Research work on literature "Literary work of the writer-fellow countryman G. N

Gribanovsky Municipal District of Voronezh Region

Municipal state educational institution

Alekseevskaya secondary school

District student

research

conference "The first step into science"

"Literary creativity of a fellow countryman

G. N. Troepolsky "

Completed:

6th grade student

Oblyakova Alina,

6th grade student

Danilova Anastasia

Supervisor:

russian language teacher and

literature

Chelyapina N.I.

2015

Content

Introduction …………………………………………………………… .p. 3

Biography of G. N. Troepolsky …………………………………… .p. five

Creative heritage ……………………………………………… .page 7

Conclusion ………………………………………………………… .page 12

Literature ………………………………………………………… page 13

Appendix …………………………………………………………… .page 14

Introduction

The literary heritage of the Voronezh region is rich. This is the homeland of many poets and writers, whose life and work have become an example of faithful service to the Fatherland. Studying their biography, creative path, plunging into the world of remarkable human destinies is a rather interesting and exciting activity.

When studying the literary heritage, working with various reference books and encyclopedias, new biographical facts are unexpectedly revealed to us, sometimes the interweaving of human destinies make us think, discover something new, still unknown to readers and listeners.

In one of the issues of the regional newspaper Znamya Truda, we read an article about our Voronezh writer G. N. Troepolsky. And we wondered if the name of the writer Gavriil Nikolaevich Troepolsky, the creator of the literary Bim, the hero of a beautiful and sad story, was known to students of our school.

The theme of the research work "Literary work of the writer-fellow countryman GN Troepolsky" was chosen because this year he will celebrate 110 years since his birth. We decided to learn as much as possible about his life and work.

In carrying out research work, we set ourselvestarget :
study the work of the writer - fellow countryman G. N. Troepolsky.

Tasks:

Investigate the biography and creative activity of G. N. Troepolsky;

Study information from various sources;

Conduct a sociological survey;

Through research work to acquaint classmates and everyone with the work of G. N. Troepolsky.

Object of study - biography and creativity of G.N.Troepolsky

Subject of study: works of G. N. Troepolsky

Theoretical significance our research is to get acquainted with the works of G. N. Troepolsky.

The practical significance of the study : this material can be used in literature lessons, extracurricular reading, when conducting an extramural excursion to the works of G.N. Troepolsky.

Relevance the theme of the research work is that the collected material allows you to learn more about the writer Troepolsky. Our survey showed that only a few schoolchildren know the name of a fellow countryman.

The work used variousresearch methods: survey and interview, method of studying literature and Internet resources, classification of the collected material in chronological order.

Before starting our research work, we conducted a survey among the students of our school, whether they are familiar with the work of the writer-fellow countryman G.N. Troepolsky, and his results are reflected in the following diagram (Appendix 1).

Biography of G.N. Troepolsky

Gavriil Nikolaevich Troepolsky November 29, 1905 in the village of Novo-Spasskoye on Elan (now Novospasovka (Gribanovsky district of Voronezh region) in the family of a priest.

He graduated from an agricultural school in 1924, worked as a rural teacher, in 1931-1954 as a collective farm agronomist. Respect for peasant labor remained in him throughout his life.

Due to the circumstances of the time, G. Troepolsky had to study in four secondary educational institutions: he began at the Novokhopersk gymnasium (3 grades), continued at the Novogolsk 2nd grade school, and after its closure he finished the last grade in Novokhopersk. Already with secondary education, he entered the secondary agricultural school (the village of Aleshki, Borisoglebsk uezd).

Studying the biography of the writer, we learned that after leaving school, the future writer studied at an agricultural school in the city of Borisoglebsk. Then he worked as a teacher in rural schools. Then he switched to agronomic work. He set up experiments in agricultural technology, was engaged in selection.

Troepolsky taught not far from his native places - in the villages of Pitim and Makhrovka. In the spring of 1931, he got the opportunity to work in agronomy, first as a junior researcher, and then as the head of the Aleshkovsky stronghold of the Voronezh regional experimental station.

Since 1936, G. Troepolsky in Ostrogozhsk has been in charge of the base of the same station, and from 1937 to January 1954 he is the head of the Ostrogozhsky State Variety Testing Section for grain crops; here he also conducted a selection of millet, one of the varieties he developed was zoned in the Central Chernozem zone ("Ostrogozhskoe-9"). G. Troepolsky summarized the observation and selection materials in the Ostrogozhsky variety section in several scientific works.

Almost a quarter of a century was devoted to agronomy, a quarter of a century was lived in the small town of Ostrogozhsk. Only in 1959, already a professional writer, G. Troepolsky moved to Voronezh, here he lived in a house on the street. Tchaikovsky's fruitful years.

Literature implicitly attracted G. Troepolsky from his youth. While still at school, he tried to fit into words the beauty of his native land that had been revealed to him, pictures of village life, and decades later, the novel "Chernozem" also included the lines of a sixteen-year-old boy, written in 1921.

The good memory of the young teacher of the Novogolsk school, Grigory Romanovich Shirma, remained in Troepolskoye for life. He captivated the students with his love for the great Russian literature, devotion to its precepts. Troepolsky himself explained that he became a writer under his influence: “... I would hardly have become a writer if I had not met Grigory Romanovich in my life. He taught us to think over what we read. "

Teacher and student, People's Artist of the USSR, artistic director of the State Academic Capella of the Byelorussian SSR G.R.Schirme and writer Troepolsky, many years later, was destined to have a happy meeting.

During his time as a teacher, Troepolsky continued to write. Once he showed his experiments to the writer N. Nikandrov who happened in Makhrovka. A well-known writer at that time advised not to rush, not to send the manuscript, "but you must write." Apparently, Nikandrov discerned in the young Troepolskoe a man capable of serious, demanding self-esteem, of honest treatment of the word. And I was not mistaken.

The creative heritage of G. N. Troepolsky

In 1938 in the almanac "Literary Voronezh" the story "Grandfather" appeared under the pseudonym T. Lirvag (on the contrary it reads as T. Gavril). This was the first publication of Troepolsky the writer, but Troepolsky will never republish this story. This beginning, executed in the spirit of popular ideas about life and literature, will not have a continuation. The story, suffering from literary borrowing, also gravitated towards edification. “The more I re-read the story then, - GN Troepolsky later recalled, - the less I liked it, and I decided that I could not be a writer”.

Only 15 years later, the author of the not entirely successful story "Grandfather" changed his mind: Troepolsky, captured by several plans at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s, began work on a cycle of stories "From the Notes of an Agronomist". In November 1952 Troepolsky sent one of them (Nikishka Boltushok) to the editorial office of the Novy Mir magazine. This magazine became the discoverer of Troepolsky the artist. “Troepolsky was a very serious agronomist, he knew very well the experimental work for which pre-revolutionary Russia was so glorious and even famous, the practice of collective-farm and state farm construction led him into bewilderment, which he tried with his inherent humor and irony to express in fiction literature. Tvardovsky understood him very much - after all, he was also a peasant's son, one might say, a farmer ”. Almost all of Troepolsky's works of the 1950s and 1960s (novels, stories, essays, articles) first saw the light of day on the pages of Novy Mir. All his life Troepolsky was grateful to A.T. Tvardovsky for active participation in his creative destiny. Interested in the stories, the editor-in-chief of the magazine A.T. Tvardovsky sensed a real talent in the aspiring writer; he often went to visit Tvardovsky, discussed his new ideas with him, and received additional creative energy from him. After the poet's death, Troepolsky often visited his family.

Troepolsky became a "novice" writer, in fact, at the age of 47. Troepolsky brought his theme to literature: "... pain for the land, for the fate of its sowers and keepers, for the expanse of the steppe and the high sky, for the blue veins of rivers and rustling reeds ..."

The cycle "From the Notes of an Agronomist" ("Notes of an Agronomist") consists of 7 stories: "Nikishka Chatter", "Grishka Kvat", "Ignat with a balalaika" (Novy Mir. 1953. No. 3), "Prokhor the Seventeenth, King of Tinsmiths", "Trailer Terenty Petrovich", "Tugodum" (Novy Mir. 1953. No. 8; newspaper publication of the story "Tugodum": Young Communist. Voronezh. 1953. July 12) and "One Day" (Novy Mir. 1954. No. 1). Subsequently, all these stories ("Notes of an agronomist") were published as a separate book, already entitled "Prokhor the seventeenth and others" (1954). Troepolsky depicts collective farm life without any embellishment - with its real difficulties and contradictions. All the characters in the cycle, both positive and negative, are written out by Troepolsky brightly, convexly and psychologically convincingly.

In the mid-1950s Troepolsky based on the "Notes of an Agronomist" created the screenplay "Earth and People" (Literary Voronezh. 1955. Book 36; the film was shot by director S.I. Rostotsky at the M.Gorky film studio in 1955).

In 1954 Troepolsky became a member of the USSR JV, moved to Voronezh, where he lived until the end of his days. All-Union fame came to the 50-year-old prose writer, the author of only a few medium-sized works.

The stories “Agronomists”, “Neighbors”, “At the Steep Yar” (all - 1954) and “Mitrich” (1955) that followed the cycle “From the Notes of an Agronomist”, similar in material and problematics, revealed new facets of Troepolsky's outstanding talent and testified to the growth of artistic skill of the writer. And such characters of working people as Mitrich from the story of the same name and Senya Troshin ("At the Steep Yar") became Troepolsky's true discovery. The ambiguity, psychological layering of these images gave rise to controversy among critics.

From the second half of the 1950s, Troepolsky worked on the novel "Chernozem" (book 1 - 1958; book 2 - 1961), in which the life of a central black earth village from 1921 to 1930 was recreated in relief. Troepolsky managed to bring in a lot of new in comprehending the era of collectivization. The story is centered on the Zemlyakov family. Without closing his eyes to mistakes, "excesses" in the process of collectivization, Troepolsky painted a general dramatic picture of peasant life.

G.N. Troepolsky knew how to realistically show life in his works, admiring a man-creator, a man-worker, fighting cruelty and egoism.

Troepolsky's story "In the Reeds" (1963), which has the subtitle "From the Hunter's Notebooks", is solved in a different way: it is dominated by the lyrical beginning and the beauty of the native nature is glorified.

In the mid-1960s, the publicistic words of Troepolsky sounded throughout the country: "On rivers, soils and other things" (Novy Mir. 1965. No. 1), "How much water does a person need?" (Truth. 1966. 4 Sept.) And "On drainage and" drainage "" (Ibid. 1966. 5 Sept.). These "ecological" articles of the prose writer caused a great public outcry and significantly complicated the life of Troepolsky himself, who dared to declare war on officials and destroyers of nature. Essays and travel notes by Troepolsky in the late 1950s - early 1960s, in which various problems of agriculture were discussed and which were a kind of "companions" of his cycle of stories "From the Notes of an Agronomist". "Duma on the Land" (1956), "In the Deep Area" (1958), "Conscience of a Plowman" (1959), "The Road Goes Up the Hill" (1961), "This Is Required by Life" (1963), also attracted attention readers. The documentary essay by Troepolsky "The Legendary True Story" (1957), which dealt with the events of the Civil War, was widely known: in it the writer sang the glory of the brave - the dead and alive. Repeatedly in the 1960s, Troepolsky played the role of a feuilletonist: "The Pink Conscience", "The Thorny Road, or A Brief Review of the Ways of the Origin of Talent" (1963), "Linden on a Silent Pine" (1964), etc. Troepolsky was very much connected with Voronezh , and he could not help writing about his hometown.

Gavriil Nikolaevich has written many interesting books. But his best, most important book will, of course, remain the story of a dog, which became known to the whole world - "White Bim Black Ear", published in 1971.

This work can be called a tragic novel about a dog's life, full of discoveries and adventures, joys and troubles.

The story "White Bim Black Ear" brought the author in 1975 the title of laureate of the USSR State Prize. The writer was awarded the Italian prize in the field of children's and youth literature - "Bankarellino". The book by G.N. Troepolsky was published in Mongolia and Poland, in Bulgaria and China. It is read in Bengali, English, French, Japanese, Hungarian and many other languages. In American colleges, G. N. Troepolsky's story about the faithful Bim is included in the compulsory literature program.

A piercing and touching story about a dog named Bim - a devoted and faithful friend of its owner - made more than one generation of children and adults cry, who read the story of the remarkable Russian writer G. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear". The successful film adaptation made this work of the author even more popular.

This book is not only about a dog, but also about people - good and bad, about the attitude towards animals, which shines through souls like an X-ray, revealing baseness and petty meanness in some, and nobility, the ability to sympathize and love in others.

The remarkable film was directed by S. Rostotsky based on the novel by G. N. Troepolsky, which premiered in 1975 - “the most humane film about human cruelty” as the critics called it. The film won the Crystal Globe Award and was nominated for an Oscar. When asked what made him turn to the screen embodiment of the heroes of the story's plot, the director answered: “Of course, the desire to convey all the charm, all the charm of this book. But the main thing is to use the screen to talk again with people about those most important universal human problems to which the work is dedicated. "

In the Voronezh Puppet Theater "Jester" in 2000. the premiere of the performance-memory "White Bim" took place. Tomsk director R. Vinderman spoke about his work: “We staged our performance with pain and anxiety for the human soul - for an adult, for a child. Our dog is, in essence, the same person who is simply called Bim ... "
So White Bim Black Ear is running around the world - through the pages of books, across screens and scenes from different countries, has been running towards people for thirty years. And, brushing away tears from our eyes, we, having touched the narrated by G.N. Troepolsky stories, we are becoming at least a little kinder, nobler, more humane.

After the death of the writer in Voronezh, where he lived for many years, a monument to Bim was erected near the puppet theater (the authors of the monument are Elsa Pak and Ivan Dikunov, laureates of the State Prize of Russia) (Appendix No. 2).

The writer lived a long life, remaining a man of active kindness, not indifferent, courageous and honest. The residents of Voronezh have always been proud of their fellow countrymen, therefore G. N. Troepolsky became one of the first Honorary Citizens of Voronezh.

After "White Bim ...", unconditionally ranked among the Russian literary classics, the writer has not published a single significant work of art. This "silence", explained not only by old age and Troyepolsky's deteriorating health, lasted for almost a quarter of a century. However, it is known that he continued to write in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. The incredible success of "White Bim ..." made its author even more self-critical and silenced him for many years. The author wanted to stay at the level of his most famous book by all means: “For many, the ideas of this book have become a vital staff. But for Troepolsky himself, the story was also a measure of artistic truth, a criterion of skill. Perhaps that is why he did not dare to publish his new novel, fearing, perhaps, to drown out the powerful echo caused by "White Beam ...".

Troepolsky is the author of a number of critical articles; his speeches were distinguished by the depth of literary thought. But this part of the writer's legacy has not been collected, and Troepolsky's letters have not been made public (the Sovremennik publishing house never published the 4th (last) volume of Troepolsky's SS, where it was planned to include critical works, journalistic articles, essays, feuilletons of the writer).
The writer died in July 1995. His books, grateful readers, students remained ... His faith in the victory of wisdom, kindness and humanity remained.
A memorial plaque was erected at house No. 8 on Chaikovskogo Street, where the writer lived (Appendix No. 3, 4). In 2005, the name of Troepolsky was given to the Voronezh Children's Library (Appendix # 5).

One of the streets of Voronezh (in the Podgornoye settlement) is named after the writer.

The writer's books have been translated into 52 languages. In 1994 his works were published in the USA in the "Classics" series.

Conclusion

It is very important to study the literature of your native land in order to have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe peculiarities of your homeland, to be proud of your land. The literature of the native land is part of the national literature.

3. Big Encyclopedia of the Russian People - http://www.rusinst.ru

Appendix 1

1. Do you know the writer G. N. Troepolsky?

1 sq. - “yes” answered (20 people) - 40%

Q2 - "no" answered (30 people) - 60%

2. What works of G. N. Troepolsky have you read?

3 sq. - "White Bim Black Ear" answered (14 people) - 28%

4 sq. - “I didn't read anything” answered (36 people) - 72%

Appendix 2

Monument to the dog White Bim Black Ear, installed on the square in Voronezh, in front of the Voronezh Puppet Theater "Jester".

Appendix 3

Memorial plaque on the street. Tchaikovsky, no. 8

Appendix 4

d. no. 8 on the street Tchaikovsky

Appendix 5

Voronezh Children's Library.

Know, artist, that simplicity and unity are needed in everything.
Horace (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC), ancient Roman poet

Art is about not being visible in a work of art.
Ovid (March 20, 43 BC - AD 17), ancient Roman poet

Words that are born in the heart reach the heart, and those that are born in the tongue do not go beyond the ears.
Ibrahim Al Husri (c. 990 - 1022), Arab poet and philologist

The whole world is a theater, in it women, men - all actors.
William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 - 23 April 1616), English poet and playwright

The surest guarantee of mastery is Not to recognize your own perfection.
William Shakespeare

The poet's gaze is in sublime madness. Wanders between heaven and earth. When the imagination creates the forms of the Unknown Vezha, the poet's pen, embodying Them, gives the airy "nothing" both an abode and a name.
William Shakespeare

Everything that is insensitive, harsh, stormy - Always, at least for a moment, the music softens ...
William Shakespeare

Who thinks clearly, clearly states.
Nicola Boileau (November 1, 1636 - March 13, 1711), French poet and critic

Do not look for "traces of the ancients", look for what they were looking for.
Matsuo Basho (1644 - 12 October 1694), Japanese poet

The masters of the past worked so diligently on haikai poetry that they managed to compose only two or three haiku in their entire life. It's easy for a beginner to copy nature - that's what they warn us against.
Matsuo Basho

I take a brush, trying to capture my feelings on paper, but my abilities are so insignificant! I want to find the words, but my heart contracts and, leaning on the armrest, I just look and look at the night sky. And thoughts spread out in the vast expanses of the Universe ... And I hear the reflections of the Light ... from billions of stars, from billions of distances ... for billions of years ... Oh, the immense world of the Universe ...
Matsuo Basho

The one who turns feelings into words and imbued with love for existence becomes the luminary of poetry.
Matsuo Basho

There is no item unsuitable for hockey.
Matsuo Basho

Haiku cannot be made up of different pieces - they must be forged like gold.
Matsuo Basho

They write vaguely about what they vaguely imagine.
Mikhail Lomonosov (November 19, 1711 - April 15, 1765), Russian scientist and poet

In a sense, the shortcomings of any work can be reduced to one thing - it is too long.
Luc de Clapier Vauvenargue (6 August 1715 - 28 May 1747), writer and philosopher

Ingenuity is precisely the ability to compare things and recognize their relationship.
Luc de Clapier Vovenargue

There are no patrons more reliable than our own abilities.
Luc de Clapier Vovenargue

Inspiration comes from a touch of chance to the poet's passion.
Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin (July 14, 1743 - July 20, 1816), Russian poet

Beauty does not need additional decorations - most of all, it is painted by the absence of decorations
Johann Gottfried Herder (25 August 1744 - 18 December 1803), German writer and cultural historian


Johann Wolfgang Goethe (28 August 1749 - 22 March 1832), German poet


Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Johann Wolfgang Goethe

In the depths of a person there is a creative force that is capable of creating what should be, which will not give us peace and rest until we express it outside of us in one way or another.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe

No one knows what his powers are until they use them.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Nature is always right. Errors and misconceptions come from people
Johann Wolfgang Goethe

What's the inspiration long to wait? The poet is the master of inspiration. He must command them.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Every artist has a sprout of daring, without which no talent is inconceivable.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe

In any work of art, great or small, everything to the last detail depends on the intention.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Art is the mediator of what cannot be expressed.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Anyone who wants to reproach an author for incomprehensibility must first look inside himself, whether there is enough light inside him. At dusk, the clearest handwriting becomes unreadable.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Art is a mirror where everyone sees themselves.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Every artist possesses courage, without which talent is inconceivable.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Technique combined with vulgarity is art's worst enemy.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Beauty cannot be known, it must be felt or created
Johann Wolfgang Goethe

When, admiring a painting, we forget about the artist, this is the most sophisticated praise for him.
Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller (November 10, 1759 - May 9, 1805), German poet and philosopher

Inspiration alone is not enough for a poet - inspiration of a developed mind is required.
Friedrich Schiller

To become a person is an art.
Novalis (May 2, 1772 - March 25, 1801), German writer and poet

Genius is, as it were, the soul of the soul; it is the relationship between soul and spirit. It is appropriate to call the substrate or scheme of genius an idol; the idol is the likeness of man.
Novalis

To play is to experiment with chance.
Novalis

Theories are nets: only the one who throws them catches.
Novalis

Such are the poets, these rare migratory birds among us; they sometimes pass through our villages and everywhere renew the old great cult of mankind and its first gods, stars, spring, love, happiness, fertility, health and joy.
Novalis

Poetry, on the other hand, does not create anything outwardly tactile. Moreover, she does not produce anything with her hands or external tools. Sight and hearing do not perceive poetry, because hearing words does not mean yet experiencing the spell of this mysterious art. It is all concentrated within.
Novalis

I want to say that in any work of poetry, chaos should show through through an even haze of coherence. The richness of creative invention becomes understandable and attractive only when it is lightly presented, while uniformity alone has an unpleasant dryness of arithmetic. Good poetry is the one that is close to us, and often its favorite content becomes something very ordinary.
Novalis

No great poet can be a great philosopher at the same time.
Samuel Coleridge (21 October 1772 - 25 July 1834), English poet

In all forms of art it is necessary to experience the feelings that you want to evoke in others.
Frederic de Stendhal (23 January 1783 - 23 March 1842), French writer

I have never separated the artist from the thinker, just as I cannot separate the artistic form from artistic thought.
Frederic de Stendhal

Striving for the new is the first need of human imagination.
Frederic Stendhal

The third faculty of the soul, after mind and will, is creativity.
Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky (February 9, 1783 - April 24, 1852), Russian poet

To write a good book, you just need to take a pen, dip it in ink and put your soul on paper.
Karl Ludwig Berne (6 May 1786 - 12 February 1837), German writer

To become a poet, you have to be in love or unhappy
Byron (22 January 1788 - 19 April 1824), English poet

Poetry is a monument that captures the best and happiest achievements of the best and happiest minds.
Percy Bysshe Shelley (4 August 1792 - 8 July 1822), English poet

Poets are the unrecognized legislators of the world.
Percy Bysshe Shelley

The greatness of the world is always in accordance with the greatness of the spirit looking at it. The good man finds his paradise here on earth, the evil one already has his hell here.
Heinrich Heine (13 December 1797 - 17 February 1856), German poet

There are joys in every type of creativity: the whole point is to be able to take your good where you find it.
Honoré de Balzac (20 May 1799 - 18 August 1850), French writer

There are joys in every kind of creativity: the whole point is to be able to take your good where you find it.
Honore de Balzac

The task of art is not to copy nature, but to express it. We must grasp the mind, meaning, appearance of things and beings.
Honore de Balzac

Great talents are alien to pettiness.
Honore de Balzac

The ministry of the muses does not tolerate fuss.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (June 6, 1799 - February 10, 1837), Russian poet and prose writer

Inspiration is not for sale, but the manuscript can be sold
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

As for the syllable, the simpler it is, the better ... The main thing is truth, sincerity.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

To give up risk is to give up creativity.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Inspiration is the disposition of the soul to a lively acceptance of impressions, therefore, to a quick understanding of concepts, which helps to explain them.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Inspiration is needed in poetry as well as in geometry. The critic mixes inspiration with delight. Not; absolutely not: delight excludes calmness, a necessary condition for beauty. Delight does not presuppose the power of the mind, positioning the parts in their relation to the whole. Delight is short-lived, unstable, and therefore not in power to produce true great perfection ...
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Inspiration is the ability to get yourself up and running.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

To express all of yourself in your creation - is there a greater triumph for the creator?
Victor Hugo (26 February 1802 - 22 May 1885), French writer

The property of truth is never to exaggerate; There is no need for tongues of flame where just a ray is enough.
Victor Hugo

Music is the universal language of the world.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 - March 24, 1882), American poet

Once you understand the character of the writer himself, understanding his creations will not be difficult for you.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

There is hardly a higher of pleasure than the pleasure of creating.
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (April 1, 1809 - March 4, 1852), Russian and Ukrainian writer

In the hands of talent, everything can serve as an instrument for beauty.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol

The ability to create is a great gift of nature; the act of creativity in the creative soul is a great sacrament; a minute of creativity is a minute of great sacred action.
Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky (June 11, 1811 - June 7, 1848), Russian thinker writer

Inspiration is not exclusive to the artist; without it, the scientist will not go far, without him even the craftsman will do a little, because it is everywhere, in everything, in all work.
Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky

You cannot learn the techniques of creativity. Does every creator have his own tricks? One can only imitate the highest methods, but this does not lead to anything, and one cannot penetrate into the work of the creative spirit.
Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov (June 18, 1812 - September 27, 1891), Russian writer

Time can do nothing to great thoughts, which are just as fresh now as when the first time, many centuries ago, were born in the minds of their authors.
Samuel Smiles (23 December 1812 - 16 April 1904), Scottish writer

The life of nature is continuous creativity, and although everything that is born in it dies, nothing dies in it, is not destroyed, for death is birth.
Nikolai Stankevich (October 9, 1813 - July 27, 1840), Russian writer and poet

Music is intelligence embodied in beautiful sounds.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev (November 9, 1818 - September 3, 1883), Russian writer

When love and skill are combined, a masterpiece can be expected.
John Ruskin (8 February 1819 - 20 January 1900), English writer and painter

Life without labor is shameful; labor without creativity is not worthy of man.
John Ruskin

Only a bee recognizes a hidden sweetness in a flower,
Only the artist senses a beautiful trace on everything.
Afanasy Afanasievich Fet (December 5, 1820 - December 3, 1892), Russian poet

Creativity ... is an integral, organic property of human nature ... It is a necessary attribute of the human spirit. It is as legitimate in a person, perhaps, like two hands, like two legs, like a stomach. It is inseparable from man and constitutes a whole with him.
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (November 11, 1821 - February 9, 1881), Russian writer and thinker

The need for beauty and creativity, embodying it, is inseparable from man, and without it man, perhaps, would not want to live in the world.
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

Art is such a need for a person as to eat and drink. The need for beauty and creativity, embodying it, is inseparable from man, and without it man, perhaps, would not want to live in the world.
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

... The greatest skill of a writer is to be able to cross out. Whoever knows how and who is able to cross out his own will go far. All great writers have written extremely succinctly. And the main thing is not to repeat what has already been said or already understood by everyone.
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

What is talent? There is talent ... the ability to say or express well where mediocrity says and expresses badly.
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

If you start thinking about how to benefit from your writing, you are lost. You need to think only about art as such and about improving your own skill. Everything else is secondary.
Gustave Flaubert (12 December 1821 - 8 May 1880), French writer

You cannot live by inspiration alone. Pegasus walks more often than gallops. The whole talent is to make him walk with the gait you need.
Gustave Flaubert

The main virtue of a writer is knowing what to write about.
Gustave Flaubert

Every soul is measured by the enormity of its striving ...
Gustave Flaubert

Inspiration is caused by the view of the sea, the love of a woman.
Gustave Flaubert

Poetry is a special way of perceiving the external world, a special organ that sifts matter and, without changing, transforms it.
Gustave Flaubert

The artist must be present in his work, as God is in the universe: to be omnipresent and invisible.
Gustave Flaubert

It is still widely believed that a writer and a poet can only work in moments of inspiration. Is this why writers have been waiting for this inspiration for years and are not looking for anything? I am convinced of only one thing: inspiration comes during labor.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Ostrovsky (April 12, 1823 - June 14, 1886), Russian playwright

Art requires either solitude, or need, or passion.
Alexandre Dumas-son (July 27, 1824 - November 27, 1895), French playwright and prose writer

To have all the grounds for creativity, you need your life itself to be meaningful.
Henrik Ibsen (20 March 1828 - 23 May 1906), Norwegian playwright

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (September 9, 1828 - November 20, 1910), Russian writer and thinker

Life is creativity in progress. The difference is that it was created there, but it is created here. The weapon is love. His point is the mind
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

All art has two deviations from the path: vulgarity and artificiality.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

Great objects of art are great only because they are accessible and understandable to everyone.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

A lot is needed for art, but the main thing is fire!
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

The main property in any art is a sense of proportion.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

Truth is more extraordinary than fiction: fiction must adhere to plausibility, but truth does not need it.
Mark Twain (November 30, 1835 - April 21, 1910), American writer

Any human creation, be it literature, music or painting, is always a self-portrait.
Samuel Butler (4 December 1835 - 18 June 1902), English writer and painter

Art has two most dangerous enemies: an artisan who is not illuminated by talent and a talent who does not own a craft.
Anatole de France (April 16, 1844 - October 12, 1924), French writer

A beautiful imagination is as necessary for the historian as for the poet, for without imagination you cannot see anything, you cannot understand anything.
Anatole France

A sense of proportion in art is everything.
Anatole France

Creation conceals in itself all the germs: thought and life develop in it, like flowers and fruits on trees.
Guy de Maupassant (5 August 1850 - 6 June 1893), French writer

Criticism requires much more culture than creativity.
Oscar Wilde (16 October 1854 - 30 November 1900), British writer and poet

Those who are able to see its lofty meaning in beauty are cultured people. They are not hopeless. But the chosen one is the one who sees only one thing in beauty: Beauty.
Oscar Wilde

In all art there is something that lies on the surface and a symbol. Those who try to penetrate deeper than the surface are taking risks. And whoever reveals the symbol takes a risk.
Oscar Wilde

In essence, Art is a mirror reflecting the one who looks into it, and not life at all.
Oscar Wilde

The real secret of happiness is the search for beauty.
Oscar Wilde

As one witty Frenchman said, women inspire us to great things, but they always prevent us from doing them.
Oscar Wilde

The blessing that art gives us is not in what we learn, but in what we, thanks to it, become.
Oscar Wilde

Women inspire us to create masterpieces, but prevent our inspiration from being realized.
Oscar Wilde

The author can be forgiven for everything except admiration for his own creation. If the author admires his work, then it is poor.
Oscar Wilde

Imagination imitates. It is the critical spirit that creates.
Oscar Wilde

I never need to think in what form to express this or that thought, words themselves come to me along with the thought; but I very often have to think carefully about a thought in order to express it more accurately; and as soon as I form a definite opinion, everything immediately turns out to be said by itself ... And when I try to play with words like bells, they stop coming.
George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 - 2 November 1950), British writer

My only policy is to forgive evil and do good. The most tragic thing in the world is a genius without honor
George Bernard Shaw

The Lord is always in creation.
George Bernard Shaw

Where there is no will, there is no way.
George Bernard Shaw

If you have an apple and I have an apple, and if we exchange these apples, then you and I have one apple each. And if you have an idea and I have an idea and we exchange ideas, then each of us will have two ideas.
George Bernard Shaw

Life is not a melting candle for me. It's like a wonderful torch that fell into my hands for a moment, and I want to make it glow as brightly as possible before passing it on to future generations.
George Bernard Shaw

Imagination is the beginning of creation. You imagine what you want; you desire what you imagine; and finally, you create what you desire.
George Bernard Shaw

You can never write a good book without first writing a few bad ones.
George Bernard Shaw

An intelligent person adapts to the world; the unreasonable tries to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, progress always depends on the unreasonable.
George Bernard Shaw

My fame grew with every failure.
George Bernard Shaw
Many great truths were at first blasphemy.
George Bernard Shaw

Development is a subconscious process that immediately stops when people start thinking about it.
George Bernard Shaw

Life is not about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself.
George Bernard Shaw

People who succeed in this world are not lazy and look for the circumstances they need, and if they do not find them, they create them.
George Bernard Shaw

You see things and you ask, "Why?" And I dream about things that never happened, and I say: "Why not?"
George Bernard Shaw

The last thing I care about is whether they print me or not. Only the creative process matters. Everything else is just literature.
Arthur Rimbaud (20 October 1854 - 10 November 1891), French poet

The author writes only half of the book: the other half is written by the reader.
Joseph Conrad (3 December 1857 - 3 August 1924), English writer

I don't read reviews of my books - I measure their length.
Joseph Conrad

The human soul is capable of anything, because it contains everything - all the past and all the future.
Joseph Conrad

Whoever has experienced the delight of creativity, for that already all other delights do not exist.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (January 29, 1860 - July 15, 1904), Russian writer

A true writer is like an ancient prophet: he sees more clearly than ordinary people.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

In a good story, like on a warship, there should be nothing superfluous.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

The art of writing is the art of shortening.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

Brevity is the soul of wit.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

Always being dissatisfied is the essence of creativity.
Jules Renard (22 February 1864 - 22 May 1910), French writer

Truth is not always art, and art is not always true, but truth and art have points of contact.
Jules Renard

Words are the most powerful drug invented by humanity.
Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 - 18 January 1936), English writer and poet

Joy, frenzy of joy - the sun illuminating everything that is and everything that will be - the divine joy of creativity!
Romain Rolland (29 January 1866 - 30 December 1944), French writer

Only the one who creates lives. The rest are shadows, wandering on earth, alien to life. All the joys of life are the joys of creativity: love, genius, action - these are discharges of power born in the flame of a single fire.
Romain Rolland

To create - whether new flesh or spiritual values \u200b\u200b- means to break free from the captivity of your body, it means to rush into the hurricane of life, it means to be the One Who Is. To create is to kill death.
Romain Rolland

In love, as in art, one does not need to say what has been said by others; you need to say what you feel; and the one who is in a hurry to speak when he has nothing to say yet runs the risk of never saying anything.
Romain Rolland

The first law of art: if you have nothing to say, be silent. If you have something to say, say it and don't lie.
Romain Rolland

To create is nothing but to believe.
Romain Rolland

There is only one happiness: to create.
Romain Rolland

Creativity is the beginning that gives a person immortality.
Romain Rolland

The fruits of true science and true art are the fruits of sacrifice, not material benefits
Romain Rolland

Life is not a burden, but wings of creativity and joy; and if anyone makes it a burden, it is his own fault.
Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev (January 16, 1867 - June 4, 1945), Russian writer.

A person can have many different moods, but he has one soul, and he subtly puts this soul of his into all his work.
John Galsworthy (14 August 1867 - 31 January 1933), English writer

Don't lose your sense of humor. Humor is to a person what scent is to a rose.
John Galsworthy

No one can make a writer feel and see life this way and not otherwise. After he learns to read and write, the only thing he can learn from others is how not to write. The real mentor of a writer is life itself.
John Galsworthy

I see, I hear, I'm happy. Everything is in me.
Ivan Bunin (October 22, 1870 - November 8, 1953), Russian writer

What a joy to exist! Only to see, at least to see only this smoke and this light. If I didn’t have arms and legs and I could only sit on a bench and look at the setting sun, then I would be happy with that. One need only - to see and breathe. Nothing gives such pleasure as paint ...
Ivan Bunin

The one who never takes risks is at risk most.
Ivan Bunin

From us, as from a tree, there is both a club and an icon, depending on the circumstances, on who works this tree: Sergius of Radonezh or Emelka Pugachev.
Ivan Bunin

Three things make a person happy: love, interesting work and the opportunity to travel ...
Ivan Bunin

Only man marvels at his own existence, thinks about it. This is his main difference from other creatures who are still in paradise, not thinking about themselves. But people also differ from each other - in the degree, in the measure of this surprise.
Ivan Bunin

Not words need to be translated, but strength and spirit.
Ivan Bunin

Man was born for great joy, for incessant creativity, in which he is God, for a wide, free, unrestrained love for everything: for a tree, for the sky, for a person ...
Alexander Kuprin (September 7, 1870 - August 25, 1938), Russian writer

Art is honey stored by human souls and collected on the wings of hardship and labor.
Theodore Dreiser (August 27, 1871 - December 28, 1945), American writer

Painting allows you to see things as they were once, when they were looked at with love.
Paul Valery (30 October 1871 - 20 July 1945), French poet and essayist

Inspiration is a hypothesis that assigns the author the role of an observer.
Paul Valerie

The painter must depict not what he sees, but what will be seen.
Paul Valerie

You need to be as light as a bird, not like a feather.
Paul Valerie

A person is more complex, infinitely more complex than his thought.
Paul Valerie

Even the most familiar object to the eye changes completely when we try to draw it: we notice that we did not know it, that we have never actually seen it.
Paul Valerie

Creativity is passion dying in form.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin (February 4, 1873 - January 16, 1954) - Russian writer

The first stage of all creativity is self-forgetfulness.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin

The fight against evil is possible only through the creativity of life. Evil in creativity is used as self-inducement to the highest tension of creative forces.
Mikhail Prishvin

The ability for artistic creation is an inborn gift, like a beauty of a face or a strong voice; this ability can and must be developed, but no effort, no teaching can acquire it. Poets are born.
Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov (December 13, 1873 - October 9, 1924), Russian poet

Creativity is a special kind of activity, it brings satisfaction in itself.
Somerset Maugham (25 January 1874 - 16 December 1965), English writer

The world consists of me, my thoughts, my feelings; everything else is a mirage, pure imagination. Life is a dream, where I myself create images that pass in front of me.
Somerset Maugham

Good style shouldn't keep a trace of effort. It should feel like a fluke.
Somerset Maugham

Dreams are not a departure from reality, but a means of getting closer to it.
Somerset Maugham

Great truths are too important to be new.
Somerset Maugham

Life is ten percent of what you do in it, and ninety percent of how you accept it.
Somerset Maugham

Writing simply and clearly is as difficult as being sincere and kind.
Somerset Maugham

The whole difference between creation and creation boils down to the following: creation can be loved only by the already created, and the creation is loved by the uncreated.
Gilbert Keith Chesterton (29 May 1874 - 16 June 1936), English writer and Christian thinker

Art is in limitation; one of the most beautiful parts of a painting is the frame.
Gilbert Keith Chesterton

Loneliness breeds original, bold, frighteningly beautiful - poetry.
Thomas Mann (June 6, 1875 - August 12, 1955), German writer

The poet gives birth not to the gift of creative invention, but to the gift of spiritualization.
Thomas Mann

Loneliness breeds original, bold, frighteningly beautiful - poetry.
Thomas Mann

The creations of spirit, culture, art, are the complete opposite, they are every time the essence of liberation from the slavery of time, a man's leap from the dirt of his instincts, from his inertia into another plane, into the timeless, time-resolved, divine, completely ahistorical and hostile to history. being.
Hermann Hesse (2 July 1877 - 9 August 1962), German-Swiss writer and poet

Therefore, one can speak about music only with a person who has comprehended the meaning of the universe.
Hermann Hesse

One must pay attention to everything, for everything can be interpreted.
Hermann Hesse

Writing bad poetry makes a person much happier than reading the most beautiful poems.
Hermann Hesse

The bird gets out of the egg. The egg is the world. Whoever wants to be born must destroy the world.
Hermann Hesse

A decent artist in life should be unhappy. When he is hungry and he unties his knapsack, there are always some pearls!
Hermann Hesse

What is a poet? A person who writes in poetry? Of course not. He is called a poet not because he writes in poetry; but he writes in poetry, that is, he brings words and sounds into harmony, because he is a son of harmony, a poet.
Alexander Alexandrovich Blok (November 28, 1880 - August 7, 1921), Russian poet

The direct duty of the artist is to show, not to prove.
Alexander Alexandrovich Blok

To be great is to give direction.
Stefan Zweig (November 28, 1881 - February 22, 1942) - Austrian writer

Only he enriches humanity, who helps him to know himself, who deepens his creative consciousness.
Stefan Zweig

Genius doesn't make mistakes. His mistakes are deliberate.
James Joyce (February 2, 1882 - January 13, 1941), Irish writer and poet

A genius doesn't make mistakes. His wanderings ... are the gates of opening.
James Joyce

I know this piece is no more than a game that I played with my own rules.
James Joyce

Three conditions are required for beauty: integrity, harmony, radiance.
James Joyce

Thought is thought about thought. Serene clarity. The soul is, in some way, everything that exists: the soul is the form of forms.
James Joyce

For a person who has this curiosity, genius, only his own image serves as a measure of all experience, spiritual and practical.
James Joyce

Close your eyes and watch.
James Joyce

The personality of the artist is first a cry, a rhythmic exclamation or tonality, then a flowing, flickering narration; in the end, the artist refines himself to nothingness, in other words, depersonalizes himself.
James Joyce

Art is always a matter of the whole person. Therefore, it is basically tragic.
Franz Kafka (July 3, 1883 - June 3, 1924), Austrian writer

Whoever retains the ability to see beauty does not age
Franz Kafka

Creativity for an artist is suffering, through which he frees himself for new suffering. He is not a giant, but only a motley bird, locked in a cage of his own existence.
Franz Kafka

Art is a reality ordered by the artist, bearing the stamp of his temperament, which manifests itself in style.
André Maurois (26 July 1885 - 9 October 1967), French writer

The more you reason, the less you create.
Raymond Chandler (July 23, 1888 - March 26, 1959) - American writer and critic

Poetry is an escape from emotions, not an expression of personality, but an escape from personality.
Thomas Stearns Eliot (September 26, 1888 - January 4, 1965), American-English poet and playwright

The author working on his manuscript is primarily a critic, for sifting, combining, constructing, deleting, correcting, testing - all this hard labor is more the lot of the critic than of the artist.
Thomas Stearns Eliot

I like to talk - it helps to think.
Thomas Stearns Eliot

Poetry is the transformation of blood into ink.
Thomas Stearns Eliot

True poetry is perceived before it is understood.
Thomas Stearns Eliot

The creation of a work of art is the interpenetration of the personality of the author and the personality of his hero.
Thomas Stearns Eliot

If you knew from what rubbish, Poems grow, not knowing shame ...
Anna Akhmatova (June 23, 1889 - March 5, 1966), Russian poet and writer

Art is always, without ceasing, occupied with two things. It contemplates death relentlessly and constantly creates life.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (February 10, 1890 - May 30, 1960), Russian writer and poet

The purpose of creativity is self-giving,
Not hype, not success.
Shameful, meaning nothing
Be a parable on everyone's lips.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak

There are people with talent. But now various circles and associations are very popular. Any herd is a refuge for non-giftedness, whether it is loyalty to Solovyov, or Kant, or Marx. Only lonely seek the truth and break with all who do not love it enough.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak

The presence of art in the pages of Crime and Punishment shocks more than Raskolnikov's crime.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak

Salvation is not in fidelity to forms, but in liberation from them.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak

Intuition is a whole, embracing knowledge at once.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak

A fact is meaningless if there is no meaning in it.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak

The lie reveals to the listener no less than the truth. And sometimes even more!
Agatha Christie (15 September 1890 - 12 January 1976), English writer

There is no activity that is more conducive to the development of creative thought than washing dishes.
Agatha Christie

Women unconsciously notice thousands of small details, unconsciously match them - and they call it intuition.
Agatha Christie

High art not only reflects life, it, participating in life, changes it.
Ilya Grigorievich Ehrenburg (January 27, 1891 - August 31, 1967), Russian Soviet writer and poet

Bad paintings are mostly bad not because they are poorly written, but poorly written because they are poorly conceived.
Johannes Robert Becher (22 May 1891 - 11 October 1958), German poet, Minister of Culture of the GDR

Creativity is always a risk
Akutagawa Ryunosuke (March 1, 1892 - July 24, 1927), Japanese writer

The impulse to create can just as easily fade as it arose if left without food.
(May 31, 1892 - July 14, 1968), Russian Soviet writer

Consciousness remains unchanged in its essence, but during the work it causes vortices, streams, cascades of new thoughts and images, sensations and words. Therefore, sometimes a person himself is surprised at what he wrote.

The creative process in its very course acquires new qualities, becomes more complicated and richer.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky

The artist's job is to give birth to joy.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky

The feeling of life as continuous novelty is the fertile soil on which art flourishes and ripens.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky

Each person, at least several times in his life, has experienced a state of inspiration - spiritual uplift, freshness, lively perception of reality, fullness of thought and consciousness of his creative power.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky

Inspiration is like first love, when the heart beats loudly in anticipation of amazing meetings, unimaginably beautiful eyes, smiles and omissions.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky

Inspiration is the strict working state of a person.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky

Inspiration enters us like a shining summer morning, which has just thrown off the mists of a quiet night, splattered with dew, with thickets of wet foliage. It gently breathes its healing coolness into our faces.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky

The poet's work is just a series of mistakes, a string of denials flowing from each other. Every line is a scream! - a thought that worked all over his brain.
Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (October 8, 1892 - August 31, 1941), Russian poet

Success is to be in time.
Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva

Creativity is a common cause, performed by the solitary.
Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva

In art, sincerity is synonymous with giftedness.
Aldous Huxley (26 July 1894 - 22 November 1963), English writer

We are all geniuses up to the age of ten.
Aldous Huxley

When humanity is destroyed, there is no more art. Putting beautiful words together is not an art.
Berthold Brecht (February 10, 1898 - August 14, 1956), German playwright, poet

All arts serve the greatest of the arts - the art of living on earth
Berthold Brecht

Eras without great goals do not have great art either.
Berthold Brecht

An unmistakable sign that something is not art or that someone does not understand art is boredom ... Art should be a means of education, but its goal is pleasure.
Berthold Brecht

Art requires knowledge.
Berthold Brecht

Federico García Lorca (June 5, 1898 - August 19, 1936) - Spanish poet and playwright

Imagination is synonymous with the ability to discover.
Federico Garcia Lorca

Just as poetic imagination has human logic, poetic inspiration has poetic logic. And if imagination is a discovery, then inspiration is a gift unknown and unspeakable.
Federico Garcia Lorca

Inspiration gives an image, but does not dress it, and in order to dress it, one must observe with unshakable patience and safe preferences the character and sound of the word.
Federico Garcia Lorca

The earth eventually erodes, and the dust flies away with the wind, all its people die, disappear without a trace, except for those who are engaged in art. The economy of a thousand years ago seems naive to us, and works of art live forever.
Ernest Hemingway (July 21, 1899 - July 2, 1961), American writer

A writer, if he is a real writer, should touch eternity every day or feel that it is passing by him.
Ernest Hemingway

Our language was a metaphor, a sonorous stream that did not leave our roads and whose waters left more than one trace in our poetry ... It was our language and our common oath - to destroy the ordered world.
Jorge Luis Borges (24 August 1899 - 14 June 1986), Argentine writer

Life is a dream of God.
Jorge Luis Borges

Literature is a guided dream.
Jorge Luis Borges

Writing is nothing more than a driven dream.
Jorge Luis Borges

The original is incorrect in relation to the translation.
Jorge Luis Borges

In the order of literature, as in others, there is no act that is not the crowning of an endless series of causes and the source of an endless series of effects.
Jorge Luis Borges

There is no concept of "plagiarism": it goes without saying that all works are the works of one author, timeless and anonymous.
Jorge Luis Borges

Ultimately, no exercise of the intellect is useless.
Jorge Luis Borges

There is no event, no matter how insignificant it may seem, that does not contain the history of the whole world with all its endless chain of causes and effects.
Jorge Luis Borges

It is known that for one meaningful line or true message there are thousands of nonsense, heaps of verbal trash and gibberish.
Jorge Luis Borges

I have always imagined paradise as something like a library.
Jorge Luis Borges

Happiness is a waste of yourself on the creation of your own hands, which will live on after your death.
Antoine de Saint Exupery (29 June 1900 - 31 July 1944), French writer

Any ascent is painful. Rebirth is painful. Without being exhausted, I will not hear the music. Suffering, efforts help the music to sound.
Antoine de Saint-Exupery

Did you find the effort fruitless? Blind man, step back a few steps ... The magic of skillful hands has created masterpieces, hasn't it? But believe me, good luck and bad luck have created them ... A beautiful dance is born from the ability to dance.
Antoine de Saint-Exupery

One must learn not to write, but to see.
AND ntoine de saint exupery

A person can be old or young, depending on how much creative power remains in him.
Irving Stone (July 14, 1903 - August 26, 1989), American writer

If you strive for creativity, turn to life. Don't waste time imitating.
Irving Stone

I don't believe in inspiration. I only believe that you work and do not think about anything else. You write and you write and in the end something good comes out
Irving Stone

Ideas are a natural function of the mind, like breathing in the lungs. Maybe ideas come from God.
Irving Stone

And, you know, there is no artist who is normal: the one who is normal cannot be an artist. Normal people do not create works of art. They eat, sleep, do their normal, daily work, and die.
Irving Stone

I don't even want to suppress suffering, because often it is this that makes the artist express himself with the greatest force.
Irving Stone

And art has a magical feature: the more minds absorb it, the more durable it is.
Irving Stone

A person should be an artist not because he can be one, but only because he cannot but be. The arts are the lot of those who, without it, would experience suffering all their lives.
Irving Stone

The man passes by. Only works of art are immortal.
Irving Stone

The sculptor transfers into marble a vision of a world brighter than the one that surrounds him. But the artist does not hide, does not flee from the world, he pursues it. Straining all his strength, he tries to grasp the vision.
Irving Stone

Any problem is always a solution with its back on you.
Julio Cortazar (August 26, 1914 - February 12, 1984) - Argentine writer

The rapprochement with any outstanding person occurs in such a way that the more you learn about her, the more you learn about yourself ...
Julio Cortazar

You are kind of like a spectator everywhere, as if you came to a museum and looked at paintings.
Julio Cortazar

Living is more important than writing, although writing — albeit on rare occasions — is living.
Julio Cortazar

In fact, writing is the same as laughing or making love: you give free rein to your feelings and that's it.
Julio Cortazar

Writing a story is awful and wonderful at the same time, you feel inspired despair and desperate inspiration; it means now or never, and the fear of the possible “never” stimulates your “now”, embodied in the frenzied clatter of the machine keys, in oblivion of any circumstances, in detachment from everything that surrounds you.
Julio Cortazar

Art teaches us how little the human mind can grasp.
Iris Murdoch (15 July 1919 - 8 February 1999), English writer and philosopher

You will not help to try to do something. You just have to do something.
Ray Bradbury (August 22, 1920 - June 5, 2012), American writer

Inspiration comes only during work.
Gabriel García Márquez (born 6 March 1927), Colombian writer

We are surrounded by extraordinary, fantastic things, and writers persistently tell us about unimportant, everyday events.
Gabriel Garcia Marquez

If I read Kafka first, and then Cervantes, Kafka will inadvertently make adjustments to my reading of Cervantes.
Umberto Eco (5 January 1932 - 19 February 2016), Italian writer and philosopher

Logic can be of great benefit only on one condition: to resort to it in time and escape from it in time.
Umberto Eco

Any reading is a test of yourself for the ability to listen to unspoken prompts.
Umberto Eco

Some people just cannot accept the world as it is. Unable to remake it, they have to rewrite it by all means.
Umberto Eco

Any activity becomes creative when the performer takes care of the correct or better performance.
John Updike (March 18, 1932 - January 27, 2009), American writer

What we take for reality is only texts, and what we take for texts is only interpretations.
Bernhard Schlink (born 6 July 1944), German writer

You have to be happy yourself to make others happy.
Bernhard Schlink

Creativity comes from trust. Trust your instincts.
Rita Mae Brown (born November 28, 1944), American writer and playwright

A clear consciousness is what is most important in life.
Haruki Murakami (born January 12, 1949) is a Japanese writer and translator.

The more interconnections, the deeper the meaning.
Haruki Murakami

It is impossible to start a new one, having dealt with the old only half. Otherwise, the old incompleteness will spread to the new.
Haruki Murakami

You need to dream. Constantly. Enter the world of dreams and never return from there. Live there forever.
Haruki Murakami

Dance and don't stop. What is the point of this - do not think. There is still no sense, and there never was.
Haruki Murakami

Who knows where to look, sooner or later will see what he wants to see.
Boris Akunin (born May 20, 1956), Russian writer

The future cannot be seen carved in marble. What happens in the future directly depends on what you choose in the present.
Marc Levy (born October 16, 1961), French writer

Fortunately, there is only one way - to find meaning and beauty in all this and submit to a great plan. Only then does life really begin.
Victor Olegovich Pelevin (born November 22, 1962), Russian writer

Good books grow out of sad stories.
Khaled Hosseini (born March 4, 1965), Afghan American writer

Navigation by topic

The end of the 19th century is a difficult and contradictory time. There is nothing surprising in the fact that it was in 1891 that one of the most mysterious Russian writers was born. We are talking about Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov - director, playwright, mystic, scriptwriter and libretto of operas. Bulgakov's story is no less fascinating than his work, and the Literaguru team takes the liberty of proving it.

Birthday of M.A. Bulgakov - May 3 (15). The father of the future writer, Afanasy Ivanovich, was a professor at the Theological Academy in Kiev. Mother, Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova (Pokrovskaya), raised seven children: Mikhail, Vera, Nadezhda, Varvara, Nikolai, Ivan, Elena. The family often staged performances, the plays for which were composed by Mikhail. Since childhood, he loved performances, vaudeville, space scenes.

Bulgakov's house was a favorite meeting place for the creative intelligentsia. His parents often invited eminent friends who had a certain influence on the gifted boy Misha. He was very fond of listening to adult conversations and willingly participated in them.

Youth: education and early career

Bulgakov studied at the gymnasium number 1 in the city of Kiev. After graduating in 1901, he became a student at the medical faculty of Kiev University. The choice of profession was influenced by the material condition of the future writer: after the death of his father, Bulgakov took responsibility for a large family. His mother got married again. All the children, except for Mikhail, remained on good terms with their stepfather. The eldest son wanted to be financially independent. He graduated from the university in 1916 and received an honors degree in medicine.

During the First World War, Mikhail Bulgakov served as a field doctor for several months, then got a job in the village of Nikolskoe (Smolensk province). Then some stories were written, later included in the cycle "Notes of a young doctor." Due to the routine of boring provincial life, Bulgakov began to use drugs available to many representatives of his profession by occupation. He asked to be transferred to a new place so that drug addiction would be implicit for those around him: in any other case, the doctor could be deprived of his diploma. A devoted spouse, who secretly diluted a narcotic substance, helped to get rid of the misfortune. She, in every possible way, forced her husband to leave the bad habit.

In 1917, Mikhail Bulgakov was appointed head of departments of the Vyazemsk city zemstvo hospital. A year later, Bulgakov and his wife returned to Kiev, where the writer was engaged in private medical practice. Addiction to morphine was defeated, but instead of drugs, Mikhail Bulgakov often drank alcohol.

Creation

At the end of 1918, Mikhail Bulgakov joined the officer's detachment. It has not been established whether he was drafted as a military doctor, or whether he himself expressed a desire to become a member of the detachment. F. Keller, the deputy chief commander, disbanded the detachments so that he did not take part in the fighting at the time. But already in 1919 he was mobilized into the UPR army. Bulgakov fled. Versions about the future fate of the writer differ: some witnesses claimed that he served in the Red Army, some that he did not leave Kiev until the arrival of the Whites. It is reliably known that the writer was mobilized into the Volunteer Army (1919). At the same time, he published a feuilleton "Future Prospects". The events in Kiev were reflected in the works "The Extraordinary Adventures of a Doctor" (1922), "White Guard" (1924). It is worth noting that the writer chose literature as his main occupation in 1920: after completing his service in the Vladikavkaz hospital, he began to write for the Kavkaz newspaper. Bulgakov's creative path was thorny: during the struggle for power, an unfriendly statement addressed to one of the parties could end in death.

Genres, themes and problems

In the early twenties, Bulgakov wrote mainly works about the revolution, mainly plays, which were later staged on the stage of the Vladikavkaz Revolutionary Committee. Since 1921, the writer lived in Moscow and worked in various newspapers and magazines. In addition to feuilletons, he published individual chapters of stories. For example, "Notes on Cuffs" appeared on the pages of the Berlin newspaper "Nakanune". Especially a lot of essays and reports - 120 - were published in the newspaper "Gudok" (1922-1926). Bulgakov was a member of the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, but his artistic world was not dependent on the ideology of the union: he wrote with great sympathy about the White movement, about the tragic fate of the intelligentsia. His problems were much broader and richer than what was allowed. For example, the social responsibility of scientists for their inventions, satire on the new way of life in the country, etc.

In 1925, the play "Days of the Turbins" was written. She had a resounding success on the stage of the Moscow Art Academic Theater. Even Joseph Stalin appreciated the work, but nevertheless, in each thematic speech, he focused on the anti-Soviet character of Bulgakov's plays. Soon, the writer's work was criticized. Over the next ten years, hundreds of harsh reviews were published. The play "Running" about the Civil War was banned from staging: Bulgakov refused to make the text "ideologically correct." In 1928-29. the theater repertoire excluded the performances "Zoykina's apartment", "Days of the Turbins", "Crimson Island".

But the emigrants studied Bulgakov's key works with interest. He wrote about the role of science in human life, about the importance of the right attitude to each other. In 1929, the writer reflected on the future novel The Master and Margarita. A year later, the first edition of the manuscript appeared. Religious themes, criticism of Soviet realities - all this made the appearance of Bulgakov's works on the pages of newspapers impossible. It is not surprising that the writer was seriously considering moving abroad. He even wrote a letter to the Government, in which he asked either to be allowed to leave, or to be given the opportunity to work in peace. For the next six years, Mikhail Bulgakov was an assistant director of the Moscow Art Theater.

Philosophy

The most famous works give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe philosophy of the master of the printed word. For example, in the story "The Devil" (1922), the problem of "little people" is described, to which the classics so often turned. According to Bulgakov, bureaucracy and indifference are a real devilish force, and it is difficult to resist it. The already mentioned novel "The White Guard" is largely autobiographical. This is the life story of one family in a difficult situation: Civil war, enemies, the need to choose. Someone believed that Bulgakov was too loyal to the White Guards, someone reproached the author for his loyalty to the Soviet regime.

The story "Fatal Eggs" (1924) tells a truly fantastic story of a scientist who accidentally bred a new species of reptiles. These creatures multiply incessantly and soon fill the entire city. Some philologists argue that the figure of the biologist Alexander Gurvich and the leader of the proletariat V.I. Lenin. Another famous story is Heart of a Dog (1925). It is interesting that in the USSR it was officially published only in 1987. At first glance, the plot is satirical in nature: the professor transplants a human pituitary gland to a dog, and the dog Sharik becomes a human. But is it a man? .. Someone sees in this plot a prediction of the coming repressions.

The originality of style

The main trump card of the author was mysticism, which he weaved into realistic works. Thanks to this, critics could not directly accuse him of offending the feelings of the proletariat. The writer skillfully combined frank fiction and real socio-political problems. However, its fantastic elements are always an allegory for similar phenomena that actually occur.

For example, the novel The Master and Margarita combines a variety of genres: from parables to farce. Satan, who chose the name Woland for himself, one day arrives in Moscow. He meets people who are punished for their sins. Alas, the only force of justice in Soviet Moscow is the devil, because officials and their henchmen are stupid, greedy and cruel to their fellow citizens. They are real evil. Against this background, a love story unfolds between a talented Master (and in the 1930s they called Maksim Gorky a master) and a brave Margarita. Only mystical intervention saved the creators from certain death in an insane asylum. The novel, for obvious reasons, was published after Bulgakov's death. The same fate awaited the unfinished "Theatrical Novel" about the world of writers and theatergoers (1936-37) and, for example, the play "Ivan Vasilievich" (1936), the film based on which is still watched.

The character of the writer

Friends and acquaintances considered Bulgakov both charming and very modest. The writer was always polite and knew how to step aside in time. He had a talent for storytelling: when he managed to overcome shyness, everyone present listened only to him. The character of the author was based on the best qualities of the Russian intelligentsia: education, humanity, compassion and delicacy.

Bulgakov loved to joke, never envied anyone and never looked for a better life. He was distinguished by sociability and secrecy, fearlessness and incorruptibility, strength of character and credulity. Before his death, the writer said only one thing about the novel “The Master and Margarita”: “To know”. Such is his avaricious description of his ingenious creation.

Personal life

1. While still a student, Mikhail Bulgakov married Tatiana Nikolaevna Lappa... The family had to face a lack of funds. The first wife of the writer is the prototype of Anna Kirillovna (story "Morphine"): disinterested, wise, ready to support. It was she who pulled him out of the drug nightmare, with her he went through the years of devastation and bloody feud of the Russian people. But a full-fledged family did not work out with her, because in those hungry years it was difficult to think about children. The wife suffered greatly from the need to have abortions, because of this, the Bulgakovs' relationship cracked.
2. So time would have passed, if not for one evening: in 1924 Bulgakov was presented Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya... She had connections in the world of literature, and the White Guard was published with her help. Love became not just a friend and comrade, like Tatiana, but also the muse of the writer. This is the second wife of the writer, with whom the romance was bright and passionate.
3. In 1929 he met Elena Shilovskaya... Subsequently, he admitted that he loved only this woman. By the time of the meeting, both were married, but the feelings were very strong. Elena Sergeevna was next to Bulgakov until his death. Bulgakov had no children. The first wife performed two abortions from him. Perhaps that is why he always felt guilty towards Tatiana Lappa. The adopted son of the writer was Yevgeny Shilovsky.

1. Bulgakov's first work is The Adventures of Svetlana. The story was written when the future writer was seven years old.
2. The play "Days of the Turbins" was loved by Joseph Stalin. When the author asked to let him go abroad, Stalin himself called Bulgakov with the question: "What, are you really tired of us?" Stalin watched "Zoyka's apartment" at least eight times. It is believed that he patronized the writer. In 1934 Bulgakov asked for a trip abroad so that he could improve his health. He was refused: Stalin understood that if the writer remained in another country, the Days of the Turbins would have to be removed from the repertoire. These are the features of the author's relationship with the authorities.
3. In 1938, Bulgakov wrote a play about Stalin at the request of representatives of the Moscow Art Theater. The leader read the Batum script and was not too pleased: he did not want the general public to know about his past.
4. "Morphine", which tells about a doctor's drug addiction, is an autobiographical work that helped Bulgakov to overcome addiction. Confessing to paper, he received strength to fight the disease.
5. The author was very self-critical, so he loved to collect criticism from outsiders. He cut out all the reviews of his creations from the newspapers. Of the 298 they were negative, and only three people praised Bulgakov's work in his entire life. Thus, the writer knew firsthand the fate of his hunted hero - the Master.
6. The relationship between the writer and his colleagues was very difficult. Someone supported him, for example, the director Stanislavsky threatened to close his legendary theater if the show of the "White Guard" was banned there. And someone, for example, Vladimir Mayakovsky, offered to boo the performance of the play. He publicly criticized his colleague, very impartially assessing his achievements.
7. The cat Behemoth was, it turns out, not at all an invention of the author. Its prototype was the phenomenally intelligent black dog Bulgakov with the same nickname.

Death

What did Bulgakov die from? In the late thirties, he often spoke about impending death. Friends thought it was a joke: the writer adored practical jokes. In fact, Bulgakov, a former doctor, noticed the first signs of nephrosclerosis, a severe hereditary disease. In 1939, the diagnosis was made.

Bulgakov was 48 years old - the same as his father, who died of nephrosclerosis. At the end of his life, he began to use morphine again to numb the pain. When he became blind, his wife wrote the chapters of The Master and Margarita for him under dictation. The editing stopped at the words of Margarita: "So, this means that the writers are following the coffin?" Bulgakov died on March 10, 1940. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Bulgakov's house

In 2004, the opening of the Bulgakov House, a theater museum and cultural and educational center, took place in Moscow. Visitors can ride a tram, see an electronic exhibition dedicated to the life and work of the writer, sign up for a night tour of the "bad apartment" and meet a real cat Behemoth. The function of the museum is to preserve Bulgakov's heritage. The concept is connected with a mystical theme that the great writer loved so much.

There is also an outstanding Bulgakov Museum in Kiev. The apartment is pitted with secret passages and manholes. For example, from the closet you can get into a secret room, where there is something like an office. There you can also see many exhibits that speak about the writer's childhood.

Interesting? Keep it on your wall!

Budget educational institution

Chuvash Republic of secondary vocational education

"Cheboksary Electromechanical College"

Ministry of Education and Youth Policy of the Chuvash Republic

Discipline: Physics

The life and work of the writer Andrey Bitov

Introduction

Biography

Creation

Bibliography

Conclusion

Introduction

A prose writer is a writer who composes literary works in prose.

An essayist is a writer who writes essay works.

Biography

Andrey Georgievich Bitov was born on May 27 in Leningrad, on the Petrograd side. Father, G.L. Bitov, - architect, mother, O.A. Kedrova is a lawyer. Brother Oleg is a famous Soviet international journalist.

In 1954 he graduated from secondary school No. 213 (then it was located on the Fontanka embankment) - the first school in Leningrad with teaching a number of subjects in English. In 1957 he entered the Leningrad Mining Institute, where he participated in the literary association under the leadership of Gleb Semyonov. Russian poet, head of literary associations of young writers. Such well-known poets as A. Kushner, A. Gorodnitsky, V. Britanishsky, G. Gorbovsky and others worked there. In 1957-1958 he served in the construction battalion in the North. In 1957, the collection of literary associations, which included the first works of A. Bitov, was burned in the courtyard of the institute in connection with the events in Hungary. Then Bitov was expelled from the institute and ended up in the army, in the construction battalion in the North. In 1958 he managed to demobilize, to recover at the institute, from which he graduated in 1962. In 1958 he recovered at the institute, graduated from the geological prospecting faculty in 1962. In 1965-1967 he studied at the Higher Scenario Courses at the State Film Agency in Moscow. His fellow students were R. Gabriadze, V. Makanin, R. Ibragimbekov, G. Matevosyan. 1973-1974 years were years of postgraduate studies at the Institute of World Literature (IMLI). A dissertation written by him in the specialty "theory of literature" was presented for defense, but he did not defend it.

Creation

He began writing in 1956. In the first 1-2 years of his literary life, Bitov became friends with L. Ageev, V. Britanishsky, S. Wolf, J. Vinkovetsky, L. Gladka, A. Gorodnitsky, E. Kutyrev, A. Kushner, E. Kumpan, etc. by the then young authors. He wrote poetry, imitating Viktor Golyavkin, he began to write short absurd stories, first published in the 1990s. Often in interviews he called himself a non-professional writer. A feature of the stories of the writer Golyavkin is their brevity, along with witty benevolent humor. This is a rare feature in the literature - brevity. Such a capacious, concise style requires a special writing skill, which Golyavkin possessed like no other. The heroes of his stories, though funny, are always active and charming. In the first 1-2 years of his literary life, Bitov became friends with L. Ageev, V. Britanishsky, S. Wolf, J. Vinkovetsky, L. Gladka, A. Gorodnitsky, E. Kutyrev, A. Kushner, E. Kumpan, etc. by the then young authors.

In 1960 he took part in the conference of young writers of Leningrad (together with R. Grachev, Y. Dlugolensky, B. Sergunenkov, etc.). A special role in the formation of Bitov's inner world was played by his first wife Inga Petkevich, volcanologist Heinrich Steinberg, poet Gleb Gorbovsky, prose writers Viktor Golyavkin, Reid Grachev, Heinrich Chef. The relatively successful literary fate of Bitov also helped a lot by the fact that the most authoritative Leningrad writers of the older generation, the most authoritative among young people, were initially convinced of his talent: L.Ya. Ginzburg, G.S. Gor, V.F. Panova, L.N. Rakhmanov, M.L. Slonimsky. In particular, the latter headed LITO at the publishing house "Soviet Writer", which Bitov visited in the early 1960s.

Having worked after institute for less than a year as a drilling foreman of the Nevsky Geological Party on the Karelian Isthmus, Bitov at the age of 25 embarks on the path of a professional writer. In 1965 he was admitted to the joint venture, in 1965-66 he studied at the Higher scriptwriting courses in Moscow and since then divides his life between the two capitals.

Bitov's first stories were published in the almanac "Young Leningrad" (1960) - "Grandma's piala", "Foreign language", "Fig". The first collection of short stories "The Big Ball" was published in 1963.

The authority of Bitov in the eyes of readers, as happened in the late Soviet years, was confirmed by the abusive, official criticism. The story "My wife is not at home" from the collection "The Big Ball" was included by party ideologists in one negative list with "Vologda Wedding" by A. Yashin and "Matrenin's Dvor" by A. Solzhenitsyn. Bitov, along with Golyavkin, were accused of "excessive humiliation and confusion of the characters they portrayed."

First of all, Bitov returned to Russian prose the "little man" who was strangled in the Soviet years, equated to the "common man" and "bourgeoisie" as a mainstream literary hero. And not in the guise of Akaki Akakievich, but in the guise of Pushkin's rebellious Eugene from "The Bronze Horseman". Moreover, in Bitov's prose "on horseback" is not the ruler, but Yevgeny himself. Neither in the future nor in the past is there a mystery for the writer that is more significant than that which is hidden in the life of a simple modern person among everyday hobbies and concerns. The soul of this person is the soul of contemporary art. And if literature is revered as the conscience of society, then the writer should be as conscientious as possible in relation to his hero, and not to society. Bitov realizes the inaccessible goal of art in the following way: ". To completely coincide with the hero's present time, so that the annoying and unsuccessful, his own" ("Achilles and the Turtle") disappears.

The story "Penelope" (1962, published in 1965) is a variation of the same psychological collision that is reflected in the story "The wife is not at home". The inescapable motive of help (or its terrible absence) to the "little man" Bitov turns inside out, interprets him as deceitful. From the object of someone else's influence, the hero of Bitov's prose turns into a subject influencing his own and someone else's life. The a priori value is represented by the consciousness inherent in the hero, his reflection, and not being. In the "little man" Bitov recognized the big individualist, the "pearl of creation."

This "little man" is suffering. But only because he has a developed sense of self-injurious dignity. Yes, he is a hero of a tragedy that is unnecessary and invisible to the world. To make it someone's property is not in his nature and not in his rules. The mocking correctness of the characters' self-identification is a kind of brand of Bitov's prose, as well as of all young Leningrad prose. But it was Bitov who wrote in the story "Garden" (publ. 1967) directly: "" Lord! What we all are small! "- exclaimed the strange author." That's right! This is so! "- Alexey rejoiced." Such joy, perhaps, was not known to anyone except the hero of Bitov in Russian literature. The key is that just such a person was created "in the image and likeness" of God. All the rest are mutants of "historical progress".

The plots of Bitov's stories and short stories, which fit into the framework of ordinary realistic prose, coalesce into non-canonical artistic formations. The writer's artistic intuition transcends genre, anticipating the ideas of postmodernism. Instead of the "genre", the "text" stands out as the structure-forming unit of prose. Written seemingly in a strictly realistic tone of the story "Life in Windy Weather", "Garden" is comprehended as a whole, either inside the folding "Countryside" (with the cinematic subtitle "Double"), then inside the "dotted line" novel "The Flying Monks" ... The degree of reflection on his own text by Bits becomes such that the work itself tends to the author's commentary, cannot exist without it. The narrated "incident from life" by Bitov only imitated the plot familiar to the traditional realistic story. The spirit of poetic comprehension of life, the spirit of essayism becomes in Bitov a creative method that dominates himself.

In the books of the second half of the 1960s - "Such a long childhood" (1965), "Countryside" (1967), "Journey to a childhood friend" (1968), "Aptekarsky island" (1968) - the heroes wander towards themselves and their intangible experience is worth the temptation to stand "with a firm foot on the solid foundation" of the "big world." Bitovsky is a hero, as T.A. Sotnikov, "he cannot identify himself with reality, but for reasons not ideological, but existential. In this he differs from the literary heroes of most authors of the sixties."

Serious, existentially experienced, turned out to be meetings with Armenia and Georgia - not only (or not so much) with people, but - with the "unearthly" fatherland, with temples inscribed in nature and "not overshadowed by man and the work of his hands" ("Lessons Armenia "), meetings with speculation about the" divine norm ", culminating in the adoption of the creed. Here lit. reference point - Pushkin. Pushkin as an a priori, "divine" given that generates a "text": "Beyond the Pushkin Pass, where the biblical landscape of Armenia begins to give way to the warm and humid breath of Georgia, and everything so smoothly and rapidly becomes different." ("Georgian Album"). Pushkin is both the "Gateway to the World" and the "Gateway to the World". And he is also a symbol of national identity. "There is nothing more Russian than the language," writes V., "we have nothing."

Between "The Lessons of Armenia" (1967-69) and "The Georgian Album" (1970-73) there was "Pushkin House", which was printed in fragments in periodicals, but first published in the USA (publishing house "Ardis", 1978). At home, the novel was published in 1987 (Novy Mir. No. 10-12), and in the canonical full volume only in 1999 (St. Petersburg: Ivan Limbakh's publishing house). "And Russian literature, and Petersburg (Leningrad), and Russia - all this is one way or another Pushkin House without its curly guest", - says the author. The sections of the work - "Fathers and Sons", "A Hero of Our Time", "Poor Horseman" - plus a prologue entitled "What to do?", Testify to both the "greatness of the plan" and the parody of this "greatness". The novel generally grew out of an anecdote, from the story he heard about a respectable employee who organized a dashing party within the walls of an academic institution known throughout the cultural world. The author himself did not visit the Pushkin House, but he represented the feast well as a specifically Russian, "deconstructive" form of culture. Actually, he himself was a noticeable carrier of this culture. The theme of unrestrained drunkenness is a philosophical theme in general for our prose. It is significant that "The Pushkin House" was written at the same time as another important work on this topic - "Moscow-Petushki" (1969) by Venedikt Erofeev. The actual drunkenness in the Pushkin House is the only day and night that appears in the novel. Similarly, Joyce in Ulysses described just one day in the life of Dublin. What kind of day is Bitov's - the plot secret of the novel, not named by the critics because of its too "impudent" evidence: in the date indicated on the first page of the novel - "November 8, 196." - the number "7" is missing. That is, the action takes place on the 50th anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution. Just as in the novel only one day is described, in the novel only one hero is real - its author. Because the novel says about the values \u200b\u200bof inner being, about what poetry is written - in the first person. Although physically the author sits in a "shaded corner" in the novel and is much more prominent and colorful than himself, any other characters are of different generations, with varying degrees of attractiveness and significance. Their reality is the reality of mirror reflections directed towards the author. The entire novel consists of this system of irregular, distorted mirrors. It is built on the mutual reflection of antinomic entities. Starting with the highest, whether there is a God or not. There is a father or not a father. There is love or there is no love. There is a friend or not. A person is subordinate to history or not. All these systems of reflections create a semitransparent, not written off from nature, characteristically Petersburg structure, which at the same time is completely real. Because she is free.

Immediately after "Pushkin House" was written the essay story "Birds, or New Information about Man" (1971). It became the beginning of the largest creation of Bitov in subsequent years - the "wandering novel" "Announced". The story is written about the twofold essence of human existence. The idea, clearly fixed by the plot and images of this thing: "We live on the border of two environments. This is of principle. We are not both. Only birds and fish know what the environment is. They, of course, do not know about this, but they belong It is unlikely that a person would begin to think if he was flying or swimming. To think, a contradiction is necessary. "

In 1979 Bitov participates as an author ("The Last Bear", "Glukhaya Street", "Funeral of the Doctor") and compiler (with V. Aksenov, V. Erofeev, F. Iskander and E. Popov) in the Moscow literary anthology "Metropol", the former, according to Erofeev, "an attempt to combat stagnation in conditions of stagnation." The almanac was not published in the USSR, but it was immediately published in the United States in Russian and translated into English and French. At home, Bitov was excommunicated from the printing press until 1985. That was immediately "compensated" by the publication in Europe and the USA.

During these years, Bitov wrote the story "Man in a Landscape" (1983), which became the second part of "The Announced". The name entails an interpretation in the spirit of Andrzej Wajda: "A man in a landscape after a battle". Battles between civilization and nature. Bitov describes it with cinematic expressiveness. The ideal place in his story has been found and occupied by an artist. The answer is given. He can see it far from here, "to all ends of the world." But it is not clear who put him here. But it is clear why and why: to realize the tragedy of your position. The more ideal it is, the more hopeless: the artist is unable to express “what is Truth”, finding himself in front of Her face, in the mediastinum of the world. He can ask questions based on the given, from ready-made answers. From the main answer to life, contained in the phenomenon of death: "Culture, nature. Weeds, fallen crosses. A drunken face. It is hard to imagine how it was three or four centuries ago, when the builder came here for the first time. How smooth it was here, complete and accurate.<. > Culture, nature. Who destroyed it all? Time? History?.<. > Who doesn't love it all when we love it all? Who doesn't love us so much? "

The characters of the first two stories of "The Announced" - the narrator, Dr. DD, the artist PP - converged on the third, called "Waiting for the Monkeys" (1993). Intense discussions in an informal atmosphere stretched out and in Waiting for the Monkeys approached another hot spot in our historical landscape - 1984. The subtext is enriched by Orwell's dystopia, and by Andrey Amalrik's question "Will the Soviet Union survive until 1984?", And general reasoning about all our outrages, about their "creators." And also about responsibility for the created. The novel was even regarded as "a story about the collapse of an empire, a secret stifled cry about it" (Lev Anninsky // Literaturnaya gazeta. 1993, October 27) and, in general, as a recognition of "imperialism."

The not hidden intention of "The Announced" is to see in being a "little man" - a creator who has not mastered creation, but still a genius. Here is the path paved in "The Announced" for a person's self-awareness: "really. Or maybe. What if we are still early Christians?., And why not?., We are mad like catechumens. They overthrew idols - they idolized Christ. The time has come to refute yourself. " The "proclaimed", "idolaters" were baptized, introduced into the temple. But they also did deeds - foolish and unrighteous. This antinomy is dictated to the writer by the Russian language itself.

If in a totalitarian society Bitov managed to make ends meet with free labor, then in free times the ends were tied to the employers: “Perhaps until 1985 I never wrote to order, which was customary to be proud of. However, it was not so difficult to protect this honor from a young age: no one asked for it "(" Robinson and Gulliver "). So the severity of Bits' new yoke is not exaggerating. I wanted, for example, to publish my poems in a separate book, and he immediately does it, in two versions: the collections "Tree" (1997) and "On Thursday after the rain" (1997). The same verses (part) can be mixed with essays and get one more book - another "Tree" (1998). It is possible to study astrology and approve "The beginnings of astrology in Russian literature" (1994). And to publish my "first" book, 40 years after it was written: "The first book of the author (Aptekarsky prospect,

) "(1996). The books" Assumption to live. 1836 "(1999)," Subtraction of a hare. 1825 "(2001) are devoted to reflections on Pushkin.

creativity beats writer

Bibliography

1960 - three stories in the almanac "Young Leningrad"

- "Big ball"

- "Such a long childhood"

- "Countryside"

1969 - "Lessons from Armenia"

- "Aptekarsky Island", "Journey to a Childhood Friend"

- "Lifestyle"

- "Seven Journeys", "Days of Man"

- "Thursday and Never Again" (FILM SCENARIO)

- "Pushkin House"

- "Georgian Album"

- "Articles from the novel", "Travel book"

- "Man in a Landscape", "The Last Story"

- "Stories and Stories", "Pushkin House"

- "The Flying Monks"

- "We woke up in a strange land", "Life in windy weather"

- "Waiting for Monkeys", "Hare Subtraction"

- "Announced"

- "New Gulliver", "Thursday After the Rain", "Newbie Notes"

- "Justified Jealousy", "Inevitability of the Unwritten", "Tree"

- "The Doctor's Funeral"

- "Teacher of symmetry"

AWARDS

1984 - Order "Badge of Honor"

Pushkin Prize of the A. Toepfer Foundation (Germany)

Prize for the best foreign book of the year (France), for the novel "Pushkin House" and the Andrei Bely Prize (St. Petersburg)

State Prize of the Russian Federation for the novel "The Flying Monks"

Order of Merit in Art and Literature (France)

State Prize of the Russian Federation and the Northern Palmira Prize for the novel "The Announced"

Tsarskoye Selo Art Prize, Movses Khorenatsi Medal (Armenia)

Laureate of the awards of the magazines "Friendship of Peoples", "New World", "Foreign Literature", "Zvezda", "Ogonyok", etc.

Since 1997 - Honorary Doctor of Yerevan State University and Honorary Citizen of the city of Yerevan.

Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Arts

Conclusion

Books published in the last decade of the XX century. and at the beginning of the 21st century, incomparably more than in Soviet times. In all languages \u200b\u200bof the world. By the power of things - and at the same time by the power of these things of an independent nature - Bitov became one of the central figures of Russian literature, its messenger in all regions of the planet. In addition to various literary prizes and positions held (president of the Russian PEN Center, vice president of the international association "World of Culture", laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation, holder of the Order of Art and Literature of France, etc.), his merits and authority can be judged although according to the monument to Mandelstam in Vladivostok established by his efforts.

These strange Russians: the life of writers was not so boring!

We are taught that all writers and poets are such semi-mythical creatures, practically saints, who, you know, wrote works of genius, and everything human was alien to them.

But here's the thing: the old woman death takes everyone indiscriminately - writers, poets, emperors, superheroes and even cats. the site has collected real stories about the life of great Russian writers to remind that they were all living people of flesh and blood and, just like us, they hung out, drank, fell in love, were jealous and obscurantist for all of Mother Russia.

Not the Dobrolyubov, who is a revolutionary critic and friend of Belinsky, but a symbolist poet, who, however, became famous not so much for his poetry as for what biographers call the modest word "life-creation".

He wrote very few books, but he played tricks from the heart. While still at the university, he became addicted to smoking hashish and preaching the cult of death, drove a fellow student to suicide, after which he was expelled. This did not upset him: he continued to lead a bohemian lifestyle, smoke opium, lived in a room covered with black velvet. Yes Yes! And then he suddenly decided that all this was decay, gave up this “flawed existence” and left. Where - is still unclear.

It is known that he was engaged in earthworks near Samara, roamed around Central Asia, worked as a stove-maker in Azerbaijan. Many researchers still consider him the only real Russian decadent (and some - an ordinary nutcase) and it is clear why! To anneal like this, you have to be out of your mind!

One of the members of the “big three” critics of the sixties, together with Dobrolyubov (the one who is the critic) and Chernyshevsky. We suspect that the place of one of the three did not suit him extremely, which is why he tried to stand out and show off talent with all his might.

For example, in 1861 (!) He publicly declared that “the overthrow of the successfully reigning Romanov dynasty and the change in the political and social system constitutes the only goal and hope of all honest citizens of Russia”, after which he happily went to wind for this period to the Peter and Paul Fortress (this is surprise!).

But these are trifles. The main thing is that Pisarev suffered from a pathological romantic attachment to his relatives. And it ultimately cost him his sanity and his life.

At the age of 19, for the first time, he fell in love with his cousin, earned megalomania on this basis and ended up in a psychiatric hospital, from where he safely escaped, but did not abandon the "oddities and eccentricities". For example, he hated Pushkin because Onegin was an asshole. Pisarev sharply criticized both of them.

By the way, he also suggested throwing the classics off the ship of our time. But in the end, he naturally drowned on the Riga seaside, being on a romantic vacation with another sister, this time a second cousin. This is what we understand live fast - die young!

Batyushkov is called the forerunner of Pushkin, and for good reason: thanks to him, the poetic language reached unprecedented heights. But few people know that his life was, to put it mildly, not sugar.

First, from his mother he passed on a mental disorder (this is the third, Karl!), Which over the course of life only worsened and became more and more severe.

Secondly, he was desperately unlucky in almost everything. In one war he was wounded, in the second, where he really wanted and was eager, he was not allowed because of the frequent hallucinations and seizures.

He traveled a lot, but the trips did not bring him joy: even the hard-won and dreamed-of work in Italy (under the patronage of Turgenev) was overshadowed by a feeling of complete disappointment in life and apathy.

In love, Batyushkov was unlucky because of the word “absolutely”. For the first time, he fell in love with the beautiful Latvian Emilia, but the novel did not develop, because the lovers lived in different countries. Well, I was reluctant to get married at 20.

And the second time, Anna Furman, a pupil of his friends, became the poet's chosen one. Batyushkov wooed Furman, and she even agreed, but it suddenly seemed to him that her consent was forced, in fact, she does not love him, everything is bad.

He never married, but he was so nervous that he was so nervous that for the next 34 (!) Years until his death he was in a gloomy state of mind and only thanks to the efforts of his friends he lived to old age, having died from typhus at the age of 68.

Raising Russian poetry from the knees of classicism, Zhukovsky did not abandon his attempts to arrange his personal life.

Few people know (and they don't teach it at school) that the only love and passion of the whole life of the great Russian poet was Maria Protasova - his paternal niece 15 years younger.

Zhukovsky suffered terribly, worried and wove intrigues. Not only that, he twice wooed Mashenka and both times received a harsh refusal from her mother, they say, it is useless for relatives, albeit very distant ones, to marry.

As a result, he contrived to get a blessing for marriage from the St. Petersburg Archimandrite Filaret, but the failed mother-in-law was adamant. Then the poet started an intrigue - he persuaded his friend Voeikov to marry the elder sister of his niece, and he advertised him in every possible way and even sold the estate to provide the girl with a dowry.

In return, Voeikov promised to do everything possible so that Zhukovsky was finally given consent to the marriage. But it was not there! The friend suddenly turned out to be a radish and a bad person, he did not say a good word about the poet, and then he even contributed to Masha's marriage to a Dutch doctor.

At first, Zhukovsky was terribly depressed and disappointed, but did not lose his head and later, at 58, married a 19-year-old nymphet. Closed the gestalt!

Dostoevsky is loved and praised for the deep psychologism of the novels, the description of the feelings and emotions of the heroes "on the brink". It is not surprising that he had such a talent for that: the writer himself managed to visit the edge.

For a start, Sigmund Freud himself attributed the Oedipus complex to him, expressed in the value of hatred.

Then Dostoevsky got in touch with the wrong people and was sentenced to death. Together with several people. At the last moment, the convicts were pardoned and sentenced to hard labor. Some of them went crazy immediately, unable to withstand the stress. And Dostoevsky preserved his emotions and transferred them from the novel “The Idiot” (remember the feeble-minded Myshkin? Now you know where it comes from!)

Some, by the way, say that it was after the pseudo-execution that Dostoevsky began to have epileptic seizures. In hard labor, Fyodor, our Mikhailovich, did not waste time: he rethought his life guidelines and accidentally got married.

Eight years later, shortly before his wife's death, Dostoevsky, in the company of a certain emancipated Apollinaria Suslova, traveled to Baden-Baden, where he instantly became attached to the roulette wheel and spent a lot of money (and his estate). But again he did not lose his head and concluded an agreement with the publisher Stellovsky on truly diabolical conditions - it was necessary to write a lot and very quickly - but for a lot of money.

A bonus to the contract was a beautiful stenographer, whom Dostoevsky immediately married. The lady turned out to be grasping, took all the financial affairs of the writer (and the estate) into her hands.

Subsequently, Dostoevsky's sister tried to squeeze out part of the estate, but a grandiose scandal and a scene came out, after which Fyodor Mikhailovich began to bleed from his throat, and two days later he died.

Moral: don't get lost, but remember that the housing issue has spoiled many.

Until now, he remains one of the most mysterious Russian writers.

In his youth, he destroyed his early labors, tried to escape by sea to Lubeck, but returned, explaining his strange deed by the fact that, they say, it was the Lord who showed him this way. I dreamed of America.

Then he gradually entered the circle of the literary elite of that time, published his first successful books, which confirmed and consolidated his writing talent.

And suddenly - a sudden departure abroad, for almost 12 years. Gogol himself refers to the disease, but which one is not clear. Some argue that the reason for his departure was a woman, some that a fit of insanity.

Most of all, the writer is known for his nervous attitude towards death. From a young age, he was haunted by visions and voices, prophesying a quick death. He tried several times to go to the monastery to find refuge there, but changed his mind at the last moment.

One of his biggest phobias was the fear of being buried alive, which came from nowhere: either he had a dream, or another vision of himself in a tiny closed case. Gogol died as if of his own free will, having stopped eating and drinking during Great Lent, despite all the persuasions of his friends. On the 6th day of the hunger strike, he burns the second volume of "Dead Souls" and part of the manuscripts, and on the 16th day he dies of complete exhaustion and loss of strength.

When on the centenary of Gogol's birth, his grave was restored, the coffin was opened. And they did not find the skull there: the body of the writer in the suit was perfectly preserved, but the head was not there and where it is is still unknown.

Preview photo - Shutterstock

Would you like to receive one interesting unread article a day?