Tyrpitz battleship characteristic after PVA APA. Linear ship "Tyrpitz
Tyrpitz
"Tirpitz" (it. Tirpitz) - the second Bismarck battleship, which was part of Crygsmarine. In combat actions, practically did not participate, but his presence in Norway threatened with the Arctic convoys in the USSR and there was a significant forces of the British fleet. For a passive role in the war, the Norwegians called the Lucky Queen of the North (Nor. Den Ensomme Nordens Dronning). Attempts to destroy Tirpitz continued for several years, but they were crowned with success only in November 1944 after the air attack with super-heavy bombs of the Tallboy type. The details of Lincher are still in the military museums of the world.
History of application
The ship was lowered on April 1, 1939. His name was received in honor of Admiral Alfred von Tyrpica - founder of the modern German fleet. It was originally assumed that Tirpitz would act as a raider, attacking the allied trading caravans in North Atlantic. However, the fate of Lincher "Bismarck" forced Hitler to be disappointed in the surface fleet, and therefore "Tyrpits" was used extremely rarely.
In January 1942, Tirpitz was sent to Norwegian water to hunt the Arctic convoys to Russia and countering the Archery Operation of British Commandos on the island of Vogsøy (Nor. Vågsøy). There in the fjord, he stood almost the entire second world war. However, even the simple presence of Tyrpitsa tied the significant forces of the Royal Fleet, although since the time staying in Norway he made only three offensive operations. Despite this, the British fleet took into account the potential danger of the lincard and did not stop the efforts to destroy it. After repeated attacks from the air and from the sea "Tyrpitz" was surfed in a parking lot in Tromsø on November 12, 1944 as a result of the airline using the superheavy five-tomb bombs "Tolbourn."
Operations "Tyrpitsa"
Sportpalast operation
In early March 1942 there was an attempt to intercept the convoys PQ-12 and QP-8. PQ-12 came out on March 1, 1942 from the port in Iceland, and QP-8 at about the same time from Murmansk. On March 5, "Tirpits", accompanied by three squadrock destroyers, left the base and headed through the Arctic Ocean to a bearish island. Because of bad weather, it was not possible to find a convoy, only one of the destroyers discovered and sowed the Lesovoz "Izhora", which lagged behind QP-8. On March 9, Tirpits was seen by the HMS Victorious aircraft carrier, and Admiral Otto Ciliax (Otto Ciliax) decided to interrupt the campaign and return to the base.
Operation Rösselsprung
In July 1942, the German command planned to use "Tirpits" and the heavy cruiser "Admiral Sheer" and "Admiral Hipper" for the attack of the convoy PQ-17 (Rösselsprung plan - "Stroke Horse"). Due to delays with permission to start the operation (Hitler personally gave it), the exit to the sea took place only on July 5th. On the same day, the battleship was attacked by the Soviet submarine "K-21" under the command of N. A. Lunin. The boat was produced by a volley from four feed torpedo devices. The boat crew directly the result of the attack did not observe, but I heard 2 strong explosions and a series of explosions aslee. Lunin in his report suggested that the explosions are explained by the trapes in the battleship, at the same time admits the likelihood that the torpedoes fell into one of the escort destroyers; In the headquarters of submarines, his report was interpreted as a report on the silence of destroying and damage to the lincard. In the Soviet and Russian memoirs, popular and journalistic literature, approvals are repeatedly found on damage to Tyrpitsa during the attack "K-21", but these approval do not have documentary evidence. German ships escaped hits (and did not even notice the fact of attack); The heard explosions with modern researchers are explained by the undermining of the torpedo when hitting the soil or remote explosions of deep bombs discharged by the convoy ships. Some Russian mass editions still publish arguments in favor of the versions of the torpedo (or torpedoes) to 21 in Tirpits.
A little later, the battle was discovered by the British submarine "Anchykn". By this moment it became known that the convoy was already dissolved and "Tyrpits" turned back. The convoy PQ-17, dissolved and left without protection due to the threat of "Tyrpitsa", suffered severely from the attacks of aviation and submarines.
Operation Sizilien.
In September 1943, Sizilien was operated (Sicily) - Raid on Svalbard. German troops landed on an island with artillery support from Tyrpitz battleships and "Sharnhorst" and nine squadrons. The Germans occupied the island from September 6 to September 9, 1943. Sizilien operation was the only operation when Tirpits shot out of his instruments on the enemy (however, he never produced a single shot).
Operations against "Tyrpitsa"
The British began attacks on the Tirpitz during the construction and did not stop them until the battle was played.
Title operation
October 30-31 1942. Attempt to destroy "Tyrpitz" using managed underwater vehicles under the codenate name "Chariot" - (English Chariot), which were torpedoes managed by a person. To the site of Tyrpica, the devices were to be delivered by secretly towing in the underwater position using the arthur fishing boat (captain - Leif Larsen).
On October 30, the Katera with Torpeda on the towing managed to enter the Fiord Trondheimsfjord. When no more than 15 miles remained to the parking lot (24 km), a strong head wind with a wave rose. On October 31, at 22-00, a loud grinding rang out. "Arthur" went to the nearest harbor, where the diver found the loss of both torpedoes. At this moment, less than 10 miles remained to Tyrpica. The boat was flooded and the team went on foot to the Swedish border.
The Germans later discovered a flooded boat and after the examination came to the conclusion that it was intended for a special operation.
Source operation
September 1943: the first successful operation against Tyrpica. For the attack, underwater mini-boats of the "Ex" class (English x) were used. Most of the mini-boat path walked on the tows of ordinary submarines. Of the six ultra-low submarines, Tirpits should attack three: X5 (Leit. Henty-Creer), X6 (Leit. Donald Cameron) and X7 (Leit. Basil Place). The X5 boat was discovered and surcedined, but X6 and X7 were dropped under the battle-in-2-ton mines stuffed with ammotol. After that, the boats were also discovered, and their teams were captured. Despite the detected danger, "Tyrpitz" could not be held from the parking to the explosion of mines. The explosion struck serious damage to the lincard: the sparkmosts were damaged in the nose and is brought from the bed one of the turbines. The tower "C" weighing about 2000 tons was dropped up and with a falling jammed ball shape. It was impossible to fix the tower outside the dock. In addition, all range finders and fire management devices were faced. As a result of the damage to the battleship for six months, it was out of order and its maximum speed decreased significantly.
For the successful operation of the captain of the mini-submarine X6 and X7 were awarded Victoria crosses - the highest military awards of the British Empire.
Operation Tungsten.
By April 1944, Tirpitz was repaired and a danger could be represented again. In response to this threat, the British fleet took an operation with the code name "Tungsten" (English. Tungsten). The attack was attended by significant forces of the fleet, including: two linkers, two drum aircraft carriers, two escort aircraft carriers, two cruisers and sixteen destroyers. Attack began on April 3, on the eve of the output of Tyrpitsa on the running tests after repair.
The flare consisted of two waves of Torpedo Fairey Barracuda, accompanied by escort fighters. Attacking aircraft carried, however, not torpedoes, but bombs of various types: armor-piercing, deep, fuhasny and fragmentation. The first wave struck at 05:30. By 08:00 Attack was completed: losses were three aircraft. "Tirpits" lost 123 people killed and 300 wounded. The armor case was not damaged, but the add-ons were noticeable damage, which demanded three months for repairs.
Planet, Brawn, Tiger Claw and Mascot operations
"Tyrpitz" still remained a threat, so British Admiralty continued to plan operations against him. However, due to bad weather in April-May 1944, it was necessary to cancel three plates: Operations Planet, Brawn and Tiger Claw.
The next attack using aircraft carriers (Mascot operation) was held in July 1944. However, by this time, the Germans organized an air defense, especially the smoke curtain system, as a result of which the attack ended unsuccessfully: the attacking aircraft did not achieve hits.
Operations Goodwood I, II, III and IV
In August 1944, the Tyrpitz finally passed marine tests. Soon after that, the British again made raids (GOODWOOD I and Goodwood II operations), which ended in to no effect due to bad weather.
ParavaNe operations, Obviate and Catechism
Paravane operation (English Parawan) was undertaken by the Royal UK Air Force on September 15 from the Base of the berry under Arkhangelsk. Avro Lancaster airplanes were armed with 5-ton Tallboy bombs and experimental 500-pound (230 kg) underwater "walking" mines. Despite the smoke curtain, set to protect Tyrpitsa, one of the bombs still fell into the nose of the ship, making it a non-mode. The Germans practically had no opportunity to put Tyrpits in a dry dock for repairs, so in October, the battleship was transferred to Tromos, as a floating artbatareus in case of the expected invasion of allies to Norway. The new location of the ship's deployment was already within reach of the air fleet from Scotland, and the British continued their attacks on him, not knowing about the decision taken by the Germans not to restore the ship.
On October 28, the Baza Lossimut in Scotland was taken by another tax on Tyrpits, called Obviate Operation (Gl. Eliminate) - But at the last moment the ship was hidden by the clouds, and only one Tallboy bomb, having broken off near the ship, mowed the row tree.
But the next time, November 12, 1944, during CATECHISM operation (English. Catechism; interrogation), there was no smoke curtain over Tyrpitz or clouds. 3 Tallboy bombs got into the ship: one bounced off the tower armor, but the other two broke through the armor and did a 200-foot (61 m) hole in his left side and led to a fire and an explosion in a powder warehouse, which broke off the "C" tower. As a result, Tyrpitz sank to the west of Tromso, in Hawkybo Bay, a few minutes after the attack, having taken with him 1,000 people from the team at 1,700.
By not until the end of the obvious reasons, the Luftwaffe could not prevent the bombardment. The German Air Defense managed only to damage the engine of one of the aircraft who participated in the fall, but his team was saved, "Had" landed in Sweden. As a result, the failure of the Luftwaffe Commander in Norway, Major Henry Erler was accused of neglecting the responsibilities and was sentenced to the death penalty replaced by three years of imprisonment and sending to the front.
The destruction of Tyrpitsa eliminated the last serious threat to the allies on the surface of the North Atlantic. This made it possible to translate the main forces - battleships and aircraft carriers - from the European Region, where they kept as a deterrent forces - in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, where they took part in hostilities against Japan.
After the war
After the war, the fragments of Tyrpitsa were sold out and broke out on the site of the Norwegian company. Almost all ship was cut and exported. However, a significant part of the Tyrpian's nose remains where he sank in 1944. In addition, the electric generators from the ship were used as a temporary power station, supplying the fish industry around the city of Honningsvag (Nor. Honningsvåg).
Not far from the place of flooding Tyrpitsa there are artificial lakes, which appeared in the funnels from ruptures of the Tallboy bomb (weighing more than 5 tons), who did not fall into the goal. Currently, some parts of the linker are used by the Norwegian Road Department (Vegvesenet) as a temporary road fabric when carrying out repair work. Some parts of the lincard were interpretable on brooch and other jewelry. In addition, a significant part of the armor stored in the Royal Military Museum "Explosion!" ("Explosion!") In stateport, Hampshire.
Tyrpitz - the second Bismarck type battleship, which was part of Crygsmarine
He was a strongest ship at the Military Theater. The lonely ghost of the Nordic Seas, whose name was horrified on opponents: In total, during the war years, the Soviet and British pilots committed 700 combat departures to the parking lots of Tyrpica. The German battleship for three years fled the Metropolis Fleet in North Atlantic, forcing the British to drive the squadron of battleships, aircraft carriers and cruisers along the Norwegian fjords. He was searched for the connections of the submarine, the aviation and the forces of special operations hunted. Because of it dissolved the convoy PQ-17. The German monster survived the attack of a mini-submarine, and finally hesitated 5-ton bombs in Tromsø in November 1944. That's how he was a guy!
It was a tiny semi-blind shell, slowly crawling in the thicker of cold water. The splashes of the periscope, the sailor-hydroacoustic and gyrocompass, showing where the north under this damn water, is, perhaps, everything that Nikolai Lunin guided, leaving for the interception of the German Linkar.
"Tyrpitz" was great. An invincible 50000-ton giant with eight 15-inch guns, 320 mm armored belt and speed of 30+ nodes.
But the Soviet boat K-21 can not be called an innocent participant of those events. The secretive underwater cruiser is one of the most modern and highly armed ships in its class, capable of imperceptibly to die to his victim and cling to it with fangs of 6 nasal and 4 feed torpedoes.
Their meeting took place on July 5, 1942. At 17:00, the German squadron as part of the Tirpitz Lincard, accompanied by heavy cruisers "Admiral Sheer", "Admiral Hipper" and 9 Esming of the Essayment was discovered by the Soviet submarine. The events of the subsequent hour have formed the basis of the plot of the real naval detective, now for more than 70 years not leaving the minds of researchers and historians of the Navy.
Did you get or not Lunin in Tirpits?
After the active maneuvering phase, the boat was not the most advantageous position - on diverging courses, at a distance of 18-20 cable from the German squadron. At that moment, a four-starped volley was produced from feed apparatuses. The target rate was defined in 22 nodes, its true course is 60 ° (according to the German data of the squadron at that moment came with a speed of 24 tons. Rating 90 °).
Acoustics submarines K-21 recorded two separated explosions, and then when the German squadron was already hiding away - a series of explosions is sauker. N. Lunin suggested that one of the torpedoes hit the battleship, the second to the destroyer, and the series of gaps that followed later is the detonation of deep bombs on a sinking ship.
According to German documents, Tirpitz and ships of his help did not notice the fact of the torpedo attack and did not even see the traces of the torpedo released. The squadron returned to the base without loss.
However, after three hours, at 21:30, the combat campaign was interrupted. German heavy ships went on the reverse course - submarines and Luftwaffe began to search and destroy the ships of the abandoned caravan PQ-17.
These are in short, the initial data of this task.
Today we will not discuss the schemes of maneuvering K-21 and its position at the time of the attack of the German Lincard - hundreds of articles were written about this, but their authors did not come to a single conclusion. Everything, ultimately, is reduced to assessing the likelihood of torpedoes in the battleship.
The explosions heard acoustics also cannot be a reliable confirmation of the success of the attack: according to the most realistic version - torpedoes, passing the maximum distance, sank and downdown when hitting the rocky bottom. A series of weaker explosions away belongs to the deep bombs dropped by the Germans on an unspecified submarine (for a number it will take it was the British submarine HMS Unshaken, which also tried to attack the Tyrpits on this day).
Such a rapid coagulation of the operation "Structure Kone" has a simple explanation: in the evening of July 5, 1942, the Germans received clear confirmation that the convoy PQ-17 ceased to exist. Chasing for solitary vehicles - the lot of submarines and aircraft. Large surface ships immediately went on the return course.
However, not everything is so simple. At about the same time on board "Tyrpitsa" there was alarming information - the Germans intercepted the Radiogram of the K-21, in which Nikolay Lunin reported on his meeting with the German squadron and the results of the attack. A report from the Russian submarine, the appearance of a British submarine ... to say that knees were blocked by the cowardish German seafarers, it would be unfair. But the very fact of the appearance of a submarine threat was to be alarmed by command. And how to know, would the Germans risk continuing the operation even if if the PQ-17 would still move towards the ports of destination under the protection of a powerful escort?
Command of the Northern Fleet meets returned from the campaign to K-21
Versions and explanations can be a lot ...
Instead of all this, I would like to pay attention to a more reliable and obvious fact. For example, on the destructive effect of the BC torpedo on the design of the ship.
The Germans could falsify all the magazines, to rewrite salary statements and applications for the supply of materials and tools from Germany to repair the damaged vehicle. Take a subscription for non-disclosure from all the crews of the squadron. Fake photos. Let the Führer sleeps calmly - nothing happened to his beloved toy ...
The Germans could falsify any documents. But would they be able to hide the damaged "Tyrpitz" from prying eyes? The Basery Place of Tyrpitsa was under daily observation by British intelligence aviation; For the movements of the lincard, the agents of Norwegian resistance were monitored directly related to British intelligence.
Whether there was at least one chance that the Mosquito of the Royal Air Force will not notice the repair work and the appearance of bright multi-colored oil spots that led from damaged tanks?
The removal of damage from the torpedo will require large-scale work, no doubt arises. During the second world, many battleships of different countries fell under the blows of the submarine and torpedo aircraft. And every time the consequences turned out to be monstrous - from the detonation of the cellars and the instant death of the ship to raging sides, drove the shafts, jammed steering machines, torn off the turbines and mechanisms in the engine room. Underwater explosion 300 kilograms of explosives is not a joke. Without a dry dock, you can not do here.
450-mm Torpeda landed into the feed part of the right side over the right external propeller (approximately six meters near Waterlinnia). An explosion of 227-kg of combat charging branch of the Torpeda led to huge destruction: sample sizes 9 by 3, an intensively sleek corridor of the right external rowing shaft, a deformed and crack shaft (along with the auxiliary wheel of the right side), leaks in longitudinal and transverse bulkheads in the area of \u200b\u200bthe fourth power plant . Despite the combat alarm, several waterproof hatches and Gorlowin in the area of \u200b\u200bdamage were not shuddered. By 15:30, the battleship stopped: by the time 3,500 tons of intricate water were penetrated into the feed part, the ship had a differential to feed about three meters and a roll on the right side of about four and a half degrees.
- the result of a torpedo hit to the Italian battleship "Vittorio Veneto", March 28, 1941
Torpeda exploded on the left side in the area of \u200b\u200bthe fodder 381 mm tower. The explosion force of 340 kg Trotil struck structural underwater protection: in the outer trim, it was hampered with dimensions of 13x6 meters, and the ship accepted 2032 tons of intricate water and received a roll of three and a half degrees to the right side and a stern on a feed of about 2.2 meters. Several dozen people were killed, about the same amount was injured. The roll managed to reduce to one degree, and eliminate the differentiated the differential until returning to the database.
- The result of the meeting "Vittorio Veneto" with the British submarine HMS URGE, December 14, 1941. Semi-annual repairs are provided.
Battletry "Maryland" damaged by aviation torpedo from Saipan
Linkor "North Caroline". The result of torpedoes released by the Japanese submarine I-19
Incredibly, but after only three months after the events, July 5, 1942, Tyrpitsa also took difficult repairs!
On October 23, 1942, Tirpitz moved from Narvik to Trondheim. The Plavmaster "Hauscaran" arrived there. The Germans have built Kesson and spent on the next three months ... Preventive replacement of the feather of the handle of the lincard. Intoury exclaim "Eureka" and throw a hat up. Did we find the proof of the successful attack of Lunina?
Experienced experts and investigators on particularly important cases are asked to observe calm and do not hurry with the conclusions - to discover the connection between the torpedo attack on July 5, 1942 and repair work in the period of autumn-Winter 1942-43. Not so easy. If the torpedo caused damage to the steering wheel - how did the Tyrpitz avoided the repetition of the fate of his fellow - "Bismarck"? Despite the fact that the British 457 mm Aviation Torpeda MK XII is just a funny cracker against the background of the Soviet vapor 53-38, which shot the K-21 boat (weight of 1615 kg against 702 kg, charge BB - 300 kg against 176 kg at MK XII). Such a thing was to disseminate the "Tyrpitsa" all the feed part and damage not only the steering wheel, but also the screws.
"Tirpits" returns to the base after an operation to intercept the convoy PQ-17
However, it is known that from the campaign "Tyrpitz" returned to its own way, the transition to Trondheim also carried out independently. There were no noticeable repair work at the board of Linkar during his parking lot in Bogen's bay. Oil spots and a differential on the stern was noticed. Is there a connection between the repair and torpedo attack of Lunina? Or repair - a consequence of any other events?
Version with navigation incident can be discarded as untenable. It is enough to look at the location of the rugs of the lincard to make sure that it is possible to damage them only if the chassis is pre-rolling over the cliff over its entire length. However, the version remains with damage to the steering wheel when the reverse move during the mooring - this could happen if all members of the superlinkor crew were drunk as Unternorates.
Could any combat damage be taken? Alternatively, the feather of the steering wheel could be damaged during one of the numerous bombing of the parking lot of the linker:
March 30-31 1941 - Flap 33 "Halifax" on the Trondheim (to no avail, six are shot down);
April 27-28, 1941 - Flap 29 "Halifax" and 11 "Lancaster" (to no avail, five shot down);
April 28-29, 1941 - Flap 23 "Halifax" and 11 "Lancaster" (to no avail, two shot down);
…
Close gaps of dozens of bombs could not harm the armored monster, but underwater hydrodynamic blows could completely damage the drive of the steering wheel and to extend his feather. Finally, the metal voltage caused cracks and dents tried the started business - the ship was required in half a year. Versions can be a lot. But none of them look like a torpedo hit - damage should be much more serious than those that led the battleship for three-month repair in Trondheim.
But what happened to the second torpedo?
Four issued torpedoes, submariners heard two explosions ... Who got the second torpedo?
The official Soviet historiography associated the second explosion with the hit in one of the escort destroyers. But who got a gift from Nikolai Lunina? Are there any evidence of damage to the destination?
Imagine, there are!
If you trace the combat path of each of the destroyers who participated in the operation "Stroke Konie", it turns out that in just 10 days, July 15-17, 1942, the transition of the Z-24 and Friedrich Institute from Norway to Germany took place. What was connected by the translation of the ships, is not reported. Really really to eliminate combat damage?!
But here there are a number of questions. Even before sailing to the native shores, July 8-10, the destroyers of Z-24 and Friedrich In ", with the support of T7 and T15 torpedo boats, conducted an operation on the translation of the damaged TKR Lutsz from Narvik in Trondheim (as" Lutsts "was damaged - about This is just below). This "podrance" did not calm down and spent another operation to place a mine harness in the North Sea (July 14-15, 1942)
Something does not seem that the ship is complete to / and just over 3,000 tons stand in the hit of 533 mm of torpedoes, and then quietly "walked" along the North Sea, put mines, and his move was trained in Scandinavia to Germany.
From the torpedo brutally suffered even huge, perfectly protected batches - what is waiting for a small destroyer in this case? Even if it does not break it in half, the damage will be so strong that he is still unlikely to come out in the sea. You can quickly navigate the sheets of damaged trim, but what to do with cutting shafts of screws and torn from their places turbines?
In fact, the Germans were quite good reasons to send their destroyers to repair in Kiel. Operation "Stroke Horse" was not charged from the very beginning - during maneuvering in narrow fjords, TKP "Lutsz" together with the destroyers "Hans Lodi", "Carl Gallster" and "Theodor Ridel" flew on the rocks and got damaged in the underwater part of the case. Alas, none of these ships are in the lists of "repairs sent to Germany".
Epilogue
Two explosions heard aboard K-21. Suspiciously rapid return of the lincard. OCTOBER translation of Tirpitsa in Trondheim. Three-month repair. Caisson. Replacing the feather steering wheel. Urgent translation of the destroyers from Narvik to Germany. Is there too many coincidences for usual?
There are other "coincidences":
Nikolay Lunin held only one successful (confirmed) torpedo attack for his career - Transport "Consul Schulte", February 5, 1942
The crew K-21 did not have the experience of the attack of fast-lived warships.
Attack from the limit distance 18-20 cab. on diverging courses.
How the torpedo, mounted on the depth of 2 m, was at a depth of 5-8 meters (at such a depth, there were steered on the waterline). Turbulent screw streams? Suppose ...
Despite all the guesses and coincidences, the probability is high, that the underwater cruiser K-21 still fired by the goal. Further events associated with the autumn-winter repair of the lincard are also weakly stacked in the event canopy. And who, in this case, got the second torpedo?
Undoubtedly one: K-21 crew demonstrated exceptional courage, for the first time on the Soviet fleet, having attacked such a complex and well protected target. Having obtained the intercepted radiogram K-21, the officers of the largest ship of Crygsmarine probably experienced unpleasant excitement, learning that the attack was attacked by the Soviet submarine, while the submarine remained unnoticed from the side of German ships.
Damaged "Tyrpits" after the operation "Tungsten". The ship received 14 bombs of the middle and large caliber, from the shockers, old wounds caused by the beast of a little earlier mini-submarines of the XE series were separated. Well viscas are seen from growing oil. Repair in full swing, July 1944
Podlodka K-21 on the eternal parking lot in Severomorsk
Based on:
http://www.kbismarck.com
http://www.german-naby.de.
http://flot.com.
http://submarine-at-war.ru.
http://samlib.ru.
Linear ship "Tyrpitz". Named in honor of Gross Admiral A. Von Tyrpitsathe creator of the German Fleet of the Open Sea in Pership World War.
Entered into operation in 1941.
The displacement is full of 52 600 tons. The length is the largest 251 m, the width is 36 m, the sediment is 9.9 m., Speed \u200b\u200b30 UZ.
Armament: eight 380-mm and twelve 150mm guns, sixteen 105-mm anti-aircraft guns, sixteen 37-mm and twelve 20-mm automata, 8 torpedo devices (installed in 1942), 6 seaplates.
Total built 2 units: "Bismarck" (1939) and "Tirpits" (1941). After the death of Lincore, Bismarck, the Germans used "Tyrpits" extremely carefully. In fact, on his account there is only one combat operation - almost unsuccessful campaign to Spitsbergen in September 1942. The rest of the time the super lifter was hidden in the Norwegian fjords.
On September 11, 1943, he received a strongest blow from under the water: British ultra-low submarines X-6 and X-7 have undermined 4 dual-tonny mines under his bottom.
Then, English aircraft carriers began for the battle, from April to August 1944, seven raids on Alten Fjord were committed. The most successful turned out to be the very first falling on April 3, 1944, in which, together with five other aircraft carriers, Furyises participated.
That day at 4.15 in the morning with aircraft carriers who were 120 miles from the goal, fighters of Korsar accompaniment were risen, the first shock wing of 21 piquetting bomber "Barracuda" took off, and then the remaining Halket and Wildekt fighters. The appearance of this Armada over the Tirpitz turned out to be a complete surprise for the German air defense, which not only did not have time to raise fighters into the air, but did not even openly discovered a precistently anti-aircraft fire.
While the bombers dicked on the enemy battleship, fighters with fire for their machine guns and guns completely disorganized the ship and coastal anti-aircraft artillery. The Germans began to hastily put a smoke veil, but it was too late. In 5.29, the first bombs began to rush on the deck of Linkar. The flames and smoke talked to the sky, the fountains of the water rose.
When the second wave of aircraft appeared above Alten-Fjord, the smoke curtain almost completely hid the ship, and the recovered anti-aircraft artillery opened a strong barrage fire. However, according to the flame flames on the deck "Tyrpits", the pilots managed to find a battleship and, diving from a height of 3 thousand m, again attacked it. The bombs were bursting into the head of the main caliber, in the middle of the hull and on the semi-minister. To 8 o'clock everything was over.
Of the 121 aircraft participating in the fall, only 3 bombs dropped on the Tirpitz. Heavy damaged, the Ship of the Germans was departed to the Troms area in order to include his artillery in the Line defense line of Northern Norway. And in order to ensure unprofitability under his bottom built a huge foundation from Boulders.
« Tirpitz "finished in Tromso. The honor of the death blow to the largest Hitler's linosc is a 24-year-old commander of the squadron of the British Air Force J. Tate. On the morning of November 12, 1944, 32 heavy land bomber "Lancaster" saw their goal-wounded, but still terrible "Tyrpits". In 9.35, German observers saw approximated bombers.
The battleship immediately (from a distance of more than 11 km) opened fire to the main caliber - the monstrous gaps in the air of 380-mm shells with remote tubes forced the British dispersed. "Lancaster" met a squall of fire, but they died one after another, the gigantic 5500-kg bombs stuffed with 2.5 tons of explosives. "Tyrpits" received 3 direct hit.
The trimming breaks from several close gaps were added to the huge destruction, and the battleship began to rapidly on the left side. The stones sublated under the bottom did not help, and at 9.50 roll reached 60 °. Eight minutes later, a strong explosion rang out a strong explosion in the area of \u200b\u200bthe cellars of the 3rd tower, and after this, "Tyrpits" turned up the top of the keel. So the last point was put in the history of German superlinkors.
Characteristics:
Length: 251 m
Width: 36 m
Displacement: 50300 tons
Sediment: 10 m
Speed: 30 knots
Tools: 8 - 380 mm; 12 - 150 mm
Torpedo devices: 8
Anti-aircraft installations: 16 - 105 mm; 16 - 37 mm; 12 - 20 mm automata
Airplanes: 6 Hydro
Add-ons:
Here is more reliably, it seems to me
N. G. Mukhin
... Major of the medical service retired, participant of polar convoys and allied operation for the destruction of lincard
Like a battleship "Tirpits" graduated from his short way
English Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Understanding the danger of possible unexpected raids "Tyrpitsa" to the areas of conmented convoy, in the hearts stated the branches of the British Admiralty: "While this damned battleship in the ranks, it will constitute a constant threat to our maritime communications ..." ...
... destroy or seriously damage the ship - this was the second, now categorical, the requirement of Churchill. What was undertaken to fulfill it?
One of the first attempts was a sudden aviation attack. In vain! The Royal Air Force lost 14 new combat aircraft, without causing the linkor not the slightest damage. "Oreshk" turned out to be strong.
Within the framework of providing the next allied convoy "PQ-17" at approaches to the main base points, the Soviet and British command deployed submarines. One of them, "K-21", commanded the future hero of the Soviet Union Captain 2 rank Nikolay Alexandrovich Lunin ...
... late at night from 3 to July 4, 1942, reconnaissance reported to the headquarters of the Northern Fleet, that the German squadron of three heavy ships, among which was "Tyrpitz" and 7 destroyers went out into the open sea in order to intercept the convoy "PQ-17". The commander of the fleet by the Radiogram, transmitted by the commander of submarines located in the positions, ordered to decisively attack the enemy. July 5, 1942, after noon, Lunin saw a detachment of ships in the periscope. Accompanied by the destroyer was "Admiral Sheer", and followed by "Tyrpits". By committing a bold breakthrough to the center of the enemy squadron, the "K-21" submarine at 18 o'clock one minute, from a distance of 17-18 cable, with short intervals, produced a volley from four feed torpedo devices and immediately went to depth. Acoustic registered several explosions. In the early 60s, author and N.A. Lunin, being lecturers of society "Knowledge" in Leningrad, many times met. Recalling the service on the Northern Fleet in the past war, every time the conversation involuntarily visited the bold attack "Tyrpitz" "submarine" K-21 ". Lunin was restrained. He argued:" .. Torpedoes hit the target, although the nature of damage to the battle remains unknown "...
... Meanwhile, the "damned battleship" continued to present a danger. Can cope with him could not Penetrating on the enemy base on September 22, 1943 specifically designed and built in England "Dwarf submarines" or "mini-submarine". Attached by their crews to the body of the ship, four mines with a clock mechanism caused insignificant damage. The repair spent in the short time returned the battleship to line. Yes, there are considerable efforts to combat "Tyrpitz". And yet managed to neutralize it ...
... For the autumn of 1944, the British Air Force planned a new massive bloom on the battleship, which was at that time anchored in Alten Fjord. Initially, it was planned to carry out this operation from the Bases on the territory of the UK. However, as a result of the agreement achieved between allies, the blow to Tyrpitz was applied by English bombers from the Soviet air base "The berry" located near Arkhangelsk ...
In Germany, engineering idea and industry work well. Together they created a lot of useful and efficient machines and equipment. In the event of the war, their symbiosis was dangerous for a potential enemy - the USSR during the Great Patriotic felt it was on himself. But without "punctures" did not cost.
Some Monsters of the German military vehicle were scary on paper and eye, but the practical result from their application sought to zero. By the number of these "fruits" belongs to the battleship "Tyrpits". The British were afraid of him because he struck them a significant damage, but because he simply existed.
As you call a yacht ... It can be seen that the German military sailors did not know this songs of Captain Lunned. Otherwise, they would choose another name for Superlinkor. And so the history of the ship completely corresponded to the history of man whose name he received.
Folder of the Fleet Germanic
Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz enjoyed a good reputation in the environment of German military sailors. It was extroduced for a specific fact of biography: he did not lose any single battle. That is a valid reason - he did not participate in one.
But the admiral had merits. Before the First World War, he actively advocated the development and strengthening of the German fleet. The goal was to end the English to the sea. Tyrpitsa liked big ships with thick armor - he believed that these floating tanks would overcome the British.
The result was so-so - the British were in the naval of experienced, and for each German ship built 2 of their.
She did not give success and underwater war, the fan of which was Tirpits. She only stuck in the opponents of Germany as early as the United States, perturbed by the underwater attack on the "Lusitania" (this passenger liner sank after torping the U-20 submarine. 1198 people died).
But in the consciousness of the German military Tyrpitz remained "Fleet's father" and a symbol of the coming victory over England on the water. Here is his name and used for the title of a new ship.
Chancellor and Admiral
In 1935, the military ordered two lincard to build. Hitler, having come to power, immediately began to ignore the conditions of the Versailles world, limiting the German military potential, and this turned out to be the question in which the Germans were truly at the same time (the winners were too humiliating conditions).
It was decided to build ships in the country, capable of putting the British Dreadnought. One of them was called "Bismarck", and the second was honored to become "Tyrpitz".
It was originally wrong with them. I went out to the only swimming in my life, and the British were sinking it (not without damage for ourselves, but still).
"Tirpits" survived until 1944, but his combat effectiveness turned out to be insignificant. The main class of Lincher was ... game of hide and seek with British military. The ship repeated the fate of the admiral - not in one noticeable battle to participate in him.
Giant Transport Hunter
It is known that the Hitler's weapon was characterized by gigantomania. He was fascinated by large and terrible devices. In fact, the giants did not justify the resources spent on their construction (an example is the giant gun "Dora", which was not able to challenge the 30th Sevastopol battery normally).
The same happened with the "Bismarck" and "Tyrpitz". But the characteristics of the ships caused respect. In the war, battleships were participating with the best indicators (the same Japanese "Yamato"), but the German ships were also considerable power.
System of System in German
She (system) accompanied the ship already at the design stage. But she was the opposite one that was used by Soviet bureaucrats.
In favor of the requirements of the Versailles world, which limits the German military potential, the data on ships did not ingrade, but were underestimated.
Thus, officially stated displacement of Tyrpitsa should be 35 thousand tons. But already in the "For internal use" project, an indicator of 45.5 thousand tons appeared. Next, the displacement of the lincard was even increased during the reconstructions (up to 53 thousand tons), but no one hid it - the war began.
A similar miracle happened with the armament of Tyrpitsa - officially the main caliber should have been 350 mm, but for some reason it turned out that it is 380 mm.
Technically advanced scarecrow
"Tyrpitz" was launched into the water in 1939, and the first task immediately performed - the British was still frightened. They had the habit of keeping against each German ship 2 of their in the reserve of a similar class (in war not to the Duele Code). A versus linker was required by linkers. But the British lacked confidence that they have a similar reserve against Tyrpitsa and Bismarck.
The linkers of the "King George" series managed not in the best way, and here the Germans were made a really powerful armadiole. The German battleship "Tirpits" was not perfection, but his power was impressive.
Tactical and technical characteristics (linear, armor, running, fire) at Tyrpitsa were not recorded, but good. Here you can just contact the numbers.
- Dimensions - 253.6 m total length, 15 m of a total height (from a keel), 36 meters wide.
- The thickness of the armor is from 145 to 320 mm, on the towers of the main caliber and cutting - 360 mm.
- Maximum speed - more than 30 knots.
- Main caliber - 380 mm (8 guns); Plus another 12 guns 150 mm and 116 anti-aircraft anti-caliber.
- Autonomous diving range - up to 16500 km.
- Deck Aviation - Arado aircraft 4 pcs.
The ship was moving 12 boilers and 3 turbines. He had a radar station and, except for artillery, carried torpedo devices. During operation, it was upgraded several times; In particular, the number of zenith installations increased.
But at Tom initially "Tyrpits" was planned to be used not for battles with an equal adversary, but for hunting for transport ships. The Point of Nazis was the English maritime trade, and they wanted to stop her. The ship was supposed to be used as a battleship, but as a cruiser.
Here it was sent to the North Sea - and safer, and prey at hand (transport convoy, visiting to the northern ports of the USSR equipment, weapons and materials on Land Lases).
The explicit superiority of the British in the West and the fate of "Bismarck" forced the Hitler's command to guard the second maritime miracle.
Linkar has prepared a pleasant sync roof - to flutter the Arctic convoys. The command was afraid that something unexpected will happen to the favorite marine toy. And removed her away from sin.
Captains and Maritime Law
It also remains to mention people that they had to lead a miracle in motion. The Lincard team on the best days consisted of 2608 people, of which 108 officers.
Commanders on the "Tyrpice" during the existence of the ship changed several, but they were all in the rank of Cures Zur Zee (on the Russian system - captains of 1 rank). The first in February 1941, the battleship adopted F.K.Topp (before he happened to lead the construction and testing of the ship).
Deserves the fate of the last commander. Robert Weber knew the unwritten marine law well. He did not leave his ship, and together with the "Tyrpitz" went to the bottom. Together with him, 1,700 people of the team died; Parts of the crew managed to escape.
Symbolic thunderstorm of Arctic cone
From January 1942, Tirpitz served in the North Sea. In Norwegian fjords, it was possible to find a comfortable parking for a linker, a little noticeable for the enemy. The German command wished to save the only remaining new-fashioned ship and relied on the fact that his very existence would be bought by courage to the British.
In addition, the Nazis waited for a fast fall of Leningrad and for some reason decided that in this case the Baltic Fleet of the USSR would be guaranteed to fall in Sweden.
Leningrad stood, the Baltic Fleet did not escape anywhere, even the Arctic convoys were mainly suffering from aviation and other vessels, but not from Tyrpica.
He basically tried to "fuck and tick" tactics - appeared for a moment, and again at the base.
But still the linkor was able to participate in several real operations. The scale of them is such that allows you to believe that "Tyrpitz" removed from the parking only to ensure that the Fuhrer does not have any questions than he is doing.
Racing for forestry
Among his feats - an attempt at interception in March 1942 two convivs at once. The first one, PQ-12, went from Iceland to Murmansk, the second (QP-8) - to meet him, from Murmansk.
The German squadron, as part of which the Terrible "Tyrpitz" sailed, managed to slip precisely before the nose alone and behind the feed of the second caravan. Then everyone was justified, referring to the weather - they say, fog, the visibility of zero, and the airfunction has become checked.
The victim of the hunt for the convoys was only "Izhora" - Soviet forestry, which accidentally retarding in the fog from his. The commander of "Tyrpitsa" had enough sensitivity to not spend expensive charges on him - the unfortunate appellation was catching up and drowned one of the essentials of the squadron. And all the same "Izhora", almost unarmed, lasted against an armed seaside wolf one and a half hours! Hurry to prevent the rest of the attack.
In vain move Konemark.
Another anti-conventional operation (with the code name "Stroke Kone") was carried out in July of the same year. For the convoy, PQ-17 ended badly - more than half of the vessels went to the bottom. But "Tyrpits" did not touch them.
He simply came out into the sea, and this was enough that panic began in British Admiralty.
After receiving these intelligence on the performance of the German "frightening", the convoy was transmitted to dissipate, and accompaniment ships are to fall behind. It turned out that the English command deliberately brought verses to sacrifice, saving the cruiser.
The convoy executed. There were no mining for the lincard. The command decided that small German courts would cope with the challenge of the convoy ships according to one. So it turned out. And "Tyrpits" went again to the parking lot - away from English aviation and submarine. It was a brilliant victory - a linkor in order to wrap her, and the guns did not have to deteriorate.
From guns in mines
The tirpitsa chance to take part in the shooting along the coast. In September 1943, he moved to the shores of Spitsberena. There remained the buildings of the Miner's Town (the USSR and Norway were mined before the war) and German meteorologists worked for some time. They were fired by the British pursued their own goals when landing on Svalbard.
The revenge for the "patent attack" (the victim of which was already 1 person) and was the visit of Tyrpitsa. The operation was nicely called Tsitronella (otherwise Sicily).
A huge battleship brought with him a few hundred marines and tried their main caliber in real battle, shooting at mining barracks. It looked scary, but the practical result would be more when shooting on the sparrow.
With these three operations, the battle biography of the lincard and is exhausted. All the rest of the time he was anchored, revenge on the nerves of the British.
The fate of tempting target
England did not see the "Tyrpitz" in the case, but it was afraid - obviously, due to the lack of confidence that at the right moment she would not have 2 or more battleships against one "German."
British military climbeds in attempts to destroy the German battleship.
There were bombs of all calibers (including heavy duty "tall"), ordinary and manageable torpedoes. But almost 3 years the battleship seemed conspired.
Simple conspiracy methods for invulnerability
In fact, everything was simple. The battleship was invulnerable because of his own advantages, the peculiarities of the Northern nature, but even more - the missing of the British.
- Visibility in Norway is bad. Linkor changed the color in June 1942 - the color acquired the Northern Camouflage. So the British bombed at random.
- Anti-heart defense "Tyrpitsa" was good - a rare raid did not cost the British of several aircraft.
- The Lincard team reached great indicators and in the installation of smoke curtains.
- British pilots were taught to bomb in the squares. It went in Dresden, but Lincher's Square is significantly less. So the bombs mostly reduced the fish reserves of the North Sea.
- Severally managed torpedoes incomprehensible way ... Lost on the road.
- One of the damaged "Tyrpits" of the armor-piercing bombs according to the results of the inspection (Germans held it) contained twice as smaller than the standard.
It is clear that with such "conspiracies" to fight not easy. But some blows reached the targets - until the final sweating "Tyrpits" received damage several times, excluded independent move (in September 1943 and April 1944).
Some bombing and mining of mini-submarines gave the result. This as a result and destroyed the battleship - he could not fully protect against the last attack.
Captain Lunin and Attack on Tirpitz
The question who sink "Tirpitz" is closed. This was done by British bombers on November 12, 1944. But the USSR also claims merit in the hunting of the battleship.
The captain of the submarine K-21 N.A. Lunin during the opposition "Go to Koni" released Tyrpitsa torpedoes and accompanying his destroyer. Then, in the report, he reported the heard explosions and suggested that he damaged the "Tyrpits" and drowned the second ship.
But such losses in the Germans are not fixed.
Almost probably Torpeda Lunina passed by and exploded from falling to the bottom. The data on his course indicate that the chances of getting to the battleship with him were minimal. This will not flock the honesty of Captain - he at least tried, and did not claim that he watched the hit. But "Tyrpitz" is not prey.
Posthumous Glory
In the course of the implementation of the Operation "Catechism" on November 12, 1944, the British dropped several "tallboys" to Tirpitz. One reached the goal; The hit caused a fire and detonation of a wip. The battlefield turned over and sank.
Looking for a place of death on the map was not required - the linker housing was visible in the hoc beam over the surface. There he waited for the end of the war.
After the conclusion of the world, Norway until 1957 was cutting "Tyrpits". A significant part of the metal ... sold to Germany. Many debris decorate museums, souvenir decorations were made of the part. Several linker pieces were used to repair roads. The nose is still lying at the bottom.
Not far from the place of the last restoration of Tyrpitsa, a monument to the dead crew members was established. The monument is dubious, but do not fight with the dead ...
The fate of the lincard influenced the surrounding nature.
After the war, new lakes appeared in the area of \u200b\u200bHokibotn bay. They were formed when filling the water of funnels from Tollboev - the curious British were sharpened to miss the ship to kilometers.
After the death of the lincard, he was invented a new, glorious biography. The British were proud of his destruction as if "Tyrpitsa" personally sent half of their fleet to the bottom of half. In modern computer games "Destruction" Tyrpitsa "- a common task for a superhero.
Well, it will make at least on the screen. In the realities of Tirpitz did not pay off the tenth of the funds invested in it, and that the British were afraid - these are their lack, and not the dignity of the ship. Let now work out.
Video
Attack of the German Lincard "Tirpits" by the Soviet submarine "K-21" July 5, 1942 is still one of the most debate episodes in the history of the Soviet Navy in the Great Patriotic War. The essence of the discussion is reduced to the question: whether the "K-21" commander struck the captain of 3 rank N.A. Lunin "Tirpits" torpedo or not. At the same time with the light hand of the marinist writer V.S. Pikule as an evidence base appear various indirect arguments about the uncleanness of German sailors when conducting combat documentation - after all, the opposite side of the torpedo is categorically denied. Let's try, abstracting from the "political" reasoning, to make out the attack "K-21" in terms of tactics and technology.
"K-21" joined the Northern Fleet 10.9.1941. In connection with the beginning of the war, its crew did not undergo a commissioned course of combat training, limiting the surrender of only the introductory tasks of the preparation of submarines of the CPL-41. In the period from 7.11.1941 to 28.1.1942 under the command of Captain Lieutenant A.A. Zhukov Podlodka made two combat moves on enemy communications off the coast of Northern Norway, during which he had 8 combat clashes, produced 4 torpedo and 1 artillery attacks, 2 minerals, soles out the Norwegian Motor-shaped artillery fire, transport and sheather for submarines - mine weapons. However, the actions of the submarine commander were evaluated by the command as unsatisfactory, as a result of which the Hero of the Soviet Union was appointed a new commander 4.3.1942 (the title was assigned by Decree from 3.4.1942 for the successful command "Sch-421") Captain 3 rank N.A. Lunin. Under his command in the spring of 1942, the "K-21" made 1 combat campaign (during it there were 1 unsuccessful torpedo attack) and 1 campaign to assist the UK-402 submarine.
18.6.1942 "K-21" came out in the fourth military campaign for action on German communications in the Vardo area. The morning of the 19th submarine was subjected to a sudden attack of the enemy hydrosapol. As a result of close ruptures of the bombs dropped by him, the mains of the equalization tank and the Kingston of the rapid dive tank were damaged. Because of this, when swimming under water was constantly disturbed by the fancyment of the submarine. On June 28, in accordance with the plan for the cover of the union convoy, PQ-17 "K-21" took the position of the north of the island of Rolvas. With the exception of the only detection in the afternoon on July 1, the boat of other contacts with the enemy did not have.
ON THE. Lunin
In 16.22, July 5, when "K-21" was in the underwater position, unclear noises were discovered in the nose hydroacoustic. Taking a course on the source of noise, a wrapped officer at 17.00 discovered the enemy's "submarine" enemy in the periscope, which, as the subsequent observation showed, turned out to be a bridge of one of two Esming of the headache of the German squadron. Immediately after the detection of the "submarines", Lunin took the control of the ship on himself and announced a torpedo attack.
According to German documents, at the time of detection of the squadron, it was 30 ° with a speed of 24 nodes. Large ships were built by the front, left to right "Admiral Hipper", "Tyrpitz", "Admiral Sheer". Ahead of them we run the front seven destroyers and two destroyers, each of which was performed by the illegal zigzag. The warrant has enhanced float seaplane non-115.
Linkor "Tirpits"
The torpedo attack was complicated by the following factors:
- Exceptionally good conditions for visibility and small (2-3 points) by an excitement, in which the borants from the raised periscope could be viewed from a long distance;
- Random rapprochement at the beginning of the attack of two destroyers and submarines at a distance of 20-50 kBT;
- The lack of "K-21" commander (as well as any other commander of the Soviet underwater fleet) of the attack experience of rapidly moving purposes with strong security;
- Ignorance N.A. Lunin of the true possibilities of German hydroacoustic equipment and anti-submarine weapons, and arising as a result, concerns for the fate of the ship and the crew.
"Tirpitz", "Hipper" and destroyers in Alten-Fior
Conditionally attack "K-21" can be divided into five phases:
1. 17.00-17.18. Maneuvering for the attack of the Esmina Essayment. The phase ended since the mast detection of large warships.
2. 17.18-17.36. The exit of the submarine to the general course of the squadron for attack by nasal apparatus from the side of the left side of the target. The phase ended with the detection of the Squadron exchange rate from 60 ° to the rate of 330 ° (the coward values \u200b\u200bare given in accordance with the reporting of the Lunin; German change materials are not confirmed). The incorrect results of these observations ended up led to the fact that the submarine had to produce a volley from a very unfavorable position - from feed torpedo devices on diverging courses.
3. 17.36-17.50. The output "K-21" to the "new" general course of the squadron for attack by nasal apparatus from the right side of the goal. The phase ended with the detection of the "Course's change" of the squadron from 330 ° to the old course 60 °. As a result of observation at 17.50, Lunin determined that the boat turned out to be almost right at the rate of "Tyrpitsa" (exchange angle of the goal of 5-7 ° left side) at a distance of 35-40 KBT. Attack with nasal devices is impossible.
4. 17.50-18.01. Care of submarines from the course "Tyrpitsa" for the attack by feed apparatus from the side of the left side of the target. At the same time, about 17.55 "K-21" made a breakthrough of the advanced source of the squadron. The phase ended with a torpedo salvo.
5. 18.01-19.05. The output from the attack is the separation from the squadron by moving the counterfeiter at a depth of 30 m.
Attack Scheme "Tyrpitsa" K-21 in Yuan
Special attention deserves a torpedo volley. According to Lunin's report, it was produced from all four feed torpedo devices from a distance of 18-20 kbt, a time interval of 4 seconds, with an angle of immigrants 28 °, the coal of the meeting is 100 °. The target rate was determined in 22 nodes, and its true course is 60 °. From comparison with German materials, it is known that at the time of the attack of the squadron went with a speed of 24 nodes with a course of 90 °. Such a significant error in determining the elements of the movement of the target (EDC) was explained by the above factors, as well as the fact that, due to the extremely small time, the lifts of the periscope of EDC were determined by the "K-21" commander. A volley shooting with a time interval provided overlapping errors in defining the EDC only in cases where the error in defining the course did not exceed 10 °, and in the definition of the speed - 2 nodes. It should be noted that in accordance with the operating tables, Lunina should have shifted with an interval of not in 4, and at 14 seconds. By choosing a smaller interval, the commander, obviously, tried to reduce the time spent on the fighting course and quickly go to the depth.
Scheme of attack "Tyrpitsa" K-21 in Emelyanov
The second negative point was a large distance from which the submarine produced a volley. If at the time of the volley, the boat and battleship were approximately perpendicular to each other by the courses, and the distance was 18-20 kBT, then the torpedoes had to go around 18.5-19 kBT. In fact, due to a rough mistake with the definition of the true course of the target "K-21" and "Tyrpits", they went with divergent courses, and the angle of the meeting was to be not 100, and about 130 °. At the same time, the torpedoes needed to pass about 23.8 KBT. Maximum torpedo movement 53-38 with the installation of the regime that the boat shot was 4000 m (21.6 kBT). The shooting from such a distance became a direct consequence of the wrong choice of a combat course, which in turn was explained by that hasty with which Lunina had to change the decision on the attack at 17.50-17.53. It should be emphasized that the order of the NK NK NMF No. 0219 from 10.3.1942 "Rules of shooting rules of torpedoes from submarines" shooting from distances 16-20 kBT for a moving ship at the angles of the meeting over 90 ° was prohibited as useless. There is no doubt that in the established situation Lunin was obliged to use any chance, but one zeal of the commander is not enough to ensure the success of the attack.
Scheme attack "Tyrpitsa" K-21 in Morozov
In the amount, all admitted miscalculations and errors could not help but lead to a negative result - Torpeda "K-21" were to rock, passing the limit distance, without intersection of the course of the target. Those explosions that heard at the boat at 18.04, apparently, became the result of the trimming of the torpedoes at the strike of a stony bottom after passing the limit distance, and about 18.30 - the explosions of the deep bombs of German destroyers, discarded on the attack of the British submarine "Anshakn". Based on the direction and speed of the German squadron, it can be argued that the bilges of the torpedo at the bottom could not be fixed on German ships or visual nor hydroacoustic observation. Therefore, information about the attack "K-21" was received by the enemy only in the evening of the same day after the direction of the transfer of the German radio.
In conclusion, I would like to once again emphasize that the Attack "K-21" was carried out in extremely difficult conditions of the situation, besides the crew, which worked and passed only the introductory tasks of the CPU and had a rather limited combat experience. Despite this N.A. Lunin and his subordinates demonstrated a large personal courage, sowing to enter the attack on the largest warship of Crygsmarine, moving in a powerful anti-palmary guard. This achievement is all the more remarkable, if we consider the fact that not a single Soviet submarine failed to enter the attack on the combat ship the size of a larger destroyer, although the potential opportunities had to do so.
Miroslav Morozov
The article is published as an annex to the book Malova A. and Patney S. "Linkors" Bismarck "and" Tyrpitz ".
For the design of the article were used by the author's materials and materials from Kbismarck.com, Wiesel.wlb-stuttgart.de, uboat.net
