The first Russian round the world trip was organized. Around the world trip of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky
The idea of making round-the-world voyages in Russia has been floating around for a long time. Nevertheless, the first round-the-world travel project was developed and prepared only towards the end of the 18th century. Captain G.I. Mulovsky, however, due to the war with Sweden, Russia canceled this expedition. In addition, its potential leader was killed in the battle.
It is noteworthy that the young Ivan Kruzenshtern served as a midshipman on the battleship Mstislav, whose commander was Mulovsky. It was he, who became the conductor of the implementation of the idea of a Russian circumnavigation of the world, who would later lead the first Russian circumnavigation. Simultaneously with Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, his classmate, went on another battleship that also took part in sea battles. Both sailed in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. After fighting on the side of the British against the French and returning home, both received the rank of lieutenant commander.
Kruzenshtern presented his circumnavigation project to Pavel I. The main goal of the project was to organize the fur trade between Russia and China. However, this idea did not evoke the response that the captain had hoped for.
In 1799, the Russian-American company was founded, the purpose of which was the development of Russian America and the Kuriles and the establishment of regular communication with overseas colonies.
The relevance of the circumnavigation was due to the urgent need to maintain the Russian colonies on the North American continent. The supply of food and goods to the colonists, the provision of weapons to the settlers (the problem of frequent raids by the indigenous population (Indians), as well as potential threats from other powers) - these pressing issues faced the Russian state. It was important to establish regular communication with the Russian colonists for their normal life. By this time, it became clear that the passage by the polar seas was postponed for an indefinite future. Traveling by land, through all of Siberia and the Far East, off-road, and further across the Pacific Ocean, is a very expensive and long-term "pleasure."
From the beginning of the reign of the son of Paul I, Alexander, the Russian-American company began to be under the patronage of the royal house. (It is noteworthy that the first director of the Russian-American company was Ustyuzhanin Mikhail Matveyevich Buldakov, who actively supported financially and organizationally the idea of circumnavigation).
In turn, Emperor Alexander I supported Krusenstern in his desire to study the possibilities of communication between Russia and North America, appointing him the head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
Captains Kruzentstern and Lisyansky, having received under their command two sloops: "Nadezhda" and "Neva", carefully approached the preparation of the expedition, purchasing a large number of drugs and anti-scabbard drugs, and staffing the crews with the best Russian naval sailors. It is interesting that another Ustyuzhanin (here it is - the succession of generations of Russian explorers), Nikolai Ivanovich Korobitsyn, was in charge of all the cargo on the Neva ship. The expedition was well equipped with various modern measuring instruments, since its tasks included, among other things, scientific goals (the expedition included astronomers, natural scientists, and an artist).
At the beginning of August 1803, with a large crowd of people, the Kruzenshtern expedition left Kronstadt on two sailing sloops - "Nadezhda" and "Neva". On board the "Nadezhda" there was a mission to Japan headed by Nikolai Rezanov. The main purpose of the voyage was to explore the mouth of the Amur and neighboring territories to identify convenient places and routes for supplying goods to the Russian Pacific Fleet. After a long stay at the island of Santa Catarina (Brazilian coast), when two masts had to be replaced on the Neva, the ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet and headed south. March 3 rounded Cape Horn and three weeks later parted in the Pacific Ocean. From the island of Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands), the sloops proceeded together to the Hawaiian Islands, where they parted again.
On July 1, 1804, the Neva arrived at Kodiak Island and spent more than a year off the coast of North America. The sailors helped the inhabitants of Russian America to defend their settlements from the attack of the Tlingit Indian tribes, participated in the construction of the Novo-Arkhangelsk (Sitka) fortress, conducted scientific observations and hydrographic work.
At the same time, "Nadezhda" arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in July 1804. Then Kruzenshtern brought Rezanov to Nagasaki and back, describing the northern and eastern shores of Terpeniya Bay along the way.
In the summer of 1805, Kruzenshtern first photographed about 1000 km of the Sakhalin coast, tried to pass in the south between the island and the mainland, but he could not and mistakenly decided that Sakhalin was not an island and was connected to the mainland by an isthmus.
In August 1805 Lisyansky sailed on the Neva with a cargo of furs to China, in November he came to the port of Macau, where he again connected with Kruzenshtern and Nadezhda. But as soon as the ships left the port, they again lost each other in the fog. Following independently, Lisyansky, for the first time in the history of world navigation, conducted a ship without calling in ports and anchorage from the coast of China to English Portsmouth. On July 22, 1806, his "Neva" was the first to return to Kronstadt.
Lisyansky and his crew became the first Russian navigators around the world. Only two weeks later "Nadezhda" arrived here safely. But the glory of the round-the-world navigator mainly went to Krusenstern, who was the first to publish a description of the trip. His three-volume Journey Around the World ... and Atlas for a Journey were published three years earlier than the work of Lisyansky, who considered duty assignments more important than publishing a report for the Geographical Society. And Kruzenshtern himself saw in his friend and colleague, first of all, “an impartial, obedient, diligent person for the common good,” extremely modest. True, Lisyansky's merits were nevertheless noted: he received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, the Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree, a cash bonus and a life pension. For him, the most important gift was the gratitude of the officers and sailors of the sloop, who endured the hardships of the voyage with him and presented him with a golden sword with the inscription: “Gratitude of the crew of the ship“ Neva ”.
The participants of the first Russian round-the-world expedition made a significant contribution to geographical science, erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and clarifying the position of the existing ones. They discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, measured the temperature of water at depths of up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the reason for the glow of the sea, collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, ebbs and flows in a number of areas of the World Ocean.
During his wanderings, Lisyansky collected an extensive natural and ethnographic collection, which later became the property of the Russian Geographical Society (one of the initiators of which was Kruzenshtern).
Three times in his life, Lisyansky was the first: he was the first to travel around the world under the Russian flag, he was the first to blaze a path from Russian America to Kronstadt, and the first to discover an uninhabited island in the central water area of the Pacific Ocean.
The first Russian circumnavigation of the world by Kruzenshtern-Lisyansky turned out to be practically a standard in terms of its organization, support and conduct. At the same time, the expedition proved the possibility of communication with Russian America.
The enthusiasm after the return to Kronstadt of the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" was so great that in the first half of the 19th century more than 20 voyages around the world were organized and performed, which is more than that of France and England combined.
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern became the inspirer and organizer of subsequent expeditions, the leaders of which were, among other things, members of the crew of his sloop "Nadezhda".
Midshipman Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen made a trip on the "Nadezhda", who would later discover Antarctica in 1821 on a voyage around the world in high southern latitudes.
Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue went on the same sloop as a volunteer, under whose supervision 2 round-the-world voyages were carried out.
In 1815-18 Kotzebue led a round-the-world research expedition on the Rurik brig. At Cape Horn, in a storm (January 1816), a wave washed him overboard; he escaped by grabbing the rope. After an unsuccessful search for the fantastic "Davis Land" west of the coast of Chile, at 27 ° S lat. in April-May 1816 he discovered the inhabited island of Tikei, the atolls of Takapoto, Arutua and Tikehau (all in the Tuamotu archipelago), and in the Ratak chain of the Marshall Islands - the atolls of Utirik and Taka. In late July - mid-August, Kotzebue described the coast of Alaska for almost 600 km, discovered Shishmareva Bay, Sarychev Island and the vast Kotzebue Bay, and in it - the Bays of Good Hope (now Goodhop) and Eshsholz with the Horis Peninsula and Shamisso Island (all names are given in honor of the participants in the voyage). Thus, he completed the identification of the Seward Peninsula, begun by Mikhail Gvozdev in 1732. To the northeast of the bay, he noted high mountains (spurs of the Brooks Ridge).
Together with the naturalists of Rurik, for the first time in America, Kotzebue discovered fossil ice with a mammoth tusk and gave the first ethnographic description of the North American Eskimos. In January-March 1817, he again explored the Marshall Islands, discovered seven inhabited atolls in the Ratak chain: Mejit, Vautier, Erikub, Maloelap, Aur, Ailuk and Bikar. He also mapped a number of atolls, the coordinates of which his predecessors had determined incorrectly and "closed" several non-existent islands.
In 1823-26, commanding the sloop "Enterprise", Kotzebue made his third voyage around the world. In March 1824 he discovered the inhabited atoll of Fangahina (in the Tuamotu archipelago) and the island of Motu-One (in the Society archipelago), and in October 1825 - the atolls of Rongelap and Bikini (in the Ralik chain, the Marshall Islands). Together with naturalists on both voyages, Kotzebue performed numerous determinations of the specific gravity, salinity, temperature and transparency of sea water in temperate and hot zones. They were the first to establish four features of near-surface (up to a depth of 200 m) oceanic waters: their salinity has a zonal character; temperate waters are less salty than hot; the temperature of the waters depends on the latitude of the place; seasonal temperature fluctuations appear up to a certain limit, below which they are absent. For the first time in the history of the exploration of the World Ocean, Kotzebue and his companions performed observations of the relative transparency of water and its density.
Another famous navigator was Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, who, having made a round-the-world voyage on the sloop "Diana", in 1817 led an expedition on the sloop "Kamachtka". Many members of the ship's crew in the future made up the color of the Russian fleet: midshipman Fyodor Petrovich Litke (later - captain of the circumnavigation), volunteer Fyodor Matyushin (later admiral and senator), junior watch officer Ferdinand Wrangel (admiral and Arctic explorer) and others. In two years, "Kamchatka" passing the Atlantic Ocean from north to south, circling Cape Horn, visited Russian America, visited all significant groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean, then passing the Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, returned to Kronstadt across the Atlantic Ocean.
Fyodor Litke two years later was appointed the head of the polar expedition on the ship "Novaya Zemlya". For four years, Litke explored the Arctic, summarizing the rich expedition materials, and published the book "Four-time voyage to the Arctic Ocean on the Novaya Zemlya military brig in 1821-1824". The work was translated into many languages and received scientific recognition; sailors used the maps of the expedition for a century.
In 1826, when Fedor Litka was not even 29 years old, he led a round-the-world expedition on the new ship "Senyavin". The "Senyavin" was accompanied by the sloop under the command of Mikhail Stanyukovich "Moller". The ships turned out to be different in their running characteristics ("Moller" is much faster than "Senyavin") and practically throughout the entire length of the ships sailed alone, meeting only at docks in ports. The expedition, which lasted three years, turned out to be one of the most successful travels, rich in scientific discoveries, not only in Russia, but also abroad. The Asian coast of the Bering Strait was explored, islands were discovered, materials on ethnography, oceanography were collected, and numerous maps were compiled. During the trip, Litke was engaged in scientific research in the field of physics, experiments with a pendulum allowed the scientist to determine the magnitude of the polar compression of the Earth and make a number of other important discoveries. After the end of the expedition, Litke published "A Journey Around the World on the Senyavin Military Sloop in 1826-1829", having received recognition as a scientist, and was elected a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences.
Litke became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, for many years he was its vice-chairman. In 1873 the society established the Great Gold Medal. F.P. Litke, awarded for outstanding geographical discoveries.
The names of brave travelers, heroes of Russian round-the-world expeditions are immortalized on the maps of the globe:
A bay, a peninsula, a strait, a river and a cape on the North American coast near the Alexander Archipelago, one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, an underwater one in the Sea of Okhotsk and a peninsula on the North coast of the Sea of Okhotsk are named after Lisyansky.
They are named after Kruzenshtern: a number of straits, islands, capes in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in the Kuril Islands.
Named after Litke: a cape, a peninsula, a mountain and a bay on Novaya Zemlya; islands: in the Franz Josef Land archipelago, Baydaratskaya Bay, Nordenskjold archipelago; strait between Kamchatka and Karaginsky Island.
The participants of expeditions showed their best qualities in round-the-world voyages in the 19th century: Russian navigators, military men and scientists, many of whom became the color of the Russian fleet, as well as of domestic science. They forever inscribed their names in the glorious chronicle of "Russian civilization".
The journey around the World of the scientists of the Russian Empire, Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern, was of the greatest importance for the country and its trade routes. It ran through the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans and made it possible to study the routes of communication between the countries of the world.
Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich was born on November 8, 1770 in the family of the German judge Johann F. Kruzenshtern. At the age of 12, Kruzenshtern went to school at the church, where he studied for 2 years, then entered to serve in the Naval Cadet Corps. There he was until 88, until the war with Sweden began.
After the outbreak of hostilities, Ivan Fedorovich was assigned to the ship "Mstislav", where he fought a number of battles. After that, in 1790 he was awarded the rank of lieutenant for participation in victorious battles and excellent service. In 93 he was sent to England together with Yuri Lisyansky.
After 6 years of service in Great Britain, thanks to the experience gained there, he invited the emperor to sail around the world, for which he received approval.
After the expedition I.F. Kruzenshtern took up educational and government work. He became the director of the cadet corps, in which he studied himself. After his resignation, he received the rank of general and became a distinguished member of the University in Moscow and the Imperial Academy of Sciences. He has also received many other titles. Kruzenshtern died in 1846.
Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich - a famous sailor and traveler, captain of the 1st rank and a scientist. He was born on August 2, 1773 in the city of Nizhyn in the family of the minister of the church Fyodor Lisyansky.
During his studies at the Naval Cadet Corps, he began to be friends with I.F. After studying at the age of 13, he was assigned to the Podrazhislav ship. Where he took part in many battles, and received the rank of lieutenant for numerous distinctions before the Motherland. In 73 he was sent to serve in the UK. There he received a shell shock after 4 years and in 97 he returned to Russia.
On March 27 of the same year he was promoted to lieutenant commander and appointed captain of the ship "Avtroil". Then he took part in a voyage around the world, and from 1807 to 1808 was the commander of the frigates "Conception of St. Anne" and "Emgateen". He went through a large number of battles and retired in 1809.
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky finished their round the world trip, but the latter began to describe it only after leaving military service, and personal notes in the form of a magazine were published in 1812, and in 1814 they were published in the capital of Great Britain. Died Yu.F. Lisyansky February 22, 1837
Preparing for a trip around the world
In 1799, the plan of sailing around the World was presented to the ruler Paul I by I.F. Kruzenshtern. Its purpose was to organize the fur trade between the Russian Empire and China. No approval was received.
After the assassination of the ruler in 1801, the idea of such a trip was supported by the Russian-North American company, created in 1799 to develop the territory of the Kuriles and Alaska. And in 1802 a permit was issued, Kruzenshtern became the chief. 
During the voyage, it was planned to establish communication between Alaska and the European part of Russia. Also, take luggage to Alaska, and then furs to China for the purpose of sale. Half of the travel expenses were paid by the company.
They decided to purchase the ships. Two reliable flagships were bought in Great Britain: "Nadezhda" and "Neva". Kruzenshtern became the captain of the first, and the second sailed under the leadership of Lisyansky. 
Preparation for the expedition was carried out carefully. Within its framework, many medicines were purchased, mainly anti-scurvy. The core of the team was made up of Russian naval sailors. The ships were equipped with modern scientific instruments. The ships set sail under the Russian flag of the Navy - the Andreevsky banner.
History and route map
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky might not have made a round-the-world trip, since the idea of circling the globe appeared in the middle of the 18th century. at the Admiral of the Navy Golovin N.F. the expedition was even planned in 1787 under the command of G.I.
However, it never took place due to the death of the captain in the war with Sweden in the Eland battle on the Mstislav ship. Where the young Kruzenshtern served as a midshipman. 
A couple of days before leaving for the voyage, the route of the expedition was changed. An order was received to deliver N.P. Rezanov to the Japanese Embassy. with gifts and accompanying persons. They settled on the ship "Nadezhda". Subsequently, it turns out that he was given the powers of the chief of the voyage. This appointment came as a surprise to its members.
Europe and the Atlantic Ocean
The path began in 1803 from the bay of Kronstadt. After stopping in Copenhagen, both ships headed for the coast of England. Further the road lay to the south, to the Canaries.
The expedition came here in October, and a couple of weeks later the ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet.
Pacific Ocean
During the trip on the "Nadezhda" there was a difficult situation because of the disagreements between Rezanov and Kruzenshtern. The first was not satisfied with the leadership style. At the beginning of winter, the ships reached the shores of Brazil, rounding Cape Horn and finding themselves in the Pacific Ocean, the expedition was caught in a storm and the ships dispersed.
The commanders for such a case had an agreement on the meeting points, the first - on about. Easter, the second - about. Nuku Hiva (in the Marquesas Islands archipelago). Kruzenstern's ship was blown from the first meta to the west, and he directed it directly to the second rendezvous point. "Neva" came to Fr. Easter, where she stood for several days, and then went to Nuku-Khiva. Here the ships met. 
At this time, the conflict on the "Nadezhda" intensified, and the chamberlain insisted on changing the route, then the entire officer corps refused to obey him and completely followed Kruzenshtern's orders. It was not possible to correct the situation even when Rezanov presented an order from the emperor.
From the Marquesas Islands, the ships sailed to the north-west and by the end of May were in Hawaii., Where there was a division of routes: Lisyansky headed north to about. Kodiak, and Ivan Fedorovich - to the north-west to the shores of Kamchatka.
To carry out the order and deliver the ambassador to Japan. In Petropavlovsk, Rezanov tried to punish Kruzenshtern with the help of commandant P.I. Koshelev, but the latter managed to eliminate the conflict and reconcile its participants.
In November, the "Nadezhda" had already arrived at the shores of Nagasaki, having stood there for many months, the team returned to Petropavlovsk. The route lay through the Korea Strait in the Sea of Japan and the La Perouse Strait in the Okhotsk Sea. On September 23, the ship sailed from the coast and followed to the South China Sea, and on November 8 off the coast of Macau. 
"Neva" in July 1804 came to about. Kodiak and spent more than a year there, then headed to Macau. On the way, the ship passed Hawaii, where they ran aground near an unknown island, which later received the name of Lisyansky.
Having gone aground, the vessel in November bypassed Formosa from the southern side and entered the South China Sea. Here Kruzenshtern and his team were already waiting for them. A more detailed route can be seen in Fig. one.
Fig. 1. The route of the round-the-world trip of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky.
Count Fyodor Tolstoy
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky traveled around the world in the company of Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who set off together with the team of Ivan Fedorovich on a voyage on the "Nadezhda". It is not known for certain how he managed to get there.
According to a relative, Marya Kamenskaya, he joined the expedition under the guise of his cousin, his namesake, Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy, who refused to travel due to seasickness. Perhaps the count did this to avoid punishment in the Preobrazhensky regiment.
On the way, Tolstoy was not burdened with official duties and led a free life, sometimes performing unpredictable actions. Often he became the instigator of quarrels both with the rank and file crew members and with the captain. He also made cruel jokes towards those he did not like.
For example, he gave a drink to the priest accompanying the ship under the command of Lisyansky, and glued his beard to the deck and sealed it with a seal. I had to cut my beard to be free.
Or one day, when Kruzenshtern was not there, the count made his way into his cabin along with the orangutan who was on board, found the traveler's notes there and taught the monkey how to fill the paper with ink. Then he left the pet alone, and he destroyed all the papers. 
This behavior became the reason for Tolstoy's repeated imprisonment. Ultimately, Kruzenshtern dropped him off while staying in Kamchatka. The further path is known only from the words of the graph. He got to Sitka and stayed there for several months. Then he visited the Far East, the Volga region, Siberia and the Urals. His journey ended in St. Petersburg in August 1805.
Kamchatka
On July 14, 1804, the "Nadezhda" entered the Avacha Bay. At that time, no more than 200 people lived in Petropavlovsk. General Koshelev, the governor of Nizhnekamchatsk, which at that time was the capital of the peninsula, also arrived here. He assisted a crew member in repairing damage to the ship and helped prepare for their visit to Japan.
An artist and a doctor also went ashore here. And Tolstoy was forcibly planted because of scandalous behavior. After 47 days, on August 30, the ship continued its journey and sailed in the direction of Japan.
Here "Nadezhda" returned after the Japanese "captivity". Although Kruzenshtern received a strict ban on this, he headed along the coast in the West and even mapped the route. This was due to his tough, battle-hardened character. He felt confident at sea. Several times the ship touched the shore, here it was possible to establish contact with the inhabitants of the local island of Hokkaido - the Ainans.
In the spring of 1805, the ship arrived in the Aniva Bay of Sakhalin, where the command of the Japanese administration was. The exploration of these places was interrupted by Rezanov, who insisted on an early departure to Kamchatka, where he could report on the results of the ambassador's visit.
On June 5 of this year, the team returned to Petropavlovsk, where the ambassador went ashore and sent a report to the emperor, and he went to Alaska on a ship with a merchant. Exactly a month later, Kruzenshtern resumed his journey and headed for Sakhalin. He did not manage to bypass it completely. At the end of August, the ship again docked at Avacha Bay, where preparations were made for the road to Macau.
Japan
Japan is a rather isolated country, where foreigners were prohibited from entering and any ships in their ports were perceived as hostile. This allowed the Japanese to preserve the originality of their culture, to protect the country from colonization and trade expansion.
Trade was conducted only with merchants of the East India Company in the port of Nagasaki. For this reason, there were no accurate maps, and Kruzenshtern walked at random, photographing the coast of Japan along the way. 
On October 8, 1804, the ship arrived at the shores of Nagasaki. There were several Japanese on board, who ended up there due to the wreck of their ships. They also acted as translators. Immediately, a representative of Japan arrived on the ship to obtain information on who and why had sailed. After this meeting, Kruzenstern was allowed to enter the harbor with the help of a Japanese pilot.
The team had to stand here for almost six months. The emperor of Japan did not accept gifts from Rezanov and did not agree to enter into negotiations. All this time the Japanese supplied the Russian with food. They also equipped them with everything they needed for the journey, but forbade the return journey through the western coast of Japan. On April 5, 1805, the Nadezhda departed back after the failure of the diplomatic mission.
Journey of the "Neva"
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky almost at the very beginning of their trip around the world parted at sea due to a storm. "Neva" under the command of Yuri Fedorovich on July 10, 1804, moored to the shores of the first permanent residence of Russians in America, Kodiak Island.
The ship entered the harbor from the south, called St. Paul. This place was the administrative center. Here the team learned that the Arkhangelsk Fortress, located in the Sitka Bay, had been attacked by local Indians. The fortress was completely burned down, and the population was killed. 
Here Lisyansky received a message from the Russian ruler A.A. Baranov, who arrived to fight off the fortress, with a request for help. A month later, on August 15, after repairing the damage and unloading, the ship set off for the banks of Sitka.
It took 5 days to get there, and on August 20 the Neva was already in place. Together, Baranov and Lisyansky developed an operation plan, where sailors and ships' weapons played a major role in restoring relations with the Indians. Later, not far from the fortress, a settlement was founded - Novoarkhangelsk. And on November 10, the ship sailed back to Kodiak. 
Also, 5 days later, the "Neva" entered the harbor of St. Paul, where she stayed for the winter. Six months later, the ship, having filled the holds with food, water and furs, rushed in the direction of Sitka to load the furs that Baranov had collected.
On June 20, 1805, when the ship arrived, peace with the natives was already reigning in the new settlement, and houses were rebuilt. Having loaded the prepared furs, Lisyansky sailed on September 2 towards Macau.
China
On November 20, 1805, Kruzenshtern had already arrived in Macau, where he waited for the "Neva" until December 3. It is a Portuguese colony on the shores of China. They had to stay here for more than 2 months. The situation was not the most friendly, we had to adapt to the local customs.
But the commanders showed their abilities and won a victory in the fight against the merchants and exchanged furs for a popular European product: tea, porcelain, and so on.
Return
January 31, 18006 "Neva" and "Nadezhda" began their journey home. It took place in the Sunda Strait, which on February 21 led to the Indian Ocean. In April, the ships again parted near the Cape of Good Hope, but the captains had an agreement in case of anything to meet off the coast of about. Saint Helena.
This is how the route of the first round-the-world trip ran under the leadership of Kruzenshtern and his assistant Lisyansky "Hope" under the leadership of I.F. arrived at the island on May 3, 1806. Here the commander learned about the war with the French and decided, without waiting for Lisyansky, to sail north across the northern coast of England in order to avoid meeting the French fleet in the English Channel.
At this time Lisyansky Yu.F. decided to walk from the Chinese coast to the European one without stopping at ports. There was no excess cargo on the ship, and the holds were filled with provisions. "Neva" passed by the shores of about. Saint Helena and her team did not know about the military operations of France, so they boldly headed for the English Channel, and then docked off the coast of Great Britain.
After staying there for 2 weeks, on July 13, Lisyansky headed for Russia, and on August 5 he was already in place. Kruzenshtern arrived only on August 19.
Recognition and meaning of travel
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky traveled around the world to accomplish certain tasks, and it absolutely justified itself from an economic point of view. Thanks to the expedition, the merchants made great profits. And its participants received recognition, fame and forever wrote off their names in history. 
All participants of the trip received awards from Emperor Alexander I:
- the entire officer corps was promoted by 1 rank;
- the command was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3 thousand rubles;
- the lieutenants received 1 thousand rubles each;
- midshipmen 800 rubles each unlimited content;
- the lower ranks were given the opportunity to retire at will and 55-70 rubles. pension;
- all participants were awarded a medal specially issued for them.
The expedition lasted 3 years, from 1803 to 1806, on 2 ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the command of I.F. and Lisyansky Yu.F. As a result, their works describing the path were released. The journey was of great importance both for Russian history and its science.
Interesting facts about Kruzenshtern, Lisyansky and their joint journey
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were the greatest and interesting personalities, and life is interesting and filled with interesting facts and cases:
| Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich | Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich |
| He was very athletic, for example, it is known that he exercised even while traveling around the world, lifting 2 weights weighing 2 pounds. | the name of Lisyansky Yu.F. many geographical objects are named: a strait, a bay, a peninsula, a river and a cape on the coast of North America, and others. |
| He loved animals, and his dog, spaniel, was always by his side during the voyages. | during the expedition, he collected a unique collection consisting of items of clothing, dishes, rocks, corals and much more. Subsequently, it became the property of the community of geographers. |
| He was generous: in the war with Napoleon in 1812, he donated a third of his property, 1 thousand rubles. | |
| Ivan is not a real name, before training in the cadet corps, the name Adam was changed to Russian - Ivan, so as not to cut the ear. And the patronymic was borrowed from a friend, Lisyansky Yu.F. | |
| Ivan Fedorovich and Yuri Fedorovich were honored to meet personally with President J. Washington during their visit to Philadelphia. | |
The trip around the world of Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern became a landmark in the history of Russia and the world as a whole.
It forever inscribed the names of scientists and travelers in world history, and brought the country economic benefits and new knowledge.
Article formatting: Svetlana Ovsyanikova
Video on the topic: Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky. Trip around the world
In the footsteps of great travelers: Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky:
The first round-the-world trip in world history, as you know, was made by Magellan back in the 16th century. For a long time, Russia was on the sidelines of the great geographical discoveries, and only in the 18th-19th centuries did it begin to catch up.
The first Russian round-the-world voyage made by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky in 1803-1806 is worthy of special attention.
The tasks facing this expedition looked global. It was necessary to study the islands of the Pacific Ocean, map Russian possessions in the Far East, including Sakhalin, the Kuriles and other islands, establish diplomatic relations with the then almost unknown Japan (and also map its shores), and also purchase goods in Alaska and sell them profitably in China.
The main initiator of the expedition - Ivan Kruzenshtern - back in 1799 submitted to Emperor Paul a travel project. But Paul just exclaimed, "What nonsense!" However, two years later, his son Alexander ascends the throne, who gives the go-ahead for financing the expedition from the treasury. Two ships were equipped - "Nadezhda" and "Neva", Kruzenshtern personally picked up the members of the expedition, and in August 1803 the ships set off.
Leaving Kronstadt, the expedition passed through the English Channel, visited the Canary Islands, Brazil, circled Cape Horn and entered the Pacific Ocean. In the North Pacific, a number of discoveries of islands, capes, bays and straits were made, which were immediately mapped. Kruzenshtern gave the names of his officers to open objects. So, one of the Hawaiian islands in our time bears the name of Yu. Lisyansky, on Sakhalin there are capes Ratmanov, Levenshtern and Golovachev, and one of the bays was named after the ship - Nadezhda.
Arriving in Japan, Kruzenshtern tried to establish diplomatic relations with this country. But the Japanese refused to receive the Russian ambassador, citing the fact that their country's laws prohibit relations with foreign powers. Leaving Nagasaki, Russian sailors sailed along the western coast of Japan and mapped it for the first time, since the outline of the Japanese coast was still unknown in Europe. Following this, having sold furs purchased in Alaska in Macau, both ships crossed the Indian Ocean, circled South Africa and in August 1806 arrived safely in Kronstadt.
The importance of this expedition can hardly be overestimated. Almost all the goals set at the beginning were achieved (with the exception of the diplomatic treaty with Japan). Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky discovered dozens of
new islands, capes, bays and straits, collected extensive data on the climate, ebb and flow, and even the temperature of ocean water at different latitudes. All this information formed the basis of a new science - oceanology.
Introduction
The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian researchers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - explorers and travelers of the 17th - 18th centuries, they enriched the perceptions of Russians about the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia has fulfilled an old dream: its ships entered the World Ocean.
The purpose of my work is to study and determine the contribution to the development of geography - works, expeditions, research of Russian voyages around the world.
The first Russian round-the-world trip of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky
In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which lasted for 3 years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - the largest navigator and scientist-geographer of the 19th century.
Small ships were purchased from the UK. Before sailing, Emperor Alexander I personally examined sloops purchased from the British in Kronstadt. The sovereign allowed both ships to raise military flags and took the costs of maintaining one at his own expense, while the other was paid by the Russian-American Company and one of the main inspirers of the expedition - Count N.P. Rumyantsev.
The first half of the voyage (from Kronstadt to Petropavlovsk) was marked by the eccentric behavior of the American Tolstoy (who had to be landed in Kamchatka) and the conflicts of I.F. Kruzenshtern with N.P. Rezanov, who was sent by Emperor Alexander I as the first Russian envoy to Japan to establish trade between the countries.
The expedition left Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. She called in Copenhagen and on September 28 arrived in Falmouth, where she had to once again dig through the entire underwater part of both ships. Only on October 5, the expedition went further south, entered the island of Tenerife; On November 14, at 24 ° 20 "West longitude, it crossed the equator. The Russian flag fluttered for the first time in the southern hemisphere, which was celebrated with great solemnity.
Having reached 20 ° south latitude, Kruzenshtern searched in vain for Ascension Island, the position of which was very confused. The repair of the ship "Neva" forced the expedition from December 9 to January 23, 1804 to stay at the Brazilian coast. From here the voyage of both ships was at first very successful: on February 20 they rounded Cape Horn; but they were soon greeted by strong winds of hail, snow and fog. The ships parted and on April 24, Kruzenshtern alone reached the Marquesas Islands. Then he determined the position of the islands of Fetuga and Ouaguga, then went to the port of Anna Maria on the island of Nukagiva. On April 28, the ship "Neva" also arrived there.
On the island of Nukagiva, Kruzenshtern discovered and described an excellent harbor, which he called the port of Chichagov. On May 4, the expedition left the Washington Islands and on May 13, at 146 ° West longitude, again crossed the equator towards the north; On May 26, the Hawaiian (Sandwich) Islands appeared, where the ships split up: "Nadezhda" headed for Kamchatka and further to Japan, and the "Neva" went to explore Alaska, where she took part in the Battle of Arkhangelsk (Battle of Sitka).
Taking from the ruler of the Kamchatka region P.I. Koshelev honor guard (2 officers, drummer, 5 soldiers) for the ambassador, "Nadezhda" headed south, arriving at the Japanese port of Dejima near the city of Nagasaki on September 26, 1804. The Japanese were forbidden to enter the harbor, and Kruzenshtern dropped anchor in the bay. The embassy lasted six months, after which everyone returned back to Petropavlovsk. Kruzenshtern was awarded the Order of St. Anna, II degree, and Rezanov, as having fulfilled the diplomatic mission entrusted to him, was freed from further participation in the first round-the-world expedition.
"Neva" and "Nadezhda" returned to St. Petersburg by different routes. In 1805, their paths crossed at the port of Macau in southern China. After entering Hawaii, the Neva rendered assistance to the Russian-American Company headed by A.A. Baranov in the conquest of the Mikhailovskaya fortress from the natives. After an inventory of the surrounding islands and other research, the Neva transported goods to Canton, but ran aground in the middle of the ocean on October 3. Lisyansky ordered the rostras and carronades to be thrown into the water, but after that the squall landed the ship on the reef. To continue sailing, the team had to drop into the sea even such essential items as anchors. Subsequently, the item was picked up. On the way to China, the coral island of Lisyansky was discovered. The Neva returned to Kronstadt before the Nadezhda (July 22).
Leaving the shores of Japan, "Nadezhda" went north to the Sea of Japan, almost completely unknown to Europeans. On the way, Kruzenshtern determined the position of a number of islands. He passed the La Perouse Strait between Iesso and Sakhalin, described Aniva Bay, located on the southern side of Sakhalin, the eastern coast and Terpeniya Bay, which he left on May 13. The huge amount of ice that he met the next day at 48 ° latitude prevented him from continuing to sail north and he descended to the Kuril Islands. Here, on May 18, he discovered 4 stone islands, which he named "Stone traps"; near them he met such a strong current that, with a fresh wind and a course of eight knots, the ship "Nadezhda" not only did not move forward, but it was carried to an underwater reef.
With difficulty, avoiding trouble here, Kruzenshtern on May 20 passed through the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Kharamukotan, and on May 24 he again arrived at the Port of Peter and Paul. On June 23, he went to Sakhalin. To complete the description of its shores, 29 passed the Kuril Islands, the strait between Raukoke and Mataua, which he named Hope. July 3 arrived at Cape Terpeniya. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he walked around the northern tip of the island, descended between it and the coast of the mainland to latitude 53 ° 30 "and in this place on August 1 he found fresh water, on which he concluded that the Amur River is near the mouth, but because of the rapidly decreasing depth to go did not dare forward.
Sloop "Hope".
The next day I anchored in the bay, which he called the Bay of Hope; On August 4, I went back to Kamchatka, where the repair of the ship and resupply delayed it until September 23. When leaving Avacha Bay due to fog and snow, the ship almost ran aground. On the way to China, he searched in vain for the islands shown on old Spanish maps, withstood several storms and came to Macau on November 15. On November 21, when the "Nadezhda" was already quite ready to go to sea, the ship "Neva" came with a rich cargo of fur goods and stopped in Wampoa, where the ship "Nadezhda" also crossed. At the beginning of January 1806, the expedition ended its commercial affairs, but was detained by the Chinese port authorities for no particular reason, and only on January 28 did the Russian ships leave the Chinese coast.
Coming out of the Sunda Strait, the ship "Nadezhda" again, only thanks to the rising wind, coped with the current into which it fell and which carried it to the reefs. April 3 "Nadezhda" parted from "Neva"; 4 days later, Kruzenshtern rounded the Cape of Good Hope and on April 22 arrived at St. Helena, having traveled from Macau in 79 days, after 4 days Kruzenshtern left and on May 9 again crossed the equator at 22 ° W longitude.
Even on the island of St. Helena, news of the war between Russia and France was received, and therefore Kruzenshtern decided to march around Scotland; On July 5, he sailed between Fair Isle and Mainland of the Shetland archipelago and, having sailed for 86 days, arrived on July 21 in Copenhagen, and on August 5 (17), 1806 in Kronstadt, having made the entire trip in 3 years 12 days. During the entire voyage on the ship "Nadezhda" there was not a single death, and there were very few sick, while on other ships then many people died in inland navigation.
Emperor Alexander I awarded Kruzenshtern and his subordinates. All officers received the following ranks, commanders of the Order of St. Vladimir of 3 degrees and 3000 rubles each, lieutenants 1000 each, and warrant officers 800 rubles each for life pension. The lower ranks, at will, were dismissed and awarded a pension from 50 to 75 rubles. By the highest order, a special medal was struck for all participants in this first trip around the world.
The description of this expedition was printed at the expense of the imperial cabinet under the title "Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Kruzenshtern", in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, St. Petersburg, 1809
This work has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish. Reprinted 2007.
Kruzenshtern's voyage marked an era in the history of the Russian fleet, enriching geography and natural sciences with a lot of information about countries that are little known. This voyage is an important milestone in the history of Russia, in the development of its fleet, it made a significant contribution to the study of the world's oceans, many branches of the natural and humanitarian sciences.
From that time on, a continuous series of Russian round-the-world travels began; in many ways the governance of Kamchatka has changed for the better. Of the officers who were with Kruzenshtern, many later served with honor in the Russian fleet, and the cadet Otto Kotzebue was himself later the commander of a ship that went on a round-the-world voyage.
During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island was mapped for the first time. The participants of the trip left many interesting observations not only about the Far East, but also about other regions through which they sailed. The commander of the Neva, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of data was collected by the members of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans.
The results of the observations were presented in the report of the Academy of Sciences. They turned out to be so significant that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials formed the basis for the published in the early 20s. Atlas of the South Seas. In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society. He brought up a whole galaxy of Russian seafarers and explorers.
Expedition route.
Kronshtadt (Russia) - Copenhagen (Denmark) - Falmouth (Great Britain) - Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) - Florianopolis (Brazil, Portugal) - Easter Island - Nukuhiva (Marquesas Islands, France) - Honolulu (Hawaiian Islands) - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Russia) - Nagasaki (Japan) - Hakodate (Hokkaido Island, Japan) - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Sakhalin Island, Russia) - Sitka (Alaska, Russia) - Kodiak (Alaska, Russia) - Guangzhou (China) - Macau (Portugal) - Saint Helena (Great Britain) - Corvo and Florish Islands (Azores, Portugal) - Portsmouth (Great Britain) - Kronstadt (Russia).
The first Russian round the world trip under the leadership of I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky began
Their traditions will soon be continued by OE Kotsebue, who was one of the students of I.F.Kruzenshtern and participated in the maiden voyage as a volunteer cabin boy. O. E. Kotsebue with the assistance of his teacher will lead in 1815 the second Russian round-the-world voyage on the brig "Rurik", which will continue until 1818. In 1823-1826, O. E. Kotsebue will lead the next round-the-world voyage on the sloop " Company". During the voyages, he will discover many islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a strait southeast of the Bering Strait (later to be named after the navigator).
Another participant in the first voyage around the world - FF Bellingshausen - will lead a new voyage in 1819. Together with MP Lazarev on the sloops Vostok and Mirny, a round-the-world Antarctic expedition will be made in 1819–1821. On July 28 (16), 1819, a new continent, Antarctica, will be discovered and the long-term delusion that it does not exist or that it is impossible to achieve it will be overcome. Several dozen islands will also be discovered. This is one of the most difficult and significant round-the-world travels.
In 1826-1829. the circumnavigation took place under the command of MN Stanyukovich and FP Litke on the sloops Moller and Senyavin, respectively. MN Stanyukovich was supposed to describe the coast of western America (east of the Bering Strait) and the eastern sector of the central part of the Pacific Ocean. F.P. Litke was instructed to study the western sector of the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the coast of Asia (from the Bering Strait to Sakhalin). The significance of the latter's discoveries was much higher, although formally F.P. Litke was subordinate to M.N.Stanyukovich. In addition to geographical significance, this expedition made a great contribution to the study of biology, zoology, ethnography.
The collection, timed to coincide with the 215th anniversary of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, presents research, archival documents from the RF AWA and RGIA, video chronicles and visual materials. The collection includes general research in geography about circumnavigation, the compositions of the participants as the first expeditions: I.F.Kruzenshtern, Yu.F. Lisyansky, N.P. Rezanov, F.I. F. F. Bellingshausen, F. P. Litke. Particular attention is paid to archival documents: instructions and diplomas to the participants of the expeditions, materials on the history of publication of the research of the participants. A separate section is made up of information about the official and scientific activities of the expedition participants after the trip. The collection also includes images of monuments to I.F. Kruzenshtern and M.P. Lazarev.
To prepare the collection, scientific works of modern researchers and members of the expedition, archival and visual materials from central and regional Russian libraries (Presidential Library, Russian State Library, State Public Historical Library, Central Naval Library, Moscow Regional State Scientific Library), archives (Archive of foreign policy of the Russian Federation, Russian State Historical Archive), higher educational institutions (Ural Federal University, Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen), scientific centers and museums (Russian Geographical Society, Children's Postcard Museum), as well as from private collections.
