What do they get the Nobel Prize for? For which Kazuo Ishiguro received the Nobel Prize What received the Nobel Prize.

Chemist, engineer and inventor Alfred Nobel made his fortune primarily through the invention of dynamite and other explosives. At one time, Nobel became one of the richest in the world.

In total, Nobel owned 355 inventions.

At the same time, the fame that the scientist enjoyed cannot be called good. In 1888, his brother Ludwig died. However, by mistake, journalists wrote in the newspapers about Alfred Nobel himself. Thus, he once read his own obituary in the press, entitled "The Merchant in Death is Dead." This incident made the inventor think about what kind of memory will remain of him in future generations. And Alfred Nobel changed his will.

Alfred Nobel's new will offended the inventor's relatives a lot, who were left with nothing.

The new will was made public by the millionaire in 1897.

According to this paper, all of Nobel's movable and immovable property was to be converted into capital, which, in turn, should be placed in a reliable bank. The income from this capital should be divided annually by five equal parts and awarded in the form of scientists who have made the most significant discoveries in the field of physics, chemistry, medicine; writers who created literary works; as well as those who have made the most significant contributions “to rally nations, to abolish slavery or reduce existing armies and to promote peace conventions” (peace prize).

First laureates

Traditionally, the first prize is awarded in the field of medicine and physiology. So the very first Nobel laureate in 1901 was a bacteriologist from Germany Emil Adolf von Behring, who was developing a vaccine against diphtheria.

The next prize is a laureate in physics. The first to receive this award was Wilhelm Roentgen - for the discovery of the rays named after him.

The first Nobel laureate in chemistry was Jacob Van't Hoff, who investigated the laws of thermodynamics for various solutions.

The first writer to receive this high award was René Sully-Prudhomme.

The Peace Prize is the last to be awarded. In 1901, it was split between Jean-Henri Dunant and Frederic Passy. Dunant, a humanist from Switzerland, is the founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). French Frederic Passy is the leader of the movement for peace in Europe.

Tip 2: Which Russian writers were awarded the Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize is one of the most prestigious awards in the field of science, culture and social activities. Several Russian writers have also received this award for merits in literature.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin - the first Russian laureate

In 1933, Bunin became the first Russian writer to receive Nobel Prize “For the true artistic talent with which he recreated in typical character". The work that influenced the jury's decision was the autobiographical novel The Life of Arseniev. Forced to leave his homeland because of his disagreement with the Bolshevik regime, Bunin is a piercing and touching work, full of love for the Motherland and longing for it. Having witnessed the October revolution, the writer did not come to terms with the changes and loss tsarist Russia... He sadly recalled the old days, lush noble estates, measured life on family estates. As a result, Bunin created a large-scale literary canvas in which he expressed his innermost thoughts.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak - prize for poetry in prose

Pasternak received an award in 1958 "for outstanding services in the modern and traditional field of great Russian prose." The novel "Doctor Zhivago" was especially noted by the critics. However, in the homeland of Pasternak, another reception awaited. This profound work about the life of the intelligentsia was negatively received by the authorities. Pasternak was expelled from the Union soviet writers and virtually forgot about its existence. Pasternak had to refuse the award.

Pasternak not only wrote works himself, but was also a talented translator.

Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov - singer of the Russian Cossacks

In 1965, Sholokhov received the prestigious award, who created the large-scale epic novel The Quiet Don. It still seems incredible how a young, 23-year-old aspiring writer could create such a deep and voluminous work. About Sholokhov's authorship, there were even disputes with allegedly irrefutable evidence of plagiarism. Despite all this, the novel has been translated into several Western and oriental languages, also Stalin personally approved it.

Despite Sholokhov's deafening glory in early age, his subsequent works were much weaker.

Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn - not accepted by the authorities

Another Nobel laureate who has not received recognition in his home country is Solzhenitsyn. He received an award in 1970 "for moral strength drawn from the tradition of great Russian literature." After being imprisoned for political reasons for about 10 years, Solzhenitsyn was completely disenchanted with the ideology of the ruling class. He began to publish quite late, after 40 years, but only 8 years later he was awarded the Nobel Prize - no other writer had such a rapid rise.

Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky - the last laureate of the prize

Brodsky received the Nobel Prize in 1987 "for all-encompassing authorship, full of clarity of thought and poetic depth." Brodsky's poetry caused rejection from the outside soviet power... He was arrested and imprisoned. After Brodsky continued to work, he was popular at home and abroad, but he was constantly monitored. In 1972, the poet was given an ultimatum - to leave the USSR. Brodsky received the Nobel Prize already in the USA, but he wrote his speech for his speech in Russian.

Tip 3: Which Writer Has Been Awarded The Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize is one of the most prestigious awards. Since its inception, 106 writers around the world have been honored with the Alfred Nobel Prize for Literature.

What the Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded for

The Nobel Literary Prize has been awarded every year since 1901 by the Nobel Prize for Achievement in Literature. The Swedish Academy has the right to name it. During its existence, writers and the whole world have received 106 Alfred Nobel prizes.

In 1914, 1918, 1935, as well as during the Second World War from 1940 to 1943, not a single writer was awarded. According to the Nobel Foundation, the prize may not be awarded in the absence of worthy candidates. Four times in the history of the existence of the award, two became laureates at once: in 4, 17, 66 and 74 years of the last century.

Countries where Nobel laureates lived and worked

The largest number of Nobel Literary Prize laureates was given to the world by such countries as France (13 people), Great Britain (10), Germany and the USA (9 each). They are followed by Sweden, 7 writers who were born and worked in this country, received the Nobel Prize. Among the Nobel laureates there are 6 Italians, 5 Spaniards, 4 residents of Poland and the former USSR... 3 natives of Norway, Ireland and Denmark each received the Alfred Nobel Prize for Literature. In Greece, China, Chile, Switzerland, South Africa and Japan, 2 Nobel Prize winners were born. Once, during the Nobel Prize in Literature, the names of writers born in countries such as Austria, Australia, Belgium, Hungary, Guatemala, Egypt, Israel, India, Iceland, Canada, Colombia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Saint -Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Finland, Czech Republic, Yugoslavia. The stateless writer who won the Nobel Prize is Ivan Bunin, who emigrated from Russia to France in the 1920s.

Women and men who won the Nobel Prize in Literature

The beautiful half of humanity is a small part of the Nobel laureates:

Selma Lagerlef received this prestigious award in 1909.
Grazia Deledda in 1926.
Sigrid Unset in 1928.
Pearl Buck in 1938.
Gabriela Mistral in 1945.
Nellie Sachs in 1966.
Nadine Gordimer in 1991.
Toni Morrison - in 1993.
Wislava Szymborska - in 1996.
Elfrida Jelinek - in 2004.
Doris Lessing in 2007.
Hertha Müller in 2009.
Alice Munroe in 2013.

The Nobel Prize was awarded to such men:

1901 - Sully-Prudhomme
1902 - Theodor Mommsen
1903 - Björnstierne Björnson
1904 - Frederic Mistral and José Echegaray y Eisaguirre
1905 - Henryk Sienkiewicz
1906 - Giosue Carducci
1907 - Rudyard Kipling
1908 - to Rudolf Eiken
1910 - Paul Heise
1911 - Maurice Maeterlinck
1912 - Gerhart Hauptmann
1913 - Rabindranath Tagore
1915 - Romain Rolland
1916 - Karl Heidenstam
1917 - Karl Gjellerup and Henrik Pontoppidan
1919 - Karl Spitteler
1920 - to Knut Hamsun
1921 - Anatole France
1922 - Jacinto Benavente y Martinez
1923 - William Yates
1924 - Vladislav Reymont
1925 - Bernard Shaw
1927 - Henri Bergson
1929 - Thomas Mann
1930 - Sinclair Lewis
1931 - Eric Karlfeldt
1932 - John Galsworthy
1933 - Ivan Bunin
1934 - Luigi Pirandello
1936 - Eugene O'Neill
1937 - Roger Martin du Garou
1939 - Frans Sillanpää
1944 - Wilhelm Jensen
1946 - to Hermann Hesse
1947 - André Gidoux
1948 - Thomas Eliot
1949 - William Faulkner
1950 - Bertrand Russell
1951 - Peru Lagerkvist
1952 - Francois Mauriac
1953 - Winston Churchill
1954 - Ernest Hemingway
1955 - Halldor Luxness
1956 - Juan Jimenez
1957 - Albert Camus
1958 - Boris Pasternak
1959 - Salvatore Quasimodo
1960 - Saint-Jon Perce
1961 - Ivo Andric
1962 - John Steinbeck
1963 - to Yorgos Seferis
1964 - Jean-Paul Sartre
1965 - to Mikhail Sholokhov
1966 - Shmuel Agnon
1967 - Miguel Asturias
1968 - Yasunari Kawabata
1969 - Samuel Beckett
1970 - Alexander Solzhenitsyn
1971 - Pablo Nerudu
1972 - Heinrich Böll
1973 - Patrick White
1974 - Eyvind Yunson and Harry Martinson
1975 - Eugenio Montale
1976 - Saul Bellow
1977 - Vicent Aleisandre
1978 - Isaac Bashevis-Singer
1979 - to Odiseas Elitis
1980 - Cheslav Milos
1981 - Elias Canetti
1982 - Gabriel García Márquez
1983 - William Golding
1984 - to Yaroslav Seyfert
1985 - Claude Simon
1986 - Will Shoyinka
1987 - to Joseph Brodsky
1988 - Naguib Mahfuz
1989 - Camilo Selu
1990 - Octavio Paz
1992 - Derek Walcott
1994 - Kenzaburo Oe
1995 - Sheimas Heaney
1997 - Dario Fo
1998 - Jose Saramago
1999 - Gunther Grass
2000 - Gao Xingjian
2001 - Vidiadhar Naipaul
2002 - Imre Kertes
2003 - John Coetzee
2005 - Harold Pinter
2006 - Orhan Pamuk
2008 - Gustave Leclezio
2010 - Mario Vargas Llosa
2011 - Tumas Tranströmer
2012 - Mo Yan

Sources:

Nobel laureates

The history of the Nobel Prize began in 1889, when the brother of the famous inventor of dynamite Alfred Nobel, Ludwig, died. Then the journalists mixed up the information and posted an obituary on the death of Alfred, calling him a merchant in death. It was toga that the inventor decided to leave behind a softer legacy that would bring joy to those who really deserve it.

Instructions

After the announcement of the will, Nobel burst out - the relatives were against the big money (which is what in modern times) went to the fund, and did not go to them. But despite the ardent condemnation of the inventor's relatives, in 1900 the foundation was nevertheless founded.

The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901 in Stockholm. Scientists and researchers from various fields: physics, medicine, literature became laureates. The very first person to receive such a valuable award was Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen for the discovery of a new form of energy and rays that received his name. Interestingly, there was no Roentgen at the award ceremony. He learned that he became a laureate while in Munich. Moreover, the laureates usually receive the prize second, but as a sign of deep respect and recognition of the importance of the discovery made by Rentegn, he was given the prize first.

The next nominee for the same award was the chemist Jacob van't Hoff for and research in chemical dynamics. He proved that Avogadro's law is valid and valid for dilute solutions. In addition, Van't Hoff experimentally proved that osmotic pressure in weak solutions obeys gas laws thermodynamics. In medicine, Emil Adolph von Bering received his recognition and honor for his discovery of blood serum. This study, according to the professional community, was an important step in the treatment of diphtheria. This helped to save many human lives, who were simply doomed before.

The fourth in the same year was awarded the Literary Prize - Rene Sully-Prudhomme. He was awarded for outstanding literary merit, the presence of high idealism in his works, artistic excellence, as well as for an unusual combination of soulfulness and talent.

The first Nobel Peace Prize went to the founder of the International Red Cross, Jean-Henri Dunant. This is how the judges noted his peacekeeping work. After all, Dunant founded a society for the protection of prisoners of war, initiated a campaign against the slave trade, supported the exiled peoples.

Despite the fact that the first official Nobel Prize ceremony was held in 1901, it is believed that the very first such prize was awarded in 1896. Then the Imperial Russian Technical Society decided to award the engineer-technologist Alexei Stepanov for scientific merits. He received this honor for his research "Foundations of the theory of lamps." She was not counted as the main one due to the fact that she bore the name not of Alfred Nobel, but of his brother Ludwig.

Who is Nobel?

Until 1901, no one knew what the Nobel Prize was. Because it simply did not exist. The presentation of the prize was organized a few years after the death of Alfred Nobel. What preceded this event?

The Swedish engineer, chemist and inventor was born in 1833, the son of an impoverished descendant of the scientist Olof Rudbek. Since childhood, Alfred has been interested in technology and science. Until the age of sixteen he lived with his parents in Russia. True, the future philanthropist was born in Stockholm. The Nobel father moved to St. Petersburg with his family in 1833.

Great inventor

Alfred left his father's house at the age of 16. By that time financial position slightly improved, parents were able to give their curious son a good education. In Europe, Nobel studied chemistry intensively. He was especially interested in explosives - a field of science, research in which led Nobel in 1863 to the invention of dynamite. Four years later, the scientist received a corresponding patent, which later allowed him to become one of the richest people the world.

Without going into details professional activity famous Swede, let's move on to the final part of his biography. It is she who will bring us closer to obtaining a detailed answer to the question of what the Nobel Prize is.

Death merchant

Scientists tend to be fanatical about their own business. Sometimes they commit the greatest crimes in their research without even noticing it. Nobel produced and widely advertised his product without thinking about the consequences of the development of dynamite production. For this he was nicknamed "the blood millionaire." This is how the restless researcher under the offensive nickname would have been remembered by the descendants, if not for one case.

One fine spring morning (although perhaps it happened in the winter frost or autumn bad weather) a world-famous scientist woke up in his Stockholm apartment and, as usual, fondly remembered the passion of his whole life - dynamite. In a pleasant mood, Nobel went into the living room in order to have a cup of espresso and think over a new plan to improve the technology for producing a mixture based on nitroglycerin. The scientist opened a fresh newspaper ... and thoughts caressing the soul scattered like yesterday's dream. On the first page, he saw a message about his own death.

The world community would never have known what the Nobel Prize was if it had not been for the mistake of an absent-minded reporter, who, in compiling an obituary, confused the creator of dynamite with his brother. Nobel was not upset about the death of a relative. He wasn't too upset by his own obituary. Nobel did not like the definition given to him by the "hack" for the sake of a catchphrase - "merchant in death."

Nobel Foundation

In order to change the course of events and not remain in the memory of the descendants of the Millionaire in Blood or the Dynamite King, Alfred Nobel immediately sat down to draw up a will.

So, the document is ready. What does it say? After Nobel's death, all of his property must be sold, the proceeds must be deposited into an account in a reliable bank. The resulting profit goes to the newly established fund, which, in turn, distributes it annually according to a strict scheme, dividing it into five equal parts. Each of them constitutes a monetary award due to a scientist, writer or fighter for world peace. In his will, Nobel stressed that the choice of a candidate should in no way be influenced by his nationality or citizenship.

The relatives of the millionaire were furious when they learned about the will, and for a long time tried to challenge its authenticity. But that's a completely different story.

Candidate selection rules

The Nobel Prize laureate can be a physicist, chemist, scientist who made a discovery in the field of medicine or physiology, the author of an outstanding literary work.

A public figure who has made a significant contribution to the elimination of slavery and the consolidation of nations is entitled to the Nobel Peace Prize. A committee named after the scientist is responsible for it. The rest of the awards are approved by the following organizations:

Karolinska Institute (Prize in Medicine or Physiology).
Swedish Academy (Literature Prize).
Royal Swedish Academy (chemistry and physics awards).

The prize cannot be awarded posthumously. But if, of course, the applicant died after the announcement of the committee, not having lived to see the presentation ceremony, it remains with him. But what if there is no worthy candidate from a particular field? In this case, the prize is not awarded, and the funds are kept until the next year.

Monetary premium

The amount is different every year. After all, the profit from transactions, from which premiums are paid, cannot be fixed. So, in 2016 it amounted to $ 1.1 million. And in 2007 - $ 1.56 million. In addition, a few years ago, the fund decided to reduce the premium to 20% in order to prevent a further decrease in the organization's capital.

It should be said that the nomination for the award is an interesting and mysterious process. It is attended not only by members of the organizations listed above, but also by more than three thousand people (usually researchers) working in certain fields, as well as former laureates. Moreover, the names of the nominees have been kept secret for 50 years.

The presentation of the Nobel Prize is a very solemn event attended by over a thousand people. The banquet menu and the decoration of the hall in which it is held is a separate topic that cannot be covered in one article. Therefore, let's move on to the most interesting part of our story, namely, the names of the winners of the most prestigious award. Since the list of them is very extensive, we will name the most famous personalities, and above all our compatriots.

Nobel Prize for Literature

No matter how talented a writer may have, he will not be awarded this prize if he does not seek to convey to his readers the light, eternal. It is received by humanists, idealists, fighters for justice and those who have made a significant contribution to the development of literature. A total of 107 prizes were awarded (by 2017). In 1904, 1917, 1966 and 1974, members of the committee could not find a worthy candidate.

Thus, Ivan Bunin in 1933 was awarded the prize for excellence, contributing to the development of classical Russian prose. Boris Pasternak a quarter of a century later - for high achievements in lyric poetry and the continuation of the traditions of the epic novel. It should be said that the title of the work did not figure in the rationale for the award. Nevertheless, the author of Doctor Zhivago was severely oppressed at home. It was considered good form to scold Pasternak's novel. At the same time, only a few read it. After all, the book was banned for a long time in the USSR.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn was awarded the prize for his high moral strength and adherence to the traditions of the Russian epic novel. He did not show up for the presentation. Not because he was busy, but because he was not allowed in. Belarusian writer Svetlana Aleksievich is the last Russian-speaking Nobel Prize winner. The writer Mikhail Sholokhov was also honored.

Andrey Sakharov

Which Nobel Prize was awarded to a Soviet scientist, one of the founders hydrogen bomb? Prizes in physics or perhaps chemistry? No. Andrei Sakharov is a Peace Prize Laureate. He received it for his advocacy and opposition to the development of nuclear weapons.

As already mentioned, the names of the nominees become known only after 50 years. These once included Leo Tolstoy, Erich Maria Remarque, which is not surprising. Tolstoy is a great humanist. Remarque actively criticized the fascist dictatorship in his books. But some of the names of the Nobel Peace Prize nominees that have become famous are really puzzling. Hitler and Mussolini. The first was nominated in 1939, the second four years earlier. Lenin could also become a nominee for a peace prize. However, the First World War interfered.

". An unprecedented case in the history of the British Booker. This award also met with no objections among readers and critics.

And now the year 2017 is in the yard. Now the Nobel Prize goes to the author of the novels "" and "". And if the award of the Nobel Prize in 2016 caused a real tsunami of negative responses, then the awarding of Ishiguro did not cause any objections. Everyone understands that he deserves it. The Committee's wording was as follows: "In novels of great emotional power, he has uncovered the abyss hidden under our illusory sense of connection with the world." He certainly won't use summary from a handbook for poor students in his future lecture in Stockholm (this is exactly what Dylan was caught on).

The awarding of the Nobel Prize to Kazuo Ishiguro partially restored the prestige of the award, but the symbolic meaning of this award is much more important. After all, this author in his work combines East and West, British (or rather English-speaking) and Japanese literary tradition.

Ishiguro writes in English, he is a master of the language (of course, because his mentor was sir). His most famous novel, The Remains of the Day, has been called "one of the most English novels of the 20th century." Three of his other books have been shortlisted for the Booker Prize over the years. Hundreds of articles have been written about the influence of certain British and American authors on his work (there are even dissertations).

But the most interesting thing lies in Ishiguro's ties with his historical homeland. His family moved to England in 1960, when the future nobel was only 6 years old. He became a subject of Her Majesty in 1982. Ishiguro's first two novels are dedicated specifically to the Country. rising sun... In them, he develops the motives that we see in and, and. The strong influence of the prose of Tanizaki and Soseki is especially felt. For example, the image of the protagonist in Artist of a Shaky World is a reference to characters in Soseki's novels, such as Hirota from Sansiro or Teacher from Heart. These are the "Japanese Oblomovs" who chose the path of inaction.

And do not forget that Ishiguro came to Britain from a country that lost in World War II, from a country that fell under the "charm of evil". The motive of memory, responsibility for one's actions before history is also one of the main ones in the writer's work. His last (at the moment) novel, The Buried Giant, is about that. After all, how nice it is to be under the rule of the fog of oblivion and not remember the horror that your ancestors did ...

One paragraph should be devoted to two other contemporary Japanese authors who have successfully integrated into a foreign language environment. The first one is not unknown to the whole world. Some of his works were written in English. He lived for a long time in Great Britain and the USA (by the way, Murakami, like Ishiguro, is a big jazz lover). The second is Yoko Tawada, who managed to become a German writer and even received the Goethe Medal in 2005. She owns german just like Ishiguro English. In 2006, Tavada received German citizenship.

The only "but" in the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Kazuo Ishiguro: now she will not shine Murakami for the next 20-25 years ...

Every year at the beginning of October, special attention is drawn to what is happening in the Swedish capital - Stockholm. During this period, the winners of the most prestigious scientific awards - Nobel Prize. Over the past two weeks, the Nobel Committee has named scientists to be honored. We tried to figure out who received the awards this year and for what.

twitter.com/NobelPrize

Japanese scientist Yoshinori Osumi received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine this year for his discovery of the mechanisms of autophagy. Autophagy is a process in the cell that allows you to get rid of unnecessary or non-functioning components. The term "autophagy" is translated from Greek as "eating oneself". The concept itself dates back to the 60s, but Osumi's experiments that he started in the 90s were a breakthrough. The Nobel Committee calls it research that has revolutionized the paradigm of perception.

The scientist conducted his experiments on yeast cells, but he proved that similar processes occur in the human body. As noted in the Nobel Committee, these experiments allowed a new look at how "recycling" occurs at the cellular level. “These discoveries paved the way for understanding the fundamental importance of autophagy in many physiological processes, such as adaptation to hunger or response to infections,” the Nobel Committee's website says.

At the same time, scientists now know that the violation of autophagy is associated with such serious diseases as Parkinson's disease, diabetes or cancer. At the moment, drugs for various diseases are being actively developed, which will be built on knowledge about this process.

Osumi was born in 1945 in Tokyo. After several years in the United States, he returned to Japan and established a research group. Since 2009, he has been working as a professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.

twitter.com/NobelPrize

Three American scientists received the Physics Prize this year. Physicists David Toless, Duncan Haldan and Michael Kosterlitz shared the award. In their research, scientists applied a complex mathematical method - topology - to the study of rare aggregate states matter, such as superconductivity, superfluidity, etc. "This year's laureates have opened the doors to unknown worlds where matter can acquire atypical states," the award's website says.

Scientists hope that these studies will open up new possibilities in materials science and electronics, for example, in the creation of new types of electrical engineering or superconductors, as well as in future quantum computers.

twitter.com/NobelPrize

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the Frenchman Jean-Pierre Savage, the American Fraser Stoddart and the Dutchman Bernard Feringu for creating "the world's smallest machines." And not just small, but really miniature. Their invention is molecular machines. “Miniature elevator, artificial muscles, minimotor. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded to Jean-Pierre Savage, Ser Fraser Stoddart and Bernard Feringe for the design and manufacture of molecular machines, ”the Nobel Committee's website says.

The essence of the discovery of these scientists is to create molecules that can move in a controlled manner and perform certain tasks when they receive energy. The first step in this process was taken by Savage, connecting two ring-shaped molecules in a network called catenans, linked by a mechanical bond. “To be able to complete a task, a machine must be composed of parts that can move relative to each other. Two interlocked rings fulfilled exactly this requirement, ”the Nobel Prize website says.

The second step was carried out by Stoddart, and the third step was taken by Fering, creating the first molecular motor. “Molecular machines will most likely be used to create new materials, sensors and energy storage systems,” the award's website says.

twitter.com/NobelPrize

This year, 376 nominees were nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. As a result, the committee decided to honor the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos. “The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize to Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos for his determined efforts to complete more than 50 years of civil war, which cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and forced about six million people to leave their homes, ”the committee said.

The Norwegian Nobel Committee believes that although the peace agreement with the FARC group, which emerged as a result of negotiations initiated by Santos, was rejected by the majority of Colombians in a referendum, the Colombian leader's attempts "bring the possibility of a peaceful end to the bloody conflict" and correspond to the spirit and will of Alfred Nobel.

twitter.com/NobelPrize

The Swedish Bank Prize for Economics in memory of Alfred Nobel, the so-called Nobel Prize in Economics, which was introduced in 1969, awarded two American scientists - Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström for the development of the theory of contracts. Contracts play an extremely important role in economic relations and are its connecting link, the committee noted. The work of Hart and Holmström provided an essential foundation for analyzing the contracting process to make it as effective as possible.

twitter.com/NobelPrize

The awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature was perhaps one of the biggest surprises of this year's prize, surprising both the public and the bookmakers. The winner of the award this year was the American singer, rock legend - Bob Dylan. The Nobel Committee recognized Dylan's poetry by awarding him an award for "creating new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition."

Born in 1941 in New York, Dylan became famous in the 60s for his "protest" creativity and participation in the civil rights movement. The singer's discography includes more than 35 studio albums, including such famous ones as The Times They Are a-Changin ', The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan.

The Nobel Prize is the highest awardawarded for achievements in science, inventions and contributions to culture, as well as for the development of society. The tradition of rewarding people for works that contribute to the progress of humanity was introduced on the basis of the Nobel testament. So, for what you can get the Nobel Prize, which implies the presentation of not only a commemorative sign, but also a substantial cash prize of more than $ 1 million. The award is given to specialists in physics, chemistry, literature, economics, medicine, as well as for the establishment of peace on earth.

How do I get the Nobel Prize?

People who are able to make a discovery receive such a world award, and for this it is necessary to go through a certain path. What you need to get the Nobel Prize:

You need to start with receiving higher education in the areas that were listed earlier. I will have to finish my master's degree and defend my thesis.
Having a PhD or Doctor of Science degree, it is necessary to make a discovery that will be useful for the whole world. As for literature, the work must be original and stand out in some way from everyone. You should not expect that you will be included in the list of applicants immediately after that, because usually it takes about 30 years from the moment of opening and until the award is received.
After the discovery is made, you need to work on your popularity, since at least 600 leading specialists should learn about your work. To do this, you need to participate in various exhibitions, presentations, print in newspapers and magazines, etc. Fame is needed so that during the poll conducted by the Nobel Committee, professionals in their field will mention you as a worthy participant.
After that, the Nobel Committee and the Swedish Academy of Sciences conduct numerous consultations with various experts, and the most worthy applicants are selected from the list obtained, thanks to a survey. After that, a vote takes place, in which members of the Nobel Committee participate, to determine the winners. If a person falls on this list, then soon he receives a notification and can prepare for the Nobel lecture.

Talking about how to get the Nobel Prize in economics, physics and other sciences, it will be interesting to look into the existing predictions of scientists for the future. For example, in physics in the coming years, it is not worth waiting for serious discoveries, since there is only a strengthening and expansion of the existing theory. Adverse predictions in chemistry, so, according to the committee, it is no longer possible to make any discoveries. Biology has the greatest prospects for truly brilliant discoveries. Almost all research is carried out in the field of clones and genes.

It will also be interesting to know where the Nobel Prize is received and when the ceremony takes place. So, they collect the laureates for the award on December 10 on the day of Nobel's death in the capital of Sweden at the Royal Academy of Music, but the Peace Prize is given in the capital of Norway. The Peace Prize has been awarded for several years not for what has already been done, and for future achievements to improve life.

Why aren't mathematicians getting the Nobel Prize?

Many are surprised at this fact, but Alfred Nobel himself decided so. There are several versions of why this happened. For example, mathematicians say that a scientist simply forgot to dictate it to the secretary, indicating a list of sciences for which it is worth giving an award, considering that this is also, of course. Some argue that Alfred deliberately ruled out mathematics, because he did not use it to create dynamite, which means that science is completely unnecessary. According to the third version, forgetting about mathematics, Nobel took revenge on the admirer of his wife, who was a famous professor of this particular science.