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Titanium discovery history unpredictable and very addicting. Who do you think discovered titanium? Options:

1. Scientist.
2. Experienced mineralogist.
3. Forester.
4. A priest.

Titan discovered and found british priest in 1791 in the Menakin Valley (below the location is shown on the Google map):

How did the priest Ullillam Gregor discover titan?

Mineralogy was not a pastor's profession. Rather, it was a hobby, a passion. The discovery of the titanium is a great success and the most outstanding act in Gregor's life. He got titanium thanks to the dark sand, which he found at the local bridge in the Menakin Valley. Gregor was interested in the magnetism of the sand, similar to anthracite, and he decided to experiment on the find in his mini-laboratory.
The priest immersed a sample of the found sand in hydrochloric acid. As a result, the light part of the sample dissolved and only dark sand remained. Then William added sulfuric acid to the sand, which dissolved the rest of the sample. Deciding to continue the experiment, Gregor heated the solution and it began to grow cloudy. The result is something like milk of lime:

Gregor was surprised by the shade of the suspension, but not enough to draw daring conclusions about the discovery of the new element Ti. He decided to add more acid H2SO4, but the cloudiness did not disappear. Then the pastor continued heating the slurry until the liquid was completely evaporated. White powder remained in its place:

It was then that William Gregor decided that he was dealing with an unknown type of lime. He immediately changed his mind after calcining the powder (heating to 400 degrees Celsius and above) - the substance turned yellow. Unable to identify the discovery, he called for help from his friend, who, unlike the pastor, was professionally engaged in mineralogy. His friend the scientist Hawkins confirmed the discovery - this new item!
Next, the pastor submitted an application to open the element. in " Physics journal"He called the found rock" menakanite ", the extracted oxide" menakin". But the element itself did not receive a name then ...
In honor of the discovery of titanium, a plaque was erected in April 2002 at the site near the bridge where William Gregor found the "strange" dark sand. Later, the priest decided to delve into the study of minerals and opened his own Geological Society in his hometown of Cornwell. He also found titanium in Tibetan corundum and tin in his home area.
Memorial plaque:

Who gave the name to the metal Titan?

Martin Heinrich Klaprothi was skeptical about the article from the "Physical Journal" about the discovery of Menakin. Then they discovered a lot of things. The scientist himself discovered Uranus and Zirconium! He decided to test the veracity of the priest's words in practice. While searching, I discovered a certain "Hungarian red sherl" and decided to decompose it into elements. As a result, he obtained a white powder similar to Gregorovsky. After comparing the densities, it turned out that this is the same substance.

The priest and the eminent scientist discovered the same mineral - it was not Menakin or Sherl, but rutile. The rock in which Gregor found black sand is now called ilmenite. Klaproth knew that the pastor was the first to discover the dioxide and did not pretend to discover it (especially since he had already discovered Uranus and Zirconium). But the scientific community accepted the efforts of the scientist more than the priest. It is now believed that both Gregor and Klaproth were equally involved and "together" discovered Titan in 1791 (although the pastor did it first).

Why was titanium so named?

In the 18th century, the French school of chemist Lavoisier was greatly influenced. According to the principles of the school, new elements were named based on their key features... According to this principle, they named Oxygen (generated by air), Hydrogen (generated by water) and Nitrogen (“lifeless). But Klaproth was critical of this principle of Lavoisier, although he supported his other teachings. He decided to follow his own principle: Martin called the elements mythical names, planets and other names that have nothing to do with the properties of matter.
Heinrich Klaproth named element extracted from rutile titanium in honor of the first inhabitants of planet Earth... Titan Prometheus gave people fire, and open metal titanium now gives aviation, shipbuilding and rocketry the raw materials for new discoveries!

Titanium was originally named "Gregorite" by the British chemist Reverend William Gregor, who discovered it in 1791. Then titanium was independently discovered by the German chemist M.H. Klaproth in 1793. He named him titan after the titans from Greek mythology - "the embodiment of natural power." It wasn't until 1797 that Klaproth discovered that his titanium was an element previously discovered by Gregor.

Characteristics and properties

Titanium is a chemical element with the Ti symbol and atomic number 22. It is a shiny metal with a silvery color, low density and high strength. It is resistant to corrosion in seawater and chlorine.

Element meets in a number of mineral deposits, mainly rutile and ilmenite, which are widespread in earth crust and the lithosphere.

Titanium is used to make tough light alloys. Two of the most useful properties of a metal are corrosion resistance and a hardness-to-density ratio, the highest of any metal element. In its unalloyed state, this metal is as strong as some steels, but less dense.

Physical properties of metal

It is durable metal low density, fairly pliable (especially in anoxic environment), shiny and metalloid white. Its relatively high melting point of over 1650 ° C (or 3000 ° F) makes it useful as a refractory metal. It is paramagnetic and has a rather low electrical and thermal conductivity.

On the Mohs scale, the hardness of titanium is 6. According to this indicator, it is slightly inferior to hardened steel and tungsten.

Commercially pure (99.2%) titanium has an ultimate tensile strength of about 434 MPa, which is in line with conventional low-grade steel alloys, but titanium is much lighter.

Chemical properties of titanium

Like aluminum and magnesium, titanium and its alloys oxidize immediately when exposed to air. It reacts slowly with water and air at temperatures environment, because it forms a passive oxide coatingwhich protects the bulk metal from further oxidation.

Atmospheric passivation gives titanium excellent corrosion resistance almost equivalent to platinum. Titanium is able to withstand attacks from dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, chloride solutions, and most organic acids.

Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen, reacting at 800 ° C (1470 ° F) to form titanium nitride. Due to their high reactivity with oxygen, nitrogen and some other gases, titanium filaments are used in titanium sublimation pumps as absorbers for these gases. These pumps are inexpensive and reliably produce extremely low pressure in ultra-high vacuum systems.

Common titanium-bearing minerals are anatase, brookite, ilmenite, perovskite, rutile, and titanite (sphene). Of these minerals, only rutile and ilmenite are of economic importance, but even they are difficult to find in high concentrations.

Titanium is found in meteorites and has been found in the Sun and M-type stars with surface temperatures of 3,200 ° C (5,790 ° F).

The currently known methods for extracting titanium from various ores are time consuming and expensive.

Manufacturing and manufacturing

Currently, about 50 grades of titanium and titanium alloys have been developed and used. Today, 31 grades of titanium metal and alloys are recognized, of which grades 1-4 are commercially pure (unalloyed). They differ in tensile strength depending on the oxygen content, with class 1 being the most ductile (the lowest tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.18%), and class 4 the least ductile (maximum tensile strength with an oxygen content of 0.40% ).

The remaining classes are alloys, each with specific properties:

• plastic;
• strength;
• hardness;
• electrical resistance;
• specific corrosion resistance and their combinations.

In addition to these specifications, titanium alloys are also manufactured to meet aerospace and military (SAE-AMS, MIL-T) requirements, ISO standards and country specific specifications, and end-user requirements for aerospace, military, medical and industrial applications.

A commercially pure flat product (sheet, plate) can be easily formed, but processing must take into account the fact that the metal has a "memory" and a tendency to come back. This is especially true for some high-strength alloys.

Titanium is often used to make alloys:

• with aluminum;
• with vanadium;
• with copper (for hardening);
• with iron;
• with manganese;
• with molybdenum and other metals.

Areas of use

Titanium alloys in the form of sheets, slabs, rods, wires, castings find applications in industrial, aerospace, recreational and emerging markets. Powdered titanium is used in pyrotechnics as a source of bright burning particles.

Because titanium alloys have a high tensile strength to density ratio, high corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, high crack resistance and the ability to withstand moderately high temperatures, they are used in aircraft, in armor, in naval ships, spaceships and rockets.

For these applications, titanium is alloyed with aluminum, zirconium, nickel, vanadium and other elements to manufacture a variety of components, including critical structural members, firewalls, landing gear, exhaust pipes (helicopters), and hydraulic systems. In fact, about two-thirds of the titanium metal produced is used in aircraft engines and frames.

Because titanium alloys are resistant to seawater corrosion, they are used to make propeller shafts, heat exchanger tooling, and more. These alloys are used in hulls and components for ocean observation and monitoring devices for science and the military.

Specific alloys are used in downhole and oil wells and nickel hydrometallurgy for their high strength. The pulp and paper industry uses titanium in process equipment exposed to aggressive media such as sodium hypochlorite or wet chlorine gas (in bleaching). Other applications include ultrasonic welding, wave soldering.

In addition, these alloys are used in automobiles, especially in automobile and motorcycle racing, where low weight, high strength and stiffness are essential.

Titanium is used in many sporting goods: tennis rackets, golf clubs, lacrosse shafts; cricket, ice hockey, lacrosse and football helmets, and bike frames and components.

Due to its durability, titanium has become more popular for designer jewelry (titanium rings in particular). Its inertness makes it a good choice for those with allergies or those who will wear jewelry in environments such as swimming pools. Titanium is also alloyed with gold to produce an alloy that can be sold as 24K gold because 1% Ti alloy is not enough to require a lower grade. The resulting alloy is roughly the hardness of 14k gold and is more durable than pure 24k gold.

Precautions

Titanium is non-toxic even in high doses... In powder form or in the form of metal shavings, it poses a serious fire hazard and, if heated in air, an explosion hazard.

Properties and applications of titanium alloys

Below is an overview of the most commonly found titanium alloys, divided into grades, their properties, advantages and industrial applications.

7th grade

Grade 7 is mechanically and physically equivalent to grade 2 pure titanium, with the exception of the addition of the intermediate palladium, which makes it an alloy. It has excellent weldability and elasticity, the most corrosion resistance of all alloys of this type.

Class 7 is used in chemical processes and manufacturing equipment components.

Grade 11

Grade 11 is very similar to Grade 1, except for the addition of palladium to improve corrosion resistance, making it an alloy.

Other beneficial properties include optimum ductility, strength, toughness and excellent weldability. This alloy can be used especially where corrosion is a problem:

• chemical treatment;
• chlorate production;
• desalination;
• marine applications.

Ti 6Al-4V, class 5

Ti 6Al-4V, or grade 5 titanium, is the most commonly used alloy. It accounts for 50% of the total titanium consumption worldwide.

Ease of use lies in its many benefits. Ti 6Al-4V can be heat treated to increase its strength. This alloy has high strength and low weight.

This is the best alloy to use in several industriessuch as aerospace, medical, marine and chemical processing industries. It can be used when creating:

• aircraft turbines;
• engine components;
• structural elements of the aircraft;
• aerospace fasteners;
• high-performance automatic parts;
• sports equipment.

Ti 6AL-4V ELI, class 23

Grade 23 - Surgical Titanium. Ti 6AL-4V ELI, or Grade 23, is a higher purity version of Ti 6Al-4V. It can be made from rolls, strands, wires, or flat wires. It is the best choice for any situation where a combination of high strength, low weight, good corrosion resistance and high toughness is required. It has excellent damage resistance.

It can be used in biomedical applications such as implantable components because of its biocompatibility, good fatigue strength. It can also be used in surgical procedures to make such constructs:

• orthopedic pins and screws;
• ligature clamps;
• surgical staples;
• springs;
• orthodontic appliances;
• cryogenic vessels;
• bone fixation devices.

Grade 12

Titanium grade 12 has excellent high quality weldability. It is a high strength alloy that provides good toughness at high temperatures. Grade 12 titanium has similar characteristics to 300 series stainless steels.

Its ability to shape in a variety of ways makes it useful in many applications. The high corrosion resistance of this alloy also makes it invaluable for production equipment. Class 12 can be used in the following industries:

• heat exchangers;
• hydrometallurgical applications;
• high temperature chemical production;
• marine and air components.

Ti 5Al-2.5Sn

Ti 5Al-2.5Sn is an alloy that can provide good weldability with toughness. It also has high temperature stability and high strength.

Ti 5Al-2,5Sn is mainly used in the aviation field as well as in cryogenic plants.

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The company "PerfectMetall" buys, along with other metals, titanium scrap. Any scrap metal collection points of the company will accept titanium, titanium alloy products, titanium shavings, etc. Where does titanium go to scrap metal points? Everything is very simple, this metal has found very wide application both for industrial purposes and in human life. Today this metal is used in the construction of space and military rockets, and a lot of it is also used in aircraft construction. Titanium is used to build strong and light sea vessels. The chemical industry, jewelry, not to mention the very widespread use of titanium in the medical industry. And all this is due to the fact that titanium and its alloys have a number of unique properties.

Titanium - description and properties

The earth's crust, as you know, is saturated with numerous chemical elements... Often found among them is titanium. We can say that it is in 10th place in the TOP of the most common chemical elements of the Earth. Titanium is a silver-white metal, resistant to many aggressive environments, not subject to oxidation in a number of powerful acids, the only exceptions are hydrofluoric, orthophosphoric sulphuric acid in high concentration. Pure titanium is relatively young; it was received only in 1925.

The oxide film that covers titanium in its pure form serves as a very reliable protection of this metal against corrosion. Titanium is also appreciated for its low thermal conductivity, for comparison - titanium conducts heat 13 times worse than aluminum, but with the conductivity of electricity, the opposite picture - titanium has a much higher resistance. Still the most important distinctive feature titanium - its colossal strength. Again, if we compare it now with pure iron, then titanium is twice its strength!

Titanium alloys

Titanium alloys also have outstanding properties, among which in the first place, as you might guess, is strength. As a structural material, titanium is inferior in strength only to beryllium alloys. However, the indisputable advantage of titanium alloys is their high resistance to abrasion, wear and, at the same time, sufficient ductility.

Titanium alloys are resistant to a variety of active acids, salts, hydroxides. These alloys are not afraid of high-temperature influences, which is why turbines of jet engines are made from titanium and its alloys, and in general are widely used in rocketry and the aviation industry.

Where is titanium used

Titanium is used where a very strong material is required that has maximum resistance to various types of negative influences. For example, in the chemical industry, titanium alloys are used for the production of pumps, tanks and pipelines for the transportation of corrosive liquids. In medicine, titanium is used for prosthetics and has excellent biological compatibility with the human body. In addition, an alloy of titanium and nickel - nitinol - has a "memory", which allows it to be used in orthopedic surgery. In metallurgy, titanium serves as an alloying element that is added to the composition of some types of steel.

Due to the retention of plasticity and strength under the influence of low temperatures, the metal is used in cryogenic technology. In aviation and rocketry, titanium is valued for its heat resistance, and its alloy with aluminum and vanadium is most widely used here: it is from it that parts for hulls are made aircraft and jet engines.

In turn, in shipbuilding, titanium alloys are used for the manufacture of metal products with increased corrosion resistance. But, in addition to industrial use, titanium serves as a raw material for creating jewelry and accessories, since it lends itself well to processing methods such as polishing or anodizing. In particular, wrist watch cases and jewelry are cast from it.

Titanium is widely used in various compounds. For example, titanium dioxide is found in paints, is used in paper and plastic manufacturing, and titanium nitride acts as a protective coating for tools. Despite the fact that titanium is called the metal of the future, at this stage its scope is seriously limited by the high production cost.

Table 1

Chemical composition of industrial titanium alloys.
Alloy type	Alloy grade	Chemical composition,% (the rest is Ti)
		Al	V	Mo	Mn	Cr	Si	Other elements
a	VT5 VT5-1	4,3-6,2 4,5-6,0	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —	— 2-3Sn
Pseudo-a	OT4-0 OT4-1 OT4 VT20 VT18	0,2-1,4 1,0-2,5 3,5-5,0 6,0-7,5 7,2-8,2	— — — 0,8-1,8 —	— — — 0,5-2,0 0,2-1,0	0,2-1,3 0,7-2,0 0,8-2,0 — —	— — — — —	— — — — 0,18-0,5	— — — 1.5-2.5Zr 0.5-1.5Nb 10-12Zr
a + b	VT6S VT6 VT8 VT9 VT3-1 VT14 VT16 VT22	5,0-6,5 5,5-7,0 6,0-7,3 5,8-7,0 5,5-7,0 4,5-6,3 1,6-3,0 4,0-5,7	3,5-4,5 4,2-6,0 — — — 0,9-1,9 4,0-5,0 4,0-5,5	— — 2,8-3,8 2,8-3,8 2,0-3,0 2,5-3,8 4,5-5,5 4,5-5,0	— — — — — — — —	— — — — 1,0-2,5 — — 0,5-2,0	— — 0,20-0,40 0,20-0,36 0,15-0,40 — — —	— — — 0.8-2.5Zr 0.2-0.7Fe — — 0.5-1.5Fe
b	VT15	2,3-3,6	—	6,8-8,0	—	9,5-11,0	—	1,0Zr

High strength metal with many unique properties. It was originally used in the defense and military industries. The development of various branches of science has led to the wider use of titanium.

Titanium in aircraft construction

In addition to its high strength, titanium is also distinguished by its lightness. This metal is widely used in aircraft construction. Titanium and its alloys, due to their physical and mechanical properties, are irreplaceable structural materials.

Interesting fact: until the 60s, titanium was mainly used for the manufacture of gas turbines for aircraft engines. Later, metal began to be used in the manufacture of parts for aircraft consoles.

Today titanium is used for the manufacture of aircraft skin, load-bearing elements, engine parts, and more.

Titanium in rocket science and space technology

In conditions open space any object is subject to both very low and high temperatures... In addition, there is also radiation and particles that move at high speed.

Materials that can withstand all harsh conditions include steel, platinum, tungsten and titanium. For a number of indicators, preference is given to the latter metal.

Titanium in shipbuilding

In shipbuilding, titanium and its alloys are used for plating ships, as well as in the manufacture of parts for pipelines and pumps.

The low density of titanium makes it possible to increase the maneuverability of ships and, at the same time, reduce their weight. The high corrosion and erosion resistance of the metal contributes to an increase in the service life (parts do not rust and do not lend themselves to damage).

Also, navigation devices are made from titanium, since this metal also has weak magnetic properties.

Titanium in mechanical engineering

Titanium alloys are used in the production of pipes for heat exchange equipment, turbine condensers, and internal surfaces of chimneys.

Due to its high strength properties, titanium allows to extend the service life of equipment and save on repairs.

Titanium in the oil and gas industry

Titanium alloy pipes will help you reach drilling depths of up to 15-20 km. They are highly durable and do not deform as much as other metals.

Today titanium products are successfully used in the development of deep-sea oil and gas fields. Bends, pipes, flanges, adapters, etc. are made of high-strength metal. Plus, the corrosion resistance of titanium to sea water plays a huge role for high-quality operation.

Titanium in the automotive industry

Lighter weight in the automotive industry helps to reduce fuel consumption and thus reduce emissions. And here titanium and its alloys come to the rescue. For cars (especially racing) springs, valves, bolts, transmission shafts and exhaust systems are made of titanium.

Titanium in construction

Thanks to its ability to withstand most of the known negative environmental factors, titanium has found applications in construction. It is used for external cladding of buildings, facing of columns, as roofing materials, cornices, soffits, fasteners, etc.

Titanium in medicine

And in medicine, a huge niche was occupied by products from titanium and its alloys. Surgical instruments, prostheses, dental implants, and intraosseous fixators are made from this strong, lightweight, hypoallergenic and durable metal.

Titanium in sports

Thanks to the same strength and lightness, titanium is popular in the production of sports equipment. This metal is used to produce parts for bicycles, golf clubs, ice axes, equipment for tourism and mountaineering, blades for skates, diving knives, pistols (shooting sports and law enforcement).

Titanium in consumer goods

Fountain pens and ballpoint pens, jewelry, watches, dishes and garden utensils, cases for mobile phones, computers, and televisions are made from titanium.

Interesting: bells are made from titanium. They have a beautiful and unusual sound.

Other uses for titanium

Among other things, titanium dioxide is widely used. It is used as a white pigment for the production of paints and varnishes. This white powder has a high hiding power, i.e. able to cover any color over which it is applied.

When titanium dioxide is applied to the surface of the paper, it acquires high printability and smoothness.

It is the E171 designation on the packaging of chewing gums and sweets that indicates the presence of titanium dioxide. In addition, this compound is used to stain crab sticks, cakes, medicines, creams, gels, shampoos, minced meat, noodles, and lighten flour and glaze.

Titanium sheet - rolled and sheet titanium VT1-0, VT20, OT4.

Titanium (Titanium), Ti, is a chemical element of the IV group of the periodic table of elements of D. I. Mendeleev. Serial number 22, atomic weight 47.90. Consists of 5 stable isotopes; artificially produced radioactive isotopes have also been obtained.

In 1791, the English chemist W. Gregor found in the sand from the town of Menacan (England, Cornwall) a new "land", which he named Menacan. In 1795, the German chemist M. Klairot discovered a still unknown land in the rutile mineral, the metal of which he called Titanium [in Greek. mythology titans are children of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaia (Earth)]. In 1797, Klaproth proved the identity of this land with the discovery of W. Gregor. Pure titanium was isolated in 1910 by the American chemist Hunter by reducing titanium tetrachloride with sodium in an iron bomb.

Being in nature

Titanium is one of the most abundant elements in nature; its content in the earth's crust is 0.6% (by weight). It occurs mainly in the form of TiO 2 dioxide or its compounds - titanates. More than 60 minerals are known, which include titanium. It is also found in soil, in animals and plants. IlmeniteFeTiO 3 and rutileTiO 2 is the main raw material for titanium production. Slags from smelting are gaining importance as a source of titanium. titanium-magnetiteand ilmenite.

Physical and chemical properties

Titanium exists in two states: amorphous - dark gray powder, density 3.392-3.395 g / cm 3, and crystalline, density 4.5 g / cm 3. For crystalline titanium, two modifications are known with a transition point at 885 ° (below 885 ° a stable hexagonal form, above - cubic); t ° pl about 1680 °; t ° bale above 3000 °. Titanium actively absorbs gases (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen), which make it very fragile. Technical metal lends itself to hot working with pressure. Perfectly pure metal can be cold rolled. In air at ordinary temperatures, titanium does not change; when heated, it forms a mixture of Ti 2 O 3 oxide and TiN nitride. In a stream of oxygen during red heat it is oxidized to TiO 2 dioxide. At high temperatures it reacts with carbon, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, etc. Resistant to seawater, nitric acid, moist chlorine, organic acids and strong alkalis. It dissolves in sulfuric, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, best of all in a mixture of HF and HNO 3. The addition of an oxidizing agent to acids protects the metal from corrosion at room temperature. Halides of tetravalent titanium, with the exception of TiCl 4, are crystalline bodies, fusible and volatile in an aqueous solution, hydrated, prone to the formation of complex compounds, of which potassium fluorotitanate K 2 TiF 6 is of importance in technology and analytical practice. Of great importance are TiC carbide and TiN nitride - metal-like substances characterized by high hardness (titanium carbide is harder than carborundum), refractory (TiC, t ° pl \u003d 3140 °; TiN, t ° pl \u003d 3200 °) and good electrical conductivity.

Chemical element number 22. Titanium.

The electronic formula of titanium is: 1s 2 | 2s 2 2p 6 | 3s 2 3p 6 3d 2 | 4s 2.

The serial number of titanium in the periodic table of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev - 22. The element number indicates the charge of a yard, therefore, titanium has a nucleus charge of +22, and the mass of the nucleus is 47.87. Titan is in the fourth age, a side subgroup. The period number indicates the number of electronic layers. The group number indicates the number of valence electrons. A side subgroup indicates that titanium is a d-element.

Titanium has two valence electrons in the s-orbital of the outer layer and two valence electrons in the d-orbital of the pre-outer layer.

Quantum numbers for each valence electron:

4s4s 3d

With halogens and hydrogen, Ti (IV) forms compounds of the type TiX 4, which have a sp 3 → q 4 type of hybridization.

Titanium is a metal. It is the first element of the d-group. The most stable and widespread is Ti +4. There are also compounds with lower oxidation states –Ti 0, Ti -1, Ti +2, Ti +3, but these compounds are easily oxidized by air, water or other reagents in Ti +4. Detachment of four electrons requires a large expenditure of energy, so the Ti +4 ion does not really exist and Ti (IV) compounds usually include bonds of a covalent nature. Ti (IV) is in some respects similar to the elements –Si, Ge, Sn and Pb, especially cSn.