Russian Empire 6. Russian Empire

Alternatives for the development of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century. Internal politics of Alexander I.

Patriotic War of 1812

Nikolaev Russia: from the Decembrist uprising to the Crimean catastrophe.

List of main literature

1. Arkhangelsky, A. Alexander I / A. Arkhangelsky. - M., 2006.

2. Wittaker, C.H. Count Sergei Semenovich Uvarov and his time / Ts.Kh. Wittaker. - M., 1999.

3. Vyskochkov, L. Nicholas I / L. Vyskochkov. - M., 2003.

4. Grosul, V.Ya. Decembrists and Emigration / V.Ya. Grosul // National history. – 2006. – № 6.

5. De Custine, A. Nikolaev Russia / A. De Custine. - M., 1990.

6. Patriotic War 1812: an encyclopedia. - M., 2004.

7. Sakharov, A.N. Alexander I / A.N. Sakharov. - M., 1998.

8. Sirotkin, V.G. Patriotic War of 1812 / V.G. Sirotkin. - M., 1988.

9. Tartakovsky, A.G. Unsolved Barclay: Legends and History of 1812 / A.G. Tartakovsky. - M., 1996.

10. Tomsinov, V. Speransky / V. Tomsinov. - M., 2006.

11. Fedorov, V.A. M.M. Speransky and A.A. Arakcheev / V.A. Fedorov. - M., 1997.

12. Fedorov, V.A. The Decembrists and Their Time / V.A. Fedorov. - M., 1992.

13. Chaadaev, P.Ya .: Proetcontra: personality and society of Petr Chaadaev in the assessment of Russian thinkers and researchers. - SPb., 1998.

14. Eidelman, N. Ya. Pushkin and the Decembrists / N. Ya. Eidelman. - M., 2005.

15. Yakovlev, A.I. Patriotic War of 1812 / A.I. Yakovlev. - M., 2004.

List of additional literature

1. Balyazin, V.N. Emperor Alexander I / V.N. Balyazin. - M., 1999.

2. Glinka, F.N. Letters from a Russian officer / F.N. Glinka. - M., 1990.

3. Gordin, Ya.A. Revolt of the reformers / Ya.A. Gordin. - M., 1998.

7. Nechkina, M.V. Decembrists / M.V. Nechkin. - M., 1990.

8. Russian society of the 30s. XIX century. Memoirs of Contemporaries. - M., 1989.

9. Russian society 40-50-ies of the XIX century. - M., 1991.

10. Tarle, E.V. Patriotic War of 1812 / E.V. Tarle. - M., 1994.

11. Tomsinov, V.A. The luminary of the Russian bureaucracy: a historical portrait of M.M. Speransky / V.A. Tomsinov. - M., 1991.

12. Troitsky, N.A. Alexander I and Napoleon / N.A. Troitsky. - M., 1994.

13. Troitsky, N.A. 1812 The Great Year of Russia / N.A. Troitsky. - M., 1988.

14. Troitsky, N.A. Russia in the XIX century: a course of lectures / N.A. Troitsky. - M., 1997.

15. Tsymbaev, N.I. Slavophilism. From the history of Russian socio-political thought of the XIX century / N.I. Tsymbaev. - M., 1986.

16. Chibiryaev, S.A. The great Russian reformer: life, work, political views M.M. Speransky / S.A. Chibiryaev. - M., 1991.

17. Eidelman, N. Ya. Edge of the Century: Political Struggle in Russia. End XVIII - the beginning of the XIX century / N. Ya. Eidelman. - M., 1982.

Seminar 7 Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century.

"Great reforms of the 1860-1870s: prerequisites, essence, consequences

Economic and social development of post-reform Russia: the formation of bourgeois relations.

The revolutionary movement in Russia in the second half of the XIX century.

The formation of the Russian Empire happened on October 22, 1721 according to the old style or November 2. It was on this day that the last russian tsar Peter 1 the Great declared himself the emperor of Russia. This happened as one of the consequences of the Northern War, after which the Senate asked Peter 1 to accept the title of Emperor of the country. The state was named "Russian Empire". The city of St. Petersburg became its capital. For all the time the capital was moved to Moscow only for 2 years (from 1728 to 1730).

Territory of the Russian Empire

Considering the history of Russia of that era, it must be remembered that at the time of the formation of the empire, large territories were annexed to the country. This was made possible by the successful foreign policy the country led by Peter 1. He created new story, a story that has returned Russia to the ranks of world leaders and powers to be reckoned with.

The territory of the Russian Empire was 21.8 million km2. It was the second largest country in the world. In the first place was the British Empire with its many colonies. Most of them have retained their status to this day. The first laws of the country divided its territory into 8 provinces, each of which was governed by a governor. He had full local authority, including the judiciary. Later, Catherine II increased the number of provinces to 50. Of course, this was done not by annexing new lands, but by crushing them. This has significantly increased the state apparatus and has significantly reduced the effectiveness of local government in the country. We will talk about this in more detail in the corresponding article. It should be noted that at the time of the collapse of the Russian Empire, its territory consisted of 78 provinces. Largest cities the countries were:

St. Petersburg.
Moscow.
Warsaw.
Odessa.
Lodz.
Riga.
Kiev.
Kharkov.
Tiflis.
Tashkent.

The history of the Russian Empire is full of both bright and negative moments. In this time period, which lasted less than two centuries, a huge number of fateful moments in the fate of our country were invested. It was during the period of the Russian Empire that the Patriotic War, campaigns in the Caucasus, campaigns in India, and European campaigns took place. The country has developed dynamically. The reforms affected absolutely all aspects of life. It was the history of the Russian Empire that gave our country great commanders, whose names are still on the lips not only in Russia, but throughout Europe - Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov and Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov. These illustrious generals have forever inscribed their names in the history of our country and covered Russian weapons with eternal glory.

Map

We present a map of the Russian Empire, a brief history of which we are considering, which shows the European part of the country with all the changes that took place in terms of territories over the years of the state's existence.

Population

By the end of the 18th century, the Russian Empire was the largest country in the world in terms of area. Its scale was such that a messenger who was sent to all corners of the country to report the death of Catherine II, arrived in Kamchatka 3 months later! And this despite the fact that the messenger rode almost 200 km daily.

Russia was also the most populous country. In 1800, about 40 million people lived in the Russian Empire, most of them in the European part of the country. A little less than 3 million lived beyond the Urals. The national composition of the country was variegated:

East Slavs. Russians (Great Russians), Ukrainians (Little Russians), Belarusians. For a long time, almost until the very end of the Empire, it was considered a single people.
Estonians, Latvians, Latvians and Germans lived in the Baltics.
Finno-Ugric (Mordvinians, Karelians, Udmurts, etc.), Altai (Kalmyks) and Turkic (Bashkirs, Tatars, etc.) peoples.
The peoples of Siberia and the Far East (Yakuts, Evens, Buryats, Chukchi, etc.).

In the course of the formation of the country, part of the Kazakhs and Jews who lived on the territory of Poland, who after its disintegration went to Russia, became its citizenship.

The main class in the country were peasants (about 90%). Other estates: philistine (4%), merchants (1%), and the remaining 5% of the population was distributed between the Cossacks, clergy and nobility. This is the classic structure of an agrarian society. Indeed, the main occupation of the Russian Empire was agriculture. It is no coincidence that all the indicators that lovers of the tsarist regime like to be so proud of today are associated with agriculture (we are talking about the import of grain and butter).

By the end of the 19th century, 128.9 million people lived in Russia, of which 16 million lived in cities, and the rest in villages.

Political system

The Russian Empire was autocratic in its form of government, where all the fullness of power was concentrated in the hands of one person - the emperor, who was often called, in the old manner, tsar. Peter I laid down in the laws of Russia precisely the unlimited power of the monarch, which ensured the autocracy. Simultaneously with the state, the autocrat actually ruled the church.

An important point - after the reign of Paul 1, autocracy in Russia could no longer be called absolute. This happened due to the fact that Paul 1 issued a decree by which the system of transferring the throne was canceled, established by Peter 1. Peter Alekseevich Romanov, let me remind you, decided that the ruler himself determines his successor. Some historians today speak about the negative of this document, but this is precisely where the essence of autocracy is expressed - the ruler makes all decisions, including those about his successor. After Paul 1, the system returned, in which the son inherits the throne after the father.

Rulers of the country

Below is a list of all the rulers of the Russian Empire during the period of its existence (1721-1917).

The rulers of the Russian empire

Emperor	Years of government
Peter 1	1721-1725
Ekaterina 1	1725-1727
Peter 2	1727-1730
Anna Ioannovna	1730-1740
Ivan 6	1740-1741
Elizabeth 1	1741-1762
Peter 3	1762
Ekaterina 2	1762-1796
Paul 1	1796-1801
Alexander 1	1801-1825
Nikolay 1	1825-1855
Alexander 2	1855-1881
Alexander 3	1881-1894
Nikolay 2	1894-1917

All the rulers were from the Romanov dynasty, and after the overthrow of Nicholas II and the killing of himself and his family by the Bolsheviks, the dynasty was interrupted, and the Russian Empire ceased to exist, changing the form of statehood in the USSR.

Key dates

During its existence, which is almost 200 years, the Russian Empire experienced many important moments and events that had an impact on the state and people.

1722 - Table of Ranks
1799 - Suvorov's foreign campaigns to Italy and Switzerland
1809 - Accession of Finland
1812 - Patriotic War
1817-1864 - Caucasian War
1825 (December 14) - Decembrist uprising
1867 - Sale of Alaska
1881 (March 1) assassination of Alexander II
1905 (January 9) - Bloody Sunday
1914-1918 - First world War
1917 - February and October revolutions

Completion of the Empire

The history of the Russian Empire ended on September 1, 1917 according to the old style. It was on this day that the Republic was proclaimed. This was proclaimed by Kerensky, who, according to the law, did not have the right to do so, so the declaration of Russia as a Republic can be safely called illegal. Only the Constituent Assembly had powers for such a proclamation. The fall of the Russian Empire is closely connected with the history of its last emperor, Nicholas 2. This emperor possessed all the qualities of a worthy person, but had an indecisive character. It is because of this that the riots occurred in the country that cost Nicholas himself 2 lives, and the Russian Empire - existence. Nicholas 2 failed to harshly suppress the revolutionary and terrorist activities of the Bolsheviks in the country. There were also objective reasons for this. Chief among them, the First World War, in which the Russian Empire was involved and exhausted in it. The Russian Empire was replaced by a new type of state structure of the country - the USSR.

The Land of the Non-Setting Sun [National policy of the Russian Empire and the self-name of the Russian people] Bazhanov Evgeny Alexandrovich

Chapter 6. THE FLOWER OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, an amazing the Russian Empire reached its heyday and peak of power. Could the empire expand further territorially? I could. There were states ready to join Russia in the Balkans. Bulgarians asked to join the USSR and soviet time... There were weak territories where Mongolia is now ... But there was no longer a threat to Russia from there. There was no threat and no progress there. There was a peaceful construction, the arrangement of the empire.

Russia helped the Balkan Slavs in their just struggle for liberation against Turkey. Among the Russian nobility and other strata of the people, the ideas of the "fourth Rome", the Slavic brotherhood, and assistance to Orthodox fellow believers are strong.

The Turks called Belgrade “the gate of the holy war”. The extermination of Orthodox Slavs by the then Turkish politicians was the goal of life. At their instigation, militants from the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Poland ... went to fight for the Turks with the Balkan Slavs ... which is figuratively reflected in the verses of the Bulgarian poet Boev.

From Russia, ruled by "German" tsars, sympathy and support were expressed. The Samara flag is well known and is now kept at the Shipka Pass in Bulgaria. It is also known about the banner sent from Moscow to the Serbian army in the seventies of the XIX century with the inscriptions on the ribbons: "From the Russian people to the Slavic army", "God is our refuge and strength."

They say that history does not repeat itself twice. How to look. If earlier they fought on horses and donkeys, now donkeys have moved to "Boeings" and are bombing Serbia with super-powerful bombs. Earlier the British and Turks attacked Russia and Serbia and now it is the same. Earlier, German, Italian, Hungarian and other fascists killed Serbs and Russians by the millions, and now NATO bandits are bombing villages, churches and cemeteries of Serbs.

Allegedly, NATO is defending democracy in Serbia from the Serbs. But do the descendants of money, slave and opium traders know what freedom and democracy are? For example, this book is unlikely to be published in the United States and England in large editions. The Yankees, even with the Serbs, could not properly discuss, they bombed TV centers and radio stations.

My article "Six centuries of genocide in the Balkans" in the newspaper "Volzhskaya Zarya" (November 30, 1999), which was not accepted in any other edition, reflects on the historical fate of the Balkan Slavs. Whoever maintains the press determines what it writes. Dosed publicity does not resolve many issues, but reflects a range of opinions.

During that period, the Russian Empire was also attacked. In Beijing, most of the embassies were destroyed (the boxer uprising), including the Russian one, where 5 people were killed and 20 were wounded. In 1900, the Chinese stormed Blagoveshchensk. The allies took Beijing. But there was no desire in Russia to control China; I have a lot of work.

Despite the outbursts of tension, the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th are a time of stability and rapid progress of the Russian Empire.

The national question in the empire was solved, on the one hand, by the friendliness and accommodating nature natural for the Russian people, and on the other hand, it was the subject of close attention of the government. Possessing a sufficiently high culture of agriculture, housing construction, handicraft, handicraft and factory production, the Russian settler did not isolate himself from the steppe and taiga peoples, but existed quite peacefully, neighboring with them, if he was not disturbed by raids.

The Russian tsars, in many documents, ordered their military leaders and subjects to treat the native population with affection. This helped to strengthen the empire. There were no autonomous republics or reservations; any inhabitant of the empire was its full-fledged citizen. At the same time, any citizen had the right to preserve his national identity and faith.

Back in the 18th century V.N. Tatishchev noted in his book "Selected Works on the Geography of Russia": "Brahmans, Indians more in Astrakhan have a special house for prayer, they rarely come to Moscow."

At the same time, he has a reflection of another historical fact: "It has long been for the Jews to enter Russia and have dwellings anywhere, unless they are allowed by a special imperial decree." By the beginning of the 20th century, the Jewish question in Russia underwent great changes. We will touch on that in a separate chapter.

Any nationalist in the Russian Empire could feel confident, unrestrained, and even proud.

Industry in Russia developed at a gigantic pace, which contributed to the attractiveness of the empire for different tribes and peoples. Even from Western Europe workers, engineers, governesses, artists went to work ... Noblewomen from all over Europe considered it off to become related to the Russian nobility ...

The researchers cite the following indicators of economic growth, comparing 1908 and 1911: “Gold production during this period increased by 43%, oil - by 65% \u200b\u200b... iron and steel smelting - by 225%, pig iron - by 250%. The merchant marine tonnage increased by 59%. The production of agricultural machinery and equipment has increased sevenfold. " His Majesty played a significant role in technical progress. But in any case, we can say that the country was on the rise.

Together with Oblomov, Soviet and Russian schoolchildren are forced to study “dead souls” and other satire. Gogolevsky " Dead Souls"Will survive many books, a talented work. But if you let me study only "Dead Souls", then you get the impression that in Russia all the swindlers. Let us remind the gentlemen from the Ministry of Education that in the Russian countryside the peasants did not lock their huts, theft was considered the last thing and was a rare occurrence. If the old woman left, she would prop up the door with a stick, and everyone knew that it was impossible to enter. Many of us still remember this. The empire was built by the Suvorovs, Demidovs and millions of hardworking peasants and workers. Whether the current system teaches to work and a sober life, judge for yourself.

If you clean up the drifts outlined by the regiments of political talkers about the "prison of peoples", you will refuse that the Russian Empire has achieved considerable success in the development of science, industry, and agriculture. Suffice it to recall the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the world's largest network of canals connecting the Volga with the northern seas, the grain and fat-melting industry (half of the world's bread and lard exports were provided by "bastard"). The author has a book "Free City ...", and there you can find a lot of materials on this topic. But back to main theme - the national question and freedom in the empire. Many asked for the arm of the white king, but not everyone was lucky. It is significant that not individuals, but entire nations will ask for a bad state. And where did you see that people asked to go to another empire ... and even so much.

In the XIV century in Tibet (an interesting area from all points of view) an influential sect "Gelugna" was formed with the Dalai Lama at its head. China fought for a long time to establish its rule over Tibet. In 1904, British troops came there (the greed of these globalists knows no bounds).

Here is a letter from the Dalai Lama to the Mongolian deputation of Prince Uday: "All Tibetans and Mongols must adhere to only one people, namely the Russians, and by no means the Chinese, the British and the Japanese."

Only Russia ensured freedom of religion within the empire and did not encroach on further expansion at the expense of other countries. There was enough of its territory. Inside the country of freedom, the sea, the ocean. Go wherever you want. I decided to emigrate to South America, you are welcome.

Even with the Tatars, an integral part of the Mongol horde, the empire built friendly relations, despite the memory of the horde's bloody raids. After the capture of Kazan, a small part of the Tatars, about 40,000 people, were baptized. The consequences were. Back in Soviet atheistic times, a representative of the Tatar community complained to me that Christian Tatars shunned Muslim Tatars.

Under Catherine II in 1764, the newly baptized office was closed. “At the same time, under the influence of the then fashionable idea of \u200b\u200breligious tolerance, the collection of taxes from unbaptized foreigners for the baptized was destroyed, the broadest permission was given to the Tatars to build mosques, and the clergy (Orthodox) was forbidden to interfere in any matters about the Gentiles and their prayer matters. ".

However, if the imperial spirit was not instilled in the Gentiles, then under certain conditions, spontaneous flow could give a result that they did not want. During the Russo-Turkish War in the 19th century, observers and intelligence noted:

"Muslim sympathies pull the Tatars not towards Peter or Moscow, but towards Bukhara, Mecca and Istanbul - these holy cities of Islam."

Among some of the Tatars, the sentiments were noted: "Soon the Sultan will come, Russians will eat." People who liked them were reassured: “You good man, we will quietly cut you. "

During the war with Turkey, in the Tatar houses "it was possible to find portraits of the Sultan and his generals everywhere." During the war, money was also collected in favor of the enemy of the empire. Turkish subjects collected more than 40,000 rubles among the Turkmens for the Turkish fleet (GASO F. 472, op. 1, d.390, p. 490). We indicate the source here, but the essence is more important there are many events, testimonies and others.

And there is discord between brothers, what to say about people who have not yet become akin to the empire. Let us recall that according to the data published in the empire in a non-atheistic publication that Greek monks massacred a large community of Russian monks in the famous Athos monastery. Later they lived peacefully, including in those years when Russians prevailed in the Athonite monasteries. History testifies that even among monks, whose lifestyle is humble service to God, there can be outbursts of strife. There were also riots among the Bursaks, inter-Russian contradictions.

By maintaining national identity and national pride, the rulers of the empire risked the possibility of enemies taking advantage of their freedom. And the enemies of the peoples of Russia were sophisticated.

So, in the newspaper Pravda, 76 for 1913, we read a touching, caring and reproachful about the government on the eve of the First World War and the debate about the support of the Balkan Slavs: "Engaging Russia, which has already brought so many sacrifices to the altar of freedom of the Slavs ... this is a kind of provocation" ... In form, it may be fair, but in fact, knowing how some democratic organizations were waiting for the war and wishing for the defeat of Russia, is very false. It is enough to quote Marx's statement: “We stand for the Turks in the strongest possible way, and, moreover, for two reasons. Firstly, because we studied the Turkish peasant, that is, the Turkish masses, and became convinced that he is one of the most efficient and moral representatives of the peasantry in Europe. Secondly, because the defeat of the Russians will greatly accelerate the social upheaval, the elements of which are abundant, and thanks to this a turning point will come in Europe. "

We will not comment on the maxims of the "scientist" regarding the "popular masses", but we note that here Marx does not care about the Bulgarian, Serbian, Macedonian, Greek peasants being destroyed by the fire of the Turkish military. It is more important for the "internationalist" Marx to play people off and dreams of the defeat of Russian weapons. The dreams of the internationalist about the defeat of the Russian weapon that would bring freedom to the Balkan peoples did not come true in the Russian-Turkish war. But his developments on the collapse of "despotic Russia" (the expression of the Herzen and Radzin) were adopted.

And how similar are the statements and criticism of Serbs during the NATO aggression at the end of the 20th century among the democrats of the Gaidar-Yavlinsky television environment with the statements-aspirations of the democrat-communist Marx. Simply amazing! Everything turned over 180 degrees.

Who is who in modern politics is not easy to figure out. There were many confused people in the 19th century. But the policy of the Russian Empire of this period on the national question is simple and clear. You can bring different documents, dry paragraphs. But if you open the magazine "Russian Shipping" 5 for 1911, then its materials will convince better than boring laws.

At the beginning of the century, steam engines on military ships were replaced with diesel engines. Let's pay attention to the name of tankers and military river tugs: "Emmanuel Nobel", "Robert Nobel", "Velikoross", "Maloross", "Kirgiz", "Kalmyk", "Ostyak", "Lezgin", "Osetin", " Yakut ”,“ Samoyed ”,“ Ingush ”,“ Sarmat ”, etc. Note, not“ Kyrgyzstan ”, but“ Kirgiz ”. And it doesn't matter that the navy may not yet have representatives of the steppe and forest nomadic Kirghiz or Ostyaks. But on the warships of the Russian fleet, the names of the peoples of the empire are proudly displayed.

As for freedom, democracy and tolerance in the empire, the Boltologists can be answered by the Samara old-timer B.S. Sergeev, who left us his memoirs. About apprenticeship in a commercial school, we find the following: "We had sectarians and Jews in our class, they could not learn the" Law of God "and not be present at the lessons." Do you need a comment?

Legions of chatters, led by the writer Chernyshevsky, who spoke with contempt about our "land of slaves," and the historian E. Radzinsky, who has been broadcasting about "three hundred years of despotism in Russia" on television for weeks, are either profane or cunning liars.

In Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, not only complete economic freedom, not only great freedom of religion, but also political freedom, which is rare even for our days. Greater political freedom was one of the reasons that led to the breakdown political structure empire.

Let's look at the facts, examples. Let's take this: citizen S.E. Permyakov from among the Woldum theoreticians ... The gendarme office opened three cases against him, including about political unreliability. Nevertheless, S.E. Permyakov calmly participated in the election campaign, and after the election of the mayor of the city of Samara was approved for this high position.

This is a private example. And here is an example of an all-Russian scale. If you study the biographies of revolutionaries, members of different parties, aiming at overthrowing the existing system, according to Soviet data (the best guarantee of reliability in this case), you will see that the majority of those exiled to other cities (from their former place of residence) under public and private supervision the police were employed ... Quite right, in state bodies of local self-government, such as the city council. So it was in Samara, where Lenin's sister worked in the state apparatus, like many "unreliable". Information about revolutionaries in zemstvos can be found, for example, in the "Samara zemstvo collection".

Sophisticated NKVDeshniki would never have allowed a "revolutionary-minded element" into the state apparatus. The revolutionaries had information about city and zemstvo affairs, financial transactions, had access to the issuance of various kinds of certificates, etc.

Anyone who knows hardware games imagines that sometimes a small fry on its own (or on someone's advice in another case) can influence the solution of any issue no worse than a big boss. It is not for nothing that it is said: "The king pays, but the huntsman does not favor". In addition, a simple Russian artisan, due to his illiteracy and inexperience, looked at any clerk as a big ace.

Such a situation on the part of the gendarmerie is either a conspiracy to overthrow the monarchy, or great humanism. On the part of the monarchy, a desire was manifested to employ educated opponents to get busy.

It is known that the Prime Minister Stolypin, the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Grand Dukes, governors, and other prominent officials were killed like flies by double agents of the secret police and revolutionaries, into whose environment an incredible number of agents were introduced ... As a joke, every second revolutionary was an agent of the secret police ... To be precise, only in the Samara Social Democratic organization there were exactly twenty secret employees, they were in all the other parties - the Socialist-Revolutionaries, anarchists ..., where 6, where 8 agents. The conclusions suggest themselves. Let's leave this unpleasant digging to others and go further on the topic.

Sometimes publicists stick out that the tsar has dissolved the State Duma. However, the real power at the local level was with the zemstvos and the governors (they have an entirely revolutionary element in their apparatus). This power is now half with the governors, half with the mafia. So the Yavlinskys and Radzinskys will not be able to deny the great degree of freedom in the Russian Empire.

Back in Russia, there was censorship and it seemed to prevent the appearance of especially defiant articles. We leaf through pre-revolutionary newspapers. Here is the "Voice of Samara", 72 for 1912 to the anniversary of A.I. Herzen publishes a long article glorifying the "reformer." No censorship. The newspaper "Volzhsky Day" dated 20.05.1914 publishes a sympathetic article dedicated to the centenary of another ardent revolutionary anarchist M.A. Bakunin, who harmed the empire a lot with his activities.

We meet the same in the capital's press, from where reprints are frequent by regional publications, and in all regions our own materials.

The editorial staff of "Samara Courier" took offense at censorship on their pages in 1906 (during the first Russian revolution, which began during the Russo-Japanese War and some tightening of censorship), but in the same newspaper, why in vain they defame Minister Stolypin, and about colleagues from press, "close to the ministers," write in the following expressions: "The predatory rage of these jackals of the press has reached a kind of convulsive hoarseness." These not strongest expressions regarding opponents were not censored.

Enthusiastic articles about the Decembrists appeared in the Russian press in the middle of the 19th century. K. Marx and F. Engels were widely and officially published in Russia. Their publications can be found in the press even in 1914 on the eve of the First World War. K. Marx has been widely propagandized since the eighties. In 1883, the reputable magazine "World Illustration" published a photo with the inscription "Karl Marx, famous economic writer." How does it feel? A separate chapter should be devoted to Marx.

Do you think the secret police did not read the works of Marx and did not know about the plans to destroy Russia? The layman can guess whether there were humanists or enemies of the empire in the secret police and at court, but it cannot be said that they were uninformed people.

Thus, we have come to the assertion that freedom, including freedom of speech, had reached great heights by the beginning of the First World War in Russia.

Regarding other freedoms, not a single country in the world is still underdeveloped before the Russian Empire. None, including the United States and Switzerland. It is enough to look at the volumes with letters to V.I. Lenin on the period of exile in Shushenskoye. For his activities to destabilize the monarchy, Lenin was exiled to the Siberian village of Shushenskoye. Here Lenin lived with his wife and mother-in-law on a scholarship paid by the government. He rested, wrote revolutionary works, did not serve anywhere. Had a gun to play with the hunt. Officially procured a self-defense pistol. Resort and only, not a link. On such conditions, millions of workers, engineers, and teachers of Yeltsin's Russia would have been sent to the queue. But since the Boerbulis and Chubais ruined the country, the citizens will never see such a life.

In such a free empire, the people were open and active. I didn’t like the working conditions - the strike, the mass demonstration. In perestroika and post-perestroika Russia, factories are standing still, agricultural enterprises have been liquidated, the peasant from the tractor and from the milking machine more and more often switches to a shovel and a milker, the teacher and doctor receive a salary, which is enough only for travel to work and payment for housing, but frightened by the Beria inquisition to rise to fight the people cannot, despite the appeals of different parties.

A disaster struck in the 19th century in Serbia, the massacre by the Turks began, and the Russian public began to move: the All-Russian Zemstvo Union alone collected voluntary donations in the amount of 1,983,423 rubles and, in addition, food for 215,000 residents of Serbia and Montenegro. Now in Russia itself, in other places, like in Chechnya, Russians are being massacred, NATO and the leaders of the Albanian drug mafia are destroying Serbs in Kosovo, and the Russian public is frowning, but is silent ...

But it’s not that simple. During the NATO aggression in Moscow, thousands of angry people protested around the clock outside the American embassy. This amazing action for contemporaries, like a bright scandal, was broadcast on television from morning to evening and began to shake the national consciousness in a way that thousands of artists and journalists could not have done. And ... the Kremlin and regional clerks were afraid of their own people. This fear was almost animal and could be seen even in the statements of officials from distant regions, the Russian hinterland ... "Patriot" Luzhkov, by a forceful cop's decision-action, banned a popular protest meeting against the destruction of the Slavs. Russia again plunged into gloomy silence; and not to kill the same Russian Russian cops. But something happened that had not happened before. And everyone saw it.

Such Russia was and has become. The heyday of the Russian Empire coincided with the heyday of freedom, free thinking, freedom of action. Only the Russians did not succeed in fully enjoying the fruits of freedom, they did not have time. But for the study it is important to establish that such a period took place.

From the book History of Russia. XX - early XXI century. Grade 9 author

From the book History of Russia. XX - early XXI century. Grade 9 author Kiselev Alexander Fedotovich

Chapter 1 SUNSET OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

From the book Egyptians [From ancient civilization to the present day] author Asimov Isaac

Chapter 5 The Rise of the Empire Thebes Again While the Hyksos ruled in the north, Thebes, remembering the glorious Middle Kingdom, remained under the rule of the priests of Amun. Gradually, they united their forces, weaned from submission to the highest authority - at least in Upper Egypt - and

From the book Heroes, Villains, Conformists of Russian SCIENCE author Shnol Simon Elievich

Chapter 1 Karl Fedorovich Kessler (1815-1881), Grigory Efimovich Shchurovsky (1803-1884) Prosperity russian science and congresses of Russian naturalists and doctors There are events in history that are not very significant, but they give rise to the processes that determine the life of the country in

author

Chapter 4. From Muscovy to the Russian Empire I looked at what had grown, was coming down ... From song folklore In 1721, Peter I declared his state an empire. A special, imperial period of our history began, which ended only in 1917. The declaration of Russia as an empire sharply

From the book The Collapse of the Empire (Course unknown history) author Burovsky Andrey Mikhailovich

Chapter 5. Children of the Russian Empire Dad is Turks, Mom is Greek, and I am a Russian. Proposition As in 1918, in 1992 the disintegration of Russia proper began - the territory long and firmly inhabited by Russians. Here, however, an elementary question arises: who are modern Russians?

From the book To the beginning. History of the Russian Empire author Geller Mikhail Yakovlevich

Chapter 5 THE BIRTH OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE Moscow and the city of Petrov and the city of Constantine - These are the cherished limits of the Russian kingdom, But where is the limit to it? And where are its borders - To the north, to the east, to the south and to the sunset? .. Fedor

From the book History of China author A. V. Meliksetov

Chapter VI. Empire Rebuilding and Rise: Sui Dynasty and

From the book A single textbook of the history of Russia from ancient times to 1917. With a foreword by Nikolai Starikov author Platonov Sergei Fedorovich

Chapter Six Formation of the Russian Empire

From the book of the Romanovs. First century author Fedoseev Yuri Grigorievich

Chapter VII The birth of the Russian Empire Charles XII's mistake. Restoration of the Russian army. The first victories of the Russian troops. Founding of St. Petersburg and Kronstadt. Successful actions of Sheremetev in Livonia. Polish-Swedish War. Stanislav Leshchinsky. Russian-Polish allied

From the book Southeast Asia in the XIII - XVI centuries author Berzin Eduard Oskarovich

Chapter 12 THE FLOWER OF THE EMPIRE OF MAJAPAHIT Established in the early 20s of the XIV century. new system feudal relations in Majapahit, although it strengthened the throne of the king, nevertheless did not quite suit the monarch Jayanagara who ruled at that time, since his mother was sumatran and did not

From the book of Montezuma author Grolisch Michel

CHAPTER 9 The Rise of the Empire In 1510, when there were a lot of prophecies, wars suddenly began to fade, as if the Allies decided to take a break. The empire's authority began to decline. Mages of Quetlaxtlan (currently Cotaxla, southwest of Veracruz) watching from

From the book General History. Ancient world history. Grade 5 author Selunskaya Nadezhda Andreevna

Chapter 10 The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire "What is the use of a man if he gains the whole world, but damages his soul?" Gospel Roman theater and forum built in the province

From the book The Land of the Never Setting Sun [The National Policy of the Russian Empire and the Self-Name of the Russian People] author Bazhanov Evgeny Alexandrovich

Chapter 5. COMPLETION OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE Since the middle of the 18th century, the position of the Russian Empire has strengthened. Development in all directions went progressively. Russian settlers in small groups moved to Siberia and to Far East... On the Amur River already in

From the book Catherine II, Germany and the Germans author Scarf Klaus

Chapter IV. Germans in the Russian Empire

From the book History of Europe. Volume 1. Ancient Europe author Chubaryan Alexander Oganovich

CHAPTER XIV THE FLOWER OF SLAVERY RELATIONS IN THE ERA OF EMPIRE The history of the Roman Empire usually begins with the Battle of Actium, when Octavian was the sole ruler of the newly united Roman power. It was a multi-structured state that included peoples and tribes,