Didactic principles UMC perspective. "Perspective"
Palace coup is the seizure of political power Russia XVIII century, the reason for which was the lack of clear rules for the succession to the throne, accompanied by a struggle between court factions and carried out, as a rule, with the assistance of guards regiments.
There is no single scientific definition of a palace coup, and there are no clear time limits for this phenomenon. So, V. O. Klyuchevsky (the author of the term) dates the era of palace coups from 1725 to 1762. However, today there is another point of view - 1725-1801. (The fact is that V. O. Klyuchevsky could not, in a public lecture given in the mid-80s of the XIX century, mention the coup of March 11, 1801 - this was strictly forbidden).
There is an opinion that the Decembrist uprising of 1825 was also, in its own way, a palace coup, but most scientists consider this judgment controversial and unfounded.
Soviet historical science denied the existence of this "special" period in history; and in scientific literature the concept of "the era of palace coups" has always been enclosed in quotation marks. This showed an attitude both to the term and to the phenomenon itself.
Causes of palace coups in Russia
The culprit of the instability of the supreme power in Russia in the 18th century turned out to be Peter I, who in 1722 issued the “Decree on Succession to the Throne”.
This normative legal act became the reason for palace coups in Russia.
Thus, the circle of possible contenders for the throne expanded.
After the death of Peter I, Russia entered a long period of palace coups. The emergence of this peculiar tradition in Russia was due, on the one hand, to the enormous overstrain of the country's forces during the twenty-five-year period of wars and reforms and the need to adjust the government's course in this regard, and on the other hand, to the conditions of the military-police state created by Peter I.
With the maximum nationalization of public life, the absence of legal political activity even in the bud, coups became the only way to resolve the contradictions between the main components of the absolutist system - the autocratic power, the ruling elite and the ruling class. By the end of the reign of Peter I, the tension in this triangle reached a critical point, which was caused by the extremely unfavorable for the nobility correlation between the system of benefits and the power of pressure "from above", as well as a sharp increase in autocratic power, which led to its some separation from its own social support. These factors were compounded by the lack of unity within the ruling camp.
Already on the eve of the death of Peter I, on January 25-26, 1725, a split arose among the highest ranks of the empire. One group (President of the College of Justice F.M. Apraksin, President of the College of Commerce D.M. Golitsyn, President of the Military College A.I. Repnin, Senator V.L. Dolgorukiy, President of the State-Office College I.A. Musin - Pushkin and Chancellor G. I. Golovkin) advocated the enthronement of the grandson of Peter I - Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich and the establishment of a regency system - the reign of Peter I's wife Ekaterina Alekseevna together with the Senate.
Another group (His Serene Highness Prince A. D. Menshikov, Prosecutor General of the Senate P. I. Yaguzhinsky, General I. I. Buturlin, diplomat and head of the Secret Chancellery P. A. Tolstoy, Vice President of the Synod Feofan Prokopovich, etc.) defended Catherine's candidacy as an autocratic empress. The dispute went far, but assertiveness, skillful maneuvering and, most importantly, reliance on the Guards (Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky) regiments at a critical moment ensured the enthronement of Ekaterina Alekseevna after the death of Peter the Great on January 28, 1725.
Coup in favor of Ekaterina Alekseevna
After the death of the emperor, Andrei Ivanovich Osterman, a diplomat and associate of Peter I, entered into an alliance with the most influential person of the Peter the Great era, A. D. Menshikov, with the aim of enthroning Empress Catherine. Although, there were other contenders, in particular, the son of Tsarevich Alexei - Peter (the future Peter II).
The Duke of Holstein - the husband of the senior princess Anna Petrovna - also tried to influence the outcome of events, although under the marriage contract of 1724 this couple was deprived of the right to inherit the Russian throne. In contrast to the Menshikov-Osterman alliance, there was another group in Russia that rallied around the Duke of Holstein, Anna Petrovna's husband.
However, even the introduction to the Supreme Privy Council did not help the duke to influence events in any way (he did not speak Russian and generally had a very poor idea of \u200b\u200blife in Russia).
As a result of the coup staged by Menshikov with the support of the Guard, it was Catherine I who came to power.
Catherine's inability to govern was compensated by the creation in February 1726 of the highest government institution - the Supreme Privy Council, staffed by new nobility, Peter's closest associates. Menshikov quickly subjugated the Supreme Privy Council and, using the boundless confidence of the sick Catherine, became the de facto ruler of the country.
Political reshuffles in the era of Peter II
After the death of Catherine I in 1727, the question of power arose again. This time it was the son of Alexei, Peter II, who was declared emperor (according to the will of Catherine I). By the way, it should be noted that in July 1727 (that is, a month and a half after the death of Catherine), the “Charter on the succession to the throne” was withdrawn by the Decree of the Supreme Privy Council.
Anna Petrovna and the "Holstein" group led by her made an unsuccessful attempt at a conspiracy against Menshikov-Osterman, and, ultimately, against the accession of the minor Peter. (By the way, not only the Holstein Germans took part in this conspiracy, but also Count P. A. Tolstoy and General Buturlin). The planned coup failed. AI Osterman, having become an educator and mentor of the young king, tried to do his job in the most conscientious manner. However, despite all his efforts, Osterman did not manage to exert the proper influence on the autocrat boy.
Of course, personal, informal communication with the sovereign gave Osterman truly limitless opportunities - this is how they gradually prepared overthrow of Menshikov. The latter did not want to be content with his already enormous power, which, in the end, turned the entire political and court beau monde against him. It should be noted that AI Osterman again does not play the most important role in the overthrow of the "semi-power ruler": Osterman only assists the Dolgoruky clan. The fact is that it was this family, thanks to the friendship of Ivan Dolgoruky with the infant tsar, that quickly gained strength at court and in politics. Menshikov, who openly pushed around Peter, on the contrary, was losing his former power.
Osterman "bet" on Dolgoruky: a foreigner in Russia (albeit crowned with the glory of a skilled diplomat) can manage his policy only in close alliance with the Russian oligarchs.
However, in 1730 Peter II dies.
Anna Ioannovna and her "conditions"
After the death of Peter II, the question of succession to the throne arose again. Dolgoruky's attempt to enthrone the former tsar's bride, Catherine Dolgoruky, was unsuccessful.
The Golitsyn family, traditionally competing with the Dolgoruky family, nominated Anna Kurlyandskaya, the niece of Peter I, as the heir.
Anna Ioannovna received the crown at the cost of signing the Conditions, limiting her power in favor of the Supreme Privy Council. In Russia, instead of an absolute monarchy, a limited monarchy was established.
However, the majority of aristocrats (and representatives of other segments of the population) did not like this idea of \u200b\u200bthe "supreme leaders". They considered the Conditions an attempt to establish a regime in Russia in which all power would belong to two families - Golitsyn and Dolgoruky. After Anna Ioannovna publicly tore up the Conditions, the Dolgoruky clan was subjected to repression.
The reign of Anna Ioannovna was a time of fierce struggle around the throne. Her all-powerful favorite Biron, Field Marshal B. Kh. Minich, the same Osterman and a new face in court politics, Artemy Petrovich Volynsky, took part in the struggle.
As a result, Volynsky was executed on charges of treason and an attempted palace coup against Anna.
Already in 1730, Anna Ioannovna took care of the issue of an heir. Since she did not have her own children, she placed all her hopes on her niece, Elizabeth Christina of Mecklenburg. Having received the name of Anna Leopoldovna at baptism, she was declared the successor. Rather, he was declared the heir future child Anna Leopoldovna.
By decree of December 17, 1731, the autocrat restored Peter's "Heritage Charter" of 1722 into force. And then the population of Russia took an oath of allegiance to the unborn son of the royal niece.
In 1732, Prince Anton Ulrich of Braunschweig Bevern Blackenburg of Lüneburg arrived in Russia, the offspring of one of the most ancient royal families in Europe - the Welfs. He came to Russia under the guise of entering the Russian service, but his main mission was to become the husband of Anna Leopoldovna. In 1739, his engagement and marriage to Anna Leopoldovna took place, and in 1740 the long-awaited heir was born.
Thus, the threat from possible applicants - Elizabeth Petrovna and Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein (the future Peter III) was eliminated.
Anna Ioannovna dies in 1740. In Russia, despite the fact that an heir has been proclaimed - John VI (some authors call him John III), another palace coup is brewing ... Biron is proclaimed regent.
Biron's regency - Minich's coup
Brief period of Ernst-Johann Biron's regency in historical writings illuminated and appreciated quite unambiguously.
The regency of Biron, which became possible with the active support of the same Munnich, Osterman, Cherkassky, lasted no more than three weeks. This speaks solely of the inability of E. I. Biron to independently manage the state, of his inability (or rather, unwillingness) to consolidate with those who could be useful to him.
Even having received the right to regency, Biron continues to fight Minich. This time is also characterized by the confrontation between the regent and Anna Leopoldovna. In addition, Biron finally restores against himself and the wife of the princess - Anton Ulrich.
Dissatisfaction with the regent was ripening in the country. On November 8, 1740, another palace coup took place, only Field Marshal B. Kh. Minich was the “soul” of the conspiracy.
The extremely ambitious Minich counted on one of the first places in the state, but he did not receive any new posts or the expected title of generalissimo from the regent.
Adjutant G. Kh. Manstein describes in detail the arrest of Biron and his family in his Notes on Russia. In other words, the Germans made a coup against the Germans. In addition to the Germans, of course, Russian supporters of the regent also suffered.
For example, A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin - later a well-known politician of the Elizabethan reign.
"Patriotic" coup by Elizabeth Petrovna
On November 25, 1741, another (and not the last in the 18th century) palace coup took place, and it was initiated by Elizabeth Petrovna, the youngest daughter of Peter I.
A lot has been written about this coup, and almost all historical (and even more so - fiction) literature interprets this event as "triumph of the Russian spirit", as the end of foreign domination, as the only possible and even completely legal act.
V. O. Klyuchevsky calls Elizabeth as follows: "The most legitimate of all the successors and successors of Peter I."
The name of Tsarina Elizabeth was called at each change of rulers since 1725, but each time the crown went to someone else.
Elizabeth has always been very calm about advice and calls to act for the sake of accession to the throne. It must be said that in 1741, "Petrov's daughter" succumbed to the persuasion of her entourage only under the influence of fear of an unknown future.
In public opinion, by the will of political circumstances, Elizabeth earned a reputation as the head of a certain “Russian” party that opposed the dominance of foreigners at the courts of Anna Ioannovna and Anna Leopoldovna.
In this respect, Elizabeth of 1741 was the exact opposite of Elizabeth of 1725.
After the death of Peter, it was his daughters who, along with Catherine, were considered the main patrons of foreigners. Elizabeth in alliance with Anna Petrovna were symbols of Holstein influence on the Russian court. (Moreover, at that moment, Elizabeth was considered the bride of the Lübeck prince-bishop Karl-August, who later died of a transient illness. According to some sources, it was smallpox).
The patriotic feelings of Elizabeth's supporters were caused not so much by the rejection of foreigners as by their own interests.
The ease with which Minich eliminated Biron also influenced the determination of Elizabeth's supporters. In addition, the guardsmen felt themselves to be a special force, so to speak, a "hegemon". Munnich himself at one time told them so: "Whoever you want to be a sovereign, he can be".
In addition, there are inexorable facts that indicate that Elizabeth collaborated with French and Swedish agents of influence - Chétardie and Nolken.
The night of the coup was included not only in the history books, but also in the legends. The phrase with which the princess led the guards to storm is known: "You know whose daughter I am!" This was quite enough - the authority of Peter was too great in all sectors of society.
The victory of Elizabeth brought to power a new generation of courtiers and prominent politicians - the Shuvalov family, M. I. Vorontsov, the Razumovsky brothers, and exalted A. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin.
Of course, after the overthrow of Minich, Osterman, Levenwolde, as well as the Braunschweig family, German influence at the Russian court practically disappeared.
However, having established herself on the throne, Elizabeth declared her heir to the Holstein-Gottorp prince Karl-Peter-Ulrich, the son of Anna Petrovna, whose wife Sophia-August-Frederick of Anhalt-Zerbst (Fike) some time later became. The young princess has learned well the lessons that the Russian history of coups has taught her - she will successfully bring them to life.
186 days of Peter III
The coup of June 28, 1762 (July 9, according to a new style) in Russian and Soviet historical literature has always been interpreted unequivocally - smart, decisive, patriotic Catherine overthrows her insignificant spouse (in her opinion, a marginal and a traitor to Russian interests).
Vasily Klyuchevsky spoke of this event in the following way: “To the indignant national feeling was mixed in her (Catherine) a self-satisfied consciousness that she creates and gives her own government to the Fatherland, albeit illegal, but which better than legal understand and respect his interests.
Catherine already in 1756 was planning her future seizure of power. During a serious and prolonged illness of Elizabeth Petrovna, the Grand Duchess made it clear to her "English comrade" H. Williams that one should only wait for the death of the Empress. (England at that moment was very profitable change of political course in Russia).
However, Elizabeth died only in 1761 and her rightful heir Peter III ascended the throne.
During his short reign, Peter brought to life a number of measures that were supposed to strengthen his position and make his figure popular among the people. So, he abolished the Secret Investigative Office and gave the nobles the opportunity to choose between service and a carefree life on his estate. ( "Manifesto on granting freedom and liberties to the Russian nobility").
It is believed, however, that the cause of the coup was precisely the extreme unpopularity of Peter III among the people. He was blamed for: disrespect for Russian shrines and the conclusion of a "shameful peace" with Prussia.
Peter led Russia out of the war, which was draining the country's human and economic resources, and in which Russia was fulfilling its allied duty to Austria (It should be noted that the thesis about the absence of "Russian interest" in the Seven Years' War is controversial: , but also officially annexed to Russia by East Prussia).
However, Peter made an unforgivable mistake by declaring his intention to move to recapture Schleswig from Denmark. The guards were especially worried, which, in fact, supported Catherine in the upcoming coup.
In addition, Peter was in no hurry to be crowned, and in fact, he did not have time to comply with all the formalities that he was obliged to comply with as emperor. Frederick II in his letters persistently advised Peter to put on the crown as soon as possible, but the emperor did not heed the advice of his idol. Thus, in the eyes of the Russian people, he was like a "fake tsar."
As for Catherine, then, as the same Frederick II said: “She was a foreigner, on the eve of a divorce” and the coup was her only chance (Peter emphasized more than once that he was going to divorce his wife and marry Elizaveta Vorontsova).
- Peter III: modern sculptural portrait.
The signal for the beginning of the coup was the arrest of an officer - the Transfiguration Passek. Alexei Orlov (brother of the favorite) brought Ekaterina to St. Petersburg early in the morning, where she turned to the soldiers of the Izmailovsky regiment, and then to the Semyonovites. This was followed by a prayer service in the Kazan Cathedral and the oath of the Senate and the Synod.
On the evening of June 28, a “campaign to Peterhof” was made, where Peter III was supposed to come to celebrate his name day and the name day of the heir Pavel. The emperor's indecisiveness and some kind of childish obedience did their job - no advice and actions of those close to him could bring Peter out of his states of fear and stupor.
He rather quickly abandoned the struggle for power and, in fact, for his life. The deposed autocrat was taken to Ropsha, where, according to most historians, he was killed by his jailers.
Frederick II commented on this event: "He allowed himself to be overthrown like a child sent to sleep."
The overthrow of Paul I
Paul I was strangled in his own bedroom on the night of March 11, 1801 in the Mikhailovsky Castle. The conspiracy was attended by Agramakov, N.P. Panin, Vice-Chancellor, L.L. Benningsen, commander of the Izyuminsky Light Horse Regiment P.A. Zubov (Ekaterina’s favorite), Palen, Governor-General of St. Petersburg, commanders of the guards regiments: Semenovsky - N. I. Depreradovich, Kavalergardsky - F.P. Uvarov, Preobrazhensky - P.A. Talyzin, and according to some sources - the adjutant wing of the emperor, Count Pyotr Vasilyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, who immediately after the coup was appointed commander of the Cavalier Guard regiment.
Initially, the overthrow of Paul and the accession of the English regent were planned. Perhaps the denunciation to the tsar was written by V.P. Meshchersky, in the past the head of the St. Petersburg regiment, quartered in Smolensk, perhaps by the Prosecutor General P.Kh. Obolyaninov. In any case, the plot was uncovered, Lindener and Arakcheev were called in, but this only accelerated the execution of the plot. According to one version, Pavel was killed by Nikolai Zubov (Suvorov's son-in-law, Platon Zubov's elder brother), who hit him with a golden snuffbox (there was a joke at court later: "The Emperor died with an apoplectic blow to the temple with a snuffbox"). According to another version, Paul was strangled with a scarf or crushed by a group of conspirators who, leaning on the emperor and each other, did not know exactly what was happening. Mistaking one of the killers for the son of Konstantin, he shouted: “Your Highness, are you here? Have mercy! Air, Air!.. What have I done wrong to you?” Those were his last words.
The funeral service and burial took place on March 23, Great Saturday; committed by all members of the Holy Synod, headed by Metropolitan of St. Petersburg Ambrose (Podobedov).
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4) Franz Lefort
5) Boris Sheremetev
6) Petr Rumyantsev
Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet No. 1 (without spaces and any symbols)
Answer: 145.
AT 4. Read an excerpt from the work of the historian V. O. Klyuchevsky and write the name of the empress in question.
“The most legitimate of all the successors and successors of Peter I, but raised to the throne by the rebellious bayonets of the guards, she inherited the energy of her great father ... Peaceful and carefree, she was forced to fight for almost half of her reign ... Not a single reign ... left such pleasant things about herself memories".
Answer: Elizabeth Petrovna.
For answers to the tasks of part 3 (C), use the answer sheet No. 2. First write down the task number (C1, etc.), and then the detailed answer to it. Write down your answers legibly.
C5. IN historical science there is an opinion that the cruel measures of the Peter the Great reforms are justified by their progressive nature.
What other assessment of Peter's reforms do you know? Which assessment do you think is more convincing? Give provisions, facts that argue your chosen point of view.
Answer:
Topic 3. Russia in the second half of the 18th century.
Domestic policy of Catherine II
IN 1761, after the death of Elizabeth Petrovna, the throne was inherited by her nephew, the grandson of Peter the Great - Peter III. Being an admirer of the Prussian king, Peter III established the Prussian order, went over to the side of Frederick II, abandoned the conquests of the Seven Years' War in favor of his idol. IN 1762 he published "Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility" in which nobles were allowed to serve at will.
In June 1762 There was another palace coup. Having overthrown Peter III, the wife of the emperor, a German princess, in Orthodoxy, Ekaterina Alekseevna, came to power. Catherine II (1762–1796) pursued a policy "enlightened absolutism". Encouraged the development of the economy, culture, and the legislative system. IN 1764 Was held secularization church lands (their transfer to the treasury). Hetmanship in Ukraine was abolished. IN 1767 was convened Laid commission for the development of new laws, which included elected representatives of merchants, townspeople, state peasants. A year later, the commission was dissolved. In 1775, Cossack self-government on the Don was limited, and the Zaporozhian Sich was liquidated. In 1773 the principle of religious tolerance was introduced.
IN 1775 carried out provincial reform, dividing the country into 50 provinces, and the provinces into counties.
There was a further increase in the privileges of the nobility. The nobles had the right to exile serfs at their discretion. Legislative acts were adopted that brought the position of the peasant closer to that of a slave. The peasants were transferred to quitrent. Peasants could earn money either by doing crafts or by going to work in the city. Peasants who went to work in the city were called otkhodniks. Gradually, the peasants lost contact with the land, which subsequently led to the destruction of the peasant economy and the crisis of the feudal economic system.
IN 1785 are given Letters of Companion nobility and cities. "Charter to the nobility" consolidated all the estate rights and privileges of the nobility received by them by that time. It included in the Russian nobility the Baltic barons, the Polish gentry, the Cossack elders, Ukrainian and Belarusian landowners, which finally consolidated the class of nobles in Russia.
The "Letter of Letters to Cities" consolidated the class structure of the city's population, divided it into 6 class categories, preserved and strengthened the medieval guild organization of artisans. The rights of only one category were expanded - the guild merchants.
In the provinces and districts were created noble assemblies. The cities created city societies led by the wealthiest merchants.
The real power in the cities remained in the hands of the mayor, the council of the deanery and the chief of police. The issues of improvement and sanitary condition of the city remained on the share of the City Duma.
Development of industry and trade. There was a further growth of the manufacturing industry. The nobles started manufactories for the processing of agricultural raw materials. Used in a number of industries civilian labor. It was forbidden to buy and assign serfs to factories. Farming and monopolies in industry and trade were canceled (farming was the exclusive right granted by the state for a fee to private individuals for the production or sale of any product - wine, salt, etc.). arose peasant manufactories, whose owners became "capitalist" peasants. The economic specialization of the regions has increased. Since 1754, internal customs duties have been abolished.
IN 1765 G. G. Orlov And R. I. Vorontsov established Free Economic Society to assist landowners in mastering the latest domestic and foreign experience in agriculture.
Peasant war led by E. I. Pugachev (1773–1775). Fugitive Cossack, participant of the Seven Years' War E. Pugachev declared himself a miraculously saved king Peter III. He created a rebel army, used artillery, sent "lovely letters" with calls to join the uprising. The war covered a huge area Volga region And Ural. The military actions of the government army against the army of Cossacks, peasants, working people were led by A. V. Suvorov. After a series of defeats, Pugachev was betrayed by wealthy Cossacks to government troops and executed in Moscow.
Russia in the wars of the second half of the XVIII century. Accession of new territories. IN 1756–1763 Russia took part in Seven Years' War where Prussia was its main opponent. Major battles of the war: 1757 near the village Gross-Jägersdorf, V 1758- at zorndorf, V 1759- at the village Kunersdorf. IN 1760 Russian troops entered Berlin. The first major victories were won in the battles of the Seven Years' War P. A. Rumyantsev And A. V. Suvorov, who later glorified Russian military art.
The task of access to the Black Sea decided in Russian-Turkish wars. During the war with Turkey 1768–1774 battles took place: 1770- on the rivers Larga And Cahul commanded by P. A. Rumyantseva; this year - Chesme naval battle commanded by G. A. Spiridova. The war ended with the conclusion Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhyskymir (1774): Russia received the territory of the Black Sea from the Dnieper to the Bug, the fortress of Kerch, Yenikale, Kinburn, the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, the right to the Black Sea Fleet and navigation in the Bosphorus and Dardanelles. Crimea became independent. IN 1783 troops led by G. A. Potemkin occupied Crimea. In the same year it was signed Georgievsky treatise on the defense of Georgia by Russian troops.
During the war with Turkey 1787-1791. battles took place: 1787- fortress defense Kinburn, 1788. - conquest of the fortress Ochakov, 1789- A. V. Suvorov won two major victories at Focsani ina R. Rymnik, 1790- capture of the fortress Ishmael at the mouth of the Danube 1791- admiral F. F. Ushakov defeated the Turkish fleet Cape Kaliakria. IN 1791 signed Peace of Jassy: the Black Sea coast from the Bug to the Dniester went to Russia, the Crimea was recognized by Russia. Base created Black Sea Fleet – Sevastopol.
Partitions of Poland. IN 1772 Russia, Austria And Prussia produced first partition of Poland. According to this section, Eastern Belarus was ceded to Russia. In the years fight the influence of the French Revolution The Polish question took on a new urgency. Firstly, Catherine II broke off relations with France and entered into an anti-French alliance. Secondly, fearing the spread of revolutionary sentiment in Poland, she agreed to the second partition of Poland (1793). Moved to Russia central part Belarus with Minsk and Right-bank Ukraine. In response to this, a powerful national liberation movement broke out in Poland, led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko. It was crushed by Russian troops under the command of A. V. Suvorova. IN 1795 Russia took part in third partition of Poland and received Western Belarus, part of Volhynia and Lithuania, as well as the Duchy of Courland.
Reign of Paul I (1796–1801). Domestic politics. Son of Catherine II Pavel I strengthened the regime of the state by strengthening discipline, striving to eliminate all manifestations of liberalism and freethinking. Published decree of succession to the throne strictly in the male line. He tightened the order of service of the nobles, limited the effect of the “Charter to the nobility”. Prussian orders were planted in the army. Decree "About the three-day corvee" (1797) laid the foundation for the limitation of serfdom, but this document did not weaken the sharpness peasant question. The decree only recommended that landowners limit themselves to three-day corvée and not to occupy the peasants with the master's work on Sundays. In the relations between landowners and peasants, everything remained the same.
The policy of Paul I is ambiguously assessed by historians.
IN 1801 as a result of a conspiracy and a palace coup, Paul I was killed.
The foreign policy of Paul I. Continuing the line of struggle against revolutionary France, in 1799 in Northern Italy troops were sent under the command of A. V. Suvorov. The French troops were defeated. Then Suvorov made swiss hike, moving with his troops through Alps. Reflections and advice on the conduct of war great commander outlined in a book "The Science of Winning". In 1798, F.F. Ushakov captured a fortress on the island Corfu, took the Ionian Islands, liberated Naples, entered Rome. But in 1800, Paul I went over to the side of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Culture of Russia in the second half of the 18th century. The culture of Russia of this period is associated with the Age of Enlightenment and developed as a culture secular.
Education. Education was based on class. Expanded network cadet corps for noble children. Was opened Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens - 1764 IN 1755 on the initiative of M. V. Lomonosov was created University of Moscow. In provincial towns, the number of four-year schools increased, and in county towns, two-year schools. Soldiers' children were trained in soldiers' schools. The children of the clergy studied in theological seminaries and schools. However, the majority of the Russian population remained illiterate.
Science and technology. The most important scientist of this period is M. V. Lomonosov (1711–1765). He showed himself as an encyclopedist - naturalist, poet, artist, historian, physicist, mechanic, chemist, researcher in other sciences. A. T. Bolotov substantiated the foundations of agronomy. M. M. Shcherbatov, I. N. Boltin create history books Russian state. Lots of advances in technology. In 1766 I. I. Polzunov invented the steam engine in the Urals, I. P. Kulibin developed a project for a single-arch bridge across the Neva, created an optical telegraph, and many other original devices.
Literature. The main direction of the middle - the second half of the XVIII century. becomes classicism. In this style they created their works A. D. Kantemir, M. V. Lomonosov, V. K. Trediakovsky, A. P. Sumarokov, V. N. Maikov, M. M. Kheraskov. The transition to Enlightenment realism at the end of the century is associated with poetry G. R. Derzhavina, with plays D. I. Fonvizina. In the spirit of sentimentalism wrote N. M. Karamzin.
Painting. The main genre was ceremonial portraits created in the style of classicism. F. S. Rokotov painted portraits of Maykov, Novosiltseva, V. L. Borovikovsky- portraits of Kurakin, Lopukhina, D. G. Levitsky- Catherine II, Demidov.
Sculpture. Examples of classicism in sculpture are the monument to Peter I E. M. Falcone, a series of psychological sculptural portraits F. I. Shubina(Panin, Paul I, Lomonosov), a monument to Suvorov M. I. Kozlovsky.
Architecture. In the middle of the XVIII century. style reigns Baroque: V. Rastrelli built the Winter Palace and the Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg, the Grand Palace in Peterhof, the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, etc. Baroque is being replaced by classicism. The founder of Russian classicism is V. I. BAZHENOV According to his projects, the Pashkov House was built in Moscow, Mikhailovsky Castle In Petersburg. His student M. F. Kazakov created projects for the buildings of Moscow University, the Senate in the Moscow Kremlin, the house of the princes Dolgoruky (Column Hall) - transferred to the Noble Assembly, the Golitsyn Hospital in Moscow. In Petersburg D. Quarenghi erected the buildings of the Smolny Institute, the Academy of Sciences.
Theater. The first professional theater was opened F. G. Volkov in Yaroslavl in 1750. Later, his theater in St. Petersburg became the imperial one, and A.P. Sumarokov became its director. The landowners created their theaters of serf actors. In the theatre N. P. Sheremeteva famous singer P. I. Kovaleva (Zhemchugova), ballerina T. V. Shlykova.
Job Samples
When completing the tasks of part 1 (A) in the answer sheet No. 1, under the number of the task you are performing, put an “x” in the box, the number of which corresponds to the number of the answer you have chosen.
A1. Which of the following events took place in Russia in the 18th century?
1) the creation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy
2) opening of the Higher Women's Courses
3) opening of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
4) foundation of Moscow University
Answer: 4.
A2. In the XVIII century. Russian troops entered Berlin during
1) Seven Years War
2) Northern war
3) campaigns of Suvorov
4) Ushakov's campaigns
Answer: 1.
A3. The laid commission, convened by Catherine II, was called
1) establish new order succession
2) cancel serfdom
3) develop a new set of laws
4) establish a State Council
Answer: 3.
A4. secularization is
1) the policy of providing economic assistance to entrepreneurs
2) active state intervention in economic life
3) state policy aimed at supporting domestic production
4) conversion by the state of church property into state property
Answer: 4.
A5. The increase in cash dues in the second half of the XVIII century. testified to
1) the development of commodity-money relations
2) increased exploitation of dependent peasants
3) the growth of the living standards of the peasants
4) elimination of the poll tax
Answer: 1.
A6."Eastern Question" in Russia's foreign policy in the second half of the 18th century. was associated with
1) deterioration of Russian-Iranian relations
2) the desire of European states to capture the eastern territories of Russia
3) the desire of Russia to get access to the shores of the Black and Azov Seas
4) Russia's desire to help the South Slavic peoples
Answer: 3.
A7. What events took place during the reign of Catherine II?
A) an uprising led by I. Bolotnikov
B) the capture of the fortress of Izmail by Russian troops
C) the church reform of Patriarch Nikon
D) secularization of church lands
E) the entry of Crimea into Russia
E) Battle of Poltava
Specify the correct answer.
Answer: 3.
A8. Read an excerpt from a report addressed to Catherine II and indicate its author.
“The walls of Ishmael and the people fell before the feet of the throne of Her Imperial Majesty. The assault was long and bloody. Ishmael is taken, thank God! Our victory ... I have the honor to congratulate your lordship.
1) M. D. Skobelev
3) A. D. Menshikov
2) P. S. Nakhimov
4) A. V. Suvorov
Answer: 4.
The tasks of part 2 (B) require an answer in the form of one or two words, a sequence of letters or numbers, which should be written first in the text examination work, and then transfer to the answer sheet No. 1 without spaces and other characters. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.
IN 1. Match the titles peace treaties and territories included in Russian Empire according to these agreements.
For each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: 1542.
AT 2. Arrange the following names of monarchs in chronological order of their reigns. Write the letters that represent the names in the correct sequence in the table.
A) Catherine II
B) Anna Ioannovna
B) Elizabeth I
D) Peter III
Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet No. 1 (without spaces and any symbols).
Answer: VBGA.
AT 3. The list below contains the names of figures of Russian culture. Choose from the list of names related to the 18th century. Circle the appropriate numbers and write them down in the table.
1) A. N. Radishchev
4) D. I. Fonvizin
2) I. P. Kulibin
5) V. G. Perov
3) M. I. Glinka
6) O. A. Kiprensky
Transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet No. 1 (without spaces and any symbols).
Answer: 124.
For answers to the tasks of part 3 (C), use the answer sheet No. 2. First write down the task number (C1, etc.), and then the detailed answer to it. Write down your answers legibly.
Tasks С4-С7 provide different types activities: presentation of a generalized characteristic historical events and phenomena (C4), consideration of historical versions and assessments (C5), analysis of the historical situation (C6), comparison (C7). As you complete these tasks, pay attention to the wording of each question.
C4. Name the main directions and major events Russian foreign policy in the second half of the 18th century. Name and summarize at least three results of Russia's foreign policy activities of this period.
Answer:
Section 3. Russia in the 19th century
Topic 1. Russia in 1801–1860
Internal and foreign policy Alexander I
Domestic policy. In March 1801 killed in a palace coup Pavel I. His son ascended the throne Alexander I(1801–1825). Like his grandmother Catherine II, Alexander sought to be guided in his activities by the ideas of " enlightened absolutism". He canceled many decrees of Paul I, returned to the nobles the privileges of the Charter to the nobility. From the closest associates of the young emperor was created The secret committee, which included P. A. Stroganov, N. N. Novosiltsev, V. P. Kochubey, A. A. Czartorysky. With them, Alexander shared his plans for the future structure of Russia. Also involved in the affairs of the committee M. M. Speransky. Under Alexander I officially acted as the highest deliberative body Indispensable (permanent) advice created in 1801
Reforms of Alexander I. The committee developed the foundations for reforms in various spheres of public life. IN 1802 boards have been replaced ministries. Committee of Ministers under the leadership of the tsar, and later A. A. Arakcheev, he coordinated the affairs of the ministries and acted as an advisory body. The ministers reported directly to the emperor and received orders from him on the most important issues. Initially, 8 ministries were formed: military, maritime, internal affairs, foreign affairs, justice, finance, commerce and public education. The Senate, which existed since the time of Peter I, became the highest control and judicial institution. IN 1810 at the suggestion of Speransky was approved State Council- a body consisting of senior dignitaries, whose functions included making legislative proposals. Speransky also proposed the creation of the State Duma and local dumas as representative bodies, but these proposals were opposed by the nobility. Speransky's project was not implemented, and he himself was sent into exile and returned to St. Petersburg only in 1821.
Alexander I in 1801 allowed non-nobles to buy land to cultivate it by hired labor. IN 1803 decree was issued on "free ploughmen", allowing the landowners to release their serfs with the allocation of land to them. The results of this decree were insignificant. In 1808–1809 it was forbidden to sell peasants and exile them at the will of the landowner, which was not actually carried out.
The reforms affected the sphere education. Created Ministry of Public Education The country is divided into educational districts.
Continuity was introduced between schools of various levels - parish, district schools, gymnasiums, universities. By statute 1804 Universities received significant autonomy: the right to choose rectors and professors, to independently decide their own affairs. IN 1804 a censorship statute, quite liberal in character, was also issued.
The reign of Alexander I was characterized by the widest religious tolerance.
Foreign policy. Its main directions are European and Middle Eastern. War with France (1805–1807) was conducted by Russia as part of the III anti-French coalition (allies Great Britain, Austria, Sweden), which broke up in 1805, and IV Anti-Napoleonic Coalition in alliance with England, Prussia and Sweden. During the war there were battles Austerlitz (1805), at Preussisch-Eylau, at Friedland (1807). Following the war, signed Peace of Tilsit, according to which Russia was forced to join continental blockade(trade blockade) of England, which did not meet the economic interests of Russia.
War with Persia (Iran) (1804–1813) ended with the defeat of Persia. By Gulistan Peace Treaty Russia received land Northern Azerbaijan and part of Dagestan.
Russian war with Turkey (1806–1812), caused by the closure of the Black Sea straits by the Turks for Russian ships, ended in defeat Ottoman Empire. M. I. Kutuzov forced Turkey to sign Bucharest peace, according to which Russia received the territory Bessarabia(eastern part of Moldova).
As a result wars with Sweden (1808–1809) Russia got territory Finland. Alexander I introduced a constitution in Finland, giving it autonomy.
In 1801 Eastern Georgia voluntarily became part of Russia. In 1803 Mingrelia was conquered. In 1804, Imereti, Guria and Ganja became Russian possessions. During the Russian-Iranian war of 1805, Karabakh and Shirvan were conquered. In 1806, Ossetia was voluntarily annexed.
Patriotic War of 1812
The peace that came after the conclusion of the Treaty of Tilsit turned out to be fragile. Napoleon sought to undermine the power of Russia, which stood in his way to world domination. June 12 (24), 1812 almost 420 thousandth French army, which included representatives of the conquered countries of Europe, crossing the river Neman invaded Russia. started Patriotic War. Russia could oppose an approximately 210,000-strong army, divided into three unrelated armies: M. B. Barclay de Tolly, P. I. Bagration And A. P. Tormasova. Napoleon's plan was to crush the Russian armies piecemeal with a powerful concentrated blow. Russian forces did not accept the border battle and retreated. In early August, the Russian armies united under Smolensk but continued to retreat.
Due to the failures of the first weeks of the war and under pressure public opinion appointed commander-in-chief M. I. Kutuzov. IN Battle of Borodino August 26 (September 7), 1812 Russian troops were tasked with weakening the enemy, and Napoleon expected to defeat the Russian army and end the war. Losses on both sides were heavy. Russian troops retreated to Moscow. To save the army, Kutuzov at the military council in Filiakh decided to surrender the city to the enemy in early September. Russian troops retreated to Tarutino by making the famous Tarutinsky maneuver where they got rest and prepared for the continuation of the war. At the same time, the French army in burning Moscow was losing its combat effectiveness, turning into a horde of marauders.
From the first days of the war, the people rose up against the invaders. Created partisan detachments from regular army units and from the people. The army units were led D. Davydov, A. Seslavin, A. Figner, I. Dorokhov and other officers. Moved out of the people Gerasim Kurin, Yermolai Chetvertakov, Vasilisa Kozhina and others. The partisans operated on all roads leading to Moscow, intercepting French food and fodder expeditions.
In early October, after staying in Moscow for 35 days, Napoleon left the city, heading south. October 12, 1812 battle took place at Maloyaroslavets, and the enemy withdrew to the old Smolensk road. Kutuzov used the tactics of parallel pursuit, combining the actions of the army and partisans, preventing the French from moving away from the Smolensk road they had plundered. November 16 during the battle for R. Berezina Napoleonic army was finally destroyed. Napoleon abandoned the remnants of the army and fled to Paris to gain new strength. On December 25 the war ended.
Foreign campaign of the Russian army in 1813–1814. At the beginning of 1813, Russian troops crossed the Neman and entered the territory of Europe. The anti-Napoleonic coalition was restored, consisting of Russia, Prussia, Austria, England and Sweden. IN October 1813 V "Battle of the Nations" Napoleon was defeated near Leipzig. In March 1814, Russian troops entered Paris.
As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, Congress of Vienna representatives of European countries (1814–1815) . By his decisions, France was returned to its former borders. Russia received part of the Duchy of Warsaw with its capital. IN 1815 at the suggestion of Alexander I was created Holy Union to suppress revolutionary movements in Europe.
The last years of the reign of Alexander I and the uprising of the Decembrists
This period in the history of Russia is called "Arakcheevshchina". After the war, the leadership of the country actually passed into the hands of the Minister of War, General A. A. Arakcheeva. One of the main results of his activity is the introduction military settlements. Part of the army was settled in villages, and the peasants of these villages were turned into soldiers and forced to combine military service with agricultural labor. In addition to the creation of military settlements, other activities were carried out. For example, the best professors were expelled from universities, some were put on trial for freethinking. At the same time, the tsar granted a constitution to Poland and abolished serfdom in the Baltics. Projects for the liberation of the peasants were developed - one of the projects was prepared by Arakcheev, but its implementation in practice would have dragged on for 200 years. By order of the king N. N. Novosiltsev in deep secrecy, a draft constitution for Russia was developed, but the emperor did not consider it possible to implement it.
The transition to reaction caused discontent among the most advanced people in the country. IN 1816 Petersburg, a secret organization was created "Union of Salvation" out of 30 officers. The main goal of the society was the establishment of a constitution in Russia and the abolition of serfdom. The Salvation Alliance was a deeply undercover secret society in which A. N. Muravyov, P. I. Pestel, brothers M. I. And S. I. Muravyov-Apostles, I. D. Yakushkin, M. S. Lunin. IN 1818 on the basis of the "Union of Salvation" a wider organization arose - "Prosperity Union", which had branches in different cities, created a literary society to form public opinion "Green Lamp". It was attended by a young A. S. Pushkin. In 1821, at a secret congress, a decision was made to dissolve the Union of Welfare. IN 1821–1822 two separate organizations have been established. "Northern Society" arose in Petersburg, headed by N. M. Muravyov. Since 1823, the leadership passed to K. F. Ryleev. In Ukraine P. I. Pestel headed "Southern Society" and made a program "Russian Truth". According to it, after the overthrow of tsarism, a republican form of government should be introduced in Russia, the peasants became free and received land free of charge, and the equality of all before the law was declared. N. M. Muravyov in the "Northern Society" made a program "Constitution", according to which a constitutional monarchy should be established in Russia, the peasants were freed without land.
The performance was scheduled for 1826, but in November 1825 Alexander I suddenly died. The throne was to go to his brother Konstantin, who secretly abdicated back in 1823. Due to the ambiguity of the question of the heir to the throne, interregnum. Members decided to take advantage of this "Northern Society". The conspirators hoped to seize the Winter Palace, arrest royal family, destroy the former government, abolish serfdom, establish civil liberties. The performance was scheduled for December 14, 1825 but it was too late. On this day, Tsar Nicholas I took the oath of the Senate and guard units early in the morning. The rebels, having gone out to the Senate Square of St. Petersburg, were confused and remained inactive. By evening, Nikolai decided to use artillery. After a few shots, the rebels dispersed. December 29, 1825 - January 3, 1826 under the leadership of the "Southern Society" was organized performance of the Chernihiv regiment in Ukraine, which also ended in defeat. After the investigation, five of the Decembrists (P. I. Pestel, K. F. Ryleev, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol, M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, P. G. Kakhovsky) were hanged, more than 120 people were exiled to hard labor to Siberia, many officers were demoted and sent to the active army in the Caucasus.
Domestic policy of Nicholas I
Nicholas I ruled in Russia in 1825–1855 He considered his main task to be the strengthening of the power of the nobles, relying on the army and the bureaucracy. Created II Branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. By order of the tsar, a systematization of all existing laws in Russia was undertaken. This work was entrusted to M. M. Speransky. IN 1832 The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire was published, in 1833 was released Code of current laws of the Russian Empire. IN 1826 established III office col1_2 office headed by Count A. H. Benckendorff. Besides the police was introduced corps of gendarmes- in fact, the political police.
IN 1837–1842 A number of reforms were carried out in the field of the peasant question. According to the project of the Minister of State Property P. D. Kiseleva the state peasants were reformed. Partial self-government was given to this category of peasants, the procedure for allocating land to peasants and taxing taxes was revised. Schools and hospitals were opened. By order of "obliged peasants" (1842) the landlords could give the peasants personal freedom, and for the use of the land, the latter were obliged to fulfill the obligations specified by the contract.
Minister of Finance E. F. Kankrin V 1839–1841 spent financial reform , introducing the silver ruble as the basis of monetary circulation and establishing a mandatory exchange rate for banknotes, which strengthened the financial position of the country.
In the 30s. nineteenth century in Russia, the industrial revolution begins, i.e., the transition from manual labor to machine labor, from manufactory to factory. The specialization of the regions increased, the urban population increased, and transport developed.
IN 1837 the first Railway Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo 1851 Nikolaevskaya railway Moscow-Petersburg was opened.
b) shameless embezzlement;
c) senseless cruelty;
d) all of the above are true;
e) the dominance of foreigners in Russia.
13. Which of the following refers to Paul's policy:
a) acceptance of letters of commendation to cities;
b) permission for landowners to exile peasants to Siberia;
c) secularization of church land ownership;
d) issuance of a decree on a three-day corvee?
14. Weakness for hunting, dogs and horse riding (not inferior to men in this) nourished:
a) Catherine I;
b) Elizaveta Petrovna;
c) Anna Ivanovna;
d) Anna Leopoldovna;
e) Catherine II.
15. Read an excerpt from the historian's work and name the empress in question:
“The most legitimate of all the successors and successors of Peter I, but raised to the throne by rebellious guards bayonets, she inherited the energy of her great father, built palaces in twenty-four hours and traveled the then path from Moscow to St. Petersburg in two days, regularly paying for each driven horse . Peaceful and carefree, she was forced to fight almost half of her reign, defeated the first strategist of that time, Frederick the Great, took Berlin, laid the abyss of soldiers on the fields of Zorndorf and Kunersdorf ... She also founded the first real university in Russia - Moscow.
a) Anna Leopoldovna;
b) Anna Ivanovna;
c) Elizaveta Petrovna;
d) Catherine I.
The era of palace coups
Option 2
1. The daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth, having reigned in 1741 during the next palace coup, ruled:
a) during the year;
b) more than two years;
c) over 10 years;
2. Specify the dates:
a) the creation of the gentry corps;
b) the reign of John VI Antonovich;
c) the reign of Catherine II Alekseevna;
d) cancellation of the Decree on single inheritance;
e) the reign of Peter II Alekseevich;
f) the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna;
g) organization of the Great Northern Expedition;
h) Russia's war with France "for the Polish inheritance";
i) the reign of Anna Ioannovna;
j) institutions of the Academy of Sciences;
k) activities of the Supreme Privy Council;
m) the opening of the first public (public) theater.
1) 1725–1727;
3) 1726–1730;
4) 1727–1730;
5) 1730–1740;
7) 1733–1734;
8) 1733–1743;
9) 1740–1741;
3. Who from Russian monarchs was on the throne for only six months:
b) Ivan VI;
c) Catherine I;
d) Peter III;
e) Boris Godunov?
4. Moscow merchants presented Elizaveta Petrovna with a large diamond on a gold plate and a large sum of money. It was a token of gratitude.
a) for the nobility to obtain a monopoly on distillation;
c) granted a constitution for the territories under the control of the rebels;
d) all of the above are true;
e) only a) and b) are true.
6. Arrange the following events in chronological order:
a) creation of collegiums;
b) adoption of the Council Code;
c) drawing up the "Order" to the Legislative Commission;
d) the election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom.
7. In 1775, the government divided the country into provinces and counties with an approximately equal number of male souls (300–400 thousand and 30 thousand souls, respectively). The number of provinces was:
8. Which of the following refers to the policy of Catherine II:
a) the adoption of the Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility;
b) adoption of the decree on single inheritance;
c) adoption of the Letter of Complaint to the cities;
d) the adoption of the Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy.
9. The government of Catherine II issued a "Charter on the rights, liberties and advantages of the noble Russian nobility" in ... year:
10. "Instruction" for the Legislative Commission 1767-1768 was written:
a) Catherine II;
11. Which of the following refers to the results of the activities of the Legislative Commission of 1767–1768:
a) adoption of a new Code;
b) approval of the Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility;
c) development of the Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy;
d) the dissolution of the commission, which failed to develop a new code of laws?
12. "Charter" to the cities where the merchant elite received greater access to urban self-government, exemption from poll tax and recruitment duty, appeared in ... year :
13. Which of the following refers to the policy of Catherine II in the field of education:
a) the opening of Moscow University;
b) the establishment of the gentry (noble) corps for the training of officers;
c) the transformation of digital schools into soldiers' schools;
d) foundation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy?
5. What states, except for England and Russia, were part of the fourth coalition against France?
a) Piedmont and Türkiye;
b) Austria and Bavaria;
c) Prussia and Sweden.
6. In the autumn of 1812, the plan was to force Napoleon to retreat from Moscow along the devastated Smolensk road. What were Napoleon's plans?
a) retreat along the Vladimir road;
b) retreat through Yaroslavl;
c) withdraw through Kaluga and Tula.
7. Indicate one of the leaders of the peasant partisan detachment during Patriotic War 1812:
8. What form of government should Russia have adopted according to the project of N. Muravyov ?
a) a democratic republic;
b) autocratic monarchy;
c) a constitutional monarchy.
9. Why were the Decembrists forced to act in December 1825 ahead of schedule?
a) Alexander I suddenly died;
b) there was a merger of the Southern and Northern societies;
c) the plan for the uprising was ready and the members of the society did not want to waste time.
10. Who could be challenged to a duel by a nobleman?
a) a person of any class affiliation;
b) only a nobleman;
c) only equal in rank.
Russia in the first half of the 19th century
Option 3
1. What are the transport arteries of the country in the first half of the XIX century. were the main ?
a) railways
b) rivers and canals;
c) highways and dirt roads.
2. To whom was the throne transferred according to the Law of Succession, issued by Paul I in 1797?
a) eldest son
b) the emperor's wife;
c) the emperor's brother in seniority.
3. When the rescript of Alexander I was announced on the prohibition of activities secret societies and Masonic lodges?
4. Who initiated the creation of military settlements in Russia?
b) A. X. Benkendorf;
5. According to the Tilsit Treaty between Russia and France:
a) Russia paid indemnity to France;
b) the Russian army was numerically limited;
c) Russia became an ally of France against England.
6. M . I. Kutuzov was in disfavor with Alexander I; however, the latter appointed him commander-in-chief of the Russian army in 1812. In connection with what was such a decision made?
a) in connection with disagreements in the command of the Russian army and the need to appoint a person who enjoyed generally recognized authority;
b) with the fact that no one else could lead the Russian army;
c) at the request of the people and the army.
7. After the defeat on the Berezina River, Napoleon abandoned his army. Where did it happen?
c) in Vilna.
8. Where was the Northern Decembrist Society formed?
a) in Moscow;
b) in St. Petersburg;
c) in Pskov.
9. When did the uprising of the Chernigov regiment take place?
10. Which of the following belonged to the estate of the Russian nobility in the 19th century?
a) Georgian princes, khans and beks of annexed Turkestan;
b) all officials from the XIV class according to the "Table of Ranks";
c) all teachers of gymnasiums, real schools and higher educational institutions.
Test 2
Russia in 1825–1855
Option 1
1. Who in Russia in the first half of the XIX century. was the monopoly owner of the land?
a) a church
b) nobles;
c) officials.
2. In 1837–1841 carried out an administrative reform, as a result of which the state peasants:
a) became legally free landowners;
b) fell under the power of the landlords;
c) moved into the category of monastic peasants.
4. What is included in the concept of "Eastern question"?
a) the struggle for the annexation of Iran to Russia;
b) establishing peace in the East;
c) contradictions between the European powers on the issue of the division of the Ottoman Empire.
5. The Caucasian war ended in ... year:
6. Which Russian doctor used anesthesia during the Crimean War?
7. Specify one of the ranks of the white clergy:
b) metropolitan;
c) archimandrite.
8. How many universities were there in Russia in the first half of the 19th century?
9. What printing houses prevailed in Russia in early XIX V.?
a) state-owned;
b) private;
c) with mixed capital.
11. Why in December 1825 Nicholas I came to the Russian throne, and not his elder brother Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich?
a) the legitimate heir Constantine voluntarily renounced the throne;
b) the guard forced the legitimate heir of Constantine to abdicate;
c) the palace intrigue succeeded in favor of Nicholas I.
12. What was in Russia in the first half of the XIX century. the main means of delivery of goods?
c) horse-drawn transport.
13. Which of the Russian utopian socialists collaborated in the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski?
14. Indicate the dates of the Russian-Iranian war in the second quarter of the 19th century:
a) 1826–1828;
b) 1828–1831;
c) 1834–1836.
15. What was the purpose of the London Convention between Russia, England, Austria, Prussia and Turkey?
a) for the purpose of a joint attack on Iran;
b) for the purpose of providing collective assistance to the Turkish sultan against the Egyptian Pasha;
c) to maintain peace in the Middle East.
16. Which work reflects the events of the Crimean War?
a) in "Favorite";
b) in "Sevastopol stories";
c) in Port Arthur.
Russia in 1825–1855
Option 2
1. Which European country was the main importer of goods from Russia in the first half of the 19th century?
a) England
b) France;
c) Prussia.
2. Who was directly subordinate to the political police (III branch) during the reign of Nicholas I?
a) the Minister of Police;
b) the Minister of the Interior;
c) Emperor Nicholas I.
3. What is Slavophilism?
a) a religious movement;
b) the idea of the superiority of the Slavic race;
c) the theory of a special way of development of Russia.
4. When was the Adrianople peace treaty signed between Russia and Turkey?
a) In 1828;
5. What ideal of a ruler did Nicholas I adhere to?
a) a constitutional monarch;
b) the sovereign-knight;
c) the emperor-commander.
6. Who led the uprising in Poland in 1830?
a) patriotic circles of the gentry;
b) the Catholic Church;
c) the peasantry.
7. Who are Westerners?
a) a religious sect;
b) representatives of Western European countries - investors in Russia;
c) supporters of the Western European path of Russia's development.
8. Specify the dates of the Russian-Turkish war in the second quarter of the 19th century:
a) 1828–1829;
b) 1827–1828;
c) 1829–1830.
9. What is the name of the book by A. de Custine, who described the Russian Empire in the era of Nicholas I?
a) "Russia in 1839";
b) "Russia in the dark";
c) "Colossus with feet of clay."
10. With the interests of what European state did Russia face in the Middle East in the second quarter of the 19th century?
a) England
b) Austria;
c) Italy.
11. Which of the following was a Westerner?
12. What was the position of Russia in relation to the Greek national liberation movement of the 1820s?
a) maintain a position of neutrality;
b) helped put down a Greek uprising;
c) provided diplomatic and military assistance to the Greek rebels.
13. How did the Caucasian War end in 1864?
a) the capture of Kbaadu by Russian troops;
b) the arrest of Shamil in Gunib;
c) the capture of Kars by Russian troops.
14. What is fast food?
a) food for the newlyweds;
b) royal treats;
c) food consumed during fasting.
15. What was the reason for the start of the Crimean War?
a) the demand of Nicholas I to place all the Orthodox in Turkey under his protection;
b) insulting the Russian ambassador in Turkey;
c) regular raids of the Cossacks on Turkish villages.
16. What lyceum did you study at?
a) in Nezhinsky;
b) in Demidovsky;
c) in the Imperial Alexander.
17. Which of the famous Russian surgeons participated in the defense of Sevastopol?
18. Russian composer, former serf of Count A. Orlov, author of the song "Bell":
Russia in 1825–1855
Option 3
1. What was the proportion of the urban population of Russia in the 1860s?
2. What body was involved in the development of the peasant reform?
a) II Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery;
b) the Main Committee for Peasant Affairs;
3. What was the deadline for making redemption payments for land by peasants?
4. From which state was the system of elections to city dumas borrowed under the reform of 1870?
a) Prussia
b) in England;
c) in France.
a) for merchants;
b) for peasants;
c) for citizens who had a property qualification below 1 thousand rubles.
6. What was one of the symbols of the period 1856-1861?
a) barracks and office;
b) restructuring;
c) publicity.
7. Who was at the head of the organization "People's Punishment", created in Moscow in 1869?
8. Who was a contemporary of Alexander II?
9. In this connection, the question arose about the need to join Central Asia to Russia?
a) in connection with the need to strengthen the borders of Russia;
b) in connection with the need to raise the peoples of Central Asia to a higher cultural level;
c) in connection with the termination of the supply of cotton from the United States.
10. What was called dozhinki in the life of Russian peasants?
a) one of the types of assistance;
b) an agricultural religious holiday;
c) the beginning of the harvest.
Russia in 1825–1855
Option 4
1. What city of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century. was the third largest population after St. Petersburg and Moscow?
b) Odessa;
c) Warsaw.
2. Why was Alexander II called the Tsar-Liberator?
a) because he exempted the nobles from paying taxes;
b) because he freed the peasants from serfdom;
c) because he freed the townspeople from state duties.
3. To carry out the redemption of land according to the law on February 19, 1861, the peasant had to pay 20–25% of the total redemption amount at a time. Who paid the landowners the rest?
7. Supporters of what direction of social thought in the 1860s. adhered to the idea that "the new order is established only by wise deals with the old" ()?
b) revolutionary democracy;
9. What city was the capital of the Kokand Khanate in Central Asia?
b) Tashkent;
c) Alma-Ata.
10. On what basis was the life of Russian peasants built?
a) on the basis of "Domostroy";
b) on the basis of oral customs and traditions;
3. What was taken as a model when creating a system of peasant public administration in post-reform Russia?
a) the system of peasant self-government in France and Germany;
b) the system of peasant self-government in the state village, developed;
c) the practice of military settlements during the time of Alexander I.
4. Who owned the local executive power according to the Zemstvo reform of 1864?
a) the zemstvo assembly;
b) zemstvo council;
c) the assembly of the nobility.
a) foreigners;
c) elementary school teachers.
6.In 1866, student D. Karakozov made an attempt on Alexander II in St. Petersburg. What organization did he belong to?
a) to the circle;
b) to the organization "Land and Freedom";
c) to the "Northern Union of Russian Workers".
7. What magazine in the second half of the 1850s became the conductor of the ideas of "peasant socialism"?
a) "Russian antiquity";
b) "Contemporary";
c) Rural improvement.
8. How much did Russia get from selling Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the US?
a) 267 million rubles;
b) 2 billion rubles; ,
c) 14 million rubles.
9. On what religious holiday in the Russian village was the burning of an effigy and the capture of a snowy town arranged?
a) at baptism;
b) at Christmas
c) Shrovetide.
Option 3
1. Who was the chairman of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers during the peasant reform?
2. What gave the peasants the reform of 1861?
a) equal class rights with the burghers;
b) land without any redemption;
c) personal freedom.
3. In which region of Russia did feudal relations last the longest in the post-reform period?
a) in Central Russia;
b) in Transcaucasia;
c) in the Baltic provinces.
4. Who owned the executive power in the city self-government according to the City Regulations of 1870?
a) the city government;
b) city duma;
c) the governor.
5. Whose participation in the court was mandatory under the judicial reform of 1864?
a) a representative of the local administration;
b) an investigator;
c) a sworn attorney.
7. How many years did you study in gymnasiums in the second half of the 19th century?
8. During the Polish uprising of 1863, a chauvinist campaign began in Russia. Who led it?
9. When the second Russian-Turkish war began half of XIX V.?
a) In 1878;
10. Who created the revolutionary organization "Land and Freedom"?
a) radical raznochintsy intelligentsia;
b) aristocratic circles of the nobility;
c) peasants.
Russia in the second half of the nineteenth century
Option 4
1. Which of the Russian public figures supported the Polish uprising of 1863?
2. "The Bell", published in London and was:
b) a newspaper;
c) a magazine.
3. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Caucasian theater of operations :
a) has not been opened;
b) was open, but there were practically no active hostilities;
c) the fighting was very active, during the war Abkhazia was liberated, Sukhumi, Bayazet, Kare were taken.
4. What was one government tithe equal to?
5. Who was the Minister of the Interior in 1855-1861?
b) Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich;
6. Why were the Editorial Commissions established under the Main Committee on Peasant Affairs established in March 1859?
a) to collect and summarize statistical data;
b) to draw up a draft law on the emancipation of the peasants;
c) to draw up the final report of the Main Committee.
7. What event happened during the reign of Alexander II?
a) Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878;
b) the coming to power in France of Napoleon III;
c) the heroic defense of Sevastopol.
10. Who was a contemporary of Alexander II?
