Baroque style in different types of art. Baroque features
Baroque (Italian barocco - "bizarre", "strange", "prone to excesses", port. perola barroca - "pearl of irregular shape" - a characteristic of European culture of the XVII-XVIII centuries.
Epoch of baroque
The Baroque era gives rise to a huge amount of time for the sake of entertainment: instead of pilgrimages - a promenade (walks in the park); instead of knightly tournaments - "carousels" (horseback riding) and card games; instead of mysteries - theater and masquerade ball. You can also add the appearance of a swing and "fiery fun" (fireworks). In the interiors, the place of icons was taken by portraits and landscapes, and the music from the spiritual turned into a pleasant play of sound.
Baroque features
Baroque is characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism of images, affectation, striving for grandeur and splendor, for combining reality and illusion, for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles, opera, cult music, oratorio); at the same time - a tendency towards autonomy of certain genres (Concerto Grosso, Sonata, Suite in instrumental music).
Baroque man
Baroque man rejects naturalness, which is identified with savagery, impudence, tyranny, brutality and ignorance. A baroque woman values the pallor of her skin, she wears an unnatural, pretentious hairstyle, a corset and an artificially extended skirt on a whalebone frame. She's wearing heels.
And the ideal man in the Baroque era is the cavalier, the gentleman - from the English. gentle: "soft", "gentle", "calm". He prefers shaving his mustache and beard, wearing perfume and wearing powdered wigs. Why force, if now they kill by pulling the trigger of a musket.
Galileo for the first time directs a telescope to the stars and proves the rotation of the Earth around the Sun (1611), and Leeuwenhoek under a microscope discovers tiny living organisms (1675). Huge sailboats ply the vastness of the world's oceans, erasing white spots on the geographical maps of the world. Travelers and adventurers are becoming the literary symbols of the era.
Baroque in sculpture
Sculpture is an integral part of the Baroque style. The greatest sculptor and recognized architect of the 17th century was an Italian Lorenzo Bernini(1598-1680). Among his most famous sculptures are the mythological scenes of the abduction of Proserpine by the god of the underworld Pluto and the miraculous transformation into a tree of the nymph Daphne, pursued by the god of light Apollo, as well as the altar group "Ecstasy of St. Teresa" in one of the Roman churches. The last of them, with its clouds carved out of marble and as if fluttering in the wind attire of characters, with theatrically exaggerated feelings, very accurately expresses the aspirations of the sculptors of this era.
In Spain, in the era of the Baroque style, wooden sculptures prevailed; for greater believability, they were made with glass eyes and even a crystal tear, real clothes were often worn on the statue.
Baroque in architecture
For baroque architecture ( L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, B.F.Rastrell and in Russia, Jan Christoph Glaubitz in Rzeczpospolita) are characterized by spatial scope, cohesion, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. Large-scale colonnades, an abundance of sculptures on the facades and in interiors, volutes, a large number of rivets, bow facades with ripping in the middle, rusticated columns and pilasters are often found. The domes acquire complex shapes, they are often multi-tiered, like those of St. Peter's in Rome. Typical baroque details are telamon (atlant), caryatid, mascaron.
Baroque in the interior
The baroque style is characterized by ostentatious luxury, although it retains such an important feature of the classical style as symmetry.
Wall painting (one of the types of monumental painting) has been used in decorating European interiors since early Christian times. In the Baroque era, it was most widespread. The interiors used a lot of color and large, richly decorated details: the ceiling decorated with frescoes, marble walls and parts of the decor, gilding. Color contrasts were characteristic - for example, the marble floor, decorated with checkerboard tiles. Abundant gilded decorations were a characteristic feature of this style.
The furniture was a piece of art, and was intended almost exclusively for interior decoration. Chairs, sofas and armchairs were upholstered in expensive, richly dyed fabric. Huge canopy beds with flowing down bedspreads and giant wardrobes were widespread. The mirrors were decorated with sculptures and stucco moldings with floral patterns. Southern walnut and Ceylon ebony were often used as furniture materials.
The Baroque style is not suitable for small spaces, as massive furniture and decorations take up a large volume of space.
Baroque fashion
The fashion of the Baroque era corresponds in France to the period of the reign of Louis XIV, the second half of the 17th century. This is the time of absolutism. Strict etiquette and complex ceremonial reigned at the court. The costume was subject to etiquette. France was a trendsetter in Europe, so other countries quickly adopted French fashion. This was the century when a general fashion was established in Europe, and national characteristics receded into the background or remained in the folk peasant costume. Before Peter I, European costumes were also worn in Russia by some aristocrats, although not everywhere.
The costume was characterized by stiffness, splendor, and an abundance of jewelry. The ideal man was Louis XIV, "the sun king", a skillful rider, dancer, shooter. He was short, so he wore high heels.
Baroque painting
The Baroque style in painting is characterized by dynamism of compositions, "flatness" and splendor of forms, aristocratic and uncommon plots. The most characteristic features of the Baroque are striking flamboyance and dynamism; a vivid example is creativity Rubens and Caravaggio.
Michelangelo Merisi (1571-1610), who was nicknamed after his birthplace near Milan Caravaggio, is considered the most significant master among Italian artists who created at the end of the 16th century. new style in painting. His paintings, written on religious subjects, resemble realistic scenes of the author's contemporary life, creating a contrast between the times of late antiquity and modern times. The heroes are depicted in the twilight, from which rays of light capture the expressive gestures of the characters, contrastingly writing out their specificity. Followers and imitators of Caravaggio, who at first were called caravaggists, and the current itself caravaggism, such as Annibale Carracci(1560-1609) or Guido Reni(1575-1642), adopted the riot of feelings and characteristic manner of Caravaggio, as well as his naturalism in depicting people and events.
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Organization of scientific research in the Russian Federation
The system of scientific institutions of the Russian Federation
Considering such a multifaceted phenomenon as science, three of its functions can be distinguished: a branch of culture, a way of knowing the world, a special institute (this concept includes not only higher educational institutions, but also scientific societies, academies, laboratories, journals, etc.) ...
In our country, an extensive network of institutions engaged in fundamental research in various sectors of the national economy has been created. These include:
1.Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation (RAS);
2. Branch academies of the Ministries (Academy of Medical Sciences of the Russian Federation, Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the Russian Federation, Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture of the Russian Federation, etc.);
3.sectoral research institutes of the Ministries,
departments, universities.
The division of science into university, academic, and industry-specific is largely conditional due to the close interaction of these groups of unified Russian science.
In universities, of which, according to data for 2002, there are more than 500 in the Russian Federation, scientific research is aimed at developing fundamental problems in the area for which this university trains specialists. An important place is also occupied by research on the problems of higher education, improving the educational process, improving the quality of graduate training. At universities with a high level of scientific research, research institutes are being created, problem research laboratories are operating (for example, at Moscow State University, SUSU).
Scientifically - research work in high school
Its main feature is the organic combination of the educational process and research activities of the university staff. This work is attended by the teaching and research staff of universities, as well as students.
Research work (R&D) in universities pursues three main goals:
1) the use of the creative potential of universities to solve important economic problems of accelerating scientific and technological progress. Today, more than 300 thousand teachers work in the country's universities, including more than 15 thousand professors, doctors of science and over 150 thousand associate professors, candidates of science, which is about half of the country's scientific workers;
2) advanced training of the teaching staff;
3) improving the quality of training of graduates by improving the organization of the educational process, their active participation in scientific activities.
At the university, scientific work is headed by the vice-rector for scientific work and is regulated by long-term and annual research plans.
Distinguish between plans of state budget and contractual research. State budget research is carried out at the expense of state allocations for the development of science; business contracts - are carried out on the basis of direct business contracts between the university and the customer, which finances the research.
To solve urgent scientific and technical problems in advanced universities, branch scientific and technical laboratories are being created, operating on the basis of economic contracts with a certain branch of the national economy.
One of the important areas of university science is research aimed at improving the educational process.
Participation in research work is the most important factor in improving the qualifications of the teaching staff: firstly, highly qualified personnel are trained - candidates and doctors of sciences; secondly, erudition rises, the teacher's outlook broadens; thirdly, the teacher can successfully carry out creative training of students, teach them how to use the acquired knowledge.
Features of the organization of scientific - student research work
The modern scientific and technological revolution is a set of fundamental, qualitative changes in technical means, technology, organization and management of production based on new scientific principles. This revolution was prepared not only by the development of science and productive forces, but also by those profound social changes that have taken place in society as a result of the world revolutionary process. The most important feature of scientific and technological revolution lies in the immeasurably increased role of science in the development of productive forces, for the activation of which an increasing number of qualified workers are required.
In this regard, there is an objective need for the acquisition of scientific knowledge by everyone involved in social production. It is impossible to imagine the ideal of a future society without combining learning with productive labor of the younger generation: neither training and education without productive labor, nor productive labor without parallel training and education could be raised to the level that the modern level of technology and the state of scientific knowledge assume.
The bearers of scientific knowledge in social production are, first of all, scientists and engineers and technicians, who have a direct impact on all stages of production processes. The more highly educated people there are in the country, the more successfully the most important scientific, technical and production problems are solved. Therefore, in the conditions of modern scientific and technological revolution, higher education acquires a crucial role; the scientific, technical, economic and military potential of the state largely depends on it.
The modern engineer, in contrast to the engineer of the early twentieth century, who, one might say, studied his profession once for his entire life, must continuously complete his studies. Therefore, in whatever field a specialist works, he must be dynamic, mobile, able to continuously improve his qualifications, be able to think creatively and independently solve fundamentally new problems, and adapt to rapidly changing conditions of activity. Thus, the decisive importance for a graduate of a higher educational institution acquires not only mastering the sum of specific knowledge and skills, but as the main goal - the ability to independently obtain, acquire, systematize them.
The creative activity of a person, reflecting a high level of social maturity of a person, is the result of upbringing and self-education of a person, training and the impact of social relations on it. In turn, creativity in the broad sense of the word can be defined as a natural-historical process of materialistic cognition of the world.
Naturally, creative activity can be inherent in people in any area of social life: everywhere, performing certain duties, you can look for and find more effective ways of working, increase labor productivity. But creative activity is especially important in the field of science, art and social production, and it is here that it has a pronounced intellectual character and presupposes the presence and constant inclusion in its activity of knowledge about the latest achievements of science, technology, technology and participation on this basis in their development and improvement.
A feature of student scientific work is that its main task is not to solve the most important scientific problems, but to bring students closer to independent work, deepening their knowledge, and developing a creative approach to solving the assigned tasks. To improve the quality of training students, it is necessary to teach them not only to assimilate the available factual material, but also to develop their own solutions.
The development of a student's creative activity is possible only in the process of collective research activity, when performing creative work, setting up experiments, discussing research results, etc.
For the successful implementation of student research work, the following basic conditions must be met:
1. Active participation of students in scientific work throughout the entire period of study.
2. A consistent increase in the complexity of the tasks to be solved with a gradual orientation of the student towards the profile of his specialization.
3. Ensuring continuity in the performance of scientific work by each student.
4. Ensuring continuity in scientific work of senior and junior students,
5. Close connection of the scientific work of students with the scientific and educational work of the department.
6. Scientific work of students is an integral part of the curriculum of the university and is organized on the basis of the "Regulations on the scientific work of students".
The main role in the organization of research work of students is played by the profiling department. It develops the forms of research activities of students, determines the main directions in which the topic is formed. These directions should reflect the specifics of the future specialty and be closely related to the scientific directions of the departments. Students' scientific work has two main forms. The first of them is carried out in scientific circles, student design bureaus, in contract laboratories, etc. This work not only develops the skills of independence, but also contributes to the development of enhanced abilities, the formation of future researchers. The second form - educational and research work of students - is compulsory for all students, it is provided for by curricula.
Involvement of junior students in design and research work together with senior students ensures the continuity of scientific research, broadens the horizons of young researchers. It is very useful to help junior students to senior students who carry out coursework or diploma projects, thanks to which they learn the nature of their future work, accumulate work experience, get a clear idea of the specifics of the study from its beginning to completion. At the same time, the scientific and methodological skills of senior students, acting as "micro-leaders", are being improved. Starting research work in junior courses, favorable conditions are created for the development of certain topics into coursework and diploma projects.
Supervising the scientific work of students is one of the duties of the teaching staff of the university. The quality of leadership, its level determine the success of the work. Experience shows that one teacher can successfully lead four to five students.
Summing up the results of students' research work is one of the forms of its control. These results are summed up at scientific seminars of the department, scientific and technical conferences of the faculty, university. The best works are published in the scientific press, reported at regional and republican conferences, nominated for competitions of student works.
The system of training scientific and scientific - teaching staff in the Russian Federation
In connection with the rapid development of science, the need for highly qualified scientific personnel is constantly growing.
Training highly qualified personnel is one of the main organizational tasks of science. Experience shows that this factor largely determines the level of development of science and production in the country, the degree of its technical progress.
The main and well-proven form of training scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel in our country is postgraduate study. The most capable and trained specialists are selected for it, as a rule, after a certain period of their production activity (at least two years).
Along with the traditional form of training scientific and pedagogical personnel through postgraduate studies, the training of these personnel from among applicants for a scientific degree is widespread. Applicants are attached to research institutes or universities to pass candidate exams, as well as prepare a dissertation under the supervision of a scientific supervisor on the job.
The preparation of doctors of sciences is carried out from among the most active candidates of sciences, who work in universities, research institutes and in production. The doctoral dissertation is an essential step in science, associated with the development of new scientific directions and the solution of major scientific problems of great economic importance. One of the forms of training doctors of sciences is doctoral studies, which consists in the release of candidates of sciences under the age of 40 from their main production activities for a period of 3 years to complete work on a dissertation and introduce its results into production.
Defense of candidate and doctoral dissertations is carried out in specialized Dissertation Councils in universities and research institutes. To assess the quality of dissertations and their compliance with the requirements, the Academic Council appoints official opponents from among the leading scientists in the field and a leading enterprise, who present official conclusions on the dissertation. All dissertations are supervised by the Higher Attestation Commission, which includes the leading scientists of the country. The academic titles of associate professor and professor to employees of universities and research institutes are currently awarded by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.
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1. Characteristics of the particularity of the Baroque style
2. Architecture of the period of the Ukrainian or "Cossack" baroque
3. Development of imaginative and decorative and applied art
Visnovki
Literature
Baroque style sklav tsіlu epoch in the history of mystery. The earlier style was interpreted as an introduction to ethical norms. The dumka, nibi doba baroko - tse neporozumіnnya in mystery, pіvtora regular panuvannya nesmaku; nachebto baroque podtochilo and vreshty-resht spurred the culture of the Renaissance. French encyclopedists, famous European philosophical classical concepts were considered from the analysis of the painting of the XVII - the first half of the XVIII century. as from such a person who is unimportant because of their spiritual overtones. As a result, the word “baroque” became a term with a visible negative snake: “wondrous”, “chimernatsky”, “chimerny”. For a glance of the classicists, you can talk about baroque and write it out of irony. At glances at the baroque, signs were given to the setting on the value of the decline. Baroque was called not inakshe yak “Zanepadnytsky style”. If the scientific glance at the whole style had been established, they were still more and more aware of what was going on in the new front, progressively due to the renaissance.
The reappraisal of the role of the baroque in svitovіy culture took place in the end of the 19th - on the ear of the 20th century. Around the baroque elements of painting, architecture, in magazines and books, in decorative art. The brand of the new generation of mitts knew the chimeras of the baroque overworld. In a little nasty piled-up embellishment, alegoria and emblematic of the mitts of the native lands, they have played the string of a system to understand and meaning, to the close-minded suspicious moods and ideas of the artists in the same doby.
Baroque - style in the painting of the 16th - mid-18th century Appearing in architecture, painting, literature and music The characteristic peculiarity of the baroque is the penetration of the light glance in the sphere of artistic activity. The monumentality of forms, expressiveness, the introduction of alegorii and symbols, the written decorativeness of ornamentation, the splendor of the art, and the pretentious baroque, were known to have been made in the mystery period. The zlittya of the principles of the baroque and the national folk tradition was due to the freedom of its options. Specifically, rice baroque, which evolved in the best types of art - architecture, painting and graphic art, sculpture, artistic metal and haptuvanny. Development of the art of thinking took over the presentation of philosophical thought, science, and literature. Having come to the change of artistic culture Renaissance and manorism, the baroque opened up new possibilities for art, which especially clearly appeared in the synthesis of art, at the end of the grandiose city and park ensembles.
Baroque is characterized by cleanliness and hostile effects, dynamism of composition and decorative writing. In architecture, it appeared in moody plans, great contrasts of images, re-entangled sculptural chills, light and color effects. Painting and sculpture of the Baroque are denoted by decorative and theatrical compositions, delicate color scheme and illumination effects.
The theoretical basis for the Ukrainian literary baroque was given by the courses of rhetoric and poetry, which were read in modern schools, now in the Kiev Academy. Writers, in the works of those who are new, have emerged baroque rice as vicladas and vikhovants of the Central Academy. The first to appear in Ukraine on the 16th and 17th centuries.
For the baroque style in music, the characteristic grandeur, writing, decorativeness, drama, dullness in the inner lights of human sentiments, synthesis of mystery works (in the genres of opera, oratorio, cantati) and water hour of praise before the introduction of music
The emergence of the power of the renaissance culture, the phenomenon of the warmth of the harmony and the naturalness of the spirit of the people, the aesthetics of the baroque will be on the colossus of the people and the callous light, among the people and ideology
At the same time, the culture of the Baroque is far from sentimental slavishness or passive intelligence. The hero is a great specialty because we blame the volitional and even more blame the rational beginning, artistic gifts and even often noble among his children.
The baroque mystery is more aware of the experience of a special self-reliance, the “abandonment” of people, willingly, in conjunction with the persistent joke of “paradise consumed”. Quite a few jokes from the mitts of the baroque constantly vibrate between asceticism and hedonism, heaven and earth, God and devil. In the imaginative mystery of the baroque creatures, it is characteristic of the brutalization to the religious plots, of the artists, in front of them, the plot of miracles, the martyr, the power of the baroque stylistics of hyperbolism, pathogenicity, and pathogens.
Baroque is a mystery, based on contrasts, asymmetry.
One of the main rice of the baroque culture, not only aristocratic, ale and mіskih lowlands and peasantry, є sipping to the synthesis of new types and genres of creativity.
Baroque is one of the most significant styles in the cultural life of Europe. He achieved the greatest popularity in countries such as Germany, Spain, Russia, France. Italy is considered his homeland. The Baroque era spans about two centuries - from the end of the 16th to the middle of the 18th century.
The distinctive features of this style are pomp, solemnity and splendor. Moreover, the baroque encompasses not only artistic creation, literature and painting, but also the way of thinking of a person, his existence, and also, to some extent, science.
The works of this time are expressive and expressive, they are characterized by sophistication of forms, the creation of an illusory space, as well as a whimsical play of shadow and light.
The Baroque era gave life to science. It was at this time that biology, anatomy, physics and chemistry, and other disciplines began to develop. Previously, their study was severely punished by the ministers of the church.
Wars, epidemics of various diseases such as plague and smallpox, various led to the fact that a person felt insecure and confused. His future was uncertain. More and more minds were gripped by various superstitions and fears. At the same time, the church splits into two religious camps - Protestants and Catholics, which also gives rise to many squabbles and battles.
All this leads to a new understanding of the Lord as the Creator of the universe. God was considered only as the creator of the essential, while man ruled the living and nonliving.
The Baroque era is also characterized by active colonization - English settlements are formed in the Old and New Worlds.
The architecture of that time is rich in colonnades, an abundance of various decorations on the facades and in the interior. Also, multi-tiered domes of a complex, multi-level structure prevail. The most famous architects of that time are Michelangelo Buonarroti, Carlo Maderno, Nikolay Sultanov.
In the painting of this era, religious and mythological motives prevail, as well as ceremonial portraits. Quite often, the paintings depicted the Madonna surrounded by angels. Most of the Baroque era - Michelangelo Merisi, Iasento Rigo, Peter Paul Rubens.
It was at this time that such as opera and fugue were born. The music becomes more expressive. Baroque composers - Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Giovanni Gabrieli. As you can see, many outstanding personalities worked at that time.
The Baroque era is one of the most significant in the history of human development. It was at this time that new styles were born in literature, music, painting, architecture. New views on religion and man are being formed. New directions in science are emerging. Despite some bombast, this period gave world culture many cultural monuments, which are highly valued in our time. The names of the masters and artists of the Baroque era are still thundering all over the world.
The natural continuation of this style was the Rococo, which took shape in the first half of the 18th century. He managed to maintain his position until the end of the 18th century.
At the end of the 16th century, a new style appeared - the Baroque. It is about him that will be discussed in this article.
Baroque (Italian barocco - "quirky", "strange", "prone to excess", port. perola barroca - literally "pearl with vice") Is a style in art in general and architecture in particular.
Epoch of baroque
It is conventionally considered (like all historical periods) that the Baroque era continued during the 16th-18th centuries. It is interesting that it all started with, which by the 16th century began to noticeably weaken in the international arena economically and politically.
The French and Spaniards actively pursued their policies in Europe, although Italy still remained the cultural center of European society. And the strength of culture, as you know, is determined by its ability to adapt to new realities.
So the Italian nobility, having no money to build rich palaces that demonstrate their power and grandeur, turned to art in order to create the appearance of wealth, strength and prosperity with its help.
This is how the Baroque era began, which became an important stage in the development of world art.
It is important to emphasize that people's lives at this time began to change fundamentally. The Baroque era is characterized by a lot of free time. Citizens prefer horseback riding ("carousel") and playing cards to knightly tournaments (see), walking in the park to pilgrimages, theaters to mysteries.
Old traditions based on superstition and prejudice are falling away. The outstanding mathematician and philosopher deduces the formula: "I think, therefore I am." That is, society is being rebuilt to a different way of thinking, where what is sensible is not what some authority has said, but what can be mathematically precisely explained to any rational being.
An interesting fact is that in the professional environment around the very word "baroque" there is more controversy than about the era as such. From Spanish, barroco is translated as a pearl of irregular shape, but from Italian - baroco denotes a false logical conclusion.
This second version looks like the most plausible version of the origin of the controversial word, since it was in the Baroque era that some ingenious absurdity was observed in art, and even quirkiness, striking the imagination with its bombast and grandeur.
Baroque style
The Baroque style is characterized by contrast, dynamism and tension, as well as a distinct desire for pomp and external grandeur.
It is interesting that the representatives of this trend combined very organically different styles of art. In short, the Reformation and the teachings played a key role in laying the foundations of the Baroque style.
If it was typical for the Renaissance to perceive a person as the measure of all things and the most reasonable of creatures, then it already perceives itself differently: "something in between everything and nothing."
Baroque art
Baroque art is distinguished, first of all, by its extraordinary splendor of forms, originality of plots and dynamism. In art, catchy flamboyance prevails. In painting, the most prominent representatives of this style were Rubens and.
Looking at some of Caravaggio's paintings, one is involuntarily amazed at the dynamism of his subjects. The play of light and shadow incredibly subtly emphasizes the various emotions and experiences of the characters. An interesting fact is that the influence of this artist on art was so great that a new style appeared - caravaggism.
Some followers were able to adopt naturalism from their teacher in transferring people and events to the canvas. Peter Rubens, while studying in Italy, became a follower of Caravaggio and Carraci, mastering their technique and adopting the style.
The Flemish painter Van Dyck and the Dutchman Rembrandt were also prominent representatives of Baroque art. This style was followed by the outstanding artist Diego Velazquez, and by Nicolas Poussin.
By the way, it was Poussin who began to lay the foundations of a new style in art - classicism.
Baroque in architecture
The architecture, executed in the Baroque style, is distinguished by its spatial scope and complex, curvilinear forms. Numerous sculptures on the facades and in the interiors, various colonnades and a lot of rip-offs create a splendor and majestic look.
Architectural ensemble "Zwinger" in Dresden
Domes acquire complex shapes and often have several tiers. An example is the dome in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, of which he was.
The most significant Baroque works in architecture are the Palace of Versailles and the building of the French Academy in. The world's largest baroque ensembles include Versailles, Peterhof, Zwinger, Aranjuez and Schönbrunn.
In general, it must be said that the architecture of this style spread in many European countries, including in, under the influence of Peter the Great.
Style "Petrovskoe Baroque" Baroque music
Speaking about the Baroque era, it is impossible to ignore the music, as it also underwent significant changes during this period. Composers combined large-scale musical forms, while simultaneously trying to contrast choral and solo singing, voices and instruments.
Various instrumental genres emerged. The most prominent representatives of baroque music are Bach, Handel and.
Summing up, we can say with confidence that this era gave birth to geniuses of world importance, who forever inscribed their name in history. The works of many of them still adorn the best museums in different countries.
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For example, in the 16th century, the order of the beginning of the Renaissance in Italy is populated with rice of a new style, the Baroque style, but Portuguese language means the shell of the wrong shape, and the Italian means vibaglivy, chimeras.
The name of the qia, the name of the other styles, is completely clever. Vona conveys a unique graphic style, such as the creation of an emotional porridge, an incredible, hourly, fantastic interpretation of a form, an unmistakable line and writing decor.
The most sophisticated style of doosyag in the creativity of the Italian architect and sculptor D. Bernin (1598 - 1680). Protect the new style of rice can be noted in the works of the great cultural figures of the Renaissance, the zokrem Mikelangelo. In the basis of the new style - the view from the canonized traditions of antiquity and the Renaissance, greater emotionalism, freedom of compositional acceptance, the practicality of education is not static, the completeness of the form, but of the dynamics, The elements of the baroque sound in a razor-sharp way among the nations of the world.
Among the common peoples of Europe, the development of the Baroque style is being developed from the development of national rice architects, from the victorious creativity of folk maestros (Ukrainian architecture of Belarus of the XVII - the ear of the XVIII century). The architecture of the lands of Islam and the Arab Retreat is self-sufficient for its development. By writing quotes, the decorative style in Spain, Portugal and in the old colonies of the American era. You can say that the baroque is not an hour behind, but for its forms it is not the same for other peoples. It is a water hour to form a vіlnogo kind of canons of a dynamic style, like bouv baroque, shirsh, nіzh іnshi, hunt for the development of material and artistic culture of the era of feudalism.
Baroque style rice is seen in the works of architecture, in the vignette forms of furniture, in the dishes, in the motives for the ornament, in the creatively singing light perception, in the supernatural and in the inner struggle.
Baroque is a foldable manifestation of culture. From one side in the history of its development it spirals to the most expressive forces of the Renaissance, from the other - the old one for the Rococo style and classicism, as it completes the period of feudalism in the absolutist France of the monastic
The Catholic Church played a great role in the expanded style of the Baroque;
Irracialism of the Baroque is the most representative of the mystical ideas of the church. It’s not a matter of water for a moment, but there’s a lot of classical canons, and a show of discussion and decor has given the development of the creative possibilities of folk maystras, children, sculptors, painters and majesty. The architecture itself, the furnishings of the Baroque style, reach a high world of aesthetic perfection.
In architecture, typical baroque rice is the curvature of the plans of the budinks, the composition of the dynamic, richly decorated elements, the contrast of light and tin. Baroque sculpture in a synthesis of architecture incorporates its own self-meaning and appears as an element of a decorative decorative concept. With the further development of the Baroque, the decorativeness of the form became increasingly important.
At the end of the period, the life of the city is expanding, the king's and royal palaces are being built. The booths of the large stately established, barracks, mansions of large landowners and royal satraps, mortgage. In Ukraine, in the wake of the day, there will be regiments of the office, the palaces of the Russian courtiers, the great monastic complexes.
The greenery is of great importance, decorative parks and boulevards are located on the streets. Old places are being reconstructed and new places are being built, for example, St. Petersburg, where in the Baroque style the magnificent royal palace (Nini Hermitage) was prompted by the numerical decorative sculpture and ceremonial gatherings of the characteristic baroque forms, the victorious talented architect B.
For this project, a miracle of Andriyivska Church (1747 - 1753) was built at Kiev's Bula, as for its silhouette and in the unique color of the place. Inter'er її embellishments with written cutting details, embellishments with dynamism for the decor of domes. Svorіdni forma mіstseva ukrainian architecture, majstri how to spiral on the folk trees architecture and development. Particularly great culture reaches Ukrainian workers and architects in the history of miraculous iconostases, which go up to the level of majesty of the Italian mayors of the Renaissance. The forms are inspired by the motives of the Ukrainian nature and the ornament. On the numerical sporudes of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, the huge sporudes of Chernigov, cathedrals and churches of Kiev, Novgorod-Siversky, Mgara, Gustin, Sorochintsy, Poltavi, a pictorial dynamic, decorative style appeared.
In these sporudes, the natural harmony and temporality of the form, unique plasticity and decorativeness of the details, created by folk masters, to the eye of the motifs, in which the architecture of the elements are transformed into motives. Particularly decorated with décor at the entrance portals, windows that gable, which completes the awakening. One of the brightest memorials of tsiy directly є Brama Zaborovskiy (1746 r., Architect Y. Shedel) at the Sofia monastery in Kiev, dzvinitsya on the Dalnykh pechery Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (1754 - 1761 r., Architect S. Kovnі)
In the inter''rah of stones in the middle of the period the stone crypt was built, the inscriptions on the walls and steles. For the scorching, they put in kahlyan stoves, lined with majolica. The walls were adorned with paintings and Parsuns, with the help of those wither kilims. The Tsar's Palace of the Hours of Peter I and Katherine II Mali is a great number of primitives and boules, nourished by the hands of the big cities. Parquet for pidlogi is made from growing woods. The walls were adorned with tapestries and numerous mirrors, the stele - with bold reliefs, the central part of which was filled with painting.
Passed by the great, apparently before the demise of primacy, the doors were hindered, as they were filled with writing portals. The wooden parts of the doors were wedged in to the design or by writing. Especially fashionable are boules of tapestries, tapestries (vuzki smuzhki fabrics) and mirrors. On the windows of that number of doors there were important oxamitny curtains. Vzdovzh stin was placed on small pedestals of antique sculptures and busts of kings and nobles. There has been a decrease in the number of children from the family of lamps and candelabra. Chandeliers hung near the great halls, and a little candle on their throats.
Furniture XVII - XVIII cent. in aristocratic small houses, they bring out written decorativeness of architectural forms. The amount of furniture for the seat has changed, the size of the back has changed. For upholstery vikoristovuyt oxamite in rich tones with a large pattern. Wood parts incrustated and embellished for designs. Low and low blockers of crystals and canapes are mali to complete the vignut shape. Stoli buli round or bagatokutnoy form, incrustated or writed with marmur. Shafi, bureau, chest of drawers, like mali crooked shafi and nizhki, have become fashionable. The stench was filled with reliefs from gilded bronze.
The expansion of fashionable furniture has led to the development of furniture, in the middle of a range of furniture in the style of "Boulle" - for the name of French furniture. In Russia and the largest land of furniture, they set up the picturesque majesty for fashionable looks.
Great versatility reached the shape of the dishes, which were mostly made of earthenware and curses, for the first time they felt the storage of glib dishes and pershі stravies. Especially famous is the Rusian and Delphian faience because of the blue patterns on the white field. Chinese porcelain, the master of this unsolved secret, becoming a great beauty and value.
At the costumes, from the point of view of the class expansion of the suspension in the 17th - 18th centuries, there are figures of folk, bourgeois and aristocratic costumes. Yakscho Pershi two boule bіlsh simply i less then pіdkoryalisya іnternatsіonalnіy modі, vtіlyuyuchi in sobі okremі natsіonalnі, Folk Elements odyagu then aristokratichnі suit Shvydko zmіnyuvali svoї outline zavdyaki primham Modi, yak often resembled od korolіv that їh favoritіv i vіdtvoryuvala їhnі relishes, scho zmіnyuvalisya vіdpovіdno up ichny vіku and character.
Bourgeois costume in Europe in the Baroque period was a further development of French Protestant fashions of the 16th century. New burghers have seen the ethical look: the modesty, thriftiness that bazhannya does not see the call of the middle. The choloviks wore wide trousers-culottes, which were tied with a bow on a bow, and there were also panchokhs and large skewers with square noses and great buckles. Krim chereviks, they wore high boots. On top of a natural shirt with a great open box, a yak was called a shemiza, a captan was put on, a curly zgori and flared up to the bottom. A sleeveless camisole was put on from above. In mod bully, wide-polished droplets, chilled pir'yam, in England - droplets with a high top - on the eye of the cylinder.
The head element of a female dressing bullet is a robe - dovga, which is taller to the ground, sleeves of a robust bullet to a little or even lower, a small napvkrugliy viriz navkolo shia.
The sp_dnitsya bullet is strongly disclosed, they were dressed in wide lower sp_dnitsi. Fashionable bulo to wear a kind of hvartukha. In the cold season, women wore warm fur coats and trimmed fur coats for the occasion of the Venetian ones. The women wedged in the head of the common family with bandages, knickers and eyelets. Procurement boules are modest, smooth, straight ahead, with a university on the street.
Introduced in the end of the XVII century. I went to Europe, Petro І at once with the latest innovations brought to Russia a new modi odyagu, as it was especially zastosuvav and accepting the conservative stake of the Russian boyars. Seemingly, not too well before I would ascend to the throne of Peter I, the "hundred-domed" church cathedral took a call about those who hate the gods' beard, who created a man "in his own image." Ala before the onslaught of the king of Russia, they began to systematically vikoristovuvati at the side of the modi of Western Europe.
The basis of the new Russian costume of Petro I took a large stream of English and nimetsky mods. Turning from behind the cordon, I gave a mandate, in what, in the spring, saying, that all Russian children, criminals, men and women, blame to wear a beard and wear a little dress. Three disobedient persons were charged a penalty when they went to the streets of Moscow. To merchants, it was barred to sell, and to the kravtsy to sew Russian, cleaned up with fear of punishment with kanchuks.
The legislator of aristocratic fashions in the XVII century. Bula Francia and її "king-son" Louis XIV, which voted on the principle: "power - tse I". Tsi modi inherited from Europe. The stinks were called Versailles, they were trimmed from the middle of the XVII to the first tenth of the XVIII century and mali in their development three periods, apparently until the change of time and savor of Louis XIV.
If Petro I had spent time at the lands of European Europe, the Versailles mods were going through another period of development, before the hour of what an aristocratic costume approached the bourgeois one. The win was folded from a cholovich shirt-shemi-zi, a sleeveless camisole, which was put on over a shirt, and a captain along the figure with great swarms from the sides. The sleeves of the captan mali are great on the sleeves on the gudziks, chilled with fancy goods. A scarf was put on a necktie, on the legs - culottes and shawls with panchokhs, on the head - tricot drops.
Effortlessly, the elements of a boule costume are rational and more handy, less traditional middle-aged, more decent, less florentine mods. An hour after showing that, stretching out a few offensive tables, they lost the elements of a bourgeois suit: a shirt, trousers, a vest-camisole and a captan-pidzhak.
Turn to Versailles fashions, then explain the reason for appearing in the costume such details as a wig. Ludovik XIV, when he was young, had a wonderful head of hair, a little more than a head, and the "king-son" became the head of a skull. I had a chance to rob a piece of hair-wig with writing coachmen, ale the courtiers of Louis XIV made a wig with a necessary element of an aristocratic costume.
On the ear (the first ten years) of the XVIII century, France had the instruction of the third period of Versailles fashions. The old German king could not get along without a muff for his hands, which hung on his chest, without a warm cloak and a stick, on the yaku was spirited. Yogo weak eyes could not grow anything without a lorgnette, which hangs on the page. On the heads of the wines, wearing a whole sporium of curls, they closed the upper part of the old body right up to the waist.
If you don’t be indulgent for the others, Louis XIV made a suit for all his courtiers.
Unimportant for the whole lack of glamor of Versailles fashions, especially the last, third period, the stench was known to the epistles in the aristocratic stakes of the 18th century. in the Bagatioh powers of Europe.
The last part of history took place in the stormy days of bourgeois revolutions, great popular insurrections, and encyclopedias. Tse bulo storichchya, as a gift to the great Lomonosov, Radishchev and the genial Ludwig van Beethoven.
In addition, the overthrow of the bourgeoisie has brought the overthrow of a new suspension mode, the override of bourgeois power over feudal power, oversight over modernism, business over craft, bourgeois law over middle-age preferences. The development of capitalism in the Russian lands, the development of national tendencies, as well as the development of two cultures in the leather national culture was brought about before that the bourgeoisie, as a pan-cultural class, is not promising for the future. nі in the period of further development. The very styles of material and artistic culture, such as the celebrations of the 18th century, are more attuned to the tastes of the noble aristocracy, lower than the bourgeoisie of Western Europe.
The last part of the meeting in Ukraine and in Russia was held in the first social and economic minds. Agrarian aid Russia lived in the minds of feudal formations and laws, the very style of baroque rice was introduced in Russia and in Ukraine right up to the 70s of the capital, a step-by-step sound way for a new style masterpieces of the architectural architecture of the 18th century - the ear of the 19th century. This rank, chronological period of the style of Western European architecture and architecture of Russia and Ukraine, does not stand out. In the first half of the 18th century, France is experiencing the style of Louis XV - rococo, while Russia is developing a style close to the baroque.
