Faleristics is an auxiliary historical discipline. Faleristics as a science that helps to understand the history of your country
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The meaning of the word faleristics
faleristics in the crossword dictionary
New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T.F. Efremova.
faleristics
A scientific discipline that studies the history of orders, medals and other distinctions.
Collecting badges, badges, souvenir, anniversary, etc. tokens.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
faleristics
FALERISTICS (lat.falerae, phalerae - metal jewelry that served as military insignia, from the Greek phalara - metal plaques, trinkets)
an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the history of orders, medals, insignia, traditionally included in numismatics.
Collecting badges, badges, etc.
Faleristics
(lat.falerae, phalerae - metal jewelry that served as military insignia, from the Greek phalara - metal plaques, trinkets), an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the history of orders, medals, insignia and is traditionally included in numismatics, in a broad sense - collecting breastplates badges and signs, as well as tokens (as a rule, souvenir, anniversary, commemorative, much less often - service, membership, breastplate, etc.) As a form of collecting became popular in the 1st half of the 20th century. (in the USSR - from the end of the 50s) with the expansion of international relations, the development of tourism and the mass production of various souvenir, commemorative and other badges by both state and local (in capitalist countries and private) enterprises (in the USSR, about 1 , 5 thousand species). Usually it has a thematic character: heraldry, portraiture, history, sports, transport, architecture, etc. Unlike philately, philocartia, philophony does not rely on a strict system, since defies international or national cataloging. In the USSR, materials on philology are published in the collection "Soviet Collector" and the bulletin "Philately of the USSR"
Gallery of images of orders awarded in Russia until 1917.
A selection of genuine photographs of those awarded the St. George crosses.
Online version of the 1916 brochures about the Knights of St. George of the 1st World War.
Faleristics on Crafta.ua is represented by a large number of Russian and foreign awards, starting from the very inception of the award system, which took the form of order signs and medals, and up to the present time.
But what do we know about rewards, besides elementary truths? A detailed study of the signs of military valor will open to the inquiring mind new pages in the history of the Fatherland, until then unknown to him. For example, the medals of the USSR on the site will acquaint with the main moments of the history of the world's first Soviet state, tell about the labor and military exploits of its citizens.
How many people know that the medal "For Courage" on the website Crafta.ua, presented among other interesting lots, appeared two years before the start of the Great Patriotic War, and not during it. And this medal was awarded to the fighters of units that repulsed Japanese aggression near Lake Hassan on the border with present-day China. Border guards Nikolai Gulyaev and Fyodor Grigoriev were the first to be awarded the medal "For Courage". In the summer of 1938, they prevented a large Japanese reconnaissance group from entering Soviet territory. One of the agents was killed in a shootout, and important documents and equipment for espionage were found with him.
Despite the fact that the reward system was formed back in ancient Rome (as you know, a badge was called phalera, which was awarded to a legionnaire for exploits in battle), collecting awards, as well as a systematic study of their history, took shape as such relatively recently. Until 1965, in the Soviet Union, even such a term was not used as faleristics. And orders and medals belonged to the section of numismatics.
And this was quite logical, because the first massive Russian awards had the same type of coins. Only they were minted from gold or silver, and were larger in comparison with money.
In addition, sometimes special coins were minted for distribution to the participants in the battles, for example, the "Saltykov ruble". It was made in honor of the victory of the army under the command of Prince Saltykov at the Battle of Palzig in 1759.
Today faleristics is an auxiliary scientific discipline, like numismatics, sphragistics and heraldry. The collected information is used to study the history of our Motherland. Behind every important event in the life of the Fatherland are specific people who were awarded by the state for their merits. Learning the history of this or that award, scientists make up a complete picture of a particular period in the history of Russia and the USSR.
Currently, the subject of study of faleristics includes:
Award medals;
Commemorative medals;
Commemorative signs;
Souvenir signs.
A specific story is always associated with the emergence of a particular award. With this in mind, Russian phaleristics is divided into the following main periods:
From 1000 to 1698 (from the presentation of the golden hryvnia by Prince Vladimir to voivode Alexander to the establishment of the Order of the Apostle Andrew the First-Called);
From 1698 to 1917 (from the creation of the Russian award system to the overthrow of the monarchy);
From 1917 to 1991 (USSR period);
From 1991 to the present day (history of independent Russia).
As you can see, faleristics is closely intertwined with the history of the Fatherland. All important events, military or civil, are marked with some kind of awards. The personal courage of Empress Catherine Alekseevna in the Prut campaign (1711) prompted Peter I to create in 1714 a special women's order of St. Catherine. And the anniversary of the founding of the USSR, celebrated in 1972, became the reason for the creation of the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
Therefore, by studying faleristics, the collector also studies the history of his country.
The concept of faleristics appeared quite recently, in 1937. Ero was invented by the Czechoslovak collector Oldrich Pilz. This name of collecting comes from the Latin word "phalerae", which means a chest decoration for soldiers or a military insignia.
Faleristics is an auxiliary historical discipline that studies: orders, awards, medals of honor, insignia, other metal badges and well-known badges.
In Europe, the orders first appeared during the Crusades. In 1099 the first military-monastic order of St. John of Jerusalem was formed. The military monks chose a white cross as a symbol for their community, which was sewn onto hats and clothing. Much later, the insignia of the order began to have a different meaning. The award of the order began to be a reward for valiant service.
In Russia, the orders appeared under Peter I. At the end of 1698, Peter established the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, the first in Russia, in order "looking at these clear signs of mercy and advantages, to encourage others to brave and faithful services and to other deeds in war and peacetime." The name of the order was given in honor of the widespread legend that the Apostle Andrew traveled to preach the Gospel in Russia, walked along the Dnieper River and went to the Baltic Sea. The motto of the order was: "For faith and loyalty." Tsar Peter himself received this order only sixth in a row, after he captured two Swedish warships at the mouth of the Neva River.
The first awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called was F. A. Golovin - General-Admiral and Field Marshal. The second award was received by the Ukrainian hetman Ivan Stepanovich Mazepa, Peter's favorite. The order was granted to him in 1700, Mazepa betrayed Peter and went over to the side of King Charles HP. Upon learning of the betrayal, Peter I was so furious that he ordered the order to be made especially for Mazepa "the Order of Judas". This "order" was a huge medal with a large chain, on it the words were written: "The son of the ruinous Judas curses the hedgehog for his love of money." But Mazepa was not caught and did not receive a new "order", having fled from Peter to Turkey.
In 1769, the Order of St. George was established, divided into four degrees, and it was ordered that "this order should never be removed." In the famous painting by A. Kivshenko "The Military Council in Fili" eight generals are sitting in a peasant hut wearing all orders and ribbons. Only one Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov without the order crosses, the only George of the second degree hangs around his neck, because “the Order of St. George is never filmed; for this is acquired by merit. " The names and surnames of the knights of St. George were necessarily entered on the marble boards in the St. George Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace in Moscow.
And in 1807, to the Order of St. George the insignia of the military order “intended for soldiers” was added. If in some battle the regiment or the team differed, then from 2 to 5 crosses were relied on a soldier's company.
In the Russian Empire, there were more than a thousand titles of award medals. For example, the silver medal "Allied of Russia" was established by Alexander I and was intended for gifts and awards ... of the leaders of the tribes of North American Indians. The medal depicts the Russian state emblem, and on the shield on the eagle's chest, the monogram of Alexander I. On the other side of the medal the inscription: "Allied Russia",
In Russia, until 1917, all civil servants receiving salaries from a city or state had to have their official insignia and perform their office at the sign. The judge and the policeman, the mayor and the janitor were obliged to wear their official badges in the service. In no other country in the world did such a thing exist, only in Russia. Unfortunately, there is still no museum in Russia where numerous official signs would be presented in sufficient detail. They are extremely interesting not only for collectors-phalerists, but for everyone who is interested in the history of the country.
This is how the departmental sign of the Lyceum tenth language looked like: a copper plate measuring 9 by 7.5 centimeters. The janitor's badge bore his name. The policeman's badge was of silvered brass with the coat of arms of Moscow. The watchman of the Maritime Museum was also obliged to wear a badge with his number. And the village judge had an official badge.
Modern Russian awards were approved recently, in 1995. The highest order of Russia at the present time is the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, it has four degrees. The Order of the I degree is a symbol of presidential power and is assigned only to the President of Russia as the head of state. The order of the I and II degrees has a sign and a star, and III and IV degrees - only a sign. The Order of Courage, the Order for Military Merit, and the Order of Honor were approved by presidential decree. And on the modern medal "For Merit to the Fatherland" is the sign of the order.
Collecting orders and medals in recent years has been fraught with ethical issues. In particular, at antique flea markets there are awards of the Second World War - both Soviet and Nazi. In many cases, Soviet orders and medals end up on black and gray markets either as a result of the impoverishment of a veteran and his family, or through criminal means. Most of the German awards are the result of a search by enthusiasts of military memorial excavations. Sometimes these excavations are carried out competently and help to establish the identity of the victims found. But at the same time, barbaric excavations are being conducted with the aim of "obtaining" valuable artifacts for subsequent sale. It is sometimes impossible to establish the legitimacy of the origin of this or that award.
Fragment of collection of icons of cities and regions
Such gatherings are often held by travel lovers.
Collections of not orders and medals, but badges prevail in mass faleristics. Between the 1950s and 1980s, badges were produced on every occasion and sold in all kiosks with magazines and newspapers. Passion for faleristics often began with a selection of badges with characters from your favorite cartoons, continued collecting badges on any industrial or medical topic, and later the interest grew into a professional occupation in history and archeology.
Fragment of icon collection
In modern Russia, many phalerists literally hunt for badges of various organizations and departments, conferences and events, which are produced in limited editions and distributed to a narrow circle of people. With a significant decrease in the total number of badges produced, their subject matter and purpose expanded, so that the phalerists had narrow thematic and very specific collections.
Faleristics represents not only modern science that studies the history of badges, orders, medals and other badges, but also the collection of these items themselves. The name itself comes from the term "phalera", meaning the awards of the legionnaires of Ancient Rome. Since the 30s of the last century, the word "faleristics" has firmly entered the everyday life of both scientists and collectors.
Collecting types
Literally any item can be collectible these days, but at the same time, each of its types, based on certain principles, represents a separate section, including:
- heraldry;
- sport;
- history;
- portraiture;
- architecture, etc.
In the Soviet Union, faleristics achieved its popularity in the 50s of the twentieth century, during the expansion of tourist and international relations, which provoked the mass production of various souvenir and memorial signs. Today uSSR badges occupy the lion's share in modern collections. Today in the Russian Federation there are many adherents of this relatively young type of collecting, who spare no time or money for this.
Usually, this hobby begins with collecting ordinary badges, which are easy and inexpensive to get, and then gradually moves on to such valuable items as medals, orders and other awards.
Badges in the collections of phalerists are found in a wide variety of sizes: from the smallest, such as a button, to a pack of cigarettes. They can be made from a wide variety of materials, such as:
- plastic and glass;
- wood and metal;
- leather and various fabrics.
Every year, souvenir factories in Russia, as well as the Goznak Mint, produce more than 1,500 types of signs. In the Crimea, there are a variety of locally produced badges - Simferopol, Yalta, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Kerch. Many phalerists compile catalogs of their own collections and constantly add to them.
Thematic collections
Among thematic collections, the following occupy a special place:
- leninist, representing almost the entire biography of the leader of the proletariat (more than 1000 signs are known);
- depicting cities, numbering up to 200 copies;
- uSSR badges, prices on which sometimes even depend on their presence in someone's collection.
Faleristics - not only useful, but also an interesting hobby, promising many amazing discoveries for its follower.
Faleristics Is an auxiliary history discipline that studies the developmental history and structure of modern reward systems. The discipline got its name from phalera - a breastplate of the Roman legionaries, which was a reward for valor. The main value the study of faleristics lies in the fact that awareness of the specifics of incentives in any society often helps to reveal its structure no less vividly than written sources. Faleristic sources objectively reflect both the nature of the evolution of society and the type of its ties with other societies. Often, phaleristic monuments provide researchers with data on states whose history is poorly documented.
Research subject faleristics are reward systemsthat existed in one form or another at all stages of the history of mankind, and as it developed, the tendency towards their mutual influence grew. This led to the fact that almost all reward systems in the modern world are typologically similar. Now it is hardly appropriate to speak, for example, of Western or Eastern faleristics. In the first place are not differences in the national character of awards, but differences in their class essence. There were numerous types of awards - the award of weapons, valuable things, special decoration of clothes, etc. But faleristics, in general, pays attention to those insignia that were customary to be worn on clothes - orders and medals... In addition to reward systems, faleristics is also studying badges.
Thus, the main an object studying faleristics - orders and medals.
The order – it is a badge of honor, an award, historically going back to the order insignia, intended for members of the spiritual-knightly and secular orders - special organizations of medieval society. Later, the orders were transformed into awards for service and military merit, now - for outstanding services of individuals and groups in various fields.
Medal - round or oval metal or porcelain coin-shaped commemorative signused to encourage individuals.
Unlike many other types, phaleristics is the closest to modernity. It serves as an important source of information when studying the connections and relations of different countries at the present stage of history. Reward systems exist and continue to evolve today, and phaleristics are engaged in their development and study.
Faleristics is related to numismatics. From it, it has emerged relatively recently. Some researchers still consider phaleristics as part of numismatics.
