The use of the achievements of modern biology in practice. Ten largest achievements of the decade in biology and medicine version of an independent expert

Theme lesson: Biology - Wildlife Science.

Main goals and objectives: Give students of the 5th grade initial ideas about what biology is and what it does.

Particular attention is paid to the diversity of biologically research and the formation of the differences in wildlife from inanimate.

Lesson plan:

1. What does biology studies?
2. Subsections biology
3. Where are biology achieve?
4. Representatives of the living world
5. What live organisms differ from non-living?

During the classes

1. What does biology studies?

Biology as a science of living nature is studying all its manifestations. In its name there are two Greek words: "BIOS", which means life, and "Logos", which means science.

In biology, all living organisms are important without exception, from the largest to the very tiny. Biologists (namely, the names of scientists who are engaged in biology) examine life in all its manifestations. What exactly they do:

• Study the structure of organisms;
• Investigate the reproduction process;
• Trace the origin and relationship between individual groups;
• Learn the links between objects of alive and inanimate nature.

Practical task:

As in any other complex science, there are many subsections in biology. Each of them concentrated on different aspects of nature:

• Botany - Science of Plants;
• Zoology - animal science;
• Genetics - the science of heredity and genes;
• Physiology - science on the vital activity of a holistic organism;
• Cytology - science of cells, their structure, functioning, reproduction is studied;
• Anatomy - Science of the inner structure of living organisms, location and interaction of internal organs;
• Morphology - science about the form and structure of organisms;
• Microbiology - Science of microscopic substances (microbes);

Practical task:

Think about what the following sciences are focused on: embryology (science of the development of germs), biogeography (science, which studies the geographical distribution and placement of animals on the planet), Bionics (science on how to apply in technical devices and systems for live and inanimate principles organisms), molecular biology (science on the storage and transfer of genetic information, at the level of proteins and nucleic acids), radiobiology (devoted to studying the action of radiation on biological objects), cosmic biology (studying the possibility of living organisms in the conditions of flights on spacecraft and ensuring vital activity on Space stations), phytopathology (science of plant diseases), biochemistry (studies the composition of living cells and organisms).

3. Where are biology achieve?

Biology belongs to theoretical sciences, but the results of biologists are often applied. Where can biological discoveries be used?

• Agriculture - to increase the level of harvest, animal productivity growth, the invention of methods of combating pests.
• Medicine - the study of the beneficial properties of objects of living and inanimate nature helps to invent new drugs.
• Environmental Protection - Biology shows in which directions a person destroys the order of things in nature and helps find ways to combat these phenomena.

4. Representatives of the living world

In the living world today, as and 4 billion years ago, allocate:

• Pockening Organisms - viruses. They become alive only when they have the opportunity to manifest in the cells of living organisms.
• Procarniot. They have a cage, the cell has no kernel. Another name of bacteria - bacteria.
• Eukaryotes. These include mushrooms, plants and animals. They have formed kernels in their cells.

Bacteria, mushrooms, plants and animals form 4 kingdoms of living organisms.

Practical task:

What viruses do you know? (ARVI virus, various types of influenza, etc.).

5. What are living organisms different from non-living?

If we have already spoken about the objects of wildlife, then questions about what are objects of inanimate nature have not yet been concerned. These, first of all, include stones, ice, sand and so on. What are the distinctive properties of living beings?

• They breathe.
• They feed. No living organism can exist without drawing energy from the outside. But what he will consume and process - meat, milk, a croup or carrot - not so much important.
• They breed, that is, reproduce themselves like. Everyone without this life on the planet would have been dried and ended. It is in this property that the infinity of life on the planet Earth is manifested.
• They react to environmental impacts and depend on the conditions in which they live. That is why the bears for the winter lie in a hibernation, and the hares change their color.
• Living organisms have a cellular structure. They may consist of one cell (there is a special class of unicellular), and can be from many (for example, animals or man). There are no cells only by viruses, so they can live exclusively in organisms of other animals, plants or humans.
• Live creatures are similar to chemical composition - organic compounds are present in their structure (proteins. Fats, carbohydrates), as well as inorganic (the most common of them - water).
• Most of the living organisms are capable of moving. Everyone knows about such an opportunity for animals, but what about plants? The presence of roots and in the mail makes them incapable of manifesting such a property. However, this is not quite true. Sunflower, for example, changes its position depending on the movement of the sun. Similarly, the leaves of many plants react to sunlight.

According to these features, they can be distinguished, but at rest some living objects do not show signs of vital activity (for example, plant seeds, pollen of flowers).

Evaluation: Ask students to answer verification questions. According to their answers, it will be possible to determine how much they learned the lesson material:

• What is biology?
• What does biology studies?
• What kind of biology subsections do you know?
• What kingdoms of living organisms do you know?
• What are the main differences between the living organism from the objects of inanimate nature.

6. The results of the lesson:

During the student's lesson, the disciples met:

• With what biology is, what questions she studies, on which its focus is directed.
• What are the sections of biology and what they do.
• In which areas of biology achievements are used.
• What is the difference between living organisms from non-living.

Homework:

As a homework, it is necessary to give students the opportunity to write the creative work "where biology achievements are used", since this issue under the lesson was considered very superficially.

Section 1. Biology - Life Science.

Plan

Topic 1. Biology as science, its achievements, research methods, connection with other sciences. The role of biology in the life and practical activity of man.

Topic 2. Signs and properties of living: cellular structure, peculiarities of chemical composition, metabolism and transformation of energy, homeostasis, irritability, reproduction, development

Topic 3. Basic levels of wildlife organization: Cellular, organized, population-species, biogeocetic

Biology as a science, its achievements, methods of knowledge of wildlife. The role of biology in the formation of a modern natural science picture of the world.

Biology as science.

Biology (from Greek. BIOS - a life, Logos. - Word, science) is a complex of wildlife science.

The subject of biology is all manifestations of life: the structure and functions of living beings, their diversity, origin and development, as well as interaction with the environment. The main task of biology as science consists in interpreting all the phenomena of wildlife on a scientific basis, taking into account that inherent in the property inherent in the root differing from its components.

The term "biology" is found in the works of the German anatoms of T. Rozé (1779) and K.-F. Burdach (1800), but only in 1802 he was first used independently from each other J.-B. Laamarcom and G.-R. Treviranus to designate science learning living organisms.

Biological sciences.

Currently, biology includes a number of sciences that can be systematized by such criteria: subject and predominant methods research and studied living Nature Organization. In the subject of research, biological sciences are divided into bacteriology, botanic, virology, zoology, micrology.

Botany - This is biological science, comprehensively studying plants and vegetation cover of the Earth. Zoology - section of biology, science of manifold, structure, vital activity, distribution and interrelation of animals with the habitat, their origin and development. Bacteriology - biological science, studying the structure and vital activity of bacteria, as well as their role in nature. Virology - Biological science studying viruses. The main object Mycology There are mushrooms, their structure and livelihoods. Lichenology - biological science studying lichens. Bacteriology, virology and some aspects of micrology are often discussed in the composition Microbiology - section of biology, science of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and microscopic mushrooms). Systematics or taxonomy - biological science, which describes and classifies all living and extinct creatures by groups.

In turn, each of the listed biological sciences is divided into biochemistry, morphology, anatomy, physiology, embryology, genetics and systematics (plants, animals or microorganisms). Biochemistry - This is the science of the chemical composition of living matter, chemical processes occurring in living organisms and underlying their livelihoods. Morphology - biological science, which studies the form and structure of organisms, as well as the patterns of their development. In a broad sense, it includes cytology, anatomy, histology and embryology. Differ morphology of animals and plants. Anatomy - This is a section of biology (more precisely - morphology), science that studies the internal structure and shape of individual organs, systems and the body as a whole. The anatomy of plants is considered in the composition of botany, anatomy of animals - in the composition of zoology, and the human anatomy is a separate science. Physiology - biological science examining the processes of the vital activity of plant and animal organisms, their individual systems, organs, tissues and cells. There are physiology of plants, animals and humans. Embryology (development biology) - section of biology, science on the individual development of the body, including the development of the embryo.

Object Genetics are the patterns of heredity and variability. Currently, this is one of the most dynamically developing biological sciences.

At the studied level of the organization of wildlife allocate molecular biology, cytology, histology, organology, biology of organisms and overshugant systems. Molecular biology It is one of the most young sections of biology, science, which studies, in particular, the organization of hereditary information and protein biosynthesis. Cytology, or cell biology - biological science, the object of studying which cells are both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Histology - biological science, section of morphology, the object of which is the structure of plant tissues and animals. To the sphere Organly include morphology, anatomy and physiology of various organs and their systems.

Biology of organisms includes all sciences, the subject of which are living organisms, for example, Etology - Science on behavior of organisms.

Biology of overshooting systems is divided into biogeography and ecology. The spread of living organisms is studied biogeography whereas ecology - organization and functioning of overvalued systems of various levels: populations, biocenoses (communities), biogeocenoses (ecosystems) and biosphere.

According to predominant research methods, a descriptive (for example, morphology) can be distinguished, experimental (for example, physiology) and theoretical biology.

The identification and explanation of the patterns of the structure, functioning and development of wildlife at various levels of its organization is a task general biology. It includes biochemistry, molecular biology, cytology, embryology, genetics, ecology, evolutionary teaching and anthropology. Evolutionary doctrine It is studying the causes, driving forces, mechanisms and common patterns of the evolution of living organisms. One of its sections is paleontology - Science, the subject of which are fossil remains of living organisms. Anthropology - section of general biology, science on the origin and development of a person as a biological species, as well as a variety of populations of modern man and the laws of their interaction.

Applied aspects of biology are related to the sphere of biotechnology, breeding and other rapidly developing sciences. Biotechnology Call biological science, which studies the use of living organisms and biological processes in production. It is widely used in food (bakery, cheesecake, brewing, etc.) and pharmaceutical industries (production of antibiotics, vitamins), for water purification, etc. Selection - Science on methods for creating breeds of domestic animals, varieties of cultivated plants and strains of microorganisms with the necessary person properties. By selection, the process of changing living organisms carried out by man for their needs is understood.

Biology progress is closely associated with the successes of other natural and accurate sciences, such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, informatics, etc. For example, microscopying, ultrasound studies (ultrasound), tomography and other biology methods are based on physical laws, and the study of the structure of biological molecules and The processes occurring in living systems would be impossible without the use of chemical and physical methods. The use of mathematical methods allows, on the one hand, to identify the presence of a natural link between objects or phenomena, confirm the accuracy of the results obtained, and on the other, to simulate the phenomenon or process. Recently, computer methods, such as modeling, are becoming increasingly important in biology. At the junction of biology and other sciences there was a number of new sciences, such as biophysics, biochemistry, bionics, etc.

Lecture:

Biology as science

Biology has become a separate science in the 19th century, when the term "biology" began to use several scientists at once - Jean Baptiste Lamarc and Gottfried Reynchold Treviranus in 1802 g and Friedrich Burdach in 1800. A natural history and medicine were engaged in the study of some aspects of living.

The object of studying biology It is life in any manifestations - evolution, distribution of living on the planet, its structure, functioning processes, classification, the relationship between organisms among themselves and with the environment.

The basis of modern biology is 5 basic principles:

cell theory;

genetics;

evolution;

homeostasis;

Methods of biology

Methods of biology Receptions used by scientists are called to acquire new knowledge of living organisms.

The basic rule for any scientist is the principle of "Not to take on faith" - each phenomenon must be accurately studied and reliable knowledge should be obtained about it.

Methods of biology call techniques with which a system of accurate scientific knowledge is being built. These include:

Observation. The first collision of scientists with something not yet studied.

Description phenomena, new organism, its features;

Systematization. This is the process of correlating a new knowledge with existing systems - determination of the place of a newly open organism on the tree of evolution, its chemical structure, features of breeding and other properties with existing knowledge systems;

Comparison. Search for similar phenomena, studying already encountered such evidence of other scientists, descriptions and unfinished studies;

Experiment. Conducting a series of experiments to confirm or refutate a new theory or hypothesis.

Analytical method. It implies the collection and comparison of all information on any question.

Historical method. Allows you to study the patterns of historical development of organisms, referring to the existing knowledge.

Modeling. Building and calculating possible options for the structure of the body, the functioning of its organs, its interaction with other alive organisms. These can be computer models, three-dimensional structure models, a mathematical method.

Universal, common to all sciencesrules for building scientific theories:

observation any phenomenon, the properties of a living organism, its features;

advance hypothesis - How and why the observed phenomenon is possible, its preliminary explanation on the basis of previously known knowledge;

experiment - whether the phenomenon is constantly or has a random character, whether the experimental conditions change equally, which specific conditions affect him;

after experimental confirmation the hypothesis becomes the theory ;

to verify the theory and search for accurate answers to questions, scientists carry out additional experiments.

And the methods characteristic of each specific science are used for biology.

genealogical . Preferences, correlating a newly open organism with possible relations on the tree of evolution;

tissue culture. To study the physiological characteristics of the organism, the effects of various factors are conducted by studies of samples of its tissues;

embryological. Studying the development of a living organism before his birth;

cytogenetic. Studies of the genome and the structure of the cells;

biochemical. Chemical studies of cellular content, tissues, inner media and organism discharges.

There are a lot of biological methods, besides the above-mentioned in science: hybridization, paleontological, centrifugation and many others.

The role of biology in the formation of a natural science picture of the world

Knowledge of the biosphere helps humanity to make forecasts of long-term and short-term processes on Earth and try to manage them. So, knowing about the role of green plants in the formation of the oxygen environment of the planet - a person understands the importance of preserving forests. Owning knowledge about the relationships of organisms - Currently, humanity no longer admits hazardous experiments on introducing new animals and plants to a steady ecosystem, it is even spelled out in international legislation. There is no longer admitting such mistakes such as Rabbit Tore in Australia or a raccoon dog to the Far East of the USSR no longer admits. Currently, in California, the problems of plants depressing the relict valuable species of the local flora have become a problem.

Biological sciences make it possible to solve many problems with ensuring food security. The removal of new varieties of plants and animal species, allow you to increase yields, protect crops from pests, increase productivity of agriculture.

Genetics andphysiology At the moment, play a very important role in obtaining medical knowledge, contributing to the development of new treatment methods, the creation of drugs, allowing you to defeat the incurable disease and pathology, and also to warn in advance and stop their development.

Via microbiology Vaccines and serum are being developed, new varieties of food and beverages.

Dendrology and Ecology Allowed to provide a fill in the natural resource - wood construction and pulp and paper industries.

Entomology and Botany - Help to develop and improve already known types of fabrics.

Any of biological sciences, including paleontology and other seemingly important - has a strong influence on the presentation of knowledge about the history of the development of the planet, the place of man among living organisms, helps improve the quality of life and protect against the influence of harmful factors of the external environment.

Among all school disciplines, and just sciences, biology takes a separate place. After all, this is the most ancient, first and natural science, and interest in which arose with the advent of man himself and its evolutionary. In different temporary epochs, the study of this discipline was different. Studies in biology were carried out using all new methods. However, there are still those that were relevant from the very beginning and did not lose their significance. What are these ways to study science and that at all represents this discipline, consider in this article.

Biology as science

If you delve into the etymology of the word "biology", then in Latin, it will help it literally to sound like "Science of Life". And indeed it is. This definition reflects the whole essence of the science under consideration. It was biology that studies the entire variety of living on our planet, and if it takes such, then beyond.

There are several biological in which are combined by common morphological, anatomical, genetic and physiological features, all representatives of biomass. This is kingdoms:

• Animals.
• Plants.
• Mushrooms.
• Viruses.
• Bacteria, or prokaryotes.

Each of them is represented by a huge number of species and other taxonomic units, which once again emphasizes how diverse the nature of our planet is. As sciences - to study them all, starting from the origin and ending with death. Also identify the mechanisms of evolution, relationships with each other and man, nature itself.

Biology is only a common name that includes a whole family of acknowledgment and disciplines dealing with detailed research in the field of living beings and any manifestations of life.

As already stipulated above, the study of biology was carried out by people from the most ancient times. The person was interested in how plants are arranged, animals, he himself. Observations for living nature were conducted and conclusions were made, the factological material was accumulated, the theoretical base of science was accumulated.

Achievements of modern biology at all stepped far ahead and allow to look into the most smallest and unimaginable complex structures, interfere in the course of natural processes and change their direction. What ways did such results succeed at all times?

Research methods in biology

To obtain knowledge, it is necessary to use various methods of their preparation. This also applies to biological sciences. Therefore, this discipline has its own set of measures to replenish the methodological and factory piggy bank. These methods of research in school necessarily affects this topic, because this issue is the basis. Therefore, these methods are referred to in the lessons of environmental education or biology in the fifth grade of training.

What are the research methods?

1. Description.
2. in biology.
3. Experiment.
4. Comparison.
5. Modeling method.
6. Historical way.
7. Modernized options based on the use of the latest achievements of technology and modern equipment. For example: electronic spectroscopy and microscopy, coloring method, chromatography, and others.

All of them were always important, remain those today. However, there are among them the one that appeared first and is still the most important.

Biology Observation Method

It is this version of the study that is determining, first and significant. What is observation? This is obtaining information about the object with the help of sense organs. That is, it can be understood that for a living being in front of you with the help of hearing aness, tangles, smell and taste.

That is how they learned to distinguish the elements of biomass our ancestors. So continue research in biology and to this day. After all, it is impossible to learn how the caterpillar occurs and the appearance of the butterfly from the cocoon, if you do not blame for this, fixing every moment of time.

And such examples can be given hundreds. All zoologists, micrologists, botany, algologists and other scientists are observed for the selected object and receive complete information about their structure, lifestyle, interaction with the environment, the features of physiological processes and other intricacies of the organization.

Therefore, the method of observation in biology is considered the most important, historically first and significant. Closely next to him goes and another research method - description. After all, it is not enough, you need to describe what you managed to see, that is, fix the result. This is later and become a theoretical knowledge base about a particular object.

Let us give an example. If the ichthyologist should be conducted in the field of a specific type of fish, for example, a pink perch, then he, first of all, studies the existing theoretical base, which was compiled by observations of scientists before it. After that, it proceeds to observations and carefully records all the results obtained. After that, a number of experiments are carried out, and the results are compared with those already existed earlier. So it turns out the question of where can, for example, spawned these types of fish? What conditions do they need for this and how wide can they vary?

Obviously, the method of observation in biology, as well as a description, comparison and experiment are closely related to a single complex - ways to study wildlife.

Experiment

This method is characteristic not only for biological science, but also for chemistry, physics, astronomy and others. It allows you to clearly make sure that theoretically nominated assumption. With the help of the experiment, hypotheses are confirmed or refuted, theories are created and axioms are put forward.

It was experimentally that the circles of blood circulation in animals, breathing and photosynthesis in plants, as well as a number of other physiological vital processes were opened.

Simulation and comparison

Comparison is a method that allows you to create an evolutionary line for each type. It is this method that underlies the acquisition of information on the basis of which the classification of species is drawn up, the Tree of Life is built.

Modeling the same mathematical method, especially if we talk about a computer method for building a model. This method implies the creation of such situations over the study of the object, which cannot be observed in natural conditions. For example, as it will affect this or that medicinal product to the human body.

Historical method

It is based on the detection of origin and the formation of each organism, its development and transformation during evolution. Based on the data obtained, theories are built and hypotheses are put forward on the emergence of life on Earth, the development of each kingdom of nature.

Biology in grade 5

It is very important in time to instill an interest in students to the science under consideration. Today textbooks "Biology. Grade 5" appear, observation in them is the main method of studying this subject. That is how the guys gradually master the depth of this science, comprehend its meaning and important.

In order for the lessons to be interested in and in children were accustomed to their interest in the studied, should be given more time to this method. After all, only when the student itself is in the microscope, the behavior of the cells and their structure, it will be able to realize the whole interest of this process and how thin and important is. Therefore, according to modern requirements, an activity approach to the study of the subject is a guarantee of successful learning knowledge of students.

And if each process studied, the children will reflect in the biology observation diary, then the trace of the subject will remain with them for life. So formed and the world around.

In-depth study of the subject

If we talk about specialized classes aimed at a deeper, detailed study of science, it should be said about the most important thing. For such children, a special program of in-depth study of biology should be developed, which will be built on observations in the field (summer practice), as well as on permanent experimental studies. Children must convince themselves in the theoretical knowledge that is invested in their heads. It is then that new discoveries, achievements and the birth of people of science are possible.

The role of biological education of schoolchildren

In general, children need to study biology not only because nature must be loved, take care and defend. But also because it significantly expands their horizons, makes it possible to understand the mechanisms of the flow of vital processes, to know ourselves from the inside and treats their health with care.

If you periodically tell the guys about which achievements of modern biology are available and how it is reflected in the lives of people, they themselves will understand the importance and significance of science. They will make love to her, which means they will love and her object is a living nature.

Achievements of modern biology

Such, of course, set. If you denote the time frame at least fifty years, you can list the following outstanding successes in the field of science.

1. Deciphering the genome of animals, plants and man.
2. Opening of the mechanisms of division and death of cells.
3. Identification of the essence of the flow of genetic information in the emerging body.
4. Cloning of living beings.
5. Creation (synthesis) of biologically active substances, drugs, antibiotics, antiviral drugs.

Such achievements of modern biology allow a person to manage some diseases of man and animals, not giving them to develop. They allow you to solve many problems that overtake people in the 21st century: epidemics of terrible viruses, hunger, lack of drinking water, poor ecological situation and others.