Karabakh conflict war between Armenia. History of the catastrophe

In the series of interethnic conflicts that covered the Soviet Union in last years His existence, Nagorno-Karabakh became the first. Perestroika policy started Mikhail GorbachevHe was checked for strength events in Karabakh. The check showed the complete inconsistency of the new Soviet leadership.

Region with a difficult story

Nagorno-Karabakh, a small block of land in the Transcaucasus, has an ancient and difficult fate, where life roads of neighbors - Armenians and Azerbaijanis are intertwined.

The geographic area of \u200b\u200bKarabakh is divided into flat and high-nebulous parts. In the plain Karabakh, the Azerbaijani population historically prevailed, in Nagorno-Armenian.

Wars, the world, again wars - the peoples lived nearby, then enjoying, then reconciles. After the collapse of the Russian Empire, Karabakh became the arena of the fierce Armenian-Azerbaijani war of 1918-1920. The opposition, the main role in which nationalists played on both sides, went on it only after the establishment of Soviet power in the Transcaucasia.

In the summer of 1921, after a rapid discussion, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) decided to leaving Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the Azerbaijan SSR with the provision of broad regional autonomy.

The autonomous region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which became in 1937 by the Nagorno-Karabakh autonomous region, preferred to consider itself part Soviet Union, not part of the Azerbaijan SSR.

"Defrost" mutual offense

Over the years in Moscow, these subtleties did not pay attention. Attempts in the 1960s, in the 1960s, raise the topic of the transfer of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenian SSR were rigidly suppressed - then the central leaders found that such nationalist proliferations should be stopped in an embryo.

And the reason for concern among the Armenian population of the NKAO was still. If in 1923, Armenians were over 90 percent of the population of Nagorno-Karabakh, then by the mid-1980s, this percentage declined to 76. It was not an accident - the leadership of the Azerbaijan SSR deliberately made a bet on changing the ethnic component of the region.

So far, the situation as a whole in the country remained stable, in Nagorno-Karabakh It was also calm too. Nobody accepted small clashes on national soil.

Perestroika Mikhail Gorbachev, among other things, "defined" a discussion of previously forbidden topics. For nationalists, whose existence is still possible only in a deaf underground, it became a real gift of fate.

It was in Chardahlo

Big always starts with small. In the Shamhorsky district of Azerbaijan, there was an Armenian village Chardachly. During the Great Patriotic War From the village went to the front of 1250 people. Of these, half were awarded orders and medals, two became Marshal, twelve - generals, seven - the heroes of the Soviet Union.

In 1987 secretary of the district party of the Assads I decided to replace Directors of the local state farm Yehyan on the leader of Azerbaijanis.

Selyan outraged even the removal of Egypt, accused of abuse, but how it was done. Asadov acted rudely, Nakhpom, offering the former director "Leaving to Yerevan". In addition, the new director, according to local, was a "barbecue with primary education."

The inhabitants of Chardahlo were not afraid of the Nazis, they were not afraid of the head of the district. The new appointence simply refused to admit, and Asadov began to threaten the villagers.

From the letter of residents of Chardachly, the Prosecutor General of the USSR: "Each Assad's arrival in the village is accompanied by a detachment of the police and a fire truck. There was no exception and first of December. Arriving with a police squad late in the evening, he forcibly collected the Communists to spend the party assembly they needed. When he could not succeed, he began to beat the people, arrested and brought 15 people in a pre-fitted bus. Among the beaten and arrested were participants and disabled of the Great Patriotic War ( Vartanyan V., Martirosyan X., Gabrielyan A. etc.), milking, advanced links ( Minasyan) and even former deputy of the Supreme Council of AZ. SSR many convocations Movsesyan M.

Without calming down with his atrocity, mansionic Asads of the second December again, with another big detachment of the police organized another pogrom at home marshal Baghamya On the day of his 90th anniversary of his birth. This time, 30 people were beaten and arrested. Such sadism and lawlessness can envy any racist from colonial countries. "

"We want to Armenia!"

An article about events in Chardachly was published in the Rural Life newspaper. If there were no special importance in the center of what is happening, then a wave of indignation rose in Nagorno-Karabakh among the Armenian population. How so? Why the broken functioner remains unpunished? What will happen next?

"With us will be the same, if we do not join Armenia," who and when he said first, is not so important. The main thing is that at the beginning of 1988, the official printed organ of the Nagorno-Karabakh regional commission of Azerbaijan and the Council of People's Deputies of the NKAO "Soviet Karabakh" began to print materials in which this idea was maintained.

The delegation of the Armenian intelligentsia went to Moscow one after another. Meeting with representatives of the Central Committee of the CPSU, they assured - in the 1920s, Nagorno-Karabakh was enshrined for Azerbaijan by mistake, and now it's time to fix it. In Moscow, in the light of the remittance policies, the delegates took, promising to learn the question. In Nagorno-Karabakh, it was perceived as the readiness of the center to support the transmission of the region of the Azerbaijan SSR.

The situation began to heat up. Slogans, especially from the mouth of youth, sounded all radical. People, far from politics, began to fear for their safety. At the neighbors of another nationality began to look with suspicion.

The leadership of the Azerbaijan SSR held a collection of a party and economic asset in the capital of Nagorno-Karabakh, on which the "separatists" and "nationalists" brand. Clamp, in general, right, but, on the other hand, did not give answers to the question of how to live on. Among the partation of Nagorno-Karabakh, most supported calls for the transmission of the region to Armenia.

Politburo for all good

The situation began to go out from under the control of the authorities. From mid-February 1988, a rally took place on the central square of Stepanakert, whose participants demanded the transfer of NKAO Armenia. Shares in support of this requirement began in Yerevan.

On February 20, 1988, the extraordinary session of NKAO deputies requested the Supreme Sovieties of the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR and the USSR with a request to consider and positively resolve the issue of the transfer of NKAO from Azerbaijan to Armenia: "Going to meet the wishes of the working people of NKAO, to ask the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR and The Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR show a sense of a deep understanding of the aspirations of the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh and resolve the issue of the transfer of NKAO from the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR, at the same time apply to the Supreme Council of the SSR Union on the positive decision to issue the NKAO from the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR " .

Any action gives rise to opposition. In Baku and other cities of Azerbaijan, mass shares were held with the requirement to stop the shooting of Armenian extremists and to preserve Nagorno-Karabakh in the republic.

On February 21, the situation was viewed at the meeting of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. By what Moscow decides, both sides of the conflict carefully followed.

"Consistently guided by the Leninist Principles of National Policy, the Central Committee of the CPSU appealed to the patriotic and internationalist senses of the Armenian and Azerbaijani population, with a call, not to succumb to the provocations of nationalist elements, to fully fix the great property of socialism - the fraternal friendship of Soviet peoples," said the text published following the discussion .

Probably, this was the essence of Mikhail Gorbachev's politics - the general correct phrases of everything well and against all the bad. But the exhortation no longer helped. While creative intelligentsia performed on rallies and in print, in the ground, the radicals were increasingly controlled.

Rally in the center of Yerevan in February 1988. Photo: RIA Novosti / Ruben Mangasaryan

First blood and pogrom in Sumgait

Schushinsky district of Nagorno-Karabakh was the only one in which the Azerbaijani population prevailed. The situation here was heated with rumors that the Azerbaijani women and children were killed in Yerevan and Stepanakert. " There was no real soil under these rumors, but they were enough for February 22 an armed crowd of Azerbaijanis began to "campaign on Stepanakert" for "guidance of order".

Militia cordons met the Militia Cordona in the settlement of Assaran. Fold the crowd failed, sounded shots. Two people died, and, ironically, Azerbaijani killed by a policeman-Azerbaijani became ironically, the conflict.

The real explosion occurred there, where they were not waiting - in Sumgait, the satellite city of the capital of Azerbaijan Baku. At this time, people who called themselves "refugees from Karabakh" began to appear there and told the horrors of the Armenians. In the stories of "refugees" in fact there was not a word of truth, but they gated the situation.

Sumgait, founded in 1949, was a multinational city - Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Russians, Jews, Ukrainians lived next to decades, and the Russians, ... For what happened in the last few days of February 1988, no one was ready.

It is believed that the last drop was the message on TV about the skirmis under Askeran, where two Azerbaijani died. The rally in support of the preservation of Nagorno-Karabakh in the composition of Azerbaijan in Sumgait turned into an action on which the slogans "Death Armenians!" Began to sound.

Local authorities law enforcement bodies have not been able to prevent. The city began pogroms that continued two days.

According to official data, 26 Armenians died in Sumgait, hundreds were injured. Stop madness succeeded only after entering the troops. But here everything turned out to be not so simple - at first the military was given an order to exclude the use of weapons. Only after the score of the wounded soldiers and officers exceeded the hundred, patience burst. Six Azerbaijanis were added to the dead Armenians, after which the unrest ceased.

Exodus

Blood Sumgaita made a cessation of conflict in Karabakh extremely difficult task. For Armenians, this pogrom became a reminder of the massacre in Ottoman Empirewhich occurred at the beginning of the 20th century. In Stepanakert, they repeated: "See what they do? Do we have to stay in Azerbaijan after that? "

Despite the fact that Moscow began to use tight measures, the logic in them was not viewed. It happened that two members of the Politburo, coming to Yerevan and Baku, gave mutually exclusive promises. The authority of the central government fell catastrophically.

After Sumgait, the outcome of Azerbaijanis from Armenia and Armenians from Azerbaijan began. Frightened people, throwing all the acquired, fled from the neighbors, overnight become enemies.

It would be dishonest to talk only about the scum. Not everyone was spinless - during the pogroms in Sumgait Azerbaijanis, often risking with their own lives, hid by Armenians. In Stepanakert, where "Avengers" began a hunt for Azerbaijanis, they were saved by Armenians.

But these decent people could not stop the ever-growing conflict. That's where new clashes broke out here, which did not have time to stop the internal troops introduced into the region.

The general crisis, which began in the USSR, was increasingly distracted by politicians from the problem of Nagorno-Karabakh. None of the parties was ready to make concessions. By the beginning of 1990, illegal armed formations from both sides launched a fighting, the score of the dead and wounded was already on dozens and hundreds.

Servicemen of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR on the streets of the city of Fizuli. The introduction of a state of emergency in the territory of NKAO, border areas of the Azerbaijan SSR. Photo: RIA Novosti / Igor Mikhalev

Raising hatred

Immediately after the August 1991 coup, when the central government almost ceased to exist, independence was proclaimed not only by Armenia and Azerbaijan, but also the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Since September 1991, what is happening in the region has become a war in the full sense of the word. And when at the end of the year from Nagorno-Karabakh, the units of the internal troops of the USSR of the USSR were replaced, no one could no longer interfere with the slaughter.

The Karabakh war, which lasted until May 1994, ended with the signing of a truce agreement. The common losses of the parties killed by independent experts are estimated at 25-30 thousand people.

The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic has existed for more than a quarter of a century as an unrecognized state. Azerbaijani authorities continue to declare the intention to return control over the lost territories. The fighting of various intensity on the contact line flashes regularly.

On both sides, people will prevent hatred eyes. Even a neutral comment to a neighbor's country is seen as a national betrayal. For children from the Small Years, the thought of who is the main enemy, which must be destroyed.

"Where and for that, a neighbor,
On us fell so much trouble? "

Armenian poet Ovanes Tumanyanin 1909 he wrote a poem "drop of honey". IN soviet times It was well known to schoolchildren in the translation of Samuel Marshak. Tumanyan, who died in 1923, could not know what would happen in Nagorno-Karabakh at the end of the XX century. But this wise man who knew the story well, in one poem showed how sometimes the monstrous fratricidal conflicts originate from the trifles. Do not be lazy to find and read it completely, and we only give it the ending:

... and lasted the fire of war,
And two countries are ruined
And there is no one to mow
And there is no one to wear the dead.
And only death, linking oblique,
Wandering desert stripe ...
Leaning out at the grave plates
Live alive says:
- From where and for what, neighbor,
So many troubles fell on us?
Here the story ends.
And if any of you
Tell a storytellor question
Who is the guilty here - Cat Ile Dog,
And really so much evil
Crazy fly brought -
For us will be answered by the people:
There will be flies, "honey would be! ..

P.S. The Armenian village Chardahlo, the birthplace of heroes, ceased to exist at the end of 1988. More than 300 families who inhabited, moved to Armenia, where Zorakan settled in the village. Previously, this village was Azerbaijani, but with the beginning of the conflict, his residents became refugees, as well as the inhabitants of Chardahlo.

Nagorno-Karabakh is called the region in the Transcaucasus, legally, the territory of Azerbaijan. At the time of the collapse of the USSR, a military clash arose here, as Armenian roots have an overwhelming majority of residents inhabiting Nagorno-Karabakh. The essence of the conflict is that Azerbaijan makes well-founded requirements for this territory, however, the inhabitants of the region are more accurately to Armenia. On May 12, 1994, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, a protocol established a truce was ratified, as a result, leading to a unconditional cessation of fire in the conflict zone.

Excursion to history

Armenian historical sources They argue that Artsakh (the ancient and the name) is first mentioned in the VIII century BC. If you believe these sources, Nagorno-Karabakh was part of Armenia still during the early Middle Ages. As a result of the conquest wars of Turkey and Iran in this era, a significant part of Armenia has passed under the control of these countries. Armenian principalities, or Melichest, at that time located on the territory of modern Karabakh, retained a semi-independent status.

Azerbaijan occupies his point of view in this matter. According to local researchers, Karabakh is one of the most ancient historical regions of their country. The word "Karabakh" in Azerbaijanis translates as: "Gara" means black, and the "bug" is a garden. Already in the XVI century, together with other provinces, Karabakh was located as part of the state of Sefevidov, and after became independent Khanate.

Nagorno-Karabakh during the Russian Empire

In 1805, the Karabakh Khanate was subordinated to the Russian Empire, and in 1813, Nagorno-Karabakh was included in the Gulistan Peace Treaty. Then, in the Turkmenki Treaty, as well as an agreement concluded in the city of Edirne, Armenians were resettlement from Turkey and Iran and place them in the territories of Northern Azerbaijan, including Karabakh. Thus, the population of these lands has mainly Armenian origin.

As part of the USSR

In 1918, the control of Karabakh received just the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic. Almost at the same time, the Armenian republic puts forward on this terrain, but the ADR does not recognize these claims. In 1921, the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh with the rights of broad autonomy is included in the Azerbaijan SSR. After another two years, Karabakh receives the status of the autonomous region (NKAO).

In 1988, the Council of Deputies of the NCAO applies to the authorities of the AzSSR and the Armsman republics and invites the disputed territory to Armenia. This petition was not satisfied, as a result of which the wave of protest rolled the cities of the Nagorno-Karabakh AO. Solidarity demonstrations were also conducted in Yerevan.

Proclamation of independence

At the beginning of the fall of 1991, when the Soviet Union has already begun to fall apart, the Declaration has been made to the NCAO, which has proclaimed the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Moreover, besides NKAO, its composition entered part of the territories of the former AZSSR. According to the results of the referendum conducted on December 10 of the same year in Nagorno-Karabakh, more than 99% of the population voted for full independence from Azerbaijan.

It is quite obvious that the authorities of Azerbaijan was not recognized as the authorities, and the act of proclamation itself was referred to as illegal. Moreover, Baku decided to abolish the autonomy of Karabakh, which he possessed in Soviet times. However, the destructive process has already been launched.

Karabakh conflict

For the independence of the self-proclaimed republic, Armenian squads, which tried to confront Azerbaijan. Nagorno-Karabakh received support from official Yerevan, as well as from the National Diaspora in other countries, so the militia was able to defend the region. However, the authorities of Azerbaijan still managed to establish control over several districts, which were originally proclaimed part of the NKR.

Each of the opposing parties leads its own loss statistics in the Karabakh conflict. Comparing this data, it can be concluded that for three years, 15-25 thousand people died to find out the relationship. The wounded numbered at least 25 thousand, even more than 100 thousand civilians were forced to leave the place of residence.

Peaceful settlement

Negotiations, during which the parties tried to resolve the conflict in a peaceful way, began almost immediately after the independent NKR was proclaimed. For example, on September 23, 1991, a meeting was held on which the presidents of Azerbaijan, Armenia, as well as Russia and Kazakhstan were present. In the spring of 1992, the OSCE was established by the settlement group karabakh conflict.

Despite all attempts by the international community to stop the bloodshed, stop the fire only in the spring of 1994. The Bishkek Protocol was signed in the capital of Kyrgyzstan in the capital of Kyrgyzstan, after which the participants stopped the fire already a week later.

The sides of the conflict did not manage to agree on the final status of Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan demands to respect its sovereignty and insists on the preservation of territorial integrity. The interests of the self-proclaimed republic protects Armenia. Nagorno-Karabakh stands for the peaceful resolution of controversial moments, while the authorities of the republic emphasize that the NKR is able to stand up for its independence.

FB.ru.

Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. reference

(Updated: 11:02 05.05.2009)

15 years ago (1994) Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia signed the Bishkek Protocol on the termination from May 12, 1994 in the Zone of the Karabakh conflict.

15 years ago (1994) Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia signed the Bishkek Protocol on the termination from May 12, 1994 in the Zone of the Karabakh conflict.

Nagorno-Karabakh - the region in the Transcaucasus, the de-Yura is part of Azerbaijan. The population is 138 thousand people, the overwhelming majority - Armenians. The capital is the city of Stepanakert. The population is about 50 thousand people.

According to Armenian open sources, Nagorno-Karabakh (the ancient Armenian name - Artsakh) is first mentioned in the inscriptions of Sardura II, King Urartu (763-734 BC). In the early Middle Ages, Nagorno-Karabakh was part of Armenia, armenian sources argue. After most of this country in the Middle Ages was captured by Turkey and Iran, the Armenian principalities (Melichesia) of Nagorno-Karabakh retained a semi-independent status.

According to Azerbaijani sources, Karabakh is one of the most ancient historical regions of Azerbaijan. According to the official version, the emergence of the term "Karabakh" refers to the VII century and is interpreted as a combination of Azerbaijani words "Gara" (black) and "Bag" (Garden). Among other provinces of Karabakh (Ganja in Azerbaijani terminology) in the XVI century. He was part of the state of Sefavidov, later became an independent Karabakh Khanate.

According to the Kurject Treaty of 1805, Karabakh Khanate, as Muslim-Azerbaijani Earth, was subordinate to Russia. IN 1813. In the Gulistan peace treaty, Nagorno-Karabakh became part of Russia. In the first third of the XIX century, according to the Turkmenky Treaty and the EDIRNA Agreement, artificial placement of the Armenians resettled from Iran and Turkey in Northern Azerbaijan, including Karabakh, began.

On May 28, 1918, an independent state was created in Northern Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani Democratic Republic (ADR), which preserved its political power over Karabakh. At the same time, the Republic announced Armenian (Ararat) put forward its claims on the Karabakh, not recognized by the Government of the ADR. In January 1919, the Government of the ADR created the Karabakh province, which included Shushinsky, Javaneshire, Jebrail and Zangezur district.

IN july 1921 By the decision of the Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) Nagorno-Karabakh was included in the Azerbaijan SSR for the Rights of Wide Autonomy. In 1923, the Nagorno-Karabakh AO as part of Azerbaijan was formed on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh.

February 20, 1988 The extraordinary session of the regional council of deputies of the NCAO decided "On the petition for the Supreme Sovieties of the AzSSR and the Armsman on the transfer of NKAO from the AZSSR to the Armsman." The refusal of the Union and Azerbaijani authorities summoned the protest of Armenians not only in Nagorno-Karabakh, but also in Yerevan.

On September 2, 1991, a joint session of the Nagorno-Karabakh regional and Shaumyan district councils took place in Stepanakert. The session adopted a declaration on the proclamation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic within the boundaries of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, the Shaumyan district and part of the Khanlar district of the former Azerbaijani SSR.

December 10, 1991, a few days before the official decay of the Soviet Union, a referendum was held in Nagorno-Karabakh, at which the overwhelming majority of the population of 99.89% were in favor of complete independence from Azerbaijan.

During the conflict, regular Armenian parts fully or partially captured seven districts, which Azerbaijan considered his own. As a result, Azerbaijan lost control over Nagorno-Karabakh.

At the same time, the Armenian side believes that under the control of Azerbaijan, part of the Karabakh remained under the control of Azerbaijan - the village of Mardajtsky and Martuninsky districts, the entire Shaumian district and the Gutashensky subarea, as well as Nakhichevan.

In the description of the conflict, the parties lead their loss figures different from the data opposite side. According to consolidated data, the loss of both parties during the Karabakh conflict was killed from 15 to 25 thousand people, more than 25 thousand wounded, hundreds of thousands of civilians left the place of residence.

May 5, 1994 With the mediation of Russia, Kyrgyzstan and the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the CIS in the capital of Kyrgyzstan Bishkek, Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia signed the Protocol, which was in the history of the settlement of the Karabakh conflict as Bishkek, on the basis of which on May 12, an agreement was reached on the cease-fire.

On May 12 of the same year, the Minister of Defense of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan (now - President of Armenia), Minister of Defense of Azerbaijan Mamedrafffi Mamedov and the Army of the Army of Defense of the NKR Samvel Babayan, was confirmed by the commitment of the parties previously reached the cease-fire, was confirmed.

The negotiation process for resolving the conflict began in 1991. September 23, 1991in Zheleznovodsk there was a meeting of the presidents of Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Armenia. In March 1992, the Minsk Group of Safety and Cooperation Organization in Europe (OSCE) was established to resolve the Karabakh conflict, the co-chairs of which are USA, Russia and France. In mid-September 1993, the first meeting of representatives of Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh took place in Moscow. At about the same time in Moscow, a closed meeting of the President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev and who occupied the post of Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh, Robert Kocharian at the time. Since 1999, regular meetings of the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia are held.

Azerbaijan insists on the preservation of its territorial integrity, Armenia protects the interests of the unrecognized republic, since the unrecognized NKR is not a party to negotiations.

ria.ru.

Karabakh conflict

The Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh in Armenian Highlands has an area of \u200b\u200b4.5 thousand square meters. kilometers.

Karabakh conflict, which caused hatred and mutual hostility between once friendly peoples, is rooted in the twenties of the last century. It was at this time that the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, called today - Artsakh, turned into an apple of disconior between Azerbaijan and Armenia.

Even before the October Revolution, these two republics drawn into the Karabakh conflict, together with neighboring Georgia participated in territorial disputes. And in the spring of 1920, the current Azerbaijanis, whom Russians called the "Caucasian Tatars", with the support of Turkish interventories they learned the massacre of Armenians, which at that time were 94% of the total population of Artsakh. The main blow fell to the administrative center - the city of Shushi, where more than 25 thousand people were cut. The Armenian part of the city was erased from the face of the Earth.

But the Azerbaijanis lost: killing Armenians, destroying Shushi, they, although they became the owners in the region, received a fully destroyed farm, which was necessary to restore not one ten years.

Bolsheviks, not wanting to cool down the full-scale hostilities, recognize Artsakh as one of the parts of Armenia along with two regions - Zangezur and Nakhichevan.

However, Joseph Stalin, who in those years held the post of Commissar on national issues, under pressure from Baku and the then leader of Turks - Ataturk, forcibly changes the status of the republic and transfers it to Azerbaijan.

This solution causes a storm of indignation and indignation among the Armenian population. In fact, it was it that provoked the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

Since then, almost a hundred years have passed. In the following years, Artsakh, being in Azerbaijan, was hidden continued to fight for his independence. In Moscow, letters were sent, in which it was said about the attempts of official Baku to erase from this mountainous republic of all Armenians, however, on all these complaints and requests for reunification with Armenia, the answer was one: "Socialistic internationalism."

Karabakh conflict, the reasons for which they lie in violation of the law of the people on self-determination arose against the background of a very disturbing situation. In relation to Armenians in 1988, an open eviction policy began. The situation was glowed.

Meanwhile, the official Baku has developed its plan for which the Karabakh conflict should be "resolved": in the city of Sumgayat in one night all those living Armenians were cut out.

At the same time, multimillion rallies began in Yerevan, the main requirement of which was the consideration of the possibility of the exit of Karabakh from Azerbaijan, the answer to which were shares in Kirovabad.

It was at this time that the first refugees appeared in the USSR, who in a panic left the spaces based.

Thousands of people, mostly old people, came to Armenia, where camps were created throughout them.

Karabakh conflict gradually surrendered into a real war. In Armenia, the detachments of volunteers were created, regular troops were sent from Azerbaijan. Hunger began in the republic.

In 1992, Armenians captured Lachin - a corridor between Armenia and Artsakh, putting the end of the republic's blockade. At the same time, significant territories were seized in Azerbaijan itself.

The unrecognized Republic of Artsakh after the collapse of the USSR held a referendum on which it was decided to declare its independence.

In 1994, a tripartite agreement was signed in Bishkek with the participation of Russia for the cessation of hostilities.

Karabakh conflict to this day is one of the most tragic reality pages. That is why he is trying to peacefully resolve both Russia and the whole world community.

fB.ru.

History of the catastrophe. How began conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh | History | Society

In the series of interethnic conflicts, which covered the Soviet Union in the last years of its existence, Nagorno-Karabakh became the first. Perestroika policy started Mikhail GorbachevHe was checked for strength events in Karabakh. The check showed the complete inconsistency of the new Soviet leadership.

Region with a difficult story

Nagorno-Karabakh, a small block of land in the Transcaucasus, has an ancient and difficult fate, where life roads of neighbors - Armenians and Azerbaijanis are intertwined.

The geographic area of \u200b\u200bKarabakh is divided into flat and high-nebulous parts. In the plain Karabakh, the Azerbaijani population historically prevailed, in Nagorno-Armenian.

In the summer of 1921, after a rapid discussion, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) decided to leaving Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the Azerbaijan SSR with the provision of broad regional autonomy.

The autonomous region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which became the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region in 1937, preferred to consider itself part of the Soviet Union, and not part of the Azerbaijan SSR.

"Defrost" mutual offense

While the situation as a whole in the country remained stable, everything was calm in Nagorno-Karabakh. Nobody accepted small clashes on national soil.

It was in Chardahlo

Big always starts with small. In the Shamhorsky district of Azerbaijan, there was an Armenian village Chardachly. During the Great Patriotic War from the village went to the front of 1250 people. Of these, half were awarded orders and medals, two became Marshal, twelve - generals, seven - the heroes of the Soviet Union.

In 1987 secretary of the district party of the Assads I decided to replace Directors of the local state farm Yehyan on the leader of Azerbaijanis.

The inhabitants of Chardahlo were not afraid of the Nazis, they were not afraid of the head of the district. The new appointence simply refused to admit, and Asadov began to threaten the villagers.

"We want to Armenia!"

The delegation of the Armenian intelligentsia went to Moscow one after another. Meeting with representatives of the Central Committee of the CPSU, they assured - in the 1920s, Nagorno-Karabakh was enshrined for Azerbaijan by mistake, and now it's time to fix it. In Moscow, in the light of the remittance policies, the delegates took, promising to learn the issue. In Nagorno-Karabakh, it was perceived as the readiness of the center to support the transmission of the region of the Azerbaijan SSR.

Politburo for all good

On February 21, the situation was viewed at the meeting of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. By what Moscow decides, both sides of the conflict carefully followed.

Rally in the center of Yerevan in February 1988. Photo: RIA News / Ruben Mangasaryan

First blood and pogrom in Sumgait

Local authorities law enforcement bodies have not been able to prevent. The city began pogroms that continued two days.

Exodus

Blood Sumgaita made a cessation of conflict in Karabakh extremely difficult task. For Armenians, this pogrom became a reminder of the massacre in the Ottoman Empire, which occurred at the beginning of the XX century. In Stepanakert, they repeated: "See what they do? Do we have to stay in Azerbaijan after that? "

After Sumgait, the outcome of Azerbaijanis from Armenia and Armenians from Azerbaijan began. Frightened people, throwing all the acquired, fled from the neighbors, overnight become enemies.

But these decent people could not stop the ever-growing conflict. That's where new clashes broke out here, which did not have time to stop the internal troops introduced into the region.

Raising hatred

The Karabakh war, which lasted until May 1994, ended with the signing of a truce agreement. The common losses of the parties killed by independent experts are estimated at 25-30 thousand people.

"Where and for that, a neighbor,
On us fell so much trouble? "

Armenian poet Ovanes Tumanyanin 1909 he wrote a poem "drop of honey". In Soviet times, it was well known to schoolchildren in the translation of Samuel Marshak. Tumanyan, who died in 1923, could not know what would happen in Nagorno-Karabakh at the end of the XX century. But this wise man who knew the story well, in one poem showed how sometimes the monstrous fratricidal conflicts originate from the trifles. Do not be lazy to find and read it completely, and we only give it the ending:

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Karabakh conflict briefly: the essence of war and the news from the front

On April 2, 2016, the press service of the Armenian Ministry of Defense announced that the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan were transferred to the offensive on the entire section of contact with the army of the defense of Nagorno-Karabakh. The Azerbaijani side reported that the fighting began in response to the shelling of its territory.

The press service of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) stated that the Azerbaijani troops were transferred in the offensive in many areas of the front, using the glorium-caliber artillery, tanks and helicopters. Within a few days, official representatives of Azerbaijan reported a lesson of several strategically important heights and settlements. At several sites of the front, the attacks were repulsed by the Armed Forces of the NKR.

After a few days of fierce battles along the entire front line, military representatives of both sides met to discuss the cease-fire conditions. It was achieved on April 5, although, after this date, the truce was repeatedly broken and the other party. However, in general, the situation at the front began to calm down. The Azerbaijani armed forces have begun to strengthen the positions disheighted from the opponent.

Karabakh conflict - one of the oldest on the expanses former USSR, Nagorno-Karabakh became a hot spot before the collapse of the country and is in a state of frozen for more than twenty years. Why he broke out with new powers It is today, what are the forces of the opposing parties and what should be expected in the near future? Can this conflict grow into a full-scale war?

To understand what is happening in this region today, you should make a small excursion in history. Only so you can understand the essence of this war.

Nagorno-Karabakh: Conflict Prehistory

The Karabakh conflict has a very long-standing historical and ethnocultural roots, the situation in this region has significantly aggravated in the last years of the existence of the Soviet regime.

In ancient times, Karabakh was part of the Armenian kingdom, after his decay, these lands became part of the Persian Empire. In 1813, Nagorno-Karabakh was attached to Russia.

Here, the bloody inter-ethnic conflicts did not happen here, the most serious of which took place during the weakening of the metropolis: in 1905 and 1917. After the revolution, three states appeared in the Transcaucasus: Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, which included Karabakh. However, this fact was absolutely not satisfied with the Armenians, which at the time constituted the majority of the population: the first war began in Karabakh. Armenians won a tactical victory, but suffered a strategic defeat: the Bolsheviks included Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan.

In the Soviet period, the world was maintained in the region, the question of the transfer of Karabakh Armenia was periodically raised, but did not find support from the country's leadership. Any manifestations of discontent are strictly suppressed. In 1987, the first collisions between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, who lead to human victims begin in the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. Deputies of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAO) are requested to attach them to Armenia.

In 1991, the creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) is proclaimed and a large-scale war begins with Azerbaijan. The fighting took place until 1994, an aircraft, armored vehicles, heavy artillery used on the front side. On May 12, 1994, an agreement on the cease-fire comes into force, and the Karabakh conflict goes to the step of frozen.

The result of the war was the actual obtaining of NKR independence, as well as the occupation of several areas of Azerbaijan adjacent to the border with Armenia. In fact, in this war, Azerbaijan suffered a crushing defeat, did not achieve the goals and lost part of his original territories. Such a situation was absolutely not satisfied with Baku, who for many years built his domestic policy at the desire of revenge and the return of lost lands.

Alignment of forces at the moment

Last war defeated Armenia and NKR, Azerbaijan lost its territory and was forced to recognize defeat. For many years, the Karabakh conflict was in a frozen state, which was accompanied by periodic shootings on the front line.

However, during this period changed economic situation The opposing countries, today Azerbaijan has a much more serious military potential. During the years of high oil prices, Baku managed to modernize the army, to equip it with the latest weapons. The main supplier of weapons to Azerbaijan has always been Russia (this caused serious irritation at Yerevan), also modern weapons were purchased in Turkey, Israel, Ukraine and even South Africa. Armenia's resources did not allow it to highily strengthen the army with new weapons. In Armenia, and in Russia, many thought that this time the conflict would end in the same way as in 1994 - that is, the flight and defeat the enemy.

If in 2003 Azerbaijan spent 135 million dollars on the armed forces, then in 2018 the costs should exceed 1.7 billion dollars. The peak of military spending Baku fell for 2013, when $ 3.7 billion was sent to military needs. For comparison: the entire state budget of Armenia in 2018 amounted to 2.6 billion dollars.

Today, the total number of Azerbaijan is 67 thousand people (57 thousand people - ground troops), another 300 thousand are in reserve. It should be noted that in recent years, the Army of Azerbaijan has been reformed on the Western model, moving to NATO standards.

Azerbaijan's land forces are collected in five buildings, which include 23 brigades. Today, the Azerbaijani army has more than 400 tanks (T-55, T-72 and T-90), and from 2010 to 2014 Russia has delivered 100 new T-90. The number of BTR, BMP and BRM and armorAutomotumes - 961 units. Most of them are products of still Soviet MCC (BMP-1, BMP-2, BTR-69, BTR-70 and MT-LB), but there are both the latest cars of Russian and foreign production (BMP-3, BTR-80A, armored car production Turkey, Israel and South Africa). Part of the Azerbaijani T-72 is modernized by the Israelis.

Azerbaijan has almost 700 units of artillery guns, among which there are both towed and self-propelled artillery, and the reactive artillery is also included. Most of them are obtained by the division of Soviet military property, but there are also newer samples: 18 SAU "Msta-C", 18 SAU 2C31 "Vienna", 18 RSZO "Tornado" and 18 TOS-1A "Suns". Separately, the Israeli RSW Lynx (caliber 300, 166 and 122 mm) should be noted, which in their characteristics are superior (primarily by accuracy) Russian counterparts. In addition, Israel put 155-mm SAU SOLTAM ATMOS Azerbaijan. Most of the towed artillery is represented by Soviet Gaubes D-30.

The anti-tank artillery is mainly represented by the Soviet PTO MT-12 "Rapira", and in service with the Soviet production Soviet production ("Baby", "Competition", "Fagot", "Metis") and foreign production (Israel - Spike, Ukraine - "Scyth "). In 2014, Russia delivered several self-propelled PRK "Chrysanthemum".

Russia has delivered serious sperm equipment to Azerbaijan, which can be used to overcome the reinforced enemy strips.

Also, air defense systems were obtained from Russia: S-300PMU-2 "Favorite" (two divisions) and several "Tor-M2E" batteries. There are old "chills" and about 150 Soviet complexes "Circle", "OSA" and "Strela-10". There is also a division of the SPK-MB and Buk-M1-2, transmitted by Russia and the Division of the PRC Barak 8 Israeli production.

There are operational-tactical complexes "Point-y", which were purchased from Ukraine.

Separately, it is worth noting the unmanned aircrafts, among which there are even drums. Azerbaijan purchased them from Israel.

The Air Force is armed with Soviet fighters MiG-29 (16 units), interceptors MiG-25 (20 pieces), SU-24 and SU-17 bombers, Su-25 attack aircraft (19 units). In addition, Azerbaijan Air Force has 40 training-training L-29 and L-39, 28 Mi-24 impact helicopters and transport-combat Mi-8 and Mi-17, delivered by Russia.

Armenia has a much smaller military potential, which is due to its more modest fraction in the Soviet "inheritance". Yes, and with finances, Yerevan is much worse - there are no oil fields on its territory.

After the cessation of the war in 1994, large funds were allocated from the Armenian state budget to the creation of fortification structures throughout the front line. The total number of land forces of Armenia today is 48 thousand people, another 210 thousand are in reserve. Together with the NKR, the country can set about 70 thousand fighters, which is comparable to the army of Azerbaijan, but the technical equipment of the Armenian SU is clearly inferior to the enemy.

The total number of Armenian tanks is a little more than a hundred units (T-54, T-55 and T-72), armored vehicles - 345, most of them were made at the USSR plants. Armenia has practically no money for the modernization of the army. Russia conveys her old weapons and gives loans to buy weapons (of course, Russian).

Armenian air defense is in service with five S-300PS divisions, there is information that the Armenians support technique in good condition. There are older samples of Soviet equipment: C-200, C-125 and C-75, as well as "scolding". The exact amount is unknown.

Armenian Air Force consists of 15 SU-25 attack aircraft, Mi-24 helicopters (11 pieces) and Mi-8, as well as multipurpose Mi-2.

It should be added that in Armenia (Gyumri) there is a Russian military base, which deployed MiG-29 and Division of SPC S-300V. In the event of an attack on Armenia, according to the CSTO Agreement, Russia should help the ally.

Caucasian knot

Today, the position of Azerbaijan looks much more preferable. The country managed to create modern and very strong armed forces, which was proven in April 2018. It is not entirely clear that there will be further: Armenia is beneficial to preserve the current situation, in fact, it controls about 20% of the territory of Azerbaijan. However, this is not too profitable Baku.

Attention should also be paid to the internal political aspects of April events. After falling prices for oil, Azerbaijan is experiencing an economic crisis, and the most the best way Damage dissatisfied at such time is to unleash the "little victorious war". In Armenia, the business in the economy is traditionally bad. So for the Armenian leadership war, it is also a very appropriate way to refocus the attention of the people.

By the number of armed forces of both parties are approximately comparable, but by their organization the Armenian and NKR army behind the modern armed forces behind decades. Events at the front clearly shown it. The view that the high Armenian martial spirit and the complexity of warping in the mountainous terrain equates everything turned out to be erroneous.

Israeli Lynx RSZO (300 mm caliber and a range of 150 km) are superior to its accuracy and the distance everything was done in the USSR and is produced now in Russia. In a complex with Israeli drones, the Army of Azerbaijan has become an opportunity to apply powerful and deep blows on the objects of the enemy.

Armenians, starting their counteroffensive, and could not knock the opponent from all occupied positions.

With a lot of probability, it can be said that the war will not end. Azerbaijan demands to free areas surrounding Karabakh, but the leadership of Armenia cannot go for it. For him, it will become political suicide. Azerbaijan feels the winner and wants to continue fighting. Baku showed that it has a formidable and combat-ready army that can win.

Armenians evil and confused, they demand to repel the enemy lost territories at any cost. In addition to the myth about the superiority of his own army, another myth crashed: about Russia as a reliable ally. Azerbaijan received the newest Russian weapons all past years, and only old Soviet was supplied to Armenia. In addition, it turned out that Russia does not burn with the desire to fulfill its obligations on the CSTO.

For Moscow, the state of the frozen conflict in the NKR was the ideal situation that allowed their influence on both sides of the conflict. Of course, Yerevan was more dependent on Moscow. Armenia was practically shed surrounded by unfriendly countries, and if this year, opposition supporters will come to power in Georgia, then it may be in complete isolation.

There is another factor - Iran. Last war, he stood on the side of Armenians. But this time the situation can change. A large Azerbaijani diaspora lives in Iran, to ignore the opinion of which the country's leaders cannot.

Recently, negotiations were held in Vienna between the presidents of the US mediation. The ideal solution for Moscow would be an introduction to the conflict zone of their own peacekeepers, it even more strengthened Russian influence in the region. Yerevan will agree to this, but what do you need to offer Baku to support such a step?

The worst development of events for the Kremlin will be the beginning of a full-scale war in the region. Having in the passive of Donbass and Syria, Russia may simply not pull another armed conflict on his periphery.

Video about the Karabakh conflict

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The essence and history of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh for more than 25 years remains one of the most potentially explosive points in the South Caucasus. Today, the war is being held here - Armenia and Azerbaijan accuse each other in escalation. Read in Help Sputnik conflict history.

Tbilisi, 3 Apr - Sputnik. The conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan began in 1988, when the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region announced the exit from the Azerbaijan SSR. Negotiations on the peaceful settlement of the Karabakh conflict have been conducted since 1992 within the OSCE Minsk Group.

Nagorno-Karabakh - the historical region in the Transcaucasus. The population (as of January 1, 2013) - 146.6 thousand people, the overwhelming majority - Armenians. The administrative center is the city of Stepanakert.

History of the question

Armenian and Azerbaijani sources have different points of view on the history of the region. According to Armenian sources, Nagorno-Karabakh (the ancient Armenian name - Artsakh) at the beginning of the first millennium BC. He entered into the political and cultural sphere of Assyria and Urartu. First mentioned in Krinopysi Sardura II, King Urartu (763-734 BC). In the early Middle Ages, Nagorno-Karabakh was part of Armenia, armenian sources argue. After most of this country in the Middle Ages were captured by Turkey and Persia, the Armenian principalities (Melichesia) of Nagorno-Karabakh preserved a semi-independent status. IN XVII-XVIII centuries Artsakh Princes (Meliki) headed the liberation struggle of the Armenians against the Shah Persia and the Sultan Turkey.

According to Azerbaijani sources, Karabakh is one of the most ancient historical regions of Azerbaijan. According to the official version, the emergence of the term "Karabakh" refers to the VII century and is interpreted as a combination of Azerbaijani words "Gara" (black) and "Bag" (Garden). Among other provinces of Karabakh (Ganja in Azerbaijani terminology) in the XVI century was part of the Sefavid state, later became an independent Karabakh Khanate.

In 1813, in the Gulistan peace treaty, Nagorno-Karabakh became part of Russia.

At the beginning of May 1920, Soviet power was established in Karabakh. On July 7, 1923, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (AO) was formed from the Nagorno part of Karabakh) as part of the Azerbaijan SSR with the administrative center in the village of Hankend (now - Stepanakert).

How the war began

On February 20, 1988, the extraordinary session of the regional council of the NCAO deputies decided "On the petition of the Supreme Sovieties of AzSSR and the Armsman on the transfer of NKAO from the AZSSR to the Armsman".

The refusal of the Union and Azerbaijani authorities summoned the protest of Armenians not only in Nagorno-Karabakh, but also in Yerevan.

On September 2, 1991, a joint session of the Nagorno-Karabakh regional and chaumyan district councils took place in Stepanakert, who adopted a declaration on the proclamation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic within the borders of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, the Shaumyan district and part of the Khanlar district of the former Azerbaijani SSR.

On December 10, 1991, a few days before the official collapse of the Soviet Union, a referendum was held in Nagorno-Karabakh, on which the overwhelming majority of the population - 99.89% were in favor of complete independence from Azerbaijan.

Official Baku recognized this act illegal and abolished the autonomy of Karabakh existing in the Soviet years. After this, an armed conflict began, during which Azerbaijan tried to keep Karabakh, and Armenian detachments defended the independence of the region with the support of Yerevan and the Armenian diaspora from other countries.

Victims and losses

The losses of both sides during the Karabakh conflict were, according to various sources, up to 25 thousand people were killed, more than 25 thousand were injured, hundreds of thousands of civilians left the place of residence, more than four thousand people missing the missing.

As a result of the conflict, Azerbaijan lost over Nagorno-Karabakh and - in whole or in part - the seven areas adjacent to it.

Conversation

On May 5, 1994, with the mediation of Russia, Kyrgyzstan and the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the CIS in the capital of Kyrgyzstan Bishkek, representatives of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Azerbaijani and Armenian communities of Nagorno-Karabakh signed a protocol to stop fire on the night from 8 to 9 May. This document entered the history of the Karabakh conflict resolution as Bishkek Protocol.

The negotiation process for resolving the conflict began in 1991. Since 1992, negotiations on the peaceful settlement of the conflict under the Minsk Group of Safety and Cooperation Organization in Europe (OSCE) on the settlement of the Karabakh conflict, the co-chairs of which are US, Russia and France. The group also includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Finland and Turkey.

Since 1999, regular bilateral and tripartite meetings of the leaders of the two countries are held. The last meeting of the Presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia Ilham Aliyev and Serzh Sargsyan as part of the negotiation process on the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh problem took place on December 19, 2015 in Bern (Switzerland).

Despite the environment negotiation process, it is known that their basis are the so-called updated Madrid principles transferred to the OSCE Minsk Group to the parties to the conflict on January 15, 2010. The basic principles of the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, referred to as Madrid, were presented in November 2007 in the capital of Spain.

Azerbaijan insists on the preservation of its territorial integrity, Armenia protects the interests of the unrecognized republic, since NKR is not a party to negotiations.

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Nagorno-Karabakh: Causes of Conflict

War in Nagorno-Karabakh by scale is inferior to Chechen: about 50,000 people died in it, but this conflict is superior to all the Caucasian wars of recent decades. So, today it is worth remembering why Nagorno-Karabakh became known for the whole world, the essence and causes of conflict and what the latest news are known from this region.

Prehistory of War in Nagorno-Karabakh

The prehistory of the Karabakh conflict is very long, but in brief its reason can be expressed as follows: Azerbaijanis who are Muslims have long been arguing for the territory with Armenians who are Christians. A modern ordinary man is difficult to understand the essence of the conflict, since killing each other because of nationality and religion in the 20-21 century, yes, as well as due to the territory - full idiocy. Well, I do not like the state, in the boundaries of which you turned out to be a suitcase, but go to Tula or Krasnodar tomatoes trade - there is always a glad to you. Why is war, why blood?

Scoop to blame

Once at the USSR, Nagorno-Karabakh was included in the Azerbaijan SSR. By mistake or not mistaken, it does not matter, but the paper on the land was among Azerbaijanis. Probably, it would be possible to negotiate peacefully, to steal a collective lezginka and treat each other by watermelon. But it was not there. Armenians wanted to live in Azerbaijan, accept his language and legislation. But to buy tomatoes in Tula in Tula or they were not very going to their Armenia. The argument they had an iron and quite traditional: "Dida lived here!".

The Azerbaijanis to give their territory also did not want, they also lived a dida there, and even the paper on earth was. Therefore, they entered the same way as Poroshenko in Ukraine, Yeltsin in Chechnya and Snegoran in Transnistria. That is, they introduced troops to guide the constitutional order and protect the integrity of borders. The first channel would call it a Bandera punitive operation or invasion of blue fascists. By the way, on the side of Armenians actively fought all the well-known seats of separatism and wars - Russian Cossacks.

In general, the Azerbaijanis began to shoot Armenians, and Armenians in Azerbaijanis began. Armenia in those years God sent a sign - the Sporty earthquake, in which 25,000 people died. Well, it seems like, they would take Armenians, but left for the vacant place, but they still didn't want to give land to the Azerbaijanis. And so they shot each other for almost 20 years, they signed all sorts of agreements, stopped shooting, and then began again. The latest news from Nagorno-Karabakh still periodically feste the headlines about shootings, killed and wounded, that is, big war Although not, but it is smoldering. Here in 2014, with the participation of the OSCE Minsk Group, together with the United States and France, a process was launched to resolve this war. But this particularly did not bring fruits - the point continues to be hot.

Probably everyone is guessing that there is in this conflict and the Russian trail. Russia really could resolve the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, but it is unprofitable. Formally, she recognizes the boundaries of Azerbaijan, but helps Armenia - just as well as in Transnistria!

Both states from Russia are very dependent and lose this dependence russian government Does not want. In both countries, Russian military facilities are located - the base in Gyumri in Armenia, and in Azerbaijan - Gabala RLS. The Russian Gazprom has been dealing with both countries by purchasing gas for deliveries to the EU. And Kohl will be released one of the countries from under the Russian influence, so quite be able to become an independent and rich, which is good in NATO or a gay parade will take. Russia is therefore very interested in the weak countries of the CIS, so the death, war and conflicts are supported there.

But as soon as the government is changed, Russia will unite with Azerbaijan and Armenia within the EU, in all countries there will come tolerance, Muslims, Christians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Russians will hugging each other and will ride each other to visit.

Last updated: 04/02/2016

In the Nagorno-Karabakh, the disputed region on the border of Armenia and Azerbaijan - fierce collisions began on Saturday. With the use of "all types of weapons". The Azerbaijani authorities in turn argue that the clashes began after shelling from Nagorno-Karabakh. Official Baku stated that the Armenian side over the past day 127 times violated the cease-fire mode, applying mortars and large-caliber machine guns.

AiF.Ru talks about the history and causes of the Karabakh conflict, which has a long-standing historical and cultural roots, and what led to his exacerbation today.

History of the Karabakh conflict

The territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh in II century. BC e. It was attached to the Great Armenia and for about six centuries was part of the province of Artsakh. At the end of the IV century. n. E., During the section of Armenia, this territory was included in the Persia to its vassal state - Caucasian Albania. From the middle of the 6th century, until the end of the IX century, Karabakh falls under Arabic dominion, but in the IX-XVI centuries, it becomes part of the Armenian feudal principality of Hacchable. Up to mid-XVIII century, Nagorno-Karabakh is under the rule of the Union of Armenian Meliches Hams. In the second half of the XVIII century, Nagorno-Karabakh with the predominant Armenian population entered the Karabakh Khanate, and in 1813, as part of the Karabakh Khanate in the Gulistan Peace Agreement - to the Russian Empire.

Karabakh committee on truce, 1918. Photo: Commons.Wikimedia.org.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the region with the prevailing Armenian population twice (in 1905-1907 and in 1918-1920) became the arena of bloody Armenian-Azerbaijani clashes.

In May 1918, in connection with the revolution and the collapse of the Russian statehood, three independent states were proclaimed in Transcaucasia, including the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic (mainly on the lands of the Baku and Elizavetpol province, the Zabansky district), where the Karabakh region was also.

The Armenian population of Karabakh and Zangezur, however, refused to obey the ADR authorities. On July 22, 1918, the First Congress of Armenian Karabakh, convened on July 22, 1918, proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh by an independent administrative-political unit and elected his own national government (from September 1918 - Armenian National Council of Karabakh).

Ruins of the Armenian Quarter of the city of Shusha, 1920. Photo: Commons.Wikimedia.org / Pavel Shekhtman

The confrontation between Azerbaijani troops and Armenian armed detachments continued in the region until establishing Soviet power in Azerbaijan. At the end of April 1920, Azerbaijani troops occupied the territory of Karabakh, Zangezura and Nakhichevan. By mid-June 1920, the resistance of Armenian armed detachments in Karabakh with soviet troops It was suppressed.

On November 30, 1920, Azrevsky provided his right to self-determination by Nagorno-Karabakh. However, despite the autonomy, the territory continued to remain the Azerbaijan SSR, which led to the tension of the conflict: in the 1960s, socio-economic tensions in NCAO several times surrendered into mass riots.

What happened to Karabakh during the restructuring?

In 1987 - early 1988 in the region intensified the dissatisfaction of the Armenian population with their socio-economic regulations, which influenced president of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev The policy of democratization of the Soviet public life and the weakening of political restrictions.

Protest sentiments were warmed by Armenian nationalist organizations, and the actions of the nascent national movement skillfully organized and sent.

The leadership of the Azerbaijan SSR and the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, for its part, tried to settle the situation by using the usual command-bureaucratic levers, which in the new situation turned out to be ineffective.

In October 1987, student strikes were held in the region with the requirement of the Karabakh branch, and on February 20, 1988, the session of the regional council of the NCAO appealed to the Supreme Council of the USSR and the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR with a request to convey the area to Armenia. In the regional center, Stepanakert, and Yerevan passed thousands of rallies with nationalist painting.

Most of the Azerbaijanis who lived in Armenia were forced to flee. In February 1988, Armenian pogroms began in Sumgait, thousands of Armenian refugees appeared.

In June 1988, the Supreme Council of Armenia gave consent to the entry of NKAO to the Armenian SSR, and the Azerbaijan Supreme Council - on the preservation of NKAO as part of Azerbaijan, followed by the elimination of autonomy.

On July 12, 1988, the regional council of Nagorno-Karabakh decided to leaving the composition of Azerbaijan. At the meeting on July 18, 1988, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR came to the conclusion about the impossibility of transferring NKAO Armenia.

In September 1988, armed clashes began between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, which turned into a protracted armed conflictAs a result of which there were large human sacrifices. As a result of the successful hostilities of Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh (in Armenian Artsa), this territory emerged from under the control of Azerbaijan. The decision of the issue of the official status of Nagorno-Karabakh was postponed indefinitely.

Speech in support of the separation of Nagorno-Karabakh from Azerbaijan. Yerevan, 1988. Photo: Commons.Wikimedia.org / Gorzaim

What happened to Karabakh after the collapse of the USSR?

In 1991, full-fledged military operations began in Karabakh. Through the referendum (December 10, 1991), Nagorno-Karabakh tried to get the right to complete independence. The attempt failed, and this region became hostage of antagonistic claims of Armenia and attempts to Azerbaijan to keep power.

The result of full-scale hostilities in Nagorno-Karabakh 1991 - the beginning of 1992 was a complete or partial seizure by regular Armenian parts of seven Azerbaijani districts. Following this, combat operations using the most modern weapons systems twisted on the internal Azerbaijan and the Armenian-Azerbaijani border.

Thus, until 1994, Armenian troops occupied 20% of the territory of Azerbaijan, destroyed and plundered 877 settlementsAt the same time, the death toll is about 18 thousand people, and the wounded and disabled people are more than 50 thousand.

In 1994, with the help of Russia, Kyrgyzstan, as well as the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the CIS in Bishkek, Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan signed a protocol, on the basis of which an agreement on the cease-fire was reached.

What happened in Karabakh in August 2014?

In the Zone of the Karabakh conflict at the end of July - in August 2014 there was a sharp escalation of tension, which led to human victims. On July 31 of this year, the Armenian-Azerbaijani border was shylitting between the troops of the two states, as a result of which the servicemen were killed on both sides.

Stand at the entrance to the NKR with the inscription "Welcome to the Free Artsakh" in Armenian and Russian. 2010. Photo: COMMONS.WIKIMEDIA.ORG / LORI-M

What is the version of Azerbaijan about the conflict in Karabakh?

According to Azerbaijan, on the night of August 1, 2014, the reconnaissance and sabotage groups of the Armenian army took an attempt to go through the contact of the troops of the two states in the territory of the Agdam and Territsky districts. As a result, four Azerbaijani servicemen died.

What is the version of Armenia about the conflict in Karabakh?

According to the official Yerevan, everything happened exactly to the opposite. Official position Armenia states that the Azerbaijani sabotage group penetrated the territory of the unrecognized republic and fired the Armenian territory from artillery and small arms.

At the same time, Baku, according to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia Edward NalbandianIt does not agree to the proposal of the world community to investigate incidents in the border zone, and therefore, according to the Armenian side, Azerbaijan is responsible for violation of the truce.

According to the Armenian Ministry of Defense, only for the period on August 4-5 of this year, Baku resumed the enemy shelling about 45 times, using artillery, including large-caliber weapons. From Armenia for this period, the victims are not.

What is the version of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) on the conflict in Karabakh?

According to the army of defense of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR), a week from July 27 to August 2, Azerbaijan has violated a truce regime established since 1994 in the conflict zone in Nagorno-Karabakh, as a result of action on both sides, about 24 person.

Currently, the shootout between the parties is carried out, including using large-caliber arms and artillery - mortars, anti-aircraft plants and even thermobaric grenades. The shelling of border settlements was also frequent.

What is Russia's response to conflict in Karabakh?

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation regarded the exacerbation of the situation, "the prerelevant significant human sacrifices," as a serious violation of the cease-fire agreements of 1994. The agency urged "to show restraint, to abandon the use of strength and take immediate action directed."

What is the US response to the conflict in Karabakh?

The US State Department, in turn, encouraged to observe the cease-fire regime, and the presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan - to meet at the first opportunity and resume dialogue on key issues.

"We also urge the parties to adopt the proposal of the OSCE Chairman about the beginning of negotiations, which can lead to the signing of a peace agreement," the State Department said.

It is noteworthy that on August 2 armenian Prime Minister Ovik Abrahamyan said that the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan and President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev May meet in Sochi on 8 or August 9 of this year.

Prehistory of the Armenian-Azerbaijani War. 1905 year

The conflict between the Armenians of Christians and Azerbaijanis Muslims has deep roots. There are not only religious, but also wider, cultural differences. By the beginning of the 20th century there were no clear boundaries between Armenian territories and Azerbaijani. Everything belonged to one empire. Two people settled "inside the territories" of another people, that is, the situation was developing when, for example, the village of Azerbaijanis was first going, then Armenians, then Azerbaijanis again. "Inside the territories" are used in quotes, as these territories have belonged to the Russian Empire by the end of 1917. No one just took care of the peaceful division of land so that everyone has their own country. As a result, the survey is still happening, although not with such a heat. A typical story in the territories of the former colonies: the empire is important "efficiency", and not the life of peoples. It appropriate to some extent to recall the Middle East: inadequate borders as a symbol of "effective management" empire. Next - more similarities.

Cossack patrol near the burned oilfields in Baku, 1905

The first clashes in the 20th century occurred just when the imperial center fell down - in 1905. In February 1905, the massacre in Baku and in Nakhichevan (border with the current Armenia territory). Then the rumor was spread in Baku teahouses that Armenians want to attack Muslims to the Shiite holiday, any funeral of victims of custom murders turned into a demonstration. The situation was mounted. Then the Armenian group shot working-Azerbaijanis. Here, the pogroms broke out.

Conflict Faults B. late XIX. century

If you deepen in the background, we will find several reasons for the conflict in the last decades of the XIX century. After Russia has joined the Transcaucasus, the empire applied to these territories the same practice as its European possessions. In particular, non-Christians could take no more than a third of the places in local governments. Initially, this measure was directed against the Jews, but in the Transcaucasus turned against Muslims. As a result, most places in the meetings occupied Armenians.

Further, the Russian Empire He tried to rely on Armenians as conductors of his power in the region (Christians). However, this only developed a sense of exclusivity from the Armenian nobility, which went wrong with the objectives of the empire. More and more Armenians are remembered by the Great Armenian Kingdom. It will become more likely to not only think about it, but also to write, when the governor and politics in the Transcaucasus will replace. Grigory Golitsyn, appointed in 1886, will support Muslims: the number of government-Armenians will strongly reduce, and Azerbaijanis will come to their place. Golitsyn will see the danger in Armenians, as they are the same Jews - it was written in the reports to St. Petersburg. Armenian schools will be closed, children will receive in Russian sample, the history and geography of Armenia will be excluded from school programs. Armenian nationalists, in particular the Dashnaktsutun party, will stand on the terror path.

It is noteworthy that representatives of the empire, in general, were inactive. The Bolsheviks later saw the reason for the massacre in the fact that the imperial authorities intentionally blew up a more loyal Muslim Azerbaijani population and revolutionary-tuned Armenian.

Armenian-Azerbaijan War 1918-1920

Azerbaijan and Armenia in 1919-1920

As already noted, the story around the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict reminds how they fought in the Middle East. Only on smaller spaces, very close and no less confusing. Azerbaijan sought to reach the borders of the friendly Turkey and take the territory populated by Azerbaijanis, under its control. The main activities unfolded on Karabakh, Zangezure and in Nakhichevan. Everything in the direction of Azerbaijan to the border with Turkey. Armenians also wanted to take control of all territories inhabited by Armenians.

Azerbaijani artillery in Karabakh

During the war, the mutual hatred of the neighbors reached such an extent that both sides destroyed the settlements of enemies. The locality in the combat zones, according to foreigners, did not just be detected - there simply nothing left. Both sides have expelled the enemy peoples, shot, destroyed villages, turned the obtained territories in purely Armenian or Azerbaijani territories.

Armenians in Azerbaijan are lowered or populated by Azerbaijanis and Kurds. In the Shemakhinsky district, 17,000 Armenians were killed in 24 villages, in the Nukhinsky district - 20 thousand Armenians in 20 villages. A similar picture was observed in Agdam and Ganja. In Armenia, Azerbaijanis populated areas also remained without their original inhabitants. Dashnaki, members of the party "Dashnaktsutun" and controlled troops, "cleared" from Azerbaijanis Novobayazetsky, Erivansky, Echmiadzinsky and the Sharuro-Daralagise counties.

Karabakh Permistry Commission, 1918

Antena does something (the Bolsheviks won)

In view of inaction for obvious reasons russian authorities In this direction, the situation around the conflict at the most borders of the Ottoman Empire got involved the British with the Americans. And at first everything went favorably for Armenians, they even called the British allies. The winners in the Great War were able to beat off Western Armenia on the papers - in 1920 the Sevra Agreement was signed, denoting the section of Turkey. The incarnation in the reality of papers was prevented by the coming to the merchants in Turkey. They did not ratify the contract signed by the Sultan Government.

British in Baku

In addition to the Sevra Treaty and held a year before the Sevra of the Paris Conference (there, for example, the United States was given the mandate in the Transcaucasus in the spirit of those that were established in the Middle East), it was necessary to note the permanent mediation of the British in the negotiations, their attempts to get sides. But, apparently, because of some goals in Paris, the British conducted more trade-money politics than the Armenian indignation caused. The latter considered themselves the "small ally" of Britain. In general, the efforts of the Entente to establish peace in the region passed in vain. And not even due to the fact that the Bolsheviks came and all silenced by the power of the Red Army. Simply, apparently, such deep hatred with papers and diplomats is not smoothed. This is visible today.

"If someone could doubt this to Sumgait, then after this tragedy, no one has no moral possibility to insist on preserving the territorial affiliation of NKAO to Azerbaijan":
- Academician Andrei Sakharov

Incitement. In the late 80s, at the time of restructuring, the Azerbaijani authorities with greater intensity and with a new scale began to oppress the Armenian-depleted Nagorno-Karabakh autonomous District. There was a sharp anti-Armian policy. In schools banned Armenian, and Azerbaijani made mandatory. In Armenian villages, gas reduced, light, water, did not repair buildings and roads, did not build anything new. While immediately near Armenian cities were built new cities with all communications and conditions and instantly settle down by Azerbaijanis.

Following the official appeal of Karabakh to the Soviet power for the exit from the Azerbaijan SSR, mass demonstrations and strikes followed. In Armenia, in Karabakh and all Armenian communities of the world began rags and political shares with the requirement of accession to Armenia historically Armenian and Armenian land. The first rallies were held in the capital of Karabakh - Stepanakert, where the people fought personally for their rights. The number of protesters in Yerevan reached a million - 1/3 of the country's population.

Sumgath massacre and first blood.
In the city of Sumgayt, located near Baku, in response to the peaceful rallies of Armenians, the Azerbaijani authorities organized a massacre. Several dozen people died, the number of victims reached several hundred. As a result, the 18-thousand Armenian population was forced to leave the city. Following Sumgait, Armenians began to escape from Baku and other settlements of the country.

Armenian carving was not soldiers, but the Azerbaijani population. The Azerbaijani authorities brought false rumors that in Armenia began to oppress and drive Azerbaijanis, inspired hatred for the Armenians and tuned on sharp uncontrollable actions. Under the impression of vile agitation, the Azerbaijanis began to aggressively attack Armenians, including women, children and old people. Soviet soldiers with folded hands watched on the streets burned and cruelly killed citizens. Armed with batons and knives, zombied crowds broke into the courtyard and the mouthpiece uttered addresses that the city administration gave in advance. The robbers unmistakably logged into the houses of Armenians and destroyed everything that had time.

Armenian phones have been disabled. To the one who managed to reach the police, responded clearly - "Do not leave the house" (Clear why they were answered). To the question of Gorbachev, why the military did not interfere with the elimination of unrest, secretary General He answered the famous phrase: "We were late for only 3 hours" ... only a few people were arrested for the mass massacre.

War at the level of stones and knives. After Sumgait, the Azerbaijanis continued to be cruelty, where they could. Thus, they tried to stop the Armenian freedom movement, but it happened reverse effect. Critical actions and danger even more rallied and organized the Armenian people. A well-known case, when, not far from Stepanakert, Azerbaijanis killed and revealed the belly of a pregnant woman and pulled out a child. All over Karabakh began war stones and knives.

Official actions. On October 30, 1991, Azerbaijan proclaims the independent republic, refuses the inheritance of the Azerbaijan SSR and declares herself with the heir to the independent Republic of 1918, in which Karabakh was not included. On September 2, 1991, in complete agreement with the USSR Constitution, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous District adopts the Declaration on the proclamation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. In the same year, the UN, without checking documents, without any reason recognizes the independent Azerbaijan Republic within the borders of the Azerbaijan SSR. Thus, the UN unlock hands to Azerbaijan for the initiative of the war for the seizure of Karabakh.

War. Before the start of hostilities, using even existing control over the territory, Azerbaijan separates Karabakh from Armenia and the area falls into the enclave. Azerbaijani regular army, inherited from the Soviet Union, invades the territory of Karabakh, where there was practically no military forces, and is trying to restore control over the region. Hoping for a rapid solution to the issue of the seizure of the "unarmed" and surrounded by the Area, Azerbaijan suddenly faces worthy resistance.

Hurryly organized Armenian detachments armed with pistols "Makarov" and hunting rifles, defensive battles begin. After already, the armed army comes into battle, the central command is organized, large detachments are collected. A clear indicator of the ratio of forces is that Karabakh entered the war with the 8th tanks, while the Azerbaijanis had several hundred. A tank-repair plant was formed in Stepanakert, where the tanks were repaired from the enemy.

The decisive event was the liberation of the city of Shushi, on the morning of May 9, 1992: the operation under the secret name "Wedding in the mountains" organized Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan - a hero with a nickname "Commandos". After that, a corridor was opened to Armenia, from which military equipment and army arrived without being late.

Karabakh conflict war between Armenia. History of the catastrophe

Region with a difficult story

"Defrost" mutual offense

It was in Chardahlo

"We want to Armenia!"

Politburo for all good

First blood and pogrom in Sumgait

Exodus

Raising hatred

"Where and for that, a neighbor, On us fell so much trouble? "

Excursion to history

Nagorno-Karabakh during the Russian Empire

As part of the USSR

Proclamation of independence

Karabakh conflict

Peaceful settlement

Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. reference

Karabakh conflict

History of the catastrophe. How began conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh | History | Society

Region with a difficult story

"Defrost" mutual offense

It was in Chardahlo

"We want to Armenia!"

Politburo for all good

First blood and pogrom in Sumgait

Exodus

Raising hatred

"Where and for that, a neighbor, On us fell so much trouble? "

Karabakh conflict briefly: the essence of war and the news from the front

Nagorno-Karabakh: Conflict Prehistory

Alignment of forces at the moment

Caucasian knot

Video about the Karabakh conflict

The essence and history of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh

History of the question

How the war began

Victims and losses

Conversation

Nagorno-Karabakh: Causes of Conflict

Prehistory of War in Nagorno-Karabakh

Scoop to blame

History of the Karabakh conflict

What happened to Karabakh during the restructuring?

What happened to Karabakh after the collapse of the USSR?

What happened in Karabakh in August 2014?

What is the version of Azerbaijan about the conflict in Karabakh?

What is the version of Armenia about the conflict in Karabakh?

What is the version of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) on the conflict in Karabakh?

What is Russia's response to conflict in Karabakh?

What is the US response to the conflict in Karabakh?

"Where and for that, a neighbor,
On us fell so much trouble? "

"Where and for that, a neighbor,
On us fell so much trouble? "