Malik Omeyad (685-705) gave an order to merge Aftokhetal Albanian Church and Alban-Christians who have not switched to Islam, with the Armenian-Gregorian Church. But at that time, it was not possible to fully implement this plan, and the Albanam managed to defend the independence of their church and statehood.

At the beginning of the 15th century, Armenians worsened in Byzantium, and the Armenian Church drew their eyes to the loyal Caucasus, where he set the goal to create his statehood. Armenian high priests committed a number of trips and wrote a large number of letters to Albanian patriarchs with a request to give them asylum in the Caucasus "As brothers-Christians who endure disaster." The Armenian Church is forced to wander around the cities of Byzantium, eventually lost most of the Armenian flock, which moved to Catholicism, thus putting the very existence of the Armenian Church. As a result, with the permission of the Albanian Patriarch, part of Armenian Sanovnikov, about 1441, moved to the South Caucasus, to the Echmiadzin monastery (three Muzzin) - Stortiskis: in the territory of the current Armenia, where he received long-awaited peace and place to implement further political plans.

From here, Armenian immigrants began to fall in Karabakh, which they now decided to call Artsakh, thereby trying to prove that these are Armenian lands. It is worth noting that toponym ArtsakhAs sometimes referred to as Nagorno-Karabakh, - local origin. In modern udicabelonging to one of the languages \u200b\u200bof Caucasian Albania, arzesun means "sit, sit down."From this verb form formed arzi - "settled; People leading a settling lifestyle. " Tens of Azerbaijan and in the North Caucasus are known geographical names with formants type -ah, -Ech, -sh, -h, -Y, -Y,,, si. In Azerbaijan, toponyms are preserved to this day with the same formates: Kurm, Kohm-Wow, Mamr-Wow, Flys, Jimidim-ah, Sam-Wow, Az-ah, Shadow, Az.

In the fundamental academic work "Caucasian Albania and Albana" specialist in the ancientarmian language and history, Albanovda Farda Mamedova, which in soviet time He studied medieval Armenian manuscripts and revealed that many of them were written 200-300 years ago, but are issued as "ancient." Many Armenian chronicles are assembled on the basis of the ancient Albanian books, who fell into the hands of Armenians after the Russian Empire has abolished the Albanian Church in 1836 and passed all its heritage of the Armenian Church, which and gathered the "ancient" Armenian history on this basis. In fact, Armenian chroniclers, hitting the Caucasus in a hurry, took care of the history of their people in the literal sense at the grave of Albanian culture.

During the 15th centuries, during the times of the powerful Azerbaijani states, Ak-Koyunlu, Gara-Koyunlu and Sefavidov, Armenian Catholicos wrote his humble letters to the rulers of these states, where they swear in loyalty and prayed to help with the resettlement of Armenians in the Caucasus for the sake of salvation from "from yaga treacherous Ommans. " In this method, using the confrontation between the Ottoman and Sefavid Empires, a large number of Armenians moved to the cross-border Sefavid territories between these states - the current Armenia, Nakhchivan and Karabakh.

However, the period of power of the Azerbaijani state of Sefavidov was replaced by the beginning of the XVIII century with feudal fragmentation, as a result of which 20 Khuns were formed, where a single centralized government was practically absent. The heyday of the Russian Empire came, when, during the rule of Peter I (1682-1725), the Armenian Church, who had high hopes for the Russian crown in the restoration of Armenian statehood, began to expand its contacts and relations with Russian political circles. In 1714, Armenian Vardaped Minas filed Emperor Peter I "Proposal in the interests of the proposed war of Russia with a sefavoid state to build a monastery on the banks of the Caspian Sea, which in the period of hostilities could replace the fortress." The main goal of Vardapieda was that Russia takes into his citizenship scattered over the world's Armenians, as the same Minas asked Peter I later, in 1718. At the same time, he petitioned on behalf of "All Armenians" and requested "Release them from the Basurmansky yoke and take to Russian citizenship." However, the Caspian campaign of Peter I (1722) was not communicated to the end, because of his unsuccession, and the emperor did not have time to settle the Caspian coast of the Armenians, who considered "The best tool" to consolidate the territories acquired in the Caucasus. "

But Armenians did not lose hope and sent numerous appeals to the name of Emperor Peter I, continued to appeal about intercession. Following these requests, Peter I sent to the Armenians to the diploma, according to which they could freely come to Russia for trade and "ordered was to encourage the Armenian people to be an imperial grace, assure themselves in the readiness of the sovereign to take them under their patronage." At the same time, on September 24, 1724, the emperor sent to Istanbul to Istanbul instructed to persuade Armenians to move to the Caspian land, provided that local residents "Will be sent, and they, Armenians, will give their lands." Policy of Peter I in the Armenian Question continued Catherine II (1762-1796), "Treating consent to the restoration of the Armenian kingdom under the patronage of Russia." That is, the Russian Empire decided to "restore" the Caucasian lands that existed once in Malaya Asia (now Turkey) is only a few decades of the Armenian state Tigran I.

The dignitaries of Catherine II was developed a plan where it was indicated "In the first case, it should be established in Derbend, to master Shamaha and Ganja, then from Karabakh and Signha, collecting a sufficient number of troops, you can easily master Erivani." As a result, already in early XIX. A century Armenians in a noticeable quantity began to move to the South Caucasus, since the Russian Empire has already taken possession of this region, including Northern Azerbaijan.

During the 18th - early XIX centuries, the Russian Empire led with the Ottoman Empire eight wars, according to the results of which Russia became the master of the three seas - the Caspian, Azov, Black - convinced the Caucasus, Crimea, received advantages in the Balkans. The territory of the Russian Empire has expanded even more in the Caucasus after the end of the Russian-Persian wars 1804-1813 and 1826-1828. All this could not not affect the change in the orientation of Armenians, which with each new victory of Russian weapons were increasingly leaning towards Russia.

In 1804-1813. Russia led negotiations with Armenians of the Ottoman Erzermum Vilayet in Malaya Asia. It was about their relocation to the South Caucasus, mainly to Azerbaijani lands. The Armenian response states: "When God's grace is busy with Russian troops, then all the time Armenians agree to enter into the patronage of Russia and residence in the Erivan province."

Before continuing the description of the process of resettlement of the Armenians, it should be highlighted on the history of Yerevan, called so after the seizure of the Russian troops of the Irevan Khanate and the city of Jezyna (Erivan).Another fact of Armenian agreed in the Caucasus and, in particular, in the current Armenia is the history of the celebration of the founding of the city of Yerevan. It seems many have already been forgotten that before the 1950s of the last century Armenians, and did not know how old the city of Yerevan.

By making a slight digression, we note that according to historical facts, Irevan (Yerevan) was founded at the beginning of the XVI century as the supporting fortress of Sefavid (Azerbaijani) empire on the border with the Ottoman Empire. To stop Promotion Ottoman Empire To the east, Shah Ismail I Sefvi in \u200b\u200b1515 ordered the fortress on the River Zengi. Construction was instructed by Vesyr Revan-Guli Khan. Hence the name of the fortress - Revan-Cala. In the future, Revan-Kala became the city of Revan, then Irevan. Then, in the period of weakening the Sefavoid Empire, more than 20 independent Azerbaijani Khanations were formed, one of which became the Irevian, which existed until the invasion of the Russian Empire and the seizure of Hydrana in the beginning of the XIX century.

However, let us return to the artificial depreciation of the city of Yerevan in the Soviet times. It happened after in 1950. Soviet archaeologists found not far from Lake Sevan (the former name Goycha) a clinb sign. Although the inscriptions are mentioned three clinb signs of "RBN" (in antiquity there were no vowels), it was immediately interpreted by the Armenian side as "Erebuni". This name is Erebun URRATI Fortress presumably founded in 782 BC, which instantly became the basis for the authorities of the Armenian SSR to celebrate the 2750th anniversary of Yerevan in 1968

The researcher Schnirelman writes about this strange story: "At the same time, there was no direct connection between the archaeological discovery and held later than the festivals (in Soviet Armenia). Indeed, after all, the magnificent nationwide holiday organized not archaeologists, but the authorities of Armenia, spent on this huge funds. ... and what is the relationship with the capital of Armenia, Yerevan, to the Urartov fortress, whose relation to the Armenians still requires evidence? The answer to the questions posed does not submit a secret for someone who knows latest history Armenia. It is necessary to look for it in the events of 1965, stirring, as we will see below, all Armenia and giving a powerful impetus to the rise of Armenian nationalism. " (Wars of memory, myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia, V.A.Shnirelman).

That is, if there were no random and incorrectly deciphered archaeological find, then Armenians would not know that their "native" Yerevan was now currently over 2800 years. But if Yerevan is part of an ancientarmian culture, it would have survived in memory, the history of the Armenian people and Armenians all these 28 centuries would have to celebrate the foundation of their city.

Returning to the process of resettlement of the Armenian people in the Caucasus, in Armenia and Karabakh, turn to the well-known Armenian scientists. In particular, the Armenian historian, Professor of Columbia University George (Gevork) Burnuchany writes: "A number of Armenian historians, speaking of statistics after the 1830s, incorrectly assesses the number of Armenians in Eastern Armenia (under this term burbutan implies the current Armenia) during the years of Persian ownership (i.e., to the 1828 Turkmenki Treaty), leading to the figure from 30 to 50 percent of the general population. In fact, according to official statistical data, after Russian conquest, Armenians struggled to 20 percent of the common population of Eastern Armenia, while Muslims were more than 80 percent ... Thus, there are no evidence of the Armenian majority in any district during the years of Persian Administration (before the conquest of the region of the Russian Empire) ... Only after the Russian-Turkish wars 1855-56 and 1877-78, as a result of which even more Armenians came to the region from the Ottoman Empire, from here there were even more Muslims, the Armenians finally reached most of the population here. . And even after that, until the beginning of the 20th century, the city of Irevan remained mainly Muslim». The same data confirms the other Armenian scientist Ronald Suni. (George Burnuchan, article " Ethnic composition and socio-economic situation in East Armenia in the first half of the XIX century "(The Ethnic Composition and the Socio-Economic Condition of Eastern Armenia In The First Half of the Ninetenth Century), in the book" Transcaucasia: Nationalism and Social Changes "(Transcaucasua, Nationalism and Social Change. Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia), 1996,sS. 77-80.)

Regarding the settlement by Armenians of Karabakh, armenian scientist professor Michigan University Ronald Grigor Suni (Ronald G. Suny), in his book "Look towards Ararat", Writes: "From ancient times and in the Middle Ages, Karabakh was part of the principality (in the original" kingdom ") of the Caucasian Albanov. This independent ethno-religious group, no longer existing today, was addressed to Christianity in the IV century and became close to the Armenian Church. Over time, the highest layer of Albanian elite was arranged ... This people (Caucasian Albanians), which are the direct ancestor of today's Azerbaijanis, spoke turkic And he accepted Islam Shiite sense, widespread in neighboring Iran. The Nagorno region (Karabakh) remained predominantly Christian, and over time, the Karabakh Albanians merged with (immigrants) by Armenians. The center of Albanian Church Ganzasar became one of the bishops of the Armenian Church. The echoes of the once independent National Church were preserved only in the status of a local archbishop called by the Catholicos " (Prof. Ronald Grigor Suny, "Looking Towards Ararat", 1993, p. 193).

Another Western historian Svante Cornell, relying on Russian statistics, also gives the dynamics of the growth of the Armenian population in Karabakh in the XIX century: « According to the Russian census, in 1823, Armenians accounted for 9 percent of the total population of Karabakh(The remaining 91 percent was registered as Muslims), in 1832 - 35 percent, and in 1880 they had reached most - 53 percent " (Svante Cornell, "Small nations and great powers: a question of ethnopolitical conflicts in the Caucasus" (Svante Cornell, "Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in The Caucasus", RoutledgeCurzon Press), 2001, p. 68).

The Russian Empire at the end of the XVIII-early XIX centuries, the Persian and Ottoman Empire, has expanded its own ownership of the territory of Azerbaijani Hangey in the southern direction. In this complex geopolitical situation, the further fate of the Karabakh Khanate, which became the struggle between the Russian, Ottoman Empire and Persia.

Of particular danger to Azerbaijani Khanate Persia, Where in 1794, Aga Mohammed-Khan Kajar of Azerbaijani origin, becoming Shah decided to restore the former greatness of Sefavid Power, based on the idea of \u200b\u200buniting Caucasian lands with the administrative and political center in South Azerbaijan and Persia. This idea was not inspired by many Khans of North Azerbaijan, which took place to the rapidly growing Russian Empire. In such a responsible and difficult time, the initiator of the creation of an anti-Kazakhstan coalition was the ruler of the Karabakh Khanate - Ibrahim Khalil-Khan. Bloody wars began on the Karabakh land, the Persian Shah Kajar personally headed the campaigns against the Karabakh Khan and his capital of the city of Shusha.

But all the attempts of the Persian Shaha to conquer these lands were not crowned with success, and in the end, despite the successful capturing of the Shusha fortress, he was killed here on the part of his courtiers, after which the remnants of his troops fled to Persia. The victory of the Karabakh Ibrahim Khalil-Khan, allowed him to proceed with the final negotiations on the introduction of his possessions to the citizenship of the Russian Empire. May 14, 1805 was signed Treatise between Karabakh Khan and the Russian Empire on the transition of Khanate under the authority of Russiawhich linked the fate of these lands with Tsarist Russia. It is worth noting that in the treatise signed by Ibrahim Khan Shushinsky and Karabakh and russian general, Prince of Tsizianov, consisting of 11 articles, is not mentioned anywhere on the presence of Armenians. At that time, there were 5 Albanian meliches of subordinate to the Karabakh Khan, and no speech about Armenian political entities, otherwise, their presence would certainly be noted in Russian sources.

Despite the successful end of the Russian-Persian War (1826-1828), Russia did not hurry with the conclusion of a peace treaty with percia. Finally, on February 10, 1828, the Turkmenhamian Agreement was signed between the Russian Empire and the Persian state, according to which, including the Irevian and Nakhchivanskoe Khanate, went out to Russia. According to his conditions, Azerbaijan turned out to be divided into two parts - the North and South, and the Araz River was defined as a demarcation line.

Special place was held by Article 15th of the Turkmenky Treaty, which davala"All residents and officials of the Azerbaijani region are a one-year term for the free transition with their families from the Persian regions in Russian." First of all she concerned "Persian Armenians". In pursuance of this plan, the "highest decree" of the Russian Senate dated March 21, 1828, which said: "The power of the treatise with the Persia, concluded on February 10, 1828, attached to Russia - the Hangey of Erivanian and Khanate Nakhichevan commanding in all cases, from now on Armenian region."

Thus, the foundation of the future Armenian statehood in the Caucasus was laid.The resettlement committee was established, which controlled migration processes, equipping the resettled Armenians in new places in such a way that residents of the established settlements were not in contact with the already existing Azerbaijani villages. Not soying to equip a huge flow of immigrants in the Irevan province, the Caucasian administration decides to persuade most of the Armenian immigrants, settle in Karabakh. As a result of the mass relocation of Armenians from Persia in 1828-1829, 35,560 migrants turned out to be in North Azerbaijan. Of these, 2,558 families or 10,000 people. Placed in the Nakhichevan Province. In Garabag (Karabakh), the provinces posted about 15 thousand people. During 1828-1829, 1458 Armenian families were equipped in the Irevan Province (about 5 thousand people). Tsets Agians led the data for 1832: then in the Armenian region there were 164,450 inhabitants, from which Armenians 82 317 (50%), and, as tseta Agian noted, from the specified number of local Armenians it was 25 151 (15%) on the number of all residents And the rest were immigrants from Persia and the Ottoman Empire.

In general, as a result of the Turkmenky Treaty, 40 thousand Armenian families moved from Persia to Azerbaijan for several months. Then, relying on the contract with the Ottoman Empire, in 1830, Russia moved 12,655 Armenian families from Malaya Asia to the Caucasus. In 1828-30, the empire rearged another 84600 families from Turkey to the Caucasus and placed part of them on the best lands of Karabakh. In the period 1828-39. 200 thousand Armenians were resettled in the mountain parts of Karabakh. In 1877-79, during the Russian-Turkish war, another 185 thousand Armenians were resettled to the south of the Caucasus. As a result, significant demographic changes have occurred in Northern Azerbaijan, which even more increased due to the care of the indigenous population, from the territories covered by Armenians. These oncoming flows wore a completely "legal" character, as the official Russian authorities, moving Armenians to Northern Azerbaijan, did not interfere with the care of Turkov-Azeri in Iranian and Ottoman limits .

The biggest resettlement was in 1893-94. Already in 1896, the number of arrived Armenians reached 900 thousand. Because of the resettlement in 1908, the number of Armenians reached 1 million 300 thousand people, 1 million of whom was resettled by the royal authority from foreign countries. Due to this, in 1921, an Armenian state appeared in the Transcaucasia. Professor V.A. Parsamyan in the "History of Armenian People-Aystana 1801-1900" Writes: "Before connecting to Russia, the population of Eastern Armenia (Irevan Khanate) was 169,55 people - of which 57,305 (33.8%) Armenians ... After taking the Kara region of the Armenian Dashnak Republic (1918), the number of the population increased to 1 million 510 thousand people. Of these were 795 thousand Armenians, 575 thousand Azerbaijanis, 140 thousand were representatives of other nationalities. "

By the end of the XIX century, the new phase of the activation of Armenians associated with the national awakening of nations, a phenomenon, who had moved from Europe to Asia. In 1912-1913 Balkan wars began between the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan peoples who were directly affected by the situation in the Caucasus. During these years, Russia has dramatically changed its policy against Armenians. On the eve of World War I, the Russian Empire began to divert the role of his ally against Ottoman Armenians, where Armenians raised the rebellion against their state, hoping with the support of Russia and European countries to create an Armenian state in Turkish lands.

However, victories in 1915-16. The Ottoman Empire on the fronts of the First World Warred was prevented by these plans: the massive deportation of Armenians began from the zone of hostilities in Malaya Asia towards Mesopotamia and Syria. But the main part of the Armenians - more than 300,000 fled along with the retreating Russian army to the South Caucasus, mainly to Azerbaijani lands.

After decay in 1917, the Russian Empire in Transcaucasia was formed by the Transcaucasian Confederation and the Tiflis was created by the Seimas, in which Georgian, Azerbaijani, Armenian parliamentarians played an active role. However, disagreements and severe military situation did not allow to maintain a confederative device and, according to the results of the last meetings of the Sejm in May 1918, independent states appeared in the South Caucasus: Georgian, Ararat (Armenian) and Azerbaijani Democratic Republic (ADR). On May 28, 1918, ADR became the first in the east and in the Muslim world by the Democratic Republic with the parliamentary form of government.

But the leaders of the Dashnakian Armenia began a massacre of the Azerbaijani population of the former Erivan province, Zangezura and other areas now the components of the territory of the Republic of Armenia. In parallel, Armenian troops, incomplete from the detachments that desert from the fronts of the First World War began to move around the territory, in order to "clear the place" to create the State of Armenia. In this difficult time, trying to stop the bloodshed and a massacre of the civilian population committed to Armenian detachments, a group of representatives of the leadership of the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic agreed to give way to the city of Yerevan and its surroundings to create an Armenian state. The condition of this concession, which is still the big dispute in Azerbaijani historiography is still the fact that the Armenian side will stop the massacre of the Azerbaijani population and will not more than have territorial claims to the ADR. When in June 1918, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia signed, each separately, "the contracts for peace and friendship with Turkey", the territory of Armenia was determined in 10,400 sq. Km. The indisputable territory of the ADR was about 98 thousand k.km. (Together with controversial sites, 114 thousand km.km.).

However, the Armenian leadership did not resist his word. In 1918, part of Russian and Armenian soldiers are derived from the Turkish Front, and as a result, those who, from the fronts of the First World War, those who consist of Armenians consisted of Armenians were skillfully directed towards Azerbaijan and its capital of oil Baku. On the way, they used the tactics of the scorched land, leaving behind the ashes of Azerbaijani villages.

The formed Armenian militia consisted of those who agreed under the Bolshevik slogans to fulfill the orders of the Dashnak leaders headed by Stepan Shaumyan, sent from Moscow to lead the Baku Communists (Bucksovet). Then, on their basis, Shaumyan managed to work in Baku and fully arm 20,000 grouping by 90% consisting of Armenians.

Armenian historian Ronald Suni in his book "Baku Commune" (1972) described in detail as the leaders of the Armenian movement under the auspices of communist ideas, created the Armenian National State.

It is with the help of a shock and well-armed 20 thousand-thousand group consisting of soldiers and officers who have passed the fronts of the 1st world, in the spring of 1918 by Dashnaki leaders, under the cover of the ideas of Bolshevism managed to arrange unprecedented chains of the peaceful population of Baku and regions of Azerbaijan. In a short time, 50-60 Azerbaijanis were killed, a total of 500-600 thousand Azerbaijanis were cut out in Azerbaijan, Turkey and Persia.

Dashnak's groupings then first decided to try to rejected the fertile lands of Karabakh from Azerbaijan. In June 1918, 1 congress of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians took place in Shushe, and here they declared themselves independent. Recently educated Armenian republic, sending troops, led to Karabakh unprecedented pogroms and bloodshed in Azerbaijani villages. Objectives to Armenian unreasonable requirements, on May 22, 1919 in the information given by V.Lenin Baku Communist Anastas Mikoyan, reported: "Agents of the Armenian leadership - Dashnaki try to attach Karabakh to Armenia. This for the Karabakh Armenians would mean the restoration of their accommodation places in Baku and connect their destinies with them, not bonding Yerevan. Armenians at their 5th congress decided to adopt Azerbaijani and connect with him. "

Then the efforts of Armenian nationalists conquer Nagorno-Karabakh and to attach it to Armenia, they were not crowned with success. On November 23, 1919, in Tbilisi, thanks to the efforts of the Azerbaijani leadership, it was possible to conclude a peaceful agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan and stop the bloodshed.

But the situation in the region continued to remain tense, and on the night of April 26-27, 1920, 72 thousandth 11th Red Army, going through the borders of Azerbaijan, headed to Baku. As a result of Military assault, Baku was engaged in the troops of Soviet Russia, and the Soviet government was established in Azerbaijan, in which the positions of Armenians were even more hardening. And during these years Armenians, without forgetting their ideas, continued to fight against Azerbaijan. The issue of Nagorno-Karabakh was repeatedly discussed at the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), the Transcaucasian department of the RCP (b), at the Bureau of the Central Bank ACP (B).

On July 15, 1920, at a meeting of the Central Committee of the Azerbaijan Communist Party (b), a decision was made to access Karabakh and Zangezura to Azerbaijan. But the situation did not develop in favor of Armenia and on December 2, 1920. The government of Dashnakov without resistance transferred the power to the Military Revolutionary Committee, headed by the Bolsheviks. In Armenia was established soviet authority. Despite this, Armenians have staged a question about the division of Karabakh between Armenia and Azerbaijan. On July 27, 1921, the Political and Organizational Bureau of the Central Committee of the ACP (b) considered the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh. This Bureau did not agree with the proposal of the representative of the Soviet Armenia A. Bekzadyan and stated that the division by nationality of the population and the accession of his part to Armenia, and the other to Azerbaijan was not permissible, both with administrative and economic point of view.

Regarding this adventure, the Dashnakian leader, the head of Armenia, Hovhannes Kacchaznuni wrote in 1923: « From the very first day of our state life, we understood perfectly that such a small, poor, ruined and cut off from the rest of the world, as Armenia, cannot become truly independent and independent; What a support is needed, some kind of external force ... Two actual forces are available today, and we must reckon with them: these forces Russia and Turkey. By coincidence, today our country is entering Russian orbit and more than enough is provided from the invasion of Turkey ... The issue of expanding our borders can be resolved, only relying on Russia. "

After establishing in the Caucasus in 1920-1921, Moscow was decided not to repaint existing in the region formed as a result of the Armenian aggression border between former independent local states

But it did not biphe the appetites of the ideologues of the Armenian national separatism. In Soviet times, the leaders of the Armenian SSR repeatedly in 1950-1970. Approached the Kremlin with requests and even the requirements of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAO) of Azerbaijan to Armenia. However, then the Union Guidelines categorically refused to satisfy groundless claims of the Armenian side. Changes in the position of the USSR leadership occurred in the mid-1980s. In the era of Gorbachev "Perestroika". It is not by chance that it was from the beginning in 1987 by perestroika innovations in the USSR, the claims of Armenia on NKAO gained a new impetus and character.

Appears as mushrooms after the "perestroika rain", Armenian organizations "Kroop" in the NKAO itself and the Committee of "Karabakh" in Yerevan, began to implement the project of the actual rejection of Nagorno-Karabakh. The party "Dashnaktsutun" re-intensified: at its XXIII Congress in 1985, in Athens, she decided to consider it with his primary task "Creating Unified and Independent Armenia" and implement this slogan at the expense of Nagorno-Karabakh, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) and Javakheti (Georgia). The Armenian Church, nationalistically confined layers of intelligentsia and foreign diaspora, were attracted to the implementation of the venture. As noted later, the Russian researcher S.I. Chernivsky: « Unlike Armenia, Azerbaijan did not have, and there is no organized and politically active diaspora, and the Karabakh conflict deprived of Azerbaijanis of any support from leading western countries Taking into account their traditionally pro-Armenian positions. "

The process began in 1988 with the deportation of new groups of Azerbaijanis from Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. The regional council of the NKAO on February 21, 1988 announced the exit from the Azerbaijan SSR and accession to Armenia. The first blood in the Karabakh conflict was spilled on February 25, 1988 in Askeren (Karabakh), when two young Azerbaijanis were killed. Later in Baku, in the village of Vorovsky Armenian killed a servant in the police of Azerbaijanis. On July 18, 1988, the Supreme Council of the USSR confirmed that Nagorno-Karabakh should be within Azerbaijan and no territorial changes are impossible.

But Armenians continued to spread leaflets, threatened to Azerbaijanis and to wait for them at home. As a result of all this, on September 21, the last Azerbaijani left the administrative center of Nagorno-Karabakh city of Hankendi (Stepanakert).

The escalation of a concerning conflict followed, accompanied by the expulsion of Azerbaijanis from Armenia and all Nagorno-Karabakh. In Azerbaijan, power was paralyzed, refugee streams, and the growing anger of the Azerbaijani people should inevitably lead to massive Armenian-Azerbaijani clashes. In February 1988, a tragedy-provocation in the city of Sumgayite (Azerbaijan) occurred, As a result of which killed, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and representatives of other peoples.

An anti-Azerbaijanskaya hysteria was organized in the Soviet press, where the Azerbaijani people tried to imagine both cannibals, monsters, "panislamists" and "Pantürkists". Passion around Nagorno-Karabakh was heated: Azerbaijanis expelled from Armenia were posted in 42 cities and districts of Azerbaijan. Here are the tragic results of the first phase of the Karabakh conflict: about 200 thousand Azerbaijanis, 18 thousand Muslim Kurds, thousands of Russians were expelled from Armenia by force, under the dulity of automata. 255 Azerbaijanis were killed: two cut off their heads; 11 people burned alive, 3-of them were cut into parts; 23 set the machines; 41 beat to death; 19 frozen in the mountains; 8 disappeared, etc. Also, 57 women were kicker, 23 children. After that, on December 10, 1988, modern Dashnaki declared Armenia "republic without Turks." On the nationalist hysteria who covered Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh and the difficult fate of the Armenians moved here, the books of the Baku Armenian narrate Robert Arakelova: "Karabakh notebook" and "Nagorno-Karabakh: the perpetrators of the tragedy are known."

After the Soviegait events initiated by the Soviet KGB and emissaries from Armenia in February 1988, an open anti-Azerbaijan campaign began in Soviet press and television.

The Soviet leadership and media who were silent when Armenian nationalists expelled Azerbaijanis from Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, suddenly "woke up" and raised the hysteria about the "Armenian pogroms" in Azerbaijan. The leadership of the USSR openly took the position of Armenia, and sought to accuse Azerbaijan in everything. The main target of the Kremlin authorities was the growing national liberation movement of the Azerbaijani people. On the night of January 19-20, 1990, the Soviet government led by Gorbachev made a criminal action in Baku in Baku. As a result of this criminal surgery, 134 civilians were killed, 700 people were injured, 400 people were missing.

Perhaps the most terrible and inhuman action of the Armenian nationalists in Nagorno-Karabakh, the genocide of the population of the Azerbaijani city of Khojaly became the genocide. From February 25 to February 26, in the night of 1992, the largest tragedy of the 20th century - Khojaly genocide occurred. At first, the sleeping city with the participation of the 366th motorized rifle regiment of the CIS was surrounded by Armenian troops, after that Khojaly was subjected to massive shelling from artillery and severe military equipment. With the support of armored vehicles of the 366th regiment, the city was captured by Armenian invaders. Everywhere, Armenian Armenians shot running peaceful inhabitants, mercilessly painting them. Thus, in a cold, snowflagian night, those who could escape ambushes from Armenians, and escape to nearby forests and mountains, most died from cold, frost.

As a result of the atrocity of the criminal Armenian armenian troops from the population of Khojaly, 613 people were killed, 487 people became crippled, 1275 civilians - old men, children, who were captured, were subjected to a mind not comprehended by Armenian torment, insults and humiliation. About the fate of 150 people is still nothing unknown. It was a real genocide. Of the 613 people killed in Khojaly, 106 were women, 63 children, 70 old men. 8 families were completely destroyed, 24 children lost both parents, and 130 children are one of the parents. 56 people were killed with special cruelty and merciless. They were burned alive, they cut off their heads, drove the skin from the face, there were paints from babies, the belly of pregnant women was opened by bayonets. Armenians insulted even the dead. The Azerbaijani state and its people will never forget the Khojaly tragedy.

Khojaly events put a cross on any chance of a peaceful settlement of the Karabakh conflict. Two Armenian presidents - Robert Kocharyan and the current Serge Sargsyan, as well as the Minister of Defense Seyran Ohanyan, took an active part in combat operations in the Karabakh War, in the destruction of the peaceful Azerbaijani population, in particular in Khojaly.

After the Khojaly tragedy of February 1992, the fair anger of the Azerbaijani people on the atrocities and impunity of Armenian nationalists, resulted in the open phase of the Armenian-Azerbaijani military confrontation. Bloody combat operations began with aviation, armored vehicles, rocket plants, heavy artillery and large military units.

The Armenian side applied against the peaceful Azerbaijani population prohibited chemical weapon. In the situation of the practical absence of serious external support from the world powers, Azerbaijan, as a result of a number of counteroffensions, was able to release most of the occupied Nagorno-Karabakh.

In this situation, Armenia and the separatists of Karabakh several times through the mediation of world powers sought the cease-fire and sat down at the negotiating table, but then, treacherously breaking reaching negotiations, unexpectedly crossed to the military offensive at the front. So, for example, on August 19, 1993, on the initiative of Iran, the Azerbaijani and Armenian delegation were negotiated in Tehran, but at this moment Armenian troops, thoring all agreements, treacherously moved to the offensive in the Karabakh front in the direction of Agdam, Fizulinsky and Jebrail regions . The blockade of Nakhchivan on the part of Armenia continued in order to subsequent rejection of him from Azerbaijan.

On June 4, 1993, in Ganja, the rebellion of Suret Huseynov began, who turned his troops from the Karabakh front line to Baku, with the aim of seizing power in the country. Azerbaijan found himself on the threshold of a new now civil war. In addition to Armenian aggression, Azerbaijan faced open separatism in the south of the country, where the rebellious field commander Alikram Gumbatov announced the creation of the Talysh-Mugan Republic. In this complex setting, June 15, 1993, Milli Majlis (Parliament) of Azerbaijan elected Heydar Aliyev by the head of the Supreme Council of the country. On July 17, President Abulfaz Elchibay folded off the presidential powers, which Milli Majlis handed over Heydar Aliyev.

Separatist sentiment arose in the north of Azerbaijan among the Lezginese nationalists, who were also going to negotiate the Azerbaijani districts border with Russia. The situation was even more complicated, since Azerbaijan was also on the verge of a civil war between various political and paramilitary groups within the country. As a result of the crisis of the authorities and attempts to a military coup in Azerbaijan, where the struggle for power, the neighboring Armenia moved to the offensive and occupied the surrounding Azerbaijani lands with Nagorno-Karabakh. On July 23, Armenians captured one of the ancient cities of Azerbaijan - Agdam.On September 14-15, Armenians tried to break through to the territory of Azerbaijan from military positions in Kazakh, then in Tovuse, Kedabek, Zegehelan. On September 21, the villages of Zangelan, Jabrailsky, Tovuz and Ordubadsky districts were subjected to massive shelling.

On November 30, 1993, at a meeting of the OSCE in Rome, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan G. Gasanov, who said that as a result of the aggressive policy by Armenia, in the name of the creation of the "Great Armenia", it occupied 20% of Azerbaijani lands. More than 18 thousand civilians were killed, about 50 thousand people were injured, 4 thousand people were captured, 88 thousand residential points were destroyed, more than a thousand economic objects, 250 schools and educational institutions.

After the entry of Azerbaijan and Armenia to the UN and in the OSCE, Armenia, stating that it will follow the principles of these organizations, captured the city of Shush. At the time when a group of representatives of the UN was located in Azerbaijan, to collect facts testifying to Armenian aggression, Armenian troops seized the Lachinsky district, thereby connecting Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia. During the informal meeting of the Geneva "Five", Armenians occupied the Kelbajar district, and during the visit of the head of the OSCE Minsk Group to the region, they captured the Agdam district. After the adoption of the resolution that Armenians should unconditionally release them the captured Azerbaijani territories, they captured the Fizulinsky district. And at the time when the OSCE head Margaret-Af-Iglas was in the region, Armenia occupied the Zangelan district. After that, at the end of November 1993, Armenians captured the zone near the Hudapherinsky bridge and, thus, they took control of 161 km of the Azerbaijani border with Iran.

Finally, on December 23, 1993, a meeting between Ter-Petrosyan and Niyev was held through the mediation of the Turkmen President S.Niazov. Numerous meetings with representatives of Russia, Turkey, Armenia took place. On May 11, 1994, a temporary truce was announced. On December 5-6, 1994, at the summit of the heads of states in Budapest and May 13-15 in Morocco, on the 7th Summit of Islamic States, Aliev in his speech condemned Armenian politics and aggression against Azerbaijan. He also pointed out that they not fulfilled UN resolutions No. 822, 853, 874 and 884 In which aggressive actions of Armenia were convicted, and the requirement to immediately release the occupied Azerbaijani lands.

According to the results of the first Karabakh warArmenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh and more seven Azerbaijani districts - Agdam, Fizulinsky, Jabrailsky, Zanginsky, Gubadlinsky, Lachinsky, Kelbajarsky, from where the Azerbaijani population was expelled, and all these places as a result of aggression turned into ruins. Now about 20% of the territory (17 thousand square meters): 12 districts and 700 settlements of Azerbaijan are under the occupation of Armenians. As a result of the struggle of Armenians for the creation of the "Great Armenia", for the entire period of confrontation they 20 thousand was brutally killed and 4 thousand people of the Azerbaijani population were captured.

At the captured territories, about 4 thousand industrial and agricultural facilities with a total area of \u200b\u200b6 million square meters were destroyed. m, about a thousand educational organizations, about 180 thousand apartments, 3 thousand cultural and educational centers and 700 medical institutions. 616 schools were destroyed, 225 kindergartens, 11 vocational schools, 4 technical school, 1 higher educational institution, 842 clubs, 962 libraries, 13 museums, 2 theaters and 183 film devices.

Azerbaijan 1 million refugees and forced immigrants - that is, every eighth citizen of the country. Wounds caused by Armenians to the Azerbaijani people are incommens. In total, 1 million Azerbaijanis was killed within the twentieth century, and 1.5 million Azerbaijanis were expelled from Armenia.

Armenia organized a mass terror on the Azerbaijani land: they did not stop explosions in buses, trains, the Baku Metropolitan. In 1989-1994, Armenian terrorists and separatists committed 373 terrorist attack on the territory of Azerbaijan, as a result of which 1568 people died, 1808 was injured.

It should be noted that the adventure of the Armenian nationalists for the reconstruction of the "Great Armenia" was very expensive by the simple Armenian people. Now in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh almost twice the population decreased. 1.8 million left in Armenia, and in Nagorno-Karabakh 80-90 thousand Armenians, which is twice as fewer in 1989. The renewal of hostilities on the Karabakh front can lead to the fact that as a result, the Armenian population will almost completely leave the region of the South Caucasus and, as statistics show, will move to the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territory of Russia and to the Ukrainian Crimea. This will be the logical outcome of the talent policy of nationalists and criminals, who usurp the power in the Republic of Armenia and occupied Azerbaijani land.

The Azerbaijani people and management make every effort to recover the territorial integrity of the country and the liberation of the territories occupied by the Armenian side. To this end, Azerbaijan conducts a comprehensive foreign Policy, as well as builds his military-industrial complex, modernizes the army, which will restore the sovereignty of Azerbaijan, if the Armenian aggressor does not release the occupied Azerbaijani lands in peaceful way.

After the "Black Junior" tragedy, tens of thousands of Azerbaijani communists publicly burned their partbickets in those hours when a millionth crowd in Baku was behind the firm procession. Many NFA leaders were arrested, but soon they were released and were able to continue their activities. Vezirov fled to Moscow; Ayaz Mutalibov changed him as a party leader of Azerbaijan. The rule of Mutalibov from 1990 to August 1991 was "calm" on Azerbaijani standards. It was characterized by the "enlightened authoritarianism" of the local nomenclature, which traded the communist ideology on national symbols and traditions for the sake of strengthening its power. On May 28, the anniversary of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic of 1918-1920, it became a national holiday, and an Islamic religion was given a formal tribute to respect. Furman notes that the Baku intelligentsia supported Mutalibov during this period. The advisory board was established with the participation of opposition leaders, and it was with the consent of this Council Mutalibov for the first time he was elected President of the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan in the fall of 1990 from 360 delegates only 7 were workers, 2 collective farmers and 22 intellectuals. The rest were members of the party-state elite, directors of enterprises and employees of law enforcement agencies. The NFA received 31 mandates (10%), and, according to Furman, he had little chance to get more in the relative stability atmosphere.

After the Crisis of the Black January in Azerbaijan, which led to military clashes between the parts of the Soviet Army and the units of the NFA in Nakhichevan, something like a compromise was reached between Mutalibov and Union Guidelines: the Communist Board is restored in Azerbaijan, but the Center has political support in the exchange of Mutalibov The account of Armenia and the Armenian movement in Nagorno-Karabakh. Union leaders, in turn, sought to support Mutalibov, fearing to lose not only Georgia and Armenia, but all the Transcaucasia. Attitude towards Nagorno-Karabakh became even more negative after ADO won the elections in Armenia in the summer of 1990.

The emergency mode in Nagorno-Karabakh was actually a military occupation regime. 157 of 162 Operations on "verification of the passport regime" conducted in 1990, the true purpose of which was to terrorize the civilian population, were carried out in ethnically Armenian villages.

By the fall of 1990, after the elections in all the republics of the Transcaucasia, the Communists retained power only in Azerbaijan. Support for Mutalibov's regime acquired even greater importance for the Kremlin, who sought to preserve the unity of the USSR (in March 1991, Azerbaijan voted for the preservation of the USSR). The blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh was strengthened. The strategy jointly developed by Azerbaijan and high-ranking Soviet military politicians (especially the future organizers of the August 1991), provided for the deportation of at least a part of the population from NKAO and the Armenian villages adjacent to it.

The deportation operation received the code name "Ring". It lasted for four months, until the August coup of 1991. During this period, about 10 thousand people were deported from Karabakh in Armenia; Military units and riot police devastated 26 villages, while killing 140-170 peaceful inhabitants of Armenians (37 of them died in the villages of Getashen and Martunas). Residents of Azerbaijani villages NKAO, speaking to independent observers, also talked about massive violations of human rights by Armenian militants. Operations of the Soviet Army in Karabakh led only to the progressive demoralization of the troops themselves. They did not stop the distribution of armed struggle in the region.

Nagorno-Karabakh: Independence Proclamation

After the failure of the August coup in Moscow, almost all the organizers and inspirations of the Ring operation have lost their power and influence. In the same August, military connections in Shaumyanovsky (Azerbaijani name: geranboy) region received an order to stop the fire and depart in the place of permanent deployment. On August 31, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a declaration on the restoration of the independent Republic of Azerbaijan, i.e. The one that existed in 1918-1920. For Armenians, this meant that the legal framework of the autonomous status of the NKAO Soviet era was now canceled. In response to the proclamation of independence of Azerbaijan, the Karabakh side proclaimed the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR). This was done on September 2, 1991 at a joint meeting of the regional council of the NCAO and the district council of the Armenians of the Shaumian district. The NKR was proclaimed within the borders of the former JSC and Shaumian district (which was not previously part of the NKAO). On November 26, 1991, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted the law by abolishing the autonomy of Nagorno-Karabakh. On December 10, the NKR Supreme Council, consisting exclusively of the representatives of the Armenian population, announced its independence and the exit of Azerbaijan on the basis of the results of the referendum conducted among the Armenian population. Armenian legislators have not yet allowed a clear contradiction between the declaration of the independence of the NKR and still not the canceled Resolution of the Supreme Council of Armenia of December 1, 1989, according to which Nagorno-Karabakh reunited with Armenia itself. Armenia stated that he had no territorial claims to Azerbaijan. This position allows Armenia to consider the conflict as bilateral, in which Azerbaijan and NKR participate, while Armenia itself does not accept direct participation in the conflict. However, Armenia, following the same logic and from fear of worsening his own position in the world community, does not officially recognize the independence of the NKR. In recent years, debates continued on the topic: whether the abolition of the "annexionist" decision of the Armenian Parliament of December 1, 1989 will make the official recognition of the NKR inevitable full-scale war with Azerbaijan (Ter-Petrosyan), or such recognition will help convince the world community in that Armenia is not a country aggressor? The last point of view, in particular, was defended in June 1993 by Suren Zolyn, the secretary of the Commission on Artsakh (Karabakh) of the Supreme Council of Armenia. Suren Zolayan argued that while NKR was not recognized as a subject international relationsAll the fullness of responsibility for its actions lies in Armenia, which gives some validity of the thesis about Armenian aggression. In the very Nagorno-Karabakh, a certain ambiguity about whether he is independent, whether to enter Armenia or to turn to Russia with a request to include in its composition, emphasized that at the end of 1991, the then chairman of the Supreme Council of NKR Petrosyan sent Letter Yeltsin asking for the entry of the NKR into Russia. He did not receive an answer. On December 22, 1994, the NKR Parliament elected Robert Kocharian, who was previously the Chairman of the State Committee for Defense, the NKR president until 1996

Armenia and Azerbaijan: the dynamics of the political process

In the autumn of 1990, the head of Aode Ter-Petrosyan won the general election and became president of the republic. ADO, unlike the Armenian opposition, seeks to prevent the direct participation of the republic in the Karabakh conflict and trying to limit the framework of the conflict by all means. One of the main concerns of ADO is to establish good relations with the West. ADO leadership is aware that Turkey is a member of NATO and the main ally of the United States in the region. It recognizes reality, refraining from the presentation of claims to the land of historical Armenia (now in Turkey), and wishes to develop Armenian-Turkish contacts.

Unlike Aode, the party Dashnaktsutun (Armenian Revolutionary Federation), mainly based abroad, among the Armenian diaspora, is the advantage of the anti-Tsight Party. Currently, its efforts are focused on the organization of public pressure in the West in order to force Turkey to officially condemn the genocide of 1915. The party has strong positions in Karabakh due to its image of a solid, heroic and uncompromising organization, to the military, heroic and uncompromising organization, to the military discipline, numerous connections and considerable means abroad . However, there is an acute rivalry between Dashnaktsutun and the President Ter-Petrosyan. In 1992, the latter sent Dashnaksky leader of Grajrah Maruhani from Armenia; In December 1994, he suspended the activities of the party, accusing it in terrorism.

Nevertheless, the efforts of the Armenian diaspora brought fruit. Her lobby in the US Congress in 1992 has achieved the adoption of a provision on the ban on any non-humanitarian assistance to Azerbaijan until he will take "proven steps" to terminate its blockade of Armenia. In 1993, the United States allocated $ 195 million to the aid of Armenia (Armenia is in second place, after Russia, in the list of recipients of assistance among all post-Soviet states); Azerbaijan received $ 30 million.

Seven opposition parties - including in addition to Dashnakov, the Union of National Self-determination, headed by the former dissident of the boarding school, and Ramkavar-Azatakan (Liberals) - criticized what they are considering how the arbitrariness and self-government Ter-Petrosyan in the management of the country and concessions made by the Armenian leadership under The pressure of foreign powers and the UN (NKR non-recognition, fundamental consent to the conclusion of the NKR troops from the occupied ethnically Azerbaijani districts). Despite the comparative political stability in Armenia, the popularity of ADD falls mainly due to economic depropions caused by the Azerbaijani blockade. The total volume of industrial production for the first nine months of 1993 decreased by 38% compared with the corresponding period of 1992. Lights of non-unity in blockade Armenia led to mass emigration rated in 300-800 thousand in 1993, mainly to South Russia and Moscow. Wide discrepancies in the figures of emigrants are explained by the fact that many of the departments retained in registration in Armenia.

In Azerbaijan, the question of Nagorno-Karabakh also determines the rise and fall in the fortune of politicians. Until the mid-1993, defeat during the war or political crises, accompanying various peripeties of the struggle for Karabakh, led to the fall of the four first secretaries of the Communist Party and Presidents: Bagirova, Vesirov, Mutalibov (with the temporary presidency of Mamedov and Gambara in May - June 1992 ), Mutalibov and Elchibay again.

The August 1991 coup in Moscow undermined the legitimacy of President Mutalibov in Azerbaijan. During the coup, he made a statement, condemning Gorbachev and indirectly supporting Moscow tips. The NFA has deployed rallies and demonstrations with the requirement of new parliamentary and presidential elections. Mutalibov urgently organized the presidential election (September 8, 1991); 85.7% of the lists contributed to the voting, of which 98.5% voted for Mutalibov. This result was considered compassounted by many. The Communist Party was officially dissolved, and on October 30, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan under pressure from NFA was forced to convey a part of its powers of Milli-Majlis (National Council) within 50 members, half of which consisted of former communists, and the other half of the opposition. The NFA campaign to eliminate Mutalibov continued, and the latter laid the blame for Russia for threw it to the mercy of fate. The final blow to Mutalibov was inflicted on February 26-27, 1992, when the Karabakh forces captured the village of Khojaly under Stepanakert, killing many civilians. Azerbaijani sources argue that the slaughter, allegedly committed with the help of Russian troops (the fact that the Armenian side denies), led to the death of 450 people and 450 was injured. The fact of mass killings itself was later confirmed, among others, the mission to collect the facts of the Moscow Human Rights Center "Memorial". On March 6, 1992, Mutalibov resigned. Shortly after that, the ex-president of Mutalibov expressed doubt the responsibility of Armenians for Khojaly, hinted that some of the Azerbaijani civilians could have been actually killed by Azerbaijani troops in order to discredit it. Yagub Mamedov, Chairman of the Supreme Council, became a temporary head of state. The election campaign was in full swing, when May 9, 1992 came the news about the fall of Shushi. This made it possible for the ex-communist Supreme Council to cancel the resignation of Mutalibov, removing his guilty for Khojali (May 14). Milli Majlis was dissolved. The next day, NFA supporters stormed the building of the Supreme Council and captured the presidential palace, forcing Mutalibov to flee into Moscow. On May 18, the Supreme Council accepted Mamedov's resignation, elected a member of the NFA ISU Gambar with a temporary president and handed over his powers back milli-major, which was abolished three days ago. In the new elections held in June 1992, the leader of the NFA Abulfaz Elchibay (76.3% of the participation in the voting was elected; 67.9% "for").

Elchibay promised to solve the Karabakh problem in favor of Azerbaijanis by September 1992. The main items of the NFA program were as follows: Proturetsky, anti-Russian orientation, defending the independence of the republic, the refusal to join the CIS and performances in favor of a possible merger with Iranian Azerbaijan (a trend that was alarmed Iran). Although the Government of Elchibey included a large number of brilliant intellectuals, never entering the nomenclature, an attempt to clear the government apparatus from old corrupt officials failed, and new people given to the power of Elchibem were isolated, and some of them were corrupted into their turn. In early May 1993, national disconuncience resulted in anti-government rallies in a number of cities, including Ganja, after which many members of the opposition party of Millie Breed (National Independence Parts) were arrested. The popularity of Heydar Aliyev, the former member of the Politburo, and subsequently the head of Nakhichevan, who managed to preserve the world on the border of its autonomous region with Armenia. Aliyev's party "New Azerbaijan", created in September 1992, became the focus of opposition, uniting the most different groups - from neocomunists to members of small national parties and societies. Defeats in battles and secret Russian maneuvers, directed against Elchibey, led in June 1993 to the uprising, which headed the rich director of the woolen factory and the field commander of Huseynov's field commander (Hero of Azerbaijan). The triumphal peaceful campaign of the latter on Baku ended with the overthrow of Elchibey and his replacement Aliyev. Huseynov's sings became the Prime Minister. Aliyev revised the policy of the NFA: introduced Azerbaijan in the CIS, refused exclusively with the protochka orientation, restored the broken relationships with Moscow and strengthened the international positions of the country (contacts with Iran, Great Britain and France). He also suppressed separatism in the south of the republic (proclaimed by Colonel Aliacram Gumbatov in 1993 of the Talysh autonomy).

Nevertheless, internal instability continued in Azerbaijan and after the arrival of Aliyev to power. The ratio of the latter with the Sure Huseynov soon spoiled. Aliyev removed Huseynov from negotiating oil (and therefore from the assignment of future income from its sale). Huseynov also, apparently, opposed the exit of Aliyev from the Russian orbit, which took place during 1994 at the beginning of October 1994, after signing the oil contract with the Western Consortium on September 20, an attempt was made in Baku and Ganja, some conspirators belonged to the circle of supporters of Suret Huseynov. Aliyev suppressed an attempt to this coup (if it was such: a number of observers in Baku describes it as an intrigue of Aliyev himself) and soon after that he freed Huseynov from all duties.

Russian policy towards conflict (August 1991 - mid of 1994)

As the collapse of the USSR since August 1991 became a reality (ending in December), Russia was in the position of the country without a certain mission in the military conflict zone in Nagorno-Karabakh, and not having a common border with this zone. The end of 1991 was marked by a crash (temporary?) Imperial ideology and a weakening of control over the army. In the conflict zones in the Soviet / Russian troops, almost all decisions took an alone separate officer, at most - general. The processes started in the army due to the dissolution of the Warsaw contract, the collapse of the USSR and Gaidar reforms - mass demobilization, the conclusion of troops from far and near abroad (including Azerbaijan, from where the last Russian troops were brought in late May 1993), section as military contingents, So arms between the various republics and the conversion of the military industry - all this aggravated the overall chaos in the conflict zones. In Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and Moldova on both sides of the front, ex-Soviet mercenaries and Flibusters appeared. Under these conditions, what can be called Russian politics in the region, had a random, reactive, which remained as long as in 1992-1993. The slow increase in the controllability of the state apparatus led to some restoration of the ability of Russia to formulate and achieve its goals in relations with the countries of the neighboring countries (although the factor of "hungry and evil" officers leading their local wars "on the edge of the former Soviet empire", still can not be discounted ).

Starting from August 1991, the Russian policy on the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh developed in the following main areas: attempts by mediation, similar to the one that was taken by B. Yeltsin and President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev in September 1991, and later participation in the Minsk CSCE Groups, Tripartite Initiative (USA, Russia and Turkey) and independent missions, such as the one, which was carried out by Ambassador to special orders of V. Kazimirov in 1993 and 1994; the conclusion of the Russian armed forces from the conflict zone and the distribution of the left weapons between the newly generic republics; An attempt to preserve military equilibrium in the region and prevent third-party players (Turkey and Iran) into its Caucasian influence zone. With the development of economic reforms in Russia, the economic factor began to play everything big role In the relationship between the country with new republics. In 1993, Russia showed more and more interest in the involvement of Azerbaijan and Georgia in the CIS and the execution of the only peacemaker in the former Soviet republics.

Since the Russian troops in Karabakh, who lost their combat challenge after August 1991, threatened a serious danger of demoralization, since November began the conclusion of the Soviet internal troops from Karabakh (except for the 366th regiment in Stepanakert). In March 1992, the 366th regiment literally collapsed into pieces, since part of his non-Armenian contingent was deserted, and the other part, especially the soldiers and officers of Armenians, captured lightweight and heavy weapons and joined the parts of the NKR.

In the field of diplomacy, Russia tried to preserve the equilibrium between Armenia and Azerbaijan, not allowing the achievement of one of the parties to decisive superiority. According to the bilateral agreement of 1992, Russia was obliged to protect Armenia from the external (meant: Turkish) intervention, but this agreement was not ratified by the Supreme Council of Russia, who had fallen into Russia in Caucasian conflicts.

According to the Tashkent Agreement on Collective Security of May 15, 1992, signed, among other countries, Russia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, any attack on any of the parties will be regarded as an attack on all. However, in less than a month, power in Azerbaijan passed into the hands of the proto-sized government of Elchibay. When Turkey's threats were rang out against the Armenia in connection with the crisis in the Nakhichevan area in mid-May 1992, the State Secretary of Russia G. Burbulis and the Minister of Defense P. Grachev made a visit to Yerevan to discuss specific ways of incarnation into the life of a collective agreement Security: It was a clear signal that Russia would not leave Armenia alone. US made the appropriate warning of the Turkish side, and russian authorities warned Armenia from the invasion of Nakhichevan. The plans of the Turkish intervention were canceled.

Another incident, in September 1993, led to a dramatic strengthening of Russia's role in the region. When the battles broke out in Nakhichevan, the Iranian troops entered this autonomous region to protect the jointly managed reservoir; They also joined the Paradise point in the "continental" part of Azerbaijan, allegedly to assist Azerbaijani refugees. According to Armen Khattyan, the analyst of the Moscow Institute of Humanitarian and Political Studies, the appeal of the Azerbaijani authorities for military assistance to Turkey could provoke an armed conflict between the Turkish and Russian parts guarding the Armenian border, as well as a clash with Iranians who had already entered Nakhichevan. Baku, thus, was put in front of the choice: either to allow the growth of the conflict to uncontrollable proportions, or to turn face to Moscow. Aliyev chose the latter, thereby letting Russia restore its influence on the entire perimeter of the Transcaucasian border of the CIS, which actually brought Turkey and Iran out of the game.

On the other hand, condemning each subsequent seizure of the NKR troops to the Even of Azerbaijan, Russia continued to supply Azerbaijan with weapons, at the same time, under the succession, using Armenian victories on the battlefield to ensure that the government's power arrived in Azerbaijan, which would be better listened to the interests of Russia ( i.e. Aliyev's governments instead of the government of Elchibay) - the calculation, which was justified only in the short-term, and not in the long term. At the end of June 1993, Aliyev suspended the transaction between Baku and a consortium of eight leading Western firms (including British Petroleum, Amoko and Pennsoil) to develop three Azerbaijani oil fields. The route of the alleged oil pipeline, which had previously had to go to the Turkish coast of the Mediterranean Sea, was now supposed to be a bet through Novorossiysk - at least this was hoping by Russians. The Russian press assumed that the laying of this pipeline, if he had walked around Russia, could actually release Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and possibly even rich in oil the Muslims of Russia itself from the Russian influence, whereas before the oil richness of these regions received the world market only through Russia.

Karabakh conflict - a long interethnic confrontation of Azerbaijan and Armenia. Each of the parties challenges its right to the territory of the Transcaucasus - Nagorno-Karabakh. IN conflict situation Exterior players take part: Turkey, Russia, USA.

Prehistory

Version of Armenia

Armenian monastery Dadivank, located on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh (IX-XIII century)

Nagorno-Karabakh, has long been referred to the ancient Armenian state and was named - Artsakh. This conclusion can be made from the ancient essays of Plutarch, Ptolemy. They indicate that the boundaries of historical Armenia and Karabakh go on one line - on the right bank of the Kura River.

in this century, the word "Karabakh" came into use, which occurred from the name of the Armenian principality of Bakch.

In 387. As a result of the war, Armenia was divided between Persia and Byzantia. Like most other lands, Artsakh departed Persia. From that moment, the centuries-old history of the resistance of the Armenian people begins ingenic invaders, replaced by each other: Persia, Tatar-Mongols, Turkic nomads. But despite this, the territory kept its ethnicity. Up to XIII century. It was populated only by Armenians.

In 1747. Karabakh Khanate was formed. By this time Armenia was located under the Ottoman domination, a difficult situation was aggravated by the internal intersbars of Armenian Melikov (princes). During this period of foreign occupation, the outflow from the Armenian region begins and its population of Azerbaijanis ancestors - Turkic colonists.

Version of Azerbaijan

"Karabakh"

the term originates from the Turkic "Kara" - abundant, in combination with the Persian "Bach" - the garden

With IV century D.N. E. The contested lands belonged to Caucasian Albania, which was located in the north of Azerbaijan. He was managed by Karabakh by Azerbaijani dynasties and at different times was under the nest of various foreign empires.

In 1805. Muslim Karabakh Khanate was attached Russian Empire. It was strategically important for Russia, which conducted a war with Iran from 1804. To 1813, a large-scale resettlement of Armenians professing Christian Grigorism began to the area.

By 1832. Among the population of Karabakh there were already about 50%. At the same time, religious and cultural differences between the peoples glowed the situation.

Caucasus States II-I BB. BC, "World History", T.2, 1956 Author: Fhen, CC BY-SA 3.0
Author: Abu Zarr - The Ethnic Map of Caucasus V - IV BC, (Fragment of the Ethnic Map of Europe V - IV BC), "The World History", Vol.2, 1956, Russia, Moscow, Autors: A . Belyavsky, L. Lazarevich, A. Mongait., CC BY-SA 3.0

The emergence of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region

From 1918 to 1920, Armenian-Azerbaijani war unfolded. The first serious clashes occurred in 1905, and in 1917 an open armed skirmish in Baku broke out.

In 1918. The Republic of Armenia and Azerbaijani Democratic Republic (ADR) were created. Karabakh remained under the control of the ADR. The Armenian population did not recognize this power. It was announced about the intention to join the Republic of Armenia, but she could not have rebels serious help. Muslims, supported Turkey, delivering them a weapon.

The confrontation lasted up to the Sovietization of Azerbaijan.

In 1923. The Azerbaijan SSR officially included the autonomous region of Nagorno-Karabakh, and in 1936 it began to be called the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAO), which existed until 1991.

Course of events

1988: War between Azerbaijanis and Armenians

In 1988. NKA has attempted to leave the AZSR. With this question, its representatives appealed to the Supreme Soviets of the USSR and AZSSR. Yerevan and Stepanakert conducted nationalist rates to support the appeal.

February 22, 1988 In the Karabakh village, Askeran, armed Azerbaijanis tried to attack Armenian houses, as a result of which two attackers were killed. Two days later, a rally was organized against the NKAO output from AzSSR.

And from February 28, there was a massive bloody breakdown of Azerbaijanis over Armenians. People were brutally killed by families, burned, sometimes even living, on the streets of the city, raped women. Guilty of terrible crimes actually did not suffer punishment, proportionate to the deed. The term across the sentences was from 2 to 4 years, and only one person, a death sentence was made.

In November 1988 Demonstrations were held in Baku with slogans "Long live Heroes of Sumgait!" under portraits of murderers.

Sumgait tragedy is considered the starting point of the open Karabakh conflict.

1992-1994 Position on the Karabakh Front

At the end of 1991 It was announced the creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR), the capital was the city of Stepanakert. But the UN self-proclaimed republic has not recognized.

declaration on state independence of the NKR was adopted. After that, the outflow of Armenians from Azerbaijan began

Military collision unfolded. The Armed Forces of Azerbaijan "knocked out" the enemy from some regions of Karabakh, and the NKR took part of the territory adjacent to it.

Only in 1994In Bishkek, the opposite parties signed an agreement, stopping the fighting, but really the problem was not exhausted.

2014-2015: New conflict in Karabakh

For several years, the conflict was in smoldering condition. And in 2014 it was broken again.

July 31, 2014 At the cross-border zone, shelling resumed. And with that, and on the other hand, the military personnel.

2016: New Events in Karabakh

In the spring of 2016, events occurred, named April of a four-day war. The warring parties mutually accused each other in the attack. From April 1 to April 4, art protectors were carried out in the front-line zone, including on civilian settlements and locations of military units.

Competition Maps in April 2016

Negotiations on peaceful settlement

Turkey expressed support to Baku. On April 2, in contrast to her, Russia, while the OSCE Minsk Group, negatively responded to the use of force and called for a peaceful settlement. At the same time, it became known about the sale of weapons by the opposing parties.

The short period of fire ended on April 5 in Moscow, where the meeting of the leaders of the General Staff was held, after which the cessation of hostilities was announced.

Subsequently, the OSCE co-chairs were organized two summit (in St. Petersburg and Vienna), with the participation of the presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan and agreements were reached on an exclusively peaceful resolution of the problem, which were still not signed by the Azerbaijani side.

Victims and loss of "April war"

Official information about the losses of Armenia:

• 77 servicemen died;
• over 100 people injured;
• 14 tanks were destroyed;
• it turned out of the control zone of 800 hectares of territory.

Official information about the losses of Azerbaijan:

• the death of 31 soldiers was announced, 94 military died according to unofficial data;
• destroyed 1 tank;
• sounded 1 helicopter.

Real situation in Karabakh today

Despite numerous meetings and negotiations, at the present stage, opponents cannot come to solving the problem. The shelling do not subside to this day.

December 8, 2017, in Vienna, Edward Nalbandian, made a speech. Its content comes down to accuses to Azerbaijan in violations of international humanitarian law in 2016, in military provocations, in refusing to implement the agreements reached and non-compliance with the cease-fire regime. The words of Nalbandian indirectly confirms the position of Ilham Aliyev.

In March 2017. He expressed the opinion that what was happening was an internal affair and no country had the right to interfere. Azerbaijan sees the reason for the impossibility of resolving the situation, in the refusal of Armenia to leave the occupied terrain, despite the fact that the international community Nagorno-Karabakh is recognized as an inseparable part of Azerbaijan.

Video

Perennial events could not not be reflected in the film and video calls. Here is a small list of films that tell about the tragedy of the Transcaucasia:

• "War in Nagorno-Karabakh", 1992;
• "Non-slant cartridges", 2005;
• "House that shot", 2009;
• "Khoja", 2012;
• "Termination of fire", 2015;
• "Provanny Blitzkrieg", 2016

Personalia

Edward Nalbandian - Foreign Minister of the Republic of Armenia
Ilham Aliyev - the current president of Azerbaijan

Another act of Karabakh bloodshed London and Ankara prepared exactly 100 days. Everything went like oil. Under new Year The heads of defense departments of Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan signed a three-sided defense memorandum, then, in a month, the British arranged the scandalous demarche in the PACE in order to "destroy the Karabakh Knot" in favor of Baku, and here is the third act, in which according to the laws of the rifle genre, Hanging on the wall shoots.

Nagorno-Karabakh again expires blood, the victims on both sides are more than a hundred, and it seems, not far to the new war - in the mild abdominal Russia. What happens and how do we treat what is happening?

And the following happens: Turkey is extremely unhappy with "pro-Russians", as they consider President Ilham Aliyev. It is dissatisfied so much that they are even ready to shift him, or having arranged Aliyev "Baku Spring", whether Naskav Frontrerov from the Azerbaijani military top. Last - or rather, and much cheaper. Please note: when shooting began in Karabakh, Aliyev was not in Azerbaijan. So who gave the order to shoot in the absence of the president? It turns out that the decision to strike in Armenian settlements was accepted by the Minister of Defense Zakir Hasanov, a big friend of Ankara and, one can say, the Turkish premiere of Ahmet Davutoglu. The history of the appointment of Hasanova Minister is little known and is clearly worth telling it. Because, knowing this story, the current exacerbation of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict can be seen by completely different eyes.

Azerbaijani Defense Minister - Turkey Military

So, the predecessor of Hasanova, Safara Abiyev, appointed another father of the current Azerbaijani president - Heydar Aliyev. The experience and management of the experienced party functionar and a high-ranking KGB officer allowed the Aliyev-Elder several times to avoid military and colleague courses. In 1995, Heydar Aliyev had a chance to test fate twice: in March, the rebellion was happening, inspired by the former Minister of the Interior Iskander Hamidov, and in August - the "Case of Generals" thundered to the whole country. A group of conspirators, which included two deputy defense minister, intended to bring down the presidential aircraft from portable SPC. In general, the well-known "Penalty" of Aliyev-Sr. regarding the preparing conspiracy of the military had its intentional explanation (also after the betrayal of the ex-minister of defense of Ragim Gazeyev, which happened a little earlier). Therefore, it is not surprising that by passing power to his son, Heydar-aha commanded the heir: fear the military coup! At the same time, as I could Ilham, he secured, because since 1995, the military department had a faithful family of Aliyev Safar Abiev.

On this topic

Not least thanks to the personal participation of the Minister Abiyev, the Armenian-Azerbaijani military confrontation in Nagorno-Karabakh ended. The insightful and extremely cautious military in every way restrained his subordinates, the point and the case trying to show a hot temper in the explosive region. But such a minister of defense became extremely unprofitable by Ankara, the business was becoming old to inflate the coals of the former jury in the Caucasus. And in 2013, the Turks blew up an information bomb. What is noteworthy - with the help of the radical "antihalis" Azerbaijani publication "Yeni Musavat". Like, the president and his son-in-law was preparing an attempt. At the same time, the journalists were very "thick" hinted: the conspiracy was organized by the military. No evidence, of course, did not submit any, as being in such cases. But this slightest suspicion was enough for Ilham Aliyev to remove the faithful Abiyev from leadership by the Ministry.

All his career Abiyev struggled with Musavatists in the army - with Azerbaijani Turks, as, deliberately confronting the uninitudinal, they refer to themselves in their publications, such as "Yeni Musavat". Without a small two decades, Musavatists "Deded" the minister for "oppression and pressure on Azeri Turks in the army", and here - what goodness! - The then Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, the ethnic Crimean Tatar Ahmet Davutoglu, arrived at the aid. It is not safe that he "poured into the ears" Ilham Aliyev, but Abiyev at the ministerial post was replaced by the one who put forward Ankara - General Zakir Hasanov. Ethnic Azeri Turk. And the Armenian hated hate is not as an example of his predecessor Abiyev.

REFERENCE

Washington in the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh traditionally occupies neutrality.

Meanwhile, seven US states - Hawaii, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, Louisiana, Georgia and California - officially recognize the independence of Artsakh. It is believed that these local confessions are a very, very wealthy 2 millionth Armenian diaspora.

But London unequivocally protrudes on the side of Azerbaijan.

And the positions of other European states in the Karabakh issue will significantly differ. "For Baku" - Germany and "New Europe" (Poland, Baltic countries and Romania). "For Stepanakert" - France and Italy.

Provoke the situation in the Karabakh Ankara and London, not Baku

Of course, Hasanov's nomination immediately provoked new collisions in Artsakh - Nagorno-Karabakh. Starting from last year, the situation in the region was sharpened several times - and whether it was necessary to settle it with Russian president. And - amazing business! - Shooting provoked his orders to his orders, the Minister of Defense of Hasanov, taking advantage of the signs from Baku the head of state. But if the activity of the military minister was limited to the provocations on the borders of Artsakh alone! Last December, Hasanov, after several bilateral and three-sided meetings in Istanbul, Turkish Defense Ministers, Azerbaijan and Georgia, initiated the signing of the defense Covenant with Ankara and Tbilisi. The Ministers of Ismet Yylmaz and Tina Hidasheli agreed that in the event of a regular exacerbation on the borders with the Armenian Anclav, they undertake to enter into conflict on the side of Azerbaijanis. And the document was signed - despite the fact that the North Atlantic Alliance did not stand behind Georgia and Azerbaijan, as in the case of Turkey. Neither the Hidasheli, nor, of course, Hasanova did not embarrass this circumstance. Probably, they really counted on the fact that, in the case of which, the Turkey, but the entire block of NATO was ready for them.

And this calculation, apparently, was built not on only conjectures and fantasies. There were and more good reason to rely on NATO. Political support for the Military Axis of Ankara - Baku - Tbilisi guaranteed London. This is confirmed by the January speech at the PACE session of the British parliamentarian Robert Walter. There was no exacerbation of the conflict in Artsakh, but Walter already, apparently, something knew for sure, offering parliamentarians to adopt a resolution on "escalation of violence" in the region. So it was always: to approach the Caucasus The British invariably faded the Turks, and they themselves were invariably stood on their backs. I remember Imam Shamil - Nasseki Mountainees Ottomans, but Albion's politicians were performed by the ideologists of what was happening. So, today nothing has changed. That is why Robert Walter from the PACE stand and demanded "to bring Armenian forces from Nagorno-Karabakh" and "approve full control of Azerbaijan in these territories."

On this topic

The other day, the Economists of the Higher School of Economics compared wages in dollars in Russia, CIS countries and Eastern European Currency Point Parity (PPS) - This indicator equals the purchasing abilities of currencies different countries. The authors of the study used the World Bank data on PPS 2011, currency courses and inflation rate in the countries under consideration in subsequent years.

Hardly the reason for the revitalization of Turkey's actions is explained by the desire to symmetrically reply to Moscow for the actual recognition of Kurdistan. The explanation is most likely different: Ankara is preparing to President Ilham Aliyev "Color Revolution" - the hands of the Azerbaijani military.

In February-March, Turkish military experts were gaining from Ankara to Baku. In comparison with Armenians, Azerbaijanis - fighters of Nevaznets. They themselves would not risk. What is noteworthy, the former Minister of Defense of Azerbaijan and the head of the General Staff in one voice testified: not at the power of the army in its current form to return Artsakh. Well, in the promised assistance of the Turks - why not try good luck? Fortunately, the minister is different. By the way, a curious touch: as soon as the conflict in Karabakh aggravated, a considerable detachment was put forward to the aid of Azerbaijanis crimean Tatars from the Kherson region of Ukraine. Whether 300 bayonies, or more. Without Ankara, by itself, and here it did not cost. It is noteworthy that in Yerevan, and in Stepanakert were informed about the possible provocation. And it is not by chance that Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan at a meeting with ambassadors of OSCE member countries stressed: it provoked the bloodshed of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev. Bloody provocation was prepared by the leadership of Turkey and was carried out by the Minister of Defense of Azerbaijan in the absence of the country's president.

Anatoly Nevamiyan, Orientalist:

- In militarily, Baku has no chance to return Karabakh. But the Azerbaijani generals have the possibility of local promotion in a short period of time - in calculating the fact that external players will stop the war at the time when Azerbaijan can no longer move on. Maximum, which can achieve this Azerbaijanis, - to establish control over a pair-troika village. And it will be served as a victory. Return the same Karabakh, entirely, Baku is not able. It does not come out to cope even with the Army of Karabakh, and there is still an army army. But Baku is not afraid of playing, perfectly realizing that he would simply won't lose to lose - the same Moscow, which immediately interferes. In my opinion, the current exacerbation of the situation is caused by the fact that the West and Turkey finally decided on the future fate of Ilham Aliyev - he is preparing a "Baku Revolution" with the original scenario. This "revolution" will have four stages: the conflict in Karabakh, the defeat of Azerbaijan, recognition of Artsakh Washington (seven states have already been determined) and the coup in Baku. The first step is already passed, the second is almost completed. Half the path is passed - just a few days. Aliyev should be more careful.

What Moscow will answer the provocations of Ankara

What to wait? Some military experts, such as Franz Klintsevich, believe that the exacerbation in Artsakh will receive further development. Moreover, the alignment, from his words, such: Armenia, they say, is included in the CSTO, and Azerbaijan is not, and this means that Russia will inevitably have to accept the Armenian side in conflict. In fact, everything is not so easy. Armenia - like Russia - is not a party to the Karabakh conflict. His parties are Azerbaijan and the Republic of Artsakh, although not recognized even by Yerevan, but a very independent state of half of Armenia. In the CSTO Artsakh is not presented. So it is hardly necessary to make hasty conclusions about the fact that in the case of the escalation of the conflict of Russia will have to introduce troops into an unrecognized republic. Will not have to.

And one more important moment. There will be a myth that if Nagorno-Karabakh "Wock" back to Azerbaijan, the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict will inevitably be exhausted. Alas, it is not. Take a look at the map. Azerbaijan has an exclave in the south - Nakhichevan Autonomy. It shares it with Azerbaijan not only Artsakh, in the appearance of which after the collapse of the USSR, they say, and consists of the essence of the conflict. Between Nakhichevan and the rest of the country - a considerable piece of Armenia. Its that, too, to give Baku - for the final settlement of the peace process, because, as follows from the Azerbaijani agenda, the conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis will be exhausted only if Azerbaijan will finally reunite entirely? Thus, today, a geopolitical solution that the conflict may not have to reduce the conflict.

However, it should be recognized that neither the president of Armenia nor his Azerbaijani colleague nor the leadership of Artsakh is not ready to unleash a great war in the Caucasus. Spring blood is ready only the Turkish lobby in Baku, headed by Minister of Defense Zakir Gasanov. By the way, Turkey, the mouth of the premiere of Davutoglu promised to certainly come to the profile in case of exacerbation of the situation on the borders, something did not appear on the battlefield, giving to die there to the Azerbaijanis alone.

In general, to settle the situation, as always, will have to Moscow. Applying is not a weapon, but alone only diplomacy. Even roughening - using the stock manufacturer criticized, but well-working "telephone right." President Putin, as always, in such cases, calls the heads of Armenia and Azerbaijan, and then the Armenian leader will call the colleague from Artsakh. And the palfa will eat, albeit for a short time. And in the fact that the Russian president will find the necessary words to enjoy your Azerbaijani colleague Ilham Aliyev, there is no doubt. Will be much more enticeable than russian leadership "Thanks" the Turks. Here you can play a lot. And about the start of the supply of humanitarian goods to Syria-border with Turkey. The experience of Donbass suggests that the body of Russian trucks with humanitarian is significantly industrially, rather than think. There is a place there for any such, without which Kurds could not do. Today Ankara is unsuccessful trying to pacify Kurdish cities on its territory - there are tanks and assault aviation. Against almost unarmed Kurds! And if Kurds are lucky to detect some useful tool among cans with stew and medicines - it's purely by chance, of course? Do Erdogan cope? Very and very doubtful. Do not get rid of Turkey now tomatoes, the Putin warned them true. And England will not help them - however, it was always.

It happens that the politicians of Artsakh continue their career in the Metropolis, if you can express it. For example, the first president of Nagorno-Karabakh Robert Kocharian became the second president of Armenia. But often, Stepanakert's domineering echelons makes frank political adventurers - to the fullest misunderstanding of official Yerevan. So, in 1999, the Government of Artsakh headed odious Anushan Danielyan - on the eve of the politician who was running out of Crimea, outreached in collaboration with organized criminal group "Saleh". In Stepanakert, he surfaced together with his Simferopol Acaler Vladimir Sheviev (Gaspariana), and this couple for eight years taxed by the economy of the unrecognized republic. And about the criminal depopulation of the activities of Danielian with Shevyov, the then President of Artsakh Arkady Gukasyan was informed in detail in the Crimea. Thus, in some statements of official Baku, which in Stepanakert is filled criminal authorities, well-known foundations are really available.