Using paragraph 5, the domestic life of the Russian tsars. “Life of the royal family in the 17th century
In the 17th century, after long troubles and frequent changes of rulers, the institution of an autocratic monarchy was legally consolidated in the Russian state. The Zemsky Sobor of 1648-1649 determined the principles of protecting the life and health of the sovereign and his family, household regulations and order in the palace.
Despite the extraordinary splendor and wealth of the court, the abundance of servants and courtiers, the life of the autocrat and his household was subject to special regulations. All this was intended to emphasize the special position of the "Sovereign", standing unattainably high above the common people, the army and the boyars.
Palace device
The magnificent palaces of the rulers of Russia in the 17th century were nevertheless inferior in elegance and luxury to the residences of the kings of France, England or pompous Spain. However, the decoration of the royal choir (in those days they were called attire), was distinguished by its originality and intricacy.
In the middle of the 17th century, the traditional carving in the form of regular geometric shapes came a curly "German" carving, which for beauty was additionally painted and covered with gilding. The mansions of the Kolomna Palace and the Stone Tower were decorated in this style, the external decorations of which were restored and improved several times.
To preserve heat, the windows were sealed with thin plates of mica, and intricate carved shutters protected them from wind and bad weather. The floors were covered with thick oak planks, over which Indian and Persian carpets were laid. The walls and ceilings of the royal reception chambers were richly painted with scenes from the lives of saints and saints, the so-called "life letter".
In addition to ornate wood and stone carvings, the chambers of the royal palaces were richly decorated with expensive fabrics: broadcloth on ordinary days and gold or silk linens during holidays or for receiving foreign ambassadors.
The most common furniture in the mansions of the Russian tsar were carved benches, which were located along the walls. Under them were set up mines with locks, similar to small drawers.
An ordinary day of the Russian tsar
Despite the abundance of luxurious details in everyday objects and clothes, the life of the rulers of the 17th century was distinguished by moderation and simplicity. The day began early, in order to be in time for the morning prayer of the Cross, the king got up at 4 o'clock in the morning. The sleeping bags and bedclothes that served him gave him a dress, helped him wash and get dressed.
After matins and a modest breakfast, the king occupied himself with current affairs. Closer to evening, the Duma usually met and the process of resolving state issues continued. The tsars preferred to spend time after lunch and before evening prayer with their families.
On everyday days, ordinary dishes were served at the table, not distinguished by special sophistication. Rye bread, meat or fish dishes, a little wine or cinnamon mash were used. Considering the deep and sincere faith of the sovereign and his family members, during the fast, only quick food was served and clean water... On the order of the king, many prepared dishes were sent to the close boyars and servants, this was considered a sign of the highest mercy.
In the Faceted and Amusing Chambers, even under the sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich, organs were installed, the sound of which attracted both the courtiers and the household of the king. And towards the end of the 17th century, theatrical performances came into vogue. The first performances based on biblical subjects took place in 1672 in front of the court of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The new trend quickly caught on, and soon new ballets and dramas were staged in front of the courtyard every few months.
Everyday life is the living fabric of history, which allows one to present and feel in detail the historical being.
Ivan Yegorovich Zabelin (1820-1908) - an outstanding Russian historian and archaeologist, chairman of the Society of History and Antiquities, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. His research concerns mainly the ancient Kiev era and the Moscow period of Russian history. The historian's works are characterized by an expressive and original language, unusually colorful and rich, with an archaic folk flavor. Exploring the ideological foundations of Russian culture, he emphasizes the important role of economic relations in history. The historian sought to find out the "roots and origins" Russian life, revealed borrowings in culture from neighboring peoples. As a leading spokesman for the direction of? Everyday history? Zabelin paid attention to any little things, from the totality of which the life of our ancestors was formed.
I. Ye. Zabelin's fundamental work? Domestic life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries? is dedicated to the restoration of the foundations and the smallest details of the tsarist life, the development of ideas about the tsarist power and Moscow as the center of the stay of the tsars, the history of the construction of the Kremlin and the tsarist choir, their interior decoration (architectural innovations and methods of external decor, technical interior details, wall paintings, furnishings, luxury goods , clothes, pets, etc.), rituals related to the person of the king and court protocol (that is, who from the royal entourage had the right to come to the palace, how it should be done, what economic services and positions were at the court, duties tsarist doctors, the appointment of various palace premises), the daily routine in the palace (the sovereign's classes, which began with morning prayer, the solution of state issues and the role of the boyar duma in this, lunchtime and afternoon entertainment, a cycle of Orthodox holidays, the center of which was the sovereign's court).
The original edition of the book was published in 2 volumes, but the full text of Zabelin's work is only in the first volume.
Second volume containing Additional materials, I, unfortunately, I cannot offer.
? Household life of Russian tsars in the XVI and XVII? - the first part of Zabelin's more general research “Household life of the Russian people in the 16th and 17th centuries”.
The second part -? Household life of Russian tsarinas in the XVI and XVII centuries? - will be presented on the site a little later.
Visitors to the site have already had the opportunity to get acquainted with a short popular essay compiled by the St. Petersburg "Literacy Society" based on Zabelin's work:
How did Russian tsars-sovereigns lived in the old days?
Other books by Ivan Zabelin on the site:
History of Russian life since ancient times (in 2 volumes)
Minin and Pozharsky. Straight lines and curves in Time of Troubles
Kuntsovo and the ancient Setun camp
Topic Tags:
Classics of Russian historical thought
Ivan Egorovich Zabelin(1820-1908), an outstanding Russian historian and archaeologist, corresponding member (1884), honorary member (1907) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, was born in Tver, in the family of a poor official. His father, Yegor Stepanovich, served as a scribe in the city Treasury and had the rank of collegiate registrar - the youngest civilian rank of the 14th class.
Soon, I. Ye. Zabelin's father received a position in the Moscow provincial government, and the Zabelin family moved to Moscow. It seemed that everything was going as well as possible, but the father of the future scientist died unexpectedly when Ivan was barely seven years old; from that time on, need settled in their house for a long time. Therefore, he was able to get an education only at the Transfiguration Orphan School (1832–1837), where “Old Testament, Spartan, harsh and cruel” methods of education reigned. However, he was an inquisitive young man, and even the state atmosphere of an orphan school did not prevent him from getting carried away with reading and getting acquainted with many books that played an important role in his further destiny.
After graduating from college in 1837, Zabelin, unable, due to his financial situation, to continue his education, entered the service in the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin as a clerk of the second category. At that time, the Armory was not only a museum - it also housed a rich archive of historical documents. Ivan Zabelin was not a historian by training, but the study of documents about the ancient life of Moscow Russia fascinated him, and he seriously engaged in historical research.
In 1840 he wrote his first article - about the travels of the royal family in the 17th century. on a pilgrimage at the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, - which was published in the supplements to the "Moskovskie vedomosti" only in 1842. It was followed by other works - by the end of the 40s. Zabelin already had about 40 scientific works and was accepted as an equal in the circle of Moscow professional historians. However, he was never invited to lecture, for example, at Moscow University, since the practicing scientist did not have a university education. Subsequently, the Kiev University awarded Zabelin a professorship based on the totality of his scientific works; only in the 80s did he become an honorary doctor of Moscow and St. Petersburg universities.
While working at the Armory, Zabelin collected and processed materials on the history of the tsarist life, and then published them in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski (1851-1857). In 1862, these articles were published as a separate publication under the title "Household Life of Russian Tsars in the 16th and 17th Centuries"; in 1869, the second volume was published - "Household life of Russian queens in the 16th and 17th centuries."
The life of the Moscow Palace was traced in these books in all its everyday concreteness, with a detailed description of ceremonies and rituals. A thorough study of the ritual of the life of the tsar and tsarina is intertwined with important historical science generalizations about the significance of Moscow as a patrimonial city, about the role of the sovereign's palace, about the position of women in ancient Russia (a chapter on this issue was published separately in Suvorin's "Cheap Library"), about the influence of Byzantine culture, about the tribal community.
The continuation of chapter I of "Household life of the Russian tsars" was interesting work"A big boyar in his patrimonial economy", published in the journal "Vestnik Evropy" at the beginning of 1871
Zabelin got a job as an assistant archivist in the palace office, and eight years later he became an archivist. In 1859, he transferred to the Imperial Archaeological Commission, where he was entrusted with excavations of Scythian burial mounds in the Yekaterinoslav province and on the Taman Peninsula, near Kerch, during which many valuable finds were made. The results of these excavations Zabelin described in the work "Antiquities of Herodotus Scythia" (1872) and in the reports of the Archaeological Commission.
In 1879 Zabelin was elected chairman of the Society for History and Antiquity and then comrade (deputy) chairman of the Historical Museum. From 1872 he was a member of the commission for the construction of the building of the Historical Museum in Moscow, and from 1883 until the end of his life he was the permanent friend of the chairman of the museum. Since the chairman was the Moscow governor, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, Zabelin became the de facto director of the museum, who carefully followed the replenishment of its funds.
Zabelin himself was engaged in collecting all his life. Its extensive collection included manuscripts, maps, icons, prints, numismatics. After the death of the scientist, his entire collection, in accordance with his will, was transferred to the Historical Museum.
Zabelin's research was devoted to the main era Kievan Rus and the Moscow period of Russian history. Deep acquaintance with antiquity and love for it were reflected in the language of Zabelin's works, expressive, original, unusually colorful and rich. All his works also clearly show the characteristic of this outstanding self-taught scientist belief in the original creative forces of the Russian people and love for him, "a strong and healthy morally orphan people, a breadwinner." Or, if you recall his own words: "You cannot divide Russia into centuries mechanically, Russia is a living, figurative space."
Vadim Tatarinov
Volume I
Chapter I
The sovereign's courtyard, or palace. general review
Introduction. - General concept of the princely court in Ancient Rus. - The courtyard of the first Moscow princes. - General overview of the ancient mansion buildings in Great Russia.– Construction methods, or carpentry .– The composition of the wooden sovereign’s palace .– The stone palace, erected at the end of the 15th century .– Its location at the beginning of the 16th century .– The history of the palace under Ivan Vasilievich the Terrible and his successors .– Palace buildings in the Time of Troubles - Renovation of the palace and new buildings under Mikhail Fedorovich. - New decorations of the palace under Alexei Mikhailovich. - Expansion and decoration of the palace under Fedor Alekseevich and during the reign of Princess Sophia. - The location of the palace and its composition at the end of the 17th century. - Desolation and gradual destruction of the palace buildings in the XVIII century.
The old Russian domestic life and especially the life of the Russian great sovereign with all its statutes, regulations, forms, routine was most fully developed by the end of the 17th century. It was an era last days of our domestic and social antiquity, when everything that this antiquity was strong and rich in, expressed itself and took shape in such images and forms with which it was impossible to go further along the same path. Moscow, the most viable in Old Russia, in this remarkable and curious epoch outlived its age under the complete domination of the historical principle, which it had worked out and the implementation of which cost so many sacrifices and such a long and stubborn struggle. The political unity of the Russian land, to which Moscow aspirations and legends inevitably led, was already an indisputable and undoubted matter both in the minds of the people themselves, and for all neighbors who had ever stretched out a hand to our lands. The representative of this unity, the great Moscow sovereign, autocrat of all Russia, stood in relation to the zemstvo 1 to an unattainable height, which our distant ancestors hardly dreamed of.
The funeral of the ancient Slavic prince. From the fresco by G. Semiradsky
We do not see anything corresponding to this "all-radiant royal majesty" in our ancient life. True, the idea of a tsar was well known to us from the first centuries of our history, especially when our relations with Byzantium were active. The Greek Tsar seemed to us a type of autocratic, unlimited power, a type of high and great dignity, to which access was accompanied by an amazing solemnity for ordinary eyes and an atmosphere of unspeakable brilliance and splendor. We got a sufficient understanding of all this even from the time of the Varangian campaigns against Constantinople 2. This concept did not fade away in subsequent centuries, especially spread by the clergy, the Greek and Russian, in connection with their frequent relations with Constantinople.The book people of those centuries, usually also clergymen, occasionally ascribed this title to Russian princes out of a desire to elevate their dignity and significance to the greatest possible extent. at least in his own eyes, out of a desire to say something loyal in praise of the good prince.
Later, with the same title, we began to call the tsar of the Horde, because how else, that is, more understandable for everyone, could we designate the nature of the khan's power and the nature of his rule over our land. We called the new phenomenon by its corresponding name, which, as a representation, has long existed in the minds, for a long time being combined with a fairly definite and familiar concept to all. At home, among our princes, we did not find anything corresponding to this name. And if they were sometimes called that, then, as we have mentioned, it was solely out of special servility and servility, which for the most part guided our ancient bookishness in their praiseworthy words. The type of the Grand Duke of Ancient Russia was not sharply and definitely outlined. He was lost among the princely family proper, warriors and veche towns, which enjoyed almost equal independence of voice, power and action. Traits of this type disappear in the general structure of the earth. He does not suddenly acquire even the name of the great and is simply called "prince" with the addition of the title "lord" from time to time, which only showed his generally imperious significance. The scribes, recalling the Apostolic Scripture, sometimes assign to it the meaning of "God's servant" who "carries a sword not in vain, but in revenge on villains, in praise of good deeds." They call him "the head of the earth"; but these were abstract representations, actually books; in real life they received little attention.
With the name of the prince, everyday concepts of time were united only by the meaning of the chief judge and governor, the keeper of truth and the first warrior of the earth. When the truth was violated by the actions of the prince, he lost confidence, was deprived of the principality, and sometimes even life itself. In general, he was the "guardian of the Russian land" from internal enemies, domestic ones, and from alien enemies. For that, the land fed him, and he himself did not extend his species beyond the right to this feeding. At the same time, feeding stipulated common ownership of the land in the princely family and, consequently, the personal dependence of the prince, even a great one, not only on relatives, but even on the warriors, because they were participants in the feeding and communal ownership of the land, participants in the protection truth and in protecting the earth from enemies. It is understandable why the Grand Duke even for the Zemstvo became nothing more than a governor, not the head of the land, but the head of the same governors, the leader of the squad; it is understandable why his relations with the Zemstvo were so direct and simple. In those simple-minded centuries, lively speeches and arguments were very often heard at veche meetings, in which the people of the veche and the prince express some fraternal, completely equal relationship... We will not talk about how consciously developed definitions of life are revealed in these lively conversations. Perhaps only the simple-minded and straightforward naive childhood of social development is expressed here to a greater extent, in which the first period in the life of all historical peoples generally differs.
“And we bow to you, prince, but in your opinion we don’t want to” - this is the stereotypical phrase, which expressed disagreement with the princely demands and claims, expressed in general an independent, independent decision of the case. “We bow to you, prince,” meant the same as “you to yourself, and we to ourselves,” which, in your opinion, will not happen. The princes, for their part, do not call the people of the veche boys, but turn to them with the usual popular greetings: "Brothers!" So, "My dear brothers!" - ancient Yaroslav 3 appeals to Novgorodians, asking for help on Svyatopolk 4; "Brothers Volodymertsy!" - calls out Prince Yuri 5, asking for protection from the people of Vladimir; “Brothers, men of Pskov! Who is old, then the father, who is young, that brother! " - exclaims Dovmont Pskovsky 6, calling on the people of Pskov to defend the fatherland. All these speeches characterize the most ancient princely relations with the zemstvo, clarifying the type of the ancient prince, what he was in reality, in folk concepts and ideas.
What an immeasurable difference between this type and another, who was later called the great sovereign and by the end of the XVII century. I was forced to oblige the people, on pain of great disgrace, to write to him in petitions: "Have mercy, like God" or: "I work, your servant, for you, a great sovereign, like God." It took a lot of time, and even more oppressive circumstances, for life to lead popular concepts to such humiliation. The new type was created gradually, step by step, under the yoke of events, under the influence of new life principles and book teachings that disseminated and affirmed it.
Despite, however, the distance that separated each Zemstvo from the "blessed royal majesty", despite the order of life, apparently so different and alien to the traditions of antiquity, the great sovereign, with all the height of political significance, did not move a hair away from folk roots. In his life, in his domestic life, he will remain a completely popular type of owner, head of the house, a typical phenomenon of that system of life, which serves as the basis for the economic, masterful life of the whole people. The same concepts and even the level of education, the same habits, tastes, customs, domestic order, traditions and beliefs, the same customs - this is what equated the life of the sovereign not only with the boyar, but also with the peasant life. The difference was revealed only in greater space, in greater relaxation with which life in the palace passed, and most importantly, in wealth, in the amount of gold and all kinds of jewelry, all sorts of tsat ?, in which, according to the century, every rank, and even more so the rank of sovereign, was presented incomparably more worthy. But this was only the outfit of life, which did not in the least change its essential aspects, statutes and regulations, and not only in the moral, but also in the material environment. The peasant hut, cut down in the palace, for the sovereign's living, decorated with rich fabrics, gilded, painted, nevertheless remained a hut in its structure, with the same shops, a bunk 8, a front corner, with the same measure of half a third of fathoms, preserving even the national the name of the hut. Consequently, life in a palace, in essence of needs, was in no way broader than life in a peasant hut; consequently, the beginnings of life there found for themselves a completely appropriate, most suitable source in the same hut.
The very title of the tsar: the great sovereign - can partly reveal that the new type of political power has grown "on the old roots." The original meaning of the word "sovereign" was obscured, especially in a later era, by the incredible spread of this meaning in the political sense, and at the same time - by memorized concepts and ideas about the state and the sovereign as abstract theoretical ideas, about which our ancient reality, almost to the very reform , very little or not at all thought Only in the second half of the XVII century. the thought of for the people, as Tsar Alexei used to say, who still considered the Muscovite state his fiefdom 9.
First of all, it should be noted that in ancient times, titles in the proper sense did not exist. All current titles are, in fact, historical monuments long-standing reality, the meaning of which is difficult to resurrect. Meanwhile, in ancient times, each name contained a living, active meaning. So, the word "prince", which the land called each person belonging to the Rurik family, was a word that completely and accurately determined the true, living meaning that arose from the nature of the princely relationship to the land. The rights and dignity of the prince as a well-known social type were the property of only persons of the princely family and could not belong to anyone else. When the clan increased and the simple ordinary dignity of the prince had to be raised for those who for some reason stood in front and, therefore, above others, the adjective “great” was immediately added to the name “prince”, which meant “senior”. With this title, life indicated that the dignity of the prince, from fragmentation into small parts, has lost its former meaning, has become smaller, worn out, and that, consequently, a new phase has begun in the development of princely relations. The title of Grand Duke followed the same path. At first, he denoted only the eldest in the whole family, later - the eldest in his parish, and by the end of the phase, almost all the princes who had independent possessions began to be called great. Thus, the grinding of the grand ducal dignity was again revealed.
V. Vasnetsov. The calling of the Vikings
By the 15th century, not only the Tver or Ryazan, but even the Pronsky prince already calls himself the Grand Duke, and it was at the time when he entered the cuff, in the service of the lord I will give(To Vitovt). This new name replaced the old, obsolete name and began a new phase in the development of the zemstvo concepts of the dignity of the prince. The concept of "challenged, sovereign" has already developed on foreign soil, from elements that were worked out by life itself. It, by the nature of its vital forces, already at the very beginning showed that it seeks to completely abolish the initial general, and, moreover, alien dignity of the prince, to abolish the very concept of this dignity, which exactly happened when this phase reached its full development. In the XVII century. many princes of the Rurik clan mixed with the zemstvo and forever forgot about their princely origin. Thus, the type of the ancient prince, passing in its development from phase to phase, by the end of the path completely decomposed, faded away, leaving only one name as a historical monument.
In the most ancient life relationships, next to the name "prince" there was another, the same typical name "sovereign". At first, it served as the name of private, domestic life, the name of the owner-owner and, of course, the father of the family, the head of the house. Even in Russkaya Pravda, the word "sovereign, challenged" denotes, together with the word "lord," the owner of property, the landlord, the patrimonial landowner, in general "himself", as is often now expressed about the owner and how in ancient times they expressed themselves about the princes who kept their independent volost, calling them autocrats. The family was called "the basis" in the sense of an independent independent economy, which to this day in the south bears the name of the pope, domination. Novgorod is called "Lord" in the sense of governmental, judicial power; "Opodeu" was collectively called judges, bosses and in general the lord's power. The "ruler", therefore, was a person who combined in its meaning the concept of the head of the house, of the direct ruler, judge, owner and manager of his household.
V. Vasnetsov. Court of the appanage prince
Domostroy of the 16th century for the name of the owner and mistress does not know another word like "sovereign", "sovereign" (occasionally also "sovereign, sovereign"). Wedding songs call the priest "the sovereign", and the mother "the sovereign". In the same sense, the Moscow appointees call their father and mother "prince", not yet giving this title to the Grand Duke and honoring him only with the name "lord."
In citing these instructions, we only want to remind you that the name "sovereign" was designated famous type life relations, namely the imperious, the reverse side of which exhibited the opposite type of slave, servant, or generally a servant. "Ospodar" was inconceivable without a slave, as even a slave would not have been understandable without an encouragement. As a type of private, properly domestic order of life, it existed everywhere, in all nationalities and at all times, it exists everywhere today, more or less mitigated by the spread of humane, that is, Christian enlightenment. Almost everywhere this type overpowered other social forms of life and became the head of the political structure of the earth as an exclusive, only life principle. Its natural strength has always been preserved in the roots of the people, in the domination of the same type in private, domestic life, in the concepts and ideas of the masses. The property of these roots changed, this type also changed in its form and character.
When, in ancient princely relations, the common ownership of the land and the frequent redistribution of this common ownership have outlived their time, and the zemstvo has not yet managed to develop a strong political form for itself, which could, as a stronghold, protect it from princely conquests and ancestral claims, the princes little by little, by inheritance , began to become the full owners of their hereditary volosts, and at the same time, for a natural reason, they began to acquire a new title, which very correctly signified the essence of the business itself, that is, their new attitude towards the people.
A treat for the metropolitan and his clergyman by the prince
The people, instead of the decrepit, already only honorary title "lord", began to call them "sovereigns", that is, not temporary, but complete and independent owners of property. The former title "lord", which had become an expression of ordinary politeness and respect, had at the very beginning a rather general meaning, at least more general than the word "sovereign", which in relation to the word "lord" in the same way revealed a new phase in the development of the "master", that is, in general, the person of the ruler, and at first was not even a title.
Transfer of relics (From "The Tale of Boris and Gleb")
Difference Tsarist life was different
from the peasant
extraordinary
pomp and wealth.
Everything in it is luxurious
palaces, expensive clothes,
huge state
courtiers and servants emphasized the special
the position of "the sovereign of all
Rus ", standing not high
just over simple
people, but even over
nobles and boyars.
Royal residence and economy
The king had a sovereign court.The sovereign court was official
the royal residence where he lived and
the sovereign worked. Farm
the royal court consisted of
bread yard - where they baked all
flour products; stern
court, which served as the royal
kitchen; hearty yard - vedal
royal drinks; animal
courtyard where large
grain reserves; stable yard,
where everything needed for
lush royal departures. All of this
the household was handled by the Order
The Great Palace. There was
also the royal palace. Consisted of
royal palace of four rooms in
three windows each: canopy, front,
throne, bedchamber. In
the king spent a large
part of my time as a worker,
and free from work. Here
had everything necessary for
tsarist labor and rest.
Royal duties
Kings by their positionwere required to participate in
many national
holidays and courtiers
ceremonies. On big days
Orthodox holidays Christmas,
Baptism, Palm
Sunday, Easter - sovereign
dressed in a complete royal
outfit. The appearance of the king before
people have always reminded
grandiose performance,
which was given an important
meaning. Solemn
exits and exits of the sovereign
were a mandatory part
many holidays and
court ceremonies.
Entertainment for the royal family
Kings not onlywere engaged
state
deeds and participated in
lush courtiers
ceremonies they loved
have fun hunting:
game hunting - with
dogs, falcon
hunting - with birds, and when
Alexei Mikhailovich
also theater.
Royal marriage
A special place in the life of the sovereignwas occupied with marriage. in the bride
were valued primarily for beauty and
health. The first thing to do was
the choice of the bride, then passed
the royal bride and, having chosen the queen,
preparations for the wedding were in progress
and a wedding feast. Royal marriage
in Russia was considered as
big state event
importance, because the queen had to
give birth to an heir to the throne,
future king. In Russian society
17th century woman was in
dependent position on the man.
even the queen in this respect is not
was an exception by living
in the palace on position
recluses. The main thing
the queen's destiny was
to give to the sovereign
heir to the throne. If the queen
was not able to give birth to a boy,
nothing good was in store for her.
Birth of the heir to the royal throne
Birth of the heir to the thronewas a huge event
importance and in the documents of that
time was called
"sovereign world
joy. "Christening
born took place either in
The Miracle Monastery of the Kremlin,
or in the Assumption Cathedral.
The Annunciation performed them
protopop. Godparents
parents usually
became the king's relatives
or the queen. Birthday in in
royal life, as in
peasant, not celebrated.
It was replaced by the name day. In that
the day the king treated the clergy,
boyars special, birthday
pie with cheese or poppy seeds.
Fun and raising the royal children
Royal children, like everyone elseothers loved to play
games in the old days were called
fun. The princesses played
mainly in dolls.
The boys had others
games and toys: funny
balls, pistols, bows,
arrows, drums,
horses.
Raising royal children
took place in the palace under
supervised by nannies,
"mother", "uncles".
Education of the future
the king was reduced mainly
in literacy training and
letter.
Royal feast "mountain"
Feasts were often held in the palace.Feasted on christian
holidays, family days
celebrations. Rich tables
arranged on the occasion of the wedding
to the kingdom, the election of the patriarch,
receptions of foreign ambassadors.
The royal feasts most often took place
in the Kremlin's Faceted Chamber - the most
the great hall of the Palace. Tsarist
the feasts were very
long, sometimes six
and more hours and ended far away
past midnight. sat down for
table everything, observing the vintage
the law of parochialism. Royal guests
could taste 150,200 dishes in one evening. Variety of drinks on
royal feasts amazed no less
than food. They drank in Russia since ancient times
beer, honey, kvass.
Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution
Higher professional education
"St. Petersburg State
Engineering and Economic University ".
Department of Public Relations, History and Political Science
Discipline: "Domestic history"
Abstract on the topic :
"The life of the royal family inXviicentury "
Completed by a student
Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Finance
Course 1
Group No. 000
Rusakova Ekaterina
Vladimirovna
scientific adviser
Saint Petersburg
2005 year.
Introduction ………………………………………………………… .3
1.Historical features of the household device
Russian tsars in the 17th century. …………………………………………………4
2. General concepts of the palace ………………………………………… ... 5
2.1. Exterior view of the palace …………………………………… .5
2.2. Carved woodwork ……………………………… .6
2.3. General overview of the interior decoration of the rooms ……… .8
2.4. Indoor painting …………………………………… 10
2.5. Private overview of some of the rooms …………………… 13
3. Entertainment of the royal family ……………………………………… 17
4. The appearance and life of the palaces of the Kremlin of the epoch of the XVI-XVII centuries ………… ..18
5. Schedule of the day ……………………………………………………… 20
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… 25
Introduction:
Our country has a great, centuries-old history, which we can rightfully be proud of. Over the years of the historical development of the Russian state, there have been times that, undoubtedly, can be called heroic, requiring maximum exertion of moral strength and the attraction of enormous material resources. However, studying various historical eras, we often forget about the everyday life of people who lived in those distant times. Namely, this everyday life was the expression of all socio-historical formations that have changed over the long history of the Russian state. The study of the economic foundations and political relations without the study of domestic life and traditions of people living in the time we study, significantly impoverishes the idea of it. One of the first domestic historians who drew attention to the daily life of people was the Moscow professor Zabelin, who wrote: “At present great importance, in the current direction historical works, receives a study of the domestic life of the bygone generations. The conclusions of science reveal the truth that a person's home life is an environment in which the embryos and rudiments of his development and all kinds of phenomena of his life, public and political, or state… ”.
Soviet historiography, based on the principles of historical materialism, the guiding law of which is the idea of the economic foundations of socio-political formations, paid insufficient attention to Everyday life people. Only in last years publicly available studies on this issue have appeared. The essay is devoted to the study of the everyday life of the royal family in the early and least studied period of the birth and formation of the Russian state - the 17th century.
1. Historical features of the structure of the life of the Russian tsars in Xvii v.
In the middle of the 17th century in the Russian state the autocratic monarchy was finally formed and legalized. At the Zemsky Cathedral in 1648 - 1649 adopted the Cathedral Code, which contained a resolution on the protection of the honor and health of the tsar, on the procedure for conducting the trial and the execution of punishments. For actions directed against the state order, property and life of the sovereign, the death penalty was imposed.
The domestic life of the people and kings during internal development the country is the outward expression of its existence. The foundations of the entire social system are hidden in the household regulations, order, and its moral principles. Thus, the most noticeable type of history is the "sovereign" in the general sense, as the owner, owner or master. “This type is considered in its three main forms: everyday life the best people, the way of life of average people and the way of life of younger people. " In the ancient domestic life of tsars, the supreme significance of this type is revealed and then gradually it is led to its younger branch - to the children of the boyars, an ordinary princely squad.
By its political structure Russia XVII century - an autocratic monarchy.
The life of the Russian great sovereign was most fully expressed by the end of the seventeenth century. But no matter how wide and regal its dimensions in general terms and in general provisions, he did not in the least move away from the typical, primordial outlines of Russian life. The Moscow sovereign remained the same prince - patrimonial land. The patrimonial type was reflected in all the orders of his home life and household. It was a simple village, and, therefore, a purely Russian way of life, not at all different in its basic features from the way of life of a peasant, a way of life that sacredly preserved all customs and traditions. The name of the sovereign was associated with home life, with the owner-owner and the father of the family. “Even in Russkaya Pravda, the word sovereign, the sovereign, is denoted, together with the word lord, the owner of property, the landlord, the patrimonial landowner. The ruler was a person who combined in his meaning the concept of the head of the house, of the direct ruler, judge, owner and manager of his household. "
1.1. External and internal view of the palace.
The palaces of the 17th century were buildings of various sizes, scattered everywhere, commensurate primarily with considerations of convenience. This was the appearance of the palaces at the end of the 17th century. “In this regard, the palace did not have a facade. The buildings crowded together and further increased the diversity with their various roofs in the form of tents, ricks, barrels, with patterned pipes, skillfully folded. In other places there were turrets with eagles, unicorns and lions instead of weathercocks. " According to the testimony of the Italian Barberini (1565), the roofs and domes of the royal palace were covered with gold, along the cornice of the Middle Golden Patata there was an inscription “In the summer of 7069 August. By the command of the pious Christ-loving. Moscow, Nougorodsky. Tsar of Kazan. and the king of Astrakhan. Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Tver. Yugorsky. Permian. Vyatsky. Bulgarian. and other sovereigns of the Livonian land. city of yuryev and others. and with his noble children. Tsareveche Ivane: and Tsareveche Theodore Ioanovich of All Russia is an autocrat ”.
“The roof of the Stone Tower was originally decorated in 1637, with burrs applied with gold, silver and paints.” (Expenditure books of the Treasury Order in the Arch. Armory, No. 000). It was subsequently gilded.
Especially, pretentious variegation and ornamentation was manifested to a greater extent, as in external architectural decorations and various kinds of ornaments, usually located on cornices, or valances of buildings in the form of belts, paddles or pilasters and columns; also at windows and doors in the form of sandriks, platbands, capitals, patterned carved from wood in wooden and white stone in stone buildings. In the carving of these ornaments between leaves, herbs, flowers and various patterns, emblematic birds and animals occupied not the last place. (Archive of historical and legal information relating to Russia, ed. N. Kalachov. M., 1854. Section V. S. 33.)
1.2. Carved woodwork.
In the decorations of the princely and boyar chorus, the carving showed more intricacy, but the nature of the art, in its techniques, remained the same. The drawing or commemoration was completely dependent on the icon-painting style, which always translated the memorized samples almost according to the stencil. The carving was dominated by the cutting of quite simple geometric shapes: teeth, towns, rivets, grooves, etc. An excellent and most characteristic monument of ancient Russian carving is wooden royal place in the Moscow Assumption Cathedral. Together with other similar monuments, it gives the most complete and correct concept of the architectural types of its time and the nature of the carved patterns with which the royal mansions were decorated. The carved business with the same capricious character survived until the second half of XVII Art., when under Tsar Alexei, to replace antiquity, German carving, figured, in the style of the Renaissance, according to the invention of the German engineer-architect Deckenpin, in 1660 brought us to us. Then, in 1668, the mansions of the Kolomna Palace were decorated in the same style and dining room of Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich in the Kremlin Palace. Reitenfels, who was in Moscow in 1670, generally notes about the Kolomenskoye Palace that it "was so excellently decorated with carvings and gilding that you would think it was a toy just taken out of a box." In 1681, the new mansions of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, built at the northeastern corner of the Terem Palace, were painted and gilded. The next year, in April 1682, shortly before the death of the tsar, on these mansions "attics were painted on the outside with pink colored paints on both sides, from the Stone Terems, the other side from the Church of the Life-Giving Resurrection." On the window shutters, flowers, herbs, birds, and also animals were depicted. The existing walls of stone buildings were decorated in the same manner. This is how all the buildings that make up the face of the palace from the side of Cathedral Square were decorated in 1667, that is, the Annunciation Porch, the Red Porch and the Faceted Chamber. Carving on white stone of fryazh herbs. (Affairs of the Palace orders, 17th century, in the Arch. Armory), which were then covered with red gold and colored paints can still serve as an example of ancient fryaschina in jewelry. The Kamenny Terem was painted in the same way, which has retained its former appearance in many respects. The porch leading to Terem was called Golden. The exterior decorations of Terem were renewed several times under the tsars Alexei Mikhailovich and under his son Fyodor. Also, on all the gates of the palace, outside and from the inside, that is, from the courtyard, there were icons painted on boards. So, for example, on the Kolymazhny Gate on one side there was an image of the Resurrection, and on the other, the Most Holy Theotokos of Smolensk.
1.3. General overview of the interior decoration of the rooms.
Anything that served as an adornment inside the choir or made up a necessary part of it was called an outfit. There were two types of attire: mansion and tent. The mansion was also called carpentry, that is, they cut off the walls, ceilings and walls, sheathed them with red planks, made benches, taxes, and so on. This simple carpentry outfit gained special beauty if the rooms were cleaned with carpentry. The marquee outfit consisted of cleaning the rooms with cloth and other fabrics. Much attention was paid to the ceilings. There were two types of ceiling decoration: hanging and mica. Visly - wood carving with a number of hinged parts. Mica - decoration with mica with carved tin ornaments. The decoration of the ceilings was combined with the decoration of the windows. The floor was laid with planks, sometimes paved with oak bricks.
The usual furniture in the royal mansions were benches, which were arranged near the walls, around the entire room or chamber, even sometimes near the stoves. Under the benches they made lockers with shutters, a kind of small cabinets. Such lockers under the benches were arranged in 1683 in the front room of Tsar Peter Alekseevich.
The stoves were tiled, or "figurative, valuable" (Historical review of the enamel and valuable business in Russia in the Notes of the St. Petersburg Archaeological Society (1853 vol. 6. Section 1)) from blue tiles and etched or green from green. Polish green ovens are also mentioned in the seventeenth century. The stoves were rectangular, round, flat, the shape of the tiles was varied: herbs, flowers, people, animals and various patterns were depicted on them. Despite the clean, sleek chorus, the walls, ceilings, benches, floors were almost never bare. They were draped with multicolored cloth. Sometimes the walls and ceiling were upholstered in half with green satin: this satin was upholstered in the rooms of Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna and Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in 1691, which is why they were called satin rooms. During the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, some of his rooms were upholstered with gilded basma skins, with hewn grasses, flowers and animals. These leathers were also upholstered: in 1666 the doors of the Tsar's Room and the third in Terem, in 1673 the upper hut above Krestovaya, at Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna's, and the room of Tsarevich Peter with silver leather, in 1681 with golden leathers of the room and the canopy in the new wooden mansions of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, built at that time near Teremov and the Resurrection Church.
On important occasions, during ambassadorial receptions or on solemn days and royal holidays, the entire mansion outfit received a completely different look. Then, instead of cloths, which were used to clean the rooms at ordinary times, the walls were decorated with rich gold and silk fabrics, aksamites, etc., and the floors - with Persian and Indian carpets. In addition to solemn receptions and holidays, a rich mansion dress was also used on other occasions, especially important in the family life of the sovereign. The Tsar's weekend books of 1662 describe this outfit as follows: “The sovereign sat in large armchairs, and in the Golden was an outfit from the Kazenny courtyard: on the table, a carpet was silver-plated with wormy earth, gold polavoshniki with divorces, gold carpets on the bunks, on two windows embroidered gold carpets, on white satin, on the third window there is a gold Kizylbass carpet ”.
1.4. Indoor painting.
Much more remarkable is another kind of ancient mansion decorations - namely, room painting, wall and ceiling writing, which served as the most magnificent and, since the half of the 17th century, a rather ordinary decoration of the royal reception rooms and bed choir. In the 17th century, it was known under the name everyday letters. This name already explains enough exactly what objects were depicted on the walls and plafonds of the royal chambers.
By the nature of his education - religious, theological - the Russian person loved to personify parables and church life, with images of which he decorated his mansions. In the absence of an aesthetic element in his education, he did not know art in the meaning that modernity gives it, therefore, in the parables and life that were depicted on the walls of his chambers, he wanted to see, first of all, edification, instruction, spiritual benefit in the religious sense, and not delighting the eye with beautiful images that belonged to seduction and were always carefully removed. Evolutionary processes that took place in state structure Russia in the 17th century, the breakdown of the traditional worldview, a noticeably increased interest in the world around it, a craving for "external wisdom" reflected in the general character of Russian culture. The change was also facilitated by the country's unusually expanded ties with Western Europe... Expansion of the subject matter of images, an increase in the proportion of secular, historical subjects, the use of Western European engravings as "samples", allowed artists to create with less regard for traditions, to look for new ways in art. However, we must not forget that the golden age of ancient Russian painting is far behind. It was already impossible to climb to the top again within the framework of the old system. Icon painters found themselves at a crossroads. The beginning of the 17th century was marked by the dominance of two artistic trends inherited from the previous era. One of them received the name "Godunov" school, since most of the famous works of this direction were made by order of Tsar Boris Godunov and his relatives. The "Godunov" style as a whole is distinguished by a tendency towards narrative, overloaded composition with details, corporeality and materiality of forms, a fascination with architectural forms.
Another direction is usually called the "Stroganov" school. Most of the icons of this style are associated with orders from the eminent merchant family, the Stroganovs. The Stroganov school is the art of icon miniature. It is no coincidence that her characteristic features are most clearly manifested in works of small size. In the Stroganov icons, with an unheard-of audacity for that time, an aesthetic principle manifests itself, as if overshadowing the cult purpose of the image. It was not the deep inner content, this or that composition, and not the richness of the spiritual world of the characters that worried the artists, but the beauty of the form in which it was possible to capture all this.
Elements of a kind of realism, observed in the painting of the Stroganov school, were developed in the work of the best masters of the second half of the 17th century - the tsarist icon painters and painters of the Armory. Their recognized head was Simon Ushakov.
The 17th century completes more than seven centuries of the history of ancient Russian art. From that time on, Old Russian icon painting ceased to exist as the dominant artistic system.
At this time, all eminent people of the country are trying to capture their image in the portrait. Tsarist icon painters Simon Ushakov, Fyodor Yuriev, Ivan Maksimov painted portraits of the prince, steward, and many other images. So, under the supervision of Simon Ushakov, the choir of Alexei Mikhailovich was decorated with wall and herbal writing.
Today we have been taught to think that colored stained-glass windows in the windows of houses and cathedrals are a typical feature only of exclusively Western European buildings. It turns out that this idea is incorrect. Colored, patterned and painted window panes were also used in "Mongol" life in Russia-Horde of the 16th century.
In the 17th century, paintings began to decorate mica in windows. So, in 1676, the painter Ivan Saltanov was ordered to paint a window on mica in the mansion of Tsarevich Pyotr Alekseevich "in the circle of an eagle, in the corners of the grass; ... In 1692, it was ordered to register the death in the mansion of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, so as not to see through them. Various images of people, animals and birds, painted with paints, can also be seen on the mica windows left over from the Pereslavl Palace of Peter the Great.
Heating of rooms was practiced with pipes laid in the walls and floors. Hot air flowed through the pipes. "The upper floors of the wooden chorus were for the most part heated by wire pipes from the stoves of the lower tiers. These pipes were also tiled with strangleholds ... All the large royal floors, Faceted, two Golden, Dining room and Embankments, were likewise heated by wire pipes from ovens arranged under them in basements.
1.5. Private overview of some rooms.
The room, in its own right, was an office, or in general such a room in which they remained for most of the day. In the sovereign's room, where he usually received reports, exactly and in the rooms of adult princes, the table was covered with red cloth and cleaned different subjects necessary for written lessons. There was a clock on it, there were books that were required for the case, from the sovereign, for example, "Book of the Code" , there were various papers in notebooks, in columns and in scrolls. The emperor used feathers, traditional for that time, swan feathers. Noble people at that time rarely wrote with goose. Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich had a "booklet in silver", which in 1676 Tsar Fedor Alekseevich took to his mansion. when he was a prince, the boyar prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky brought up the "whistle of silver finifts." Among the writing utensils of his room table were also "a clock in a German dog, under it in a box an ink film and a sandbox, a knife, scabbards." The booklet of Tsarevich Ivan Mikhailovich was unusually richly decorated. It was framed in gold and showered with precious stones. In 1683, Princess Sophia Alekseevna was given into the room "a box that letters are put with an inkwell, and with scissors, and with a bone, than letters are sent."
The main rooms of the royal half were: Antechamber, Room (study), Cross, Bedchamber and Mylenka. I would like to stop my gaze on the bedchamber, because this room had the richest decoration at that time. So, the bedchamber. The main item of decoration of the bed room was the "bed" bed.
The bed corresponded to the direct meaning of this word, that is, it served as a shelter and looked like a tent. The tent was embroidered with gold and silver. The curtains were trimmed with fringes. In addition to curtains, dungeons (a kind of drapery) were hung at the heads and feet of the bed. The dungeons were also embroidered with gold and silver silk, decorated with tassels, people, animals and various outlandish herbs and flowers were depicted on them. When in the 17th century. the fashion for German curly carving went, the beds became even more beautiful. They began to be decorated with crowns crowned with tents, gzimzes (cornices), sprengels, apples and pukles (a kind of ball). All carvings, as usual, were gilded, silvered and painted with paint.
Such a bed can be seen in the Grand Kremlin Palace, and although that bed belongs to a later time, the idea, in general, is reflected.
Prices for royal beds ranged from 200r. up to 2 rubles. The most expensive and richest bed in Moscow in the seventeenth century cost 2800r. and was sent by Alexei Mikhailovich as a gift to the Persian shah. This bed was adorned with crystal, gold, ivory, tortoiseshell, silk, pearls and mother of pearl.
If the beds were so richly arranged, then the bed itself was cleaned with no less luxury. Moreover, for special occasions (wedding, christening, childbirth, etc.) there was a bed. So, the bed consisted of: a cotton mattress (wallet) at the base, an upholstery (a long pillow across the entire width of the bed), two down pillows, two small down pillows, a blanket, a bedspread, and a carpet under the bed. Many people have the idea that the bedchairs of those times were hung with icons. This is not the case, the cross rooms were served for the prayer service, which looked like small churches due to the number of icons. In the bedchamber there was only a worship cross.
Three, sometimes four rooms side by side, one next to the other, in one connection, served as a very sufficient room for the Emperor.
As said, these rooms were not particularly large. In their spaciousness, they were equal to a peasant hut or a peasant cage, that is, they had a width and length of only 3 sazhens (1 sazhen = 2.134 m.), That is, 9 arshins (1 arshin = 0.71 m.), As well as now peasant huts are being erected, and there have always been three windows outside. And inside they were like the same hut, because ordinary shops were necessarily set up in them near the walls. Chairs were not yet used at that time. There was only one armchair in the room for the Emperor himself.
In the same way, the queen's mansions were located, which were placed separately from the king's mansion, but were connected with them by passageways or passages. The Queen's room was followed by the Cross, and then the Room. Special mansions with the same rooms were set up for the sovereign's children and were also connected
The Tsar usually got up at four o'clock in the morning. The bed clerk, with the help of sleeping bags and solicitors, handed the dress to the emperor and cleaned (put on) it. After washing, the sovereign immediately went out to Krestovaya, where the confessor or the priest of the cross and the clergy of the cross were waiting for him. The confessor or cross priest blessed the sovereign with a cross.
After finishing the morning prayer of the Cross, the sovereign, if he rested separately, sent the servant on duty to the queen in the mansion to ask her about her health, how did she rest? Then he himself went out to greet her in her Hall or Dining Room. After that they listened together in one of the upper churches to Matins, and sometimes to early Mass.
In domestic life, kings were the model of moderation and simplicity. According to the testimony of foreigners, the simplest dishes were always served at the table of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, rye bread, a little wine, oat mash or light beer with cinnamon oil, and sometimes only one cinnamon water. Apart from fasting, he did not eat anything meat on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. Thus, his attitude towards food was stricter than that of many monks. At the ordinary table of the sovereign on meat and fish days, about seventy dishes were served, but almost all of these dishes diverged for serving boyars and other persons to whom the emperor sent these serving, as a sign of his favor and honor.
After vespers, sometimes cases were also heard and the Duma convened. But usually all the time after Vespers until the evening meal or supper, the sovereign spent already with the family or with the closest people.
There was a special Amusement Chamber in the palace, in which various amusers amused the royal family with songs, music, dancing, rope dances and other "actions". Among these amusements were: merry (buffoons), guselniks, cryptics, housekeepers, organists, cymbals. Fools-jesters also lived in the palace, and at the queen's - fools - crackers, carls and dwarfs. They sang songs, tumbled and indulged in all sorts of gaiety, which served as a considerable amusement to the sovereign's family continued after dinner until evening. The Tsar spent the summer for the most part in country palaces, having fun with hunting and farming. In the winter, he sometimes went himself to see a bear or an elk, and hunted for hares.
2. Entertainment of the royal family.
2.1. Theatre
Among the new genres expressing the growth of self-awareness, drama occupies a special place. The first theatrical performances took place in 1672 at the court theater of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, where plays based on ancient and biblical subjects were staged. The founder of Russian drama was S. Polotsky, whose plays (the comedy "The Parable of the Prodigal Son" and the tragedy "About Nebuchadnezzar the Tsar") raised serious moral, political and philosophical problems.
The Tsar liked the theatrical performances. In the boardwalk theater, ballets and dramas were performed in front of the tsar, the plots of which were borrowed from the Bible. These biblical dramas were peppered with crude jokes; so, in "Holofernes" the servant, seeing the head of the Assyrian governor cut off by Judith, says: "the poor thing, waking up, will be very surprised that his head was taken away." It was essentially the first theater school in Russia.
In 1673, N. Lima staged the first performance of the "Ballet about Orpheus Eurydice" at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich, which marked the beginning of periodic performances in Russia, the emergence of the Russian ballet theater.
And in the cities and villages there were wandering artists - buffoons, guslars - songwriters, guides with bears. Puppet shows with the participation of Petrushka were very popular.
2.2. Music.
There is a stereotype that musical organs are a typical feature of exclusively Western European life. However, this thought is incorrect. The organs were also distributed in Russia. Even under Mikhail Fedorovich he was summoned to Moscow organ player Ivan to arrange organ fun in the palace. Perhaps he was also a master of these instruments and at the same time began to build them, if he did not bring ready-made ones with him ... In the 17th century, along with the organs, clavichords or cymbals were brought to the palace ... Further, "organs and cymbals" are mentioned already as the most common objects of palace amusements ... In 1617, the organs that stood in the Chamber of Amusement are mentioned; further in 1626, "in the joy of the state," that is, during the wedding of the tsar, they played cymbals and organs in the Faceted Chamber ...
Unfortunately, there are no descriptions of the organs that stood in the Faceted Chamber and the Amusement Chambers. In the treasury of the Armory in 1687 were kept already dilapidated and spoiled "four-part organs with a burp, but there are no 50 pipes in those organs, and there are 220 pipes on the face; there are no threads all around, the slander is broken." Subsequently, organ work became commonplace for Moscow palace masters, so that the sovereign already sent organs, like a curiosity, as a gift to the Persian shah. The first time organs of Moscow work were sent there in May 1662.
3. The appearance and everyday life of the Kremlin palaces of the 16th-17th centuries.
The appearance and everyday life of the Kremlin palaces of the 16th-17th centuries does not correspond well to the picture suggested to us by later historians. They contradict the surviving documents.
Since the 18th century, historians have been painting a rather barbaric picture of the life of the Moscow tsars of the 14th-17th centuries. Say, a wild country, which for a long time was under the heavy yoke of the evil Horde-Mongol conquerors. Snow, bears, a rather primitive way of life, even in the royal court. However, an acquaintance with the documents that survived after numerous Romanov purges reveals a significantly different face of old Russia. It turns out that the icons painted by Russian icon painters at the end of the 17th century. were taken in Europe for monuments of the X or XII centuries. Most likely, the chronological shift by about 500-600 years is explained by the fact that Russian icon painters painted in the 17th century probably very primitively, like primitive wild peoples. "Similar images of the 16th and 17th centuries, both in bas-reliefs and in whole figures, very often resemble that primitive art that we find only among peoples of deep antiquity, or among savages, in general at the first stage of civil development." From the point of view of the new chronology, there are no contradictions here. The "strange similarity" between the art of the 17th century and allegedly of the 10th-12th centuries is explained by the fact that many later works were incorrectly dated by historians of the 17th-18th centuries, and as a result they "went down" in time. Giving birth "in the distant past" a phantom reflection of the epoch of the XV-XVII centuries.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Tsar Boris Godunov sent 18 young boyar people to London, Lubeck and France to study foreign languages, and young Englishmen and Frenchmen went to Moscow to study Russian.
If a number of suburban monasteries represented a number of fortifications near the capital, then the Kremlin, the royal castle, the home of the great sovereign, seemed to be a large monastery, because it was filled with large, beautiful churches, among which there was a royal palace - a motley mass of buildings of the most diverse sizes, scattered without any symmetry, solely for convenience.
Quite a few astronomical images remained in the 17th century Kremlin. In the dining room, built by Tsar Alexei in 1662, in the ceiling was written celestial movement, twelve months and the gods of heaven ... In the essay of Adolf Liesek about the Embassy of the Roman Emperor Leopold to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a description of this image has been preserved ... "The celestial bodies of the night, wandering comets and fixed stars are depicted on the ceiling, with astronomical precision. its sphere, with a proper deviation from the ecliptic; the distance of the twelve heavenly signs is so precisely measured that even the paths of the planets were indicated by the golden tropics and the same colura of the equinox and the turns of the sun to spring and autumn, winter and summer "... The chambers were especially respected at that time and served as a model for decorating other rooms on several occasions. So, in 1683, it was written in the dining room of the lower room of Princess Sophia Alekseevna, and in 1688 in the wooden front room of Princess Tatyana Mikhailovna and in the upper stone room of Princess Marya Alekseevna. In addition, the dining huts of the suburban royal mansions, in Kolomenskoye, and in Alekseevskoye, and the dining room in the new mansions of Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich, in 1681 were also decorated with these images of heavenly races ...
4 . Daily schedule.
4.1. Typical day
The day of the sovereign began in the room or room of the palace. Earlier the morning found the sovereign in Krestovaya, with a richly decorated iconostasis, in which lamps and candles were already lit before the sovereign's appearance. After completing the prayer, which usually lasted about a quarter of an hour, after hearing the final spiritual word read by the clerk, the sovereign went to the reception room. Meanwhile, in Perednyaya there were gathering roundabouts, Duma members, boyars, people close to them "to strike the sovereign with their foreheads." Having greeted the boyars, having talked about business, the emperor, accompanied by the courtiers, marched at nine o'clock to one of the court churches to listen to the late Mass. The dinner lasted about 2 hours. After mass in the Room (office) the tsar listened to reports and petitions on ordinary days and was busy with current affairs. After the boyars had left, the sovereign (sometimes with especially close boyars) went to the table food, or dinner. Undoubtedly, the festive table was strikingly different from the usual one. But even the dining table could not be compared with the sovereign's table during Lent. One could only marvel at the piety and asceticism in the observance of fasts by the sovereigns. For example, Tsar Alexei ate only 3 times a week during Lent, namely on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday, on the rest of the days he ate a piece of black bread with salt, a salted mushroom or cucumber and drank half a glass of beer. He ate fish only 2 times during the entire seven-week Lent. Even when there was no fasting, he did not eat meat on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. However, despite such fasting, on meat and fish days, up to 70 different dishes were served at an ordinary table. After dinner, the sovereign usually went to bed and rested until evening, three hours. In the evening, the boyars and other ranks gathered in the courtyard again, accompanied by the tsar on his way to Vespers. Sometimes after Vespers, cases were also heard or the Duma convened. But most often the time after Vespers until the evening meal was spent by the tsar with his family. The king read, listened to the Bahari (storytellers of fairy tales and songs), played. Chess was one of the favorite pastimes of the kings. The strength of this tradition is evidenced by the fact that there were special chess masters at the Armory.
In general, the entertainment of that time was not as poor as we think. At the court there was a special Amusement Chamber, in which all kinds of amusements amused the royal family. In winter, especially on holidays, the tsar loved to watch a bear field, that is, a hunter's fight with a wild bear. In early spring, summer and autumn, the tsar often went on a falconry. Usually this fun lasted the whole day and was accompanied by a special ritual. The day of the king usually ended with a 15-minute baptismal evening prayer.
4.2. Day off
For mass, the sovereign usually went out on foot, if it was close and the weather permitted, or in a carriage, and in winter in a sleigh, always accompanied by boyars and other service and court officials. The splendor and richness of the sovereign's weekend clothes corresponded to the significance of the celebration or holiday on the occasion of which the outlet was made, as well as to the state of the weather that day. In the summer he went out in a light silk forest and in a golden hat with a fur ring, in the winter - in a fur coat and a fox's hat, in the fall and, in general, in inclement weather - in a woolen uniform. In his hands there was always a unicorn or Indian ebony staff. During great festivities and celebrations, such as Christmas, Epiphany, Bright Resurrection, Assumption and some others, the sovereign denounced royal outfit to which belonged: a royal dress, a royal cape, a royal hat or crown, a diadem, a thimble cross and a sling, which were placed on the chest; instead of a staff, a royal rod. All this shone with gold, silver, precious stones. The shoes worn by the sovereign at this time were also richly engraved with pearls and adorned with stones. The severity of this dress was very significant, and therefore in such ceremonies the sovereign was always supported by the stewards, and sometimes by the close boyars.
Here is how the Italian Barberini (1565) describes such an exit: “After leaving the ambassadors, the emperor was going to mass. Passing the halls and other palace chambers, he stepped down from the courtyard porch, speaking quietly and solemnly, leaning on a rich gilded silver baton. He was followed by more than eight hundred retinue in the richest clothes. He walked in the midst of four young people who were thirty years old, strong and tall: these were the sons of the most noble boyars. Two of them walked in front of him, and two others were behind, but at some distance and at an equal distance from him. All four were dressed alike: on their heads they wore high hats of white velvet with pearls and silver, padded and furred all around with lynx fur. Their clothes were of silvery fabric up to their feet, lined with ermines; on his feet were white boots with horseshoes; each carried a large ax on his shoulder, glittering with silver and gold. "
4.3. Christmas
In the winter, before Christmas, on December 21, there was a big holiday in Moscow in memory of the miracle worker Peter, the first metropolitan, who began to live in Moscow and consecrated its greatness. The holiday was actually the holiday of Petrov's successor. On the 19th, the patriarch appeared at the palace to call the great sovereign and the senior prince for the holiday and to eat, usually all the nobility were invited. On the eve of the Nativity of Christ, four hours before light, the sovereign went to the prison and English courtyards and bestowed alms from his own hands. On the way, the sovereign distributed alms to the wounded soldiers and beggars. More than a thousand rubles were distributed in total. On the very feast of the Nativity of Christ, the Emperor listened to Matins in the Dining Room or the Golden Chamber. At two o'clock in the afternoon, while the gospel for the Liturgy was beginning, he made an exit to the Dining Room, where he awaited the arrival of the Patriarch with the clergy. For this, the dining room dressed up with a large outfit, cloth and carpets. In the front corner was the seat of the sovereign, and next to him was the seat of the patriarch. The patriarch, accompanied by metropolitans, archbishops, bishops, archimandrites and abbots, came to the emperor in the Golden Chamber to glorify Christ and the emperor's health, bringing with him a kissing cross and holy water. The Emperor met this procession in the entryway. After the usual prayers, the singers sang for many years to the sovereign, and the patriarch said congratulations. Then the patriarch went in the same order to glorify Christ to the queen, to her Golden Chamber, and then to all the members of the royal family, if they did not gather with the queen. Having said goodbye to the patriarch, the emperor put on the royal attire in the Golden or in the dining room, in which he marched to the cathedral for mass. After the liturgy, having changed the tsar's attire for an ordinary party dress, the sovereign went to the palace, where then a festive table was prepared in the Dining Room or the Golden Chamber. This was the end of the festive celebration.
On Christmas Day, the king did not sit down at the table without feeding the so-called prison inmates and prisoners. So in 1663, on this holiday, 964 people were fed on a large prison table.
Conclusion:
"The house is not to weave bast shoes."
This folk wisdom concisely expresses the attitude of the Russian person to the House and the economy, its inhabitants in accordance with the centuries-old tradition, which does not fit into the schematic representations of modern systems, ideas or concepts. The house is to be led by the sovereign, that is, simultaneously to the citizen (the original meaning of the word sovereign), and to the owner, and to the lord. Our history provides the most convincing proof of the extraordinary strength and vitality of the immediate folk elements of life and even the very forms in which these elements were expressed. So, for more than three hundred years, since the first transformations of Peter I, we have been under the influence of continuous reforms, we have taken advantage of a lot during these indefatigable transformations, but immeasurably more remains in the same position, and very often our actions reveal in us the people of the XVII centuries. “The power of the people's way of life is the power of nature itself, and in order to successfully guide it, direct the course of its development in one direction or another, in order to successfully serve it, as they usually say, for its happiness and welfare, it is necessary first to know its properties well and in detail , to listen carefully to her demands, to learn the direct sources of her life, always deeply hidden in the petty and diverse living conditions ... ".
At first glance, modern life with its lightning-fast pace, developed communications, numerous media with the Internet and all-inclusive television, and broad participation of the population in the political process bears little resemblance to the leisurely life of our ancestors in the 17th century. However, its foundations (civil service, traditions of family relations, house arrangement, habits, or what is called everyday life) were laid precisely in those distant times. And knowledge of these fundamentals significantly broadens the horizons. modern man... I tried to reveal this idea in my essay.
List of used literature
1. The sovereign's court, or palace. - M .: Kniga, 1990 .-- 312 p.
2. Yov Readings and stories on the history of Russia. - M .: Pravda, 1989 .-- 768 p., Ill.
4. Ishimov of Russia in stories. - SPb .: Research Center "Alpha", 1992. - 432 p., Ill.
5. History of modern Russia. 1682 - 1861: Experimental textbook for universities. / Under the general editorship of V. Shelokhaev. - M .: TERRA, 1996. - P.71-127.
6. History. Directory./. - M .: Filol. Slovo Island, Center for the Humanities at the Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University , 1999 .-- 736 p.
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8. Karamzin centuries - M .: Pravda, 1988. - 768 p.
Zabelin life of Russian tsars in the 17th century. - M .: Kniga, 1990 .-- P. 36.
Story. Directory./. - M .: Filol. Slovo Island, Center for the Humanities at the Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University , 1999. - S. 112.
Zabelin life of Russian tsars in the 17th century. - M .: Kniga, 1990.S. 44.
History of modern Russia. 1682 - 1861: Experimental textbook for universities. / Under the general editorship of V. Shelokhaev. - M .: TERRA, 1996 .-- P.18.
History of modern Russia - M .: TERRA. 1996.S. 236.
Zabelin life of Russian tsars in the 17th century. - M .: Book, 1990. P. 134.
Zabelin yard or palace. - M .: Kniga, 1990. - P.136.
Grebelsky Romanovs. SPb., 1992, - P. 26
Zabelin yard or palace. - M .: Kniga, 1990 .-- P. 138
Zabelin yard or palace. - M .: Kniga, 1990. - P.146
Zabelin yard or palace. - M .: Kniga, 1990 .-- P.238 - 239.
Karamzin of centuries - M .: Pravda, 1988 .-- P. 603.
yov Readings and stories on the history of Russia. - M .: Pravda, 1989 .-- P. 256.
