A report about a famous scientist and his discoveries. The Greatest Scientists in History
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Aristotle is an outstanding ancient Greek scientist, encyclopedist, philosopher and logician, the founder of classical (formal) logic. Considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. He made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of his scientific theories were refuted, they significantly contributed to the search for new hypotheses to explain them.
Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Archimedes is a famous ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of all time and one of the leading scientists of the classical period of antiquity. Among his contributions to the field of physics are the fundamental principles of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of action on a lever. He is credited with inventing pioneering mechanisms, including siege engines and the screw pump named after him. Archimedes also invented the spiral that bears his name, formulas for calculating the volumes of surfaces of revolution, and an original system for expressing very large numbers.
Galileo (1564–1642)
In eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo - an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. He has been called "the father of observational astronomy" and "the father of modern physics". Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, the rotation of the Sun, and also established that Venus changes phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and a proportional compass.
Michael Faraday (1791–1867)
Michael Faraday was an English physicist and chemist, primarily known for the discovery of electromagnetic induction. Faraday also discovered the chemical effect of current, diamagnetism, the action magnetic field to the light, the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit primitive, electric motor, and the first transformer. He introduced the terms cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824 he discovered chemical elements benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday the best experimenter in the history of science.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)
Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor and businessman, founder of the prestigious scientific journal Science. Considered one of the most prolific inventors of his time, with a record 1,093 patents in his name and 1,239 elsewhere. Among his inventions are the creation in 1879 of an electric incandescent lamp, a system for distributing electricity to consumers, a phonograph, an improvement in the telegraph, telephone, film equipment, etc.
Marie Curie (1867–1934)
Maria Sklodowska-Curie - French physicist and chemist, teacher, public figure, pioneer in the field of radiology. The only woman to win the Nobel Prize in two different fields of science - physics and chemistry. First female professor teaching at the Sorbonne University. Her accomplishments include the development of the theory of radioactivity, methods for separating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new chemical elements, radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
Louis Pasteur - French chemist and biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He discovered the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. Initiated a new department of chemistry - stereochemistry. Pasteur's most important achievement is considered to be his work in bacteriology and virology, which resulted in the creation of the first vaccines against rabies and anthrax. His name is widely known thanks to the pasteurization technology he created and named after him later. All Pasteur's works have become a vivid example of a combination of fundamental and applied research in chemistry, anatomy and physics.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727)
Isaac Newton is an outstanding English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, Bible student and alchemist. He is the discoverer of the laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law gravity, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of conservation of momentum, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first reflecting telescope and developed the theory of color, formulated the empirical law of heat transfer, built the theory of the speed of sound, proclaimed the theory of the origin of stars and many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton was also the first to mathematically describe the phenomenon of tides.
Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
Second place in the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is occupied by Albert Einstein - a German physicist of Jewish origin, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century, the creator of the general and special theory relativity, discovered the law of the relationship between mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Author of over 300 scientific works in physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)
The greatest scientist of all time is considered to be Nikola Tesla - a Serbian and American inventor, physicist, electrical engineer, known for his achievements in the field of alternating current, magnetism and electrical engineering. In particular, he owns the invention of alternating current, polyphase system and alternating current electric motor. In total, Tesla is the author of about 800 inventions in the field of electrical and radio engineering, including the first electric clock, solar-powered engine, radio, etc. He was a key figure in the construction of the first hydroelectric power station at Niagara Falls.
Until the 19th century, the concept of "biology" did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the founders of the biological sciences. Let us recall who were the domestic biologists (and we will briefly describe their discoveries), who influenced the development of biology as a science and laid the foundation for its new directions.
Vavilov N.I. (1887-1943)
Our biologists and their discoveries are known all over the world. Among the most famous are Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a Soviet botanist, geographer, breeder, and geneticist. Born into a merchant family, he was educated at an agricultural institute. For twenty years he led scientific expeditions studying the plant world. He traveled almost the entire globe, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. Gathered a unique collection of seeds of various plants.
During his expeditions, the scientist identified the centers of the origin of cultivated plants. He suggested that there are some centers of their origin. He made a huge contribution to the study of plant immunity and revealed what made it possible to establish patterns in the evolution of the plant world. In 1940, the botanist was arrested on trumped-up charges of embezzlement. Died in prison, posthumously rehabilitated.
Kovalevsky A.O. (1840-1901)
Among the pioneers, a worthy place is occupied by domestic biologists. And their discoveries influenced the development of world science. Among the world-famous researchers of invertebrates is Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, an embryologist and biologist. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. He studied marine animals, undertook expeditions to the Red, Caspian, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. He created the Sevastopol Marine Biological Station and for a long time was its director. Made a huge contribution to the aquarium hobby.
Alexander Onufrievich studied embryology and physiology of invertebrates. He was a supporter of Darwinism and studied the mechanisms of evolution. Conducted research in the field of physiology, anatomy and histology of invertebrates. Became one of the founders of evolutionary embryology and histology.
Mechnikov I.I. (1845-1916)
Our biologists and their discoveries were duly appreciated in the world. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Mechnikov was born into the family of an officer and was educated at Kharkov University. He discovered intracellular digestion, cellular immunity, proved with the help of embryology methods the common origin of vertebrates and invertebrates.
He worked on issues of evolutionary and comparative embryology and, together with Kovalevsky, became the founder of this scientific direction. The works of Mechnikov had great importance in the fight against infectious diseases, typhus, tuberculosis, cholera. The scientist was occupied with the processes of aging. He believed that premature death is caused by poisoning with microbial poisons and promoted hygienic methods of struggle, big role assigned to the restoration of intestinal microflora with the help of fermented milk products. The scientist created the Russian school of immunology, microbiology, pathology.
Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936)
What contribution to the study of higher nervous activity did domestic biologists and their discoveries make? the first Russian Nobel laureate in the field of medicine was Pavlov Ivan Petrovich for his work on the physiology of digestion. The great Russian biologist and physiologist became the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He introduced the concept of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
The scientist came from a family of clergymen and himself graduated from the Ryazan Theological Seminary. But in the last year I read a book by I. M. Sechenov about the reflexes of the brain and became interested in biology and medicine. He studied animal physiology at Petersburg University. Pavlov, using surgical methods, studied the physiology of digestion in detail for 10 years and for these studies he received Nobel Prize. The next area of interest was the higher nervous activity, the study of which he devoted 35 years. He introduced the basic concepts of the science of behavior - conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, reinforcement.
Koltsov N.K. (1872-1940)
We continue the topic "Domestic biologists and their discoveries." Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov - biologist, founder of the school of experimental biology. Born in the family of an accountant. He graduated from Moscow University, where he studied comparative anatomy and embryology, and collected scientific material in European laboratories. He organized a laboratory of experimental biology at the Shanyavsky People's University.
He studied the biophysics of the cell, the factors that determine its shape. These works entered science under the name "Koltsov's principle". Koltsov is one of those in Russia, the organizer of the first laboratories and the Department of Experimental Biology. The scientist founded three biological stations. He became the first Russian scientist who used the physicochemical method in biological research.
Timiryazev K.A. (1843-1920)
Domestic biologists and their discoveries in the field of plant physiology have contributed to the development of the scientific foundations of agronomy. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadyevich was a naturalist, photosynthesis researcher and propagandist of Darwin's ideas. The scientist came from a noble family, graduated from St. Petersburg University.
Timiryazev studied the issues of plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and drought resistance. The scientist was engaged not only in pure science, but also attached great importance to practical application research. He was in charge of an experimental field, where he tested various fertilizers and recorded their effect on the crop. Thanks to this research, agriculture has advanced significantly along the path of intensification.
Michurin I.V. (1855-1935)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have significantly influenced agriculture and horticulture. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - and breeder. His ancestors were small estate nobles, from them the scientist took over his interest in gardening. Even in early childhood, he looked after the garden, many of the trees in which were grafted by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Michurin began breeding work in a rented run-down estate. During the period of his activity, he brought out more than 300 varieties of cultivated plants, including those adapted to the conditions of the central zone of Russia.
Tikhomirov A.A. (1850-1931)
Russian biologists and their discoveries helped to develop new directions in agriculture. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov - biologist, doctor of zoology and rector of Moscow University. At St. Petersburg University he received a law degree, but became interested in biology and received a second degree from Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. The scientist discovered such a phenomenon as artificial parthenogenesis, one of the most important sections in individual development. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture.
Sechenov I.M. (1829-1905)
The topic "Famous biologists and their discoveries" will be incomplete without mentioning Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. This is a famous Russian evolutionary biologist, physiologist and educator. Born into a landowner's family, he was educated at the Main Engineering School and Moscow University.
The scientist examined the brain and discovered a center that causes inhibition of the central nervous system, proved the influence of the brain on muscle activity. He wrote the classic work "Reflexes of the Brain", where he formulated the idea that conscious and unconscious acts are performed in the form of reflexes. Introduced the brain as a computer that controls all life processes. Substantiated the respiratory function of the blood. The scientist created the national school of physiology.
Ivanovsky D.I. (1864-1920)
The end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century - the time when the great Russian biologists worked. And their discoveries (a table of any size could not contain their list) contributed to the development of medicine and biology. Among them is Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky - a physiologist, microbiologist and founder of virology. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. Even during his studies, he showed an interest in plant diseases.
The scientist suggested that diseases are caused by the smallest bacteria or toxins. The viruses themselves were seen using an electron microscope only after 50 years. It is Ivanovsky who is considered the founder of virology as a science. The scientist studied the process of alcoholic fermentation and the influence of chlorophyll and oxygen on it, soil microbiology.
Chetverikov S.S. (1880-1959)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have made a great contribution to the development of genetics. Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich was born a scientist in the family of a manufacturer, was educated at Moscow University. This is an outstanding evolutionary geneticist who organized the study of heredity in animal populations. Thanks to these studies, the scientist is considered the founder of evolutionary genetics. He laid the foundation for a new discipline - population genetics.
You have read the article "Famous domestic biologists and their discoveries." A table of their achievements can be compiled on the basis of the proposed material.
Likbez for Shapiro-Soloviev, who stated that Russian science Stalin created, and before him, apart from Mendeleev, we had no one
Russian science is not only one of the greatest in the world, it is also a forge of personnel for other countries. There is even such a term “Russian science” in the world, although many of the scientists who are called so have not lived in Russia for a long time, but studied here.
1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - the world's first electric light bulb
2. A.S. Popov - radio
3. V.K. Zworykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and broadcasting)
4. A.F. Mozhaisky - the inventor of the world's first aircraft
5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber
6. . A.M. Ponyatov - the world's first video recorder
7. S.P. Korolev - the world's first ballistic missile, spaceship, Earth's first satellite
8. A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - maser
9. S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first female professor)
10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photograph
11. A.A. Alekseev - the creator of the needle screen
12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram
13. F.A. Blinov - the world's first caterpillar tractor
14. V.A. Starevich - volume-animated film
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, a turning wheel
16. O.V. Losev - the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device
17. V.P. Mutilin - the world's first mounted construction harvester
18. A. R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvester
19. V.P. Demikhov - the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart
20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - isotope geochemistry
21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine
22. G. E. Kotelnikov - the first backpack rescue parachute
23. I.V. Kurchatov - the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk), also under his leadership was developed the world's first H-bomb with a capacity of 400 kt, blown up on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 thermonuclear bomb (Tsar bomb) with a record power of 52,000 kt.
24. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current
25. V. P. Vologdin, the world's first high-voltage liquid cathode mercury rectifier, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry
26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879
27. V.P. Glushko - the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine
28. V. V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of an arc discharge
29. N. G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding
30. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - invented a stereo camera
31. D.P. Grigorovich - creator of the seaplane
32. V. G. Fedorov - the world's first machine gun
33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable caliper
34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to read the course physical chemistry first discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus
35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight
36. VV Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc
37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world invented a frame hive, in which he used a frame shop
38. N.I. Lobachevsky - Mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry"
39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar
40. B.O. Jacobi - invented electroforming and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft
41. P.P. Anosov - metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel
42. D.I. Zhuravsky - for the first time developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used all over the world
43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world compiled an atlas "Topographic Anatomy", which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, gypsum and much more
44. I.R. Hermann - for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals
45. A.M. Butlerov - for the first time formulated the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds
46. I.M. Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work "Reflexes of the brain"
47. D.I. Mendeleev - discovered periodic law chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name
48. M.A. Novinsky - veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology
49. G.G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable
50. K.S. Dzhevetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor
51. N.I. Kibalchich - for the first time in the world developed a scheme of a rocket aircraft
52. N.N. Benardos - invented electric welding
53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science
54. V. I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera
55. A.G. Stoletov - physicist, for the first time in the world created a photocell based on an external photoelectric effect
56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine
57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible light-sensitive non-combustible film, formed the basis for the creation of cinema
58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera
59. S.M.Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F.Freidenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange
60. N.D. Pilchikov - physicist, for the first time in the world created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system
61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - the founder of astronautics
63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids
64. I.P. Pavlov - creator of the science of higher nervous activity
65. V. I. Vernadsky - naturalist, founder of many scientific schools
66. A.N. Scriabin - composer, for the first time in the world used lighting effects in the symphonic poem "Prometheus"
67. N.E. Zhukovsky - creator of aerodynamics
68. S.V. Lebedev - first received artificial rubber
69. GA Tikhov - astronomer, for the first time in the world established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as you know, this was confirmed when shooting our planet from space.
70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first carbon highly effective gas mask
71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered gene divisibility
72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922
73. E.K. Zavoisky discovered electric paramagnetic resonance
74. N.I. Lunin - proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings
75. N.P. Wagner - discovered insect pedogenesis
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform an operation to treat glaucoma
77. S.S. Yudin - for the first time used in the clinic the blood transfusion of suddenly dead people
78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted existence and created piezoelectric textures for the first time
79. L.V. Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)
80. N.A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes
81. P.P. Lazarev - creator of the ion theory of excitation
82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde
83. N.A. Umov - a physicist, the equation of energy movement, the concept of energy flow;
84. E.S. Fedorov - the founder of crystallography
85. G.S. Petrov - chemist, the world's first synthetic detergent
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a range finder for gunners
87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method for making woven banknotes and a method for single-pass multiple printing (Orlov printing)
88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral)
89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, Ch. radiation (new optical effect), Ch. counter (detector of nuclear radiation in nuclear physics)
91. D.K. Chernov - points Ch. (critical points of phase transformations of steel)
92. V.I. Kalashnikov - the first in the world to equip river vessels with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion
93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphozoreaction)
94. A.M. Lyapunov - mathematician, created the theory of stability of systems, balance and motion mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limiting theorems of probability theory)
95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov's laws (elasticity of parasolutions)
96. S.N. Reformatsky - organic chemist, Reformatsky reaction
97. V.A. Semennikov - metallurgist, the first in the world to carry out the semerization of copper matte and get blister copper
98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of non-equilibrium processes)
99. M.M. Protodyakonov - a scientist, developed a scale of rock strength generally accepted in the world
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balm Sh. (vinylin)
101. M.S. Color - Color method (chromatography of plant pigments)
102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft
103. A.S. Famintsyn - a plant physiologist, was the first to develop a method for implementing photosynthetic processes under artificial lighting
104. B.S. Stechkin - created two theories - thermal calculation of aircraft engines and jet engines
105. A.I. Leipunsky - physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and molecules to free electrons during collisions
106. D.D. Maksutov - optician, telescope M. (meniscus system of optical instruments)
107. N.A. Menshutkin - chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction
108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology
109. S.N. Winogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis
110. V.S. Pyatov - metallurgist, invented a method for the production of armor plates by rolling
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal combine (for coal mining)
112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants
113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first heart-lung machine in the world (autojector)
114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells
115. E. A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS"
116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in the field of telephony
117. V. F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world proposed the use of a three-phase arc for welding metals
118. L.N. Gobyato - colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904
119. V.G. Shukhov, an inventor, was the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers
120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian trip around the world, studied the islands of the Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and about. Sakhalin
121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica
122. The world's first icebreaker of the modern type - the steamer of the Russian fleet "Pilot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker - "Ermak", built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarov.
123. V.N. Sukachev is the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population
124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of chemistry of organoelement compounds.
125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, for the first time in the world, air-cushion vehicles were created
126. G.N. Babakin - Russian designer, creator of Soviet moon rovers
127. P.N. Nesterov - the first in the world to complete a closed curve in a vertical plane on an airplane, a "dead loop", later called the "Nesterov loop"
128. B. B. Golitsyn - became the founder of a new science of seismology
And many, many more…
Russian Strategy
The importance of biological science in our life is difficult to overestimate. Without research and knowledge carried out by scientists in this field, medicine and pharmaceuticals would not have developed, humanity would not have been armed with antibiotics and vaccinations, and would have been powerless against viruses. Therefore, it is so important to know the names of the great biologists who, at the cost of their health, and sometimes their lives, made such significant scientific discoveries.
Great Scientists in Biology
The term "biology" itself appeared at the end of the nineteenth century, therefore scientists of the world previously working in this area were called doctors or naturalists.
pioneers
Below is a list of famous biologists and their discoveries.
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
Leeuwenhoek was engaged in research in the field of biology in the seventeenth century. During this period, science did not have elementary knowledge, the available data were very primitive. In addition to the natural sciences, Leeuwenhoek was fond of physics and was an excellent designer.
The scientist is the inventor of the world's first perfect microscope, which allowed him to make discoveries in the field of biology: Leeuwenhoek was the first to describe spermatozoa and the process of egg fertilization. The scientist also has the honor of discovering microbes.
Charles Darwin
The English naturalist Darwin was the first to conclude that a living organism can evolve. He is the author of the theory of the origin of man, which is still one of the most popular in the world. Darwin traveled a lot and observed various living organisms. A lot of observations helped the scientist in creating his scientific theories.
Robert Brown
English scientist Robert Brown is best known as the discoverer of the possibility of molecular motion, named after him. However, he also made a most valuable discovery in the field of biology: when studying plant cells under a microscope in 1832, he discovered the same round elements in each cell. Later, this cell organelle was called the cell nucleus, and Brown proved the existence of the nucleus not only in plant cells, but also in animal cells.
Carl Wese
American scientist Carl Wese is the person who first identified a new domain of living organisms - archaea. Wese in 1990 created a classification fundamentally different from those that existed before: he divided living organisms into 23 subgroups.
They are found within three independent domains:
- eukaryotes;
- bacteria;
- archaea.
According to Wese, archaea are a separate independent branch of living beings. The views of the scientist were not accepted in the scientific community for a long time, but at present this classification is fundamental.
Hans Krebs
The German explorer Han Krebs discovered stages for the first time in 1932. chemical reactions, during which urea is formed from ammonia in animal cells. These reactions are called the "Krebs cycle", currently this term refers to the process of oxidation of nutrients in animals.
William Baylis and Ernest Starling
Two English scientists-partners in 1905 described and gave the name to unknown substances at that time - hormones. As an example, they described secretin, a hormone that regulates the release of pancreatic juice into the intestines. Also, scientists have described in detail the role of hormones as chemical intermediaries.
Jan Ingenhaus
In 1770, the German scientist Jan Ingenhaus described the process of transformation by plants sunlight into energy. This process is now called photosynthesis. The scientist made this discovery thanks to his observations, during which he found that plants react to light differently than to shadow. Later, the great significance of this discovery was recognized, since it was found that all life on Earth ultimately depends on photosynthesis.
Russian explorers
Well-known Russian biologists worked and made discoveries in our country. Their contribution to science is very significant.
Koltsov Nikolai Konstantinovich
Founder of domestic experimental biology. In 1928 he presented and proved the conjecture about molecular structure chromosomes. This hypothesis later became the basis of modern molecular biology and genetics.
Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich
Great Russian physiologist, author of the doctrine of higher nervous activity. He is the author of the chronic experiment as a method aimed at the study of a healthy organism, and the method of conditioned reflexes. He presented evidence that the basis of all mental processes is the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex.
Timiryazev Kliment Arkadievich
Russian biologist and naturalist. Described the patterns of photosynthesis as a process of converting light into energy by plants.
Chetverikov Sergey Sergeevich
He is the founder of popular and evolutionary genetics. He was one of the first to describe the patterns of selection in actively evolving populations.
The founders of science
Biology as a science originated many centuries ago. Many ancient thinkers laid the foundation for the natural sciences.
Avicenna
Persian scientist, physician and philosopher. He lived and carried out his activities in the Middle Ages. The author of more than 450 works, he is the founder of modern psychophysiology: he described four types of temperament that a person can have depending on the predominance of a certain type of fluid in his body.
Aristotle
Ancient Greek scientist encyclopedist. Dal detailed description many animals living in Greece and areas close to it. He suggested that plants and animals are transformed into more perfect forms, climbing the ladder of nature, that is, he described the foundations of the theory of evolution.
Galen
An ancient Roman physician, author of a work on the parts of the human body, in which he gave the first detailed description of human anatomy and physiology in the history of medicine. First used in scientific activity vivisection experiments on animals. He summarized all the available knowledge of ancient medicine, creating a separate branch of science.
Rene Descartes
English physicist, naturalist, biologist. For the first time introduced the concept of reflex.
Dioscorides Pedanius
Ancient Greek naturalist, physician and pharmacologist. One of the first in the world history of biology began research in the field of pharmacy and botany, which is why he is considered the father of these sciences.
Pliny the Elder
An ancient Greek writer whose subject matter was animals and plants. He created the multi-volume work "Natural History", which is one of the oldest encyclopedias about living organisms.
Theophrastus
Ancient Greek scientist, one of the first botanists. Theophrastus' contribution to biology is to systematize the available observations about the places of growth and useful properties of plants, and he also created their classification.
Popular biologists and their discoveries
Below is a list of scientists who have made other valuable discoveries in the field of biology.
Alexander Fleming
Scottish bacteriologist. He discovered the substance lysozyme, which is an enzyme that kills bacteria in the body, but does not harm healthy tissues.
Wilhelm Roux
Claude Bernard
He discovered the phenomenon of homeostasis of the human body and proved its importance. According to the scientist, a living body is relatively independent of environment although it needs it. The tissues of the human body are protected and are in themselves a perfect environment. True, this theory received scientific recognition after the death of Bernard.
James Sumner
For the first time in 1926, the scientist managed to isolate the ureaplasma enzyme in its pure form. This is a substance that breaks down urea into chemical elements. It took the scientist 26 years to achieve this goal, while the entire scientific community of that time was sure that this was impossible, and even after receiving the result, most of the scientist's colleagues doubted this success. However, Sumner's achievement won him the Nobel Prize in 1946.
Frederick Sanger
Sanger is the only person in history to have won two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry. He received the second award jointly with his colleague and comrade Walter Gilbert. In 1977, scientists published a method to figure out the sequence of building blocks in the DNA network. This method has become a real breakthrough in the field of medicine, evolutionary biology, has become indispensable in criminal law.
List of biologists
Biology - ancient science with multiple industries. In different periods, many inventors were engaged in its study and development. A short list of famous biology researchers is in the table.
| Hippocrates | 470-360 BC e. |
| Claudius Galen | 130-200 AD e. |
| Avicenna | 980-1048 |
| Leonardo da Vinci | 1452-1519 |
| Andreas Vesalius | 1514-1564 |
| William Harvey | 1578-1657 |
| Carl Linnaeus | 1707-1778 |
| Charles Darwin | 1809-1882 |
| Gerhard Mendel | 1822-1884 |
| Robert Koch | 1843-1910 |
| Dmitry Ivanovsky | 1864-1920 |
| Ilya Mechnikov | 1845-1916 |
| Louis Pasteur | 1822-1895 |
| Ivan Sechenov | 1829-1905 |
| Hugo de Vries | 1848–1935 |
| Thomas Morgan | 1866-1943 |
| Vladimir Vernadsky | 1863-1945 |
| Ivan Schmalhausen | 1884-1963 |
Timeline of discoveries
Many scientists, being and working in different parts of the world, helped their colleagues working in the same field.
Many discoveries were made on the basis of knowledge, formed years and even centuries earlier:
- In 1831, Robert Brown, while examining under a microscope plant cells he had obtained in Australia, noticed that each of them had a round opaque element. The scientist called it the nucleus of the cell. The German naturalist Theodor Schwann, having learned about the discovery of his colleague, began to look for something similar in animal cells: the cells of tadpoles were studied. Schwann's hypothesis was confirmed, the nucleus was also found in animal cells. At that time, this discovery was revolutionary: it proved the connection of all life on the planet.
- Almost a century after the discovery of the cell nucleus, the German scientist Carl Wese made the following startling scientific world opening. Until that moment, it was believed that the animal world consists of two large classes: bacteria (protozoa) and eukaryotes (everything else). They differed only in the location of DNA - in protozoa it was located near the cell walls, in eukaryotes - in the nucleus. Carl Wese, while studying methane-producing bacteria, discovered a feature unknown at that time: the cell wall was unique and secreted unusual enzymes. The scientist discovered that this form of life is different from those already known. Representatives of this species are able to survive even in the most aggressive environment, at the bottom of the ocean or several kilometers deep in the earth. This type was called archaea.
- About 30 years later, the German zoologist Walter Flemming published a work in which he describes the process of cell division, and although scientists were previously aware of this fact regarding a living cell, it was Flemming who was considered the discoverer in this matter. In the process of working on this issue, the scientist used a powerful microscope, with which he managed to detect certain structures, which he called chromosomes. The picture of cell division became clear to the scientist, and he was able to describe cell division in detail, calling this process mitosis.
- The chain of discoveries in the field of cell reproduction and division was continued by the German biologist August Weismann. The biologist came up with the idea that at a certain moment a developing organism gives a signal to the cells responsible for reproduction to divide the chromosomes in half. This process is called meiosis.
Of course, this is only a tiny part of all the discoveries of mankind in the field of biology. For many centuries, biologists, biochemists, and natural scientists from all over the world have directed the forces of their minds to develop the field of knowledge related to biology. Many of their thoughts, actions and conclusions echoed, giving the opportunity for the development of science, and this development continues at the present time. study the link.
Test
Based on the materials of the presented article, it is proposed to pass a test, the purpose of which is to identify the degree of assimilation of information.
Testing conditions: you must choose the correct answer from the proposed ones. There can only be one correct answer.
A. Pliny the Elder.
b. Aristotle.
V. Avicenna.
2. Discovered the nucleus of cells for the first time:
A. Pavlov.
b. Vernadsky.
V. Mechnikov.
4. The only scientist in the world who has received two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry is:
A. Sanger.
b. Schmalhausen.
V. Flemming.
5. For the first time introduced the concept of reflex:
A. Hippocrates.
b. Descartes.
V. Avicenna.
6. First described the types of human temperament:
A. Avicenna.
V. Aristotle.
7. The concept of "homeostasis" was first introduced by:
A. Bernard.
A. Descartes.
V. Avicenna.
9. For the first time he described the stages of chemical reactions of energy conversion in living cells:
b. Darwin.
V. Mendel.
10. A new type of living organisms discovered:
b. Mechnikov.
V. Sechenov.
Right answers:
Video
Watch an interesting video about the great discoveries in the field of biology.
In the article we will talk about Russian biologists. We will consider the most significant names of the discoverers, as well as get acquainted with their achievements. From the article you will learn about those Russian biologists who really made a significant contribution to the development of this science. Everyone who is interested in the animal and plant world is simply obliged to know the names that we will name below.
Ivan Pavlov
This scientist in Soviet times did not even need to be introduced. However, in modern world far from every person can say for sure who Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is. The man was born in 1849. His most significant achievement is the creation of the doctrine of the activity of the higher nervous system. He also wrote many books on circulation and digestion. This is the first Russian scientist who received the Nobel Prize for achievements in considering the mechanisms of digestion.
Experiments on dogs
Ivan Pavlov is a Russian biological scientist who is known for doing experiments on dogs. In our country, there are many anecdotes and cartoons related to this. Moreover, when it comes to instincts, everyone immediately remembers Pavlov's dog. The scientist began to conduct experiments in 1890. He managed to develop conditioned reflexes in animals. For example, he made sure that dogs secreted gastric juice after they heard the sound of a bell, and before this bell was always preceded by a meal. The peculiarity of the method of this scientist is that he saw the relationship between mental and physiological processes. Multiple subsequent studies have confirmed its presence.
The first work was published in 1923. In 1926 he began research in the field of genetics. For several years he worked in psychiatric clinics. The discoveries of Ivan Pavlov helped to learn a lot about mental illness, as well as about possible methods of their treatment. Thanks to the support of the Soviet government, Pavlov had enough resources to carry out all his experiments, which allowed him to achieve other outstanding results.
Ilya Mechnikov
We continue the list of Russian biologists with the famous name of I. I. Mechnikov. This is a famous microbiologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Born in Kharkov in 1845. He studied in the same city. He studied embryology in Italy, in 1868 he defended his doctoral dissertation. In 1886, together with other scientists, he created a bacteriological station, which at that time was the first in Russia.
He wrote his first books on zoology and evolutionary embryology. He is the author of the theory of phagocytella. He discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, developed the theory of the comparative pathology of inflammation. Wrote a huge number of works on bacteriology. He experimented on himself, and thus proved that the causative agent of Asian cholera is Vibrio cholerae. He died in 1916 in Paris.
Alexander Kovalevsky
The list of famous Russian biologists will continue with the sensational name of Alexander Kovalevsky. This is a great scientist who was a zoologist. Worked at the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Born in 1842. At first he studied at home, and then entered the Corps of Railway Engineers. After that, he graduated from St. Petersburg University in the department of natural sciences. Defended master's and doctoral dissertations.
In 1868 he was already a professor of zoology and worked at Kazan University. He spent three years in Algiers and the Red Sea, where he did his research. Most of them are devoted to the embryology of invertebrates. In the 1860s, he conducted research that made it possible to discover germ layers in organisms.
Nikolai Vavilov
It is simply impossible to present a list of Russian great biologists without the name of Nikolai Vavilov. This man created the doctrine of plant immunity. He also owns the discovery of the law on hereditary changes in the body and homologous series. He made a significant contribution to the development of the doctrine of biological species, created a huge collection of seeds of various plants. By the way, it is recognized as the largest in the world.
The future scientist was born in Moscow in 1887 in the family of a merchant. He was a peasant. For some time he worked as the director of his father's firm, which dealt with invoices. Vavilov's mother was from an artist's family. In total, the family had 7 children, but three of them died at an early age.
Training and achievements
Nikolai Vavilov studied at a commercial school, later entered the Moscow Agricultural Institute, from which he graduated in 1911. After that, he began working at the Department of Private Agriculture. From 1917 he lectured in Saratov University, after 4 years he was already working in Petrograd. Thanks to his research, he described almost all the plants of the Volga and Volga regions.
The scientist devoted more than 20 years to the expedition, which he conducted in the Mediterranean and Central Asia. I remember my trip to Afghanistan in 1924 for a long time. All the collected materials helped Vavilov to determine not only the origin, but also the distribution of plants. His contribution is simply invaluable, because he greatly simplified the further work of breeders and botanists. It seems incredible, but Nikolai managed to collect more than 300 thousand different samples.
In 1926 he received a prize for his work on the study of immunity, the origin of plants, and the discovery of the law of homologous series. Nikolai Vavilov is the owner of a huge number of awards and several medals.
However, there is a dark spot in his biography. A lot of party ideologists were opposed to the scientist because of the scientific activities of his student T. Lysenko. The opposition campaign was directed against the scientist's research in the field of genetics. In 1940, Vavilov had to finish all his scientific work. Moreover, he was accused of sabotage, and he was even arrested. A difficult fate befell this great scientist in his last years. He died in prison from starvation in the foreign city of Saratov in 1943.
Rehabilitation
The investigation lasted more than 10 months, during which the scientist was summoned for interrogation more than 400 times. After his death, this great Russian scientist was denied even a separate grave, as a result he was buried with other prisoners. Only in 1955 he was rehabilitated. All charges regarding his activities were dropped.
Alexander Vereshchak
We have already talked about Russian biologists who received the Nobel Prize, but this does not mean that we should forget about other researchers, because their contribution is also significant. Alexander Vereshchak is a Russian oceanologist, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor and Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Studied at Moscow State University at the Faculty of Biology. In 1990 he became a doctor of sciences. Since 2007, he headed the laboratory, which belonged to the Institute of Oceanology. So smoothly we moved on to the consideration of Russian biologists of the 21st century. The scientist wrote more than 100 scientific papers. His main achievements are related to how modern methods of analysis can be applied in the field of geoecology and oceanology.
Conducted more than 20 dives and 200 expeditions. He is the creator of the hydrothermal system model. Developed the concept of an ecosystem inhabited by a special fauna. Together with employees from other countries, he jointly created a methodology that allows you to determine the role of marine nano- and microbiota. He discovered and described more than 50 species of crustaceans.
Gennady Rozenberg
He was born in 1949 in Ufa. In his name, we also continue to review the list of Russian biologists of the 21st century. He planned to become an engineer, but soon headed the laboratory at the Institute of Biology. In 1987 he moved to Tolyatti. He is the creator of the method for analyzing the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Created my own system of ecology large regions for analytics purposes.
Yuri Ilyin
The future scientist was born in the winter of 1941 in Asbest. Famous molecular biologist. He was a specialist in molecular genetics and biology. In 1976, he conducted a study of mobile genes. It is extremely difficult to overestimate its significance, since it has significantly advanced all of science. Studied the mobile elements of eukaryotes. He is the creator of the theory of the role of mobile genes in carcinogenesis, evolution and mutagenesis.
Zinaida Donets
Other names
It should be noted that Russian biologists and their discoveries were not always appreciated. There are many researchers who are known only to those who also connected their lives with this science. For example, it is worth mentioning the name of Nikolai Koltsov, a Russian biologist who is considered the founder of experimental biology. He was the first to create a hypothesis about the molecular structure of chromosomes and their matrix reproduction. The discovery was made in 1928. Thus, this eminent scientist anticipated all the basic provisions modern biology and genetics.
It is impossible not to mention the Russian naturalist Kliment Timiryazev. He was born in 1843. He is the discoverer of the patterns of photosynthesis. Discovered and substantiated the process of the influence of light on education organic matter in plant layers.
Chetverikov Sergei is a talented Soviet geneticist, who is rightfully considered one of the founders of population and evolutionary genetics. This is one of the first researchers who found the relationship between the patterns of selection of individuals in a population and the speed of dynamics in evolutionary processes.
Alexander Tikhomirov is a Russian scientist who discovered artificial parthenogenesis. But this phenomenon is considered the most important section of the doctrine of the individual development of a living being. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture in our country.
So we reviewed the information briefly about Russian biologists and their discoveries. However, I would also like to mention a few names that very few people know about.
It is worth mentioning Ivan Gmelin - a member of the Great Northern Expedition and a naturalist. The scientist is an academic researcher of Siberia, an ethnographer and a botanist. Described more than 500 species of Siberian plants. There he passed more than 34,000 km. Wrote a voluminous work on the flora of the region.
Nikolai Turchaninov is the first scientist who described the fauna of Transbaikalia and the Baikal region. Collected a huge private herbarium. Described more than 2,000 plant species from around the world. He is the most significant researcher of Asian flora.
It is also worth mentioning the name of Andrei Famintsyn, who is the discoverer of the semiotic nature of lichens. He also discovered the symbiosis of algae and radiolarians. Globally researched artificial lighting for plants.
This concludes our review of the biographies of Russian biologists and their discoveries (briefly). We have mentioned all the most significant names, without which it is simply impossible to imagine Russian biology. However, despite this, there are still many scientists whose contribution to the development of this science is simply invaluable. Russian biologists are worthy of attention, because they literally created the basic principles modern science and actually laid the first foundations.
Every person should know these names, if only because biology is the science of life itself. Summing up the results of the article, I would like to once again express respect to Russian biologists, thanks to whom we have the opportunity to study a holistic complex science. Remember that these names can and should be proud of. Of course, the contribution of scientists from all over the world is important, but we must know and respect our own heroes.
