Society is characterized by scientists in public how. Modern problems of science and education
Option 1
When executing tasks with the choice of the answer of this part about ~ enter the circle number
A1. Which example illustrates the influence of nature on the activities of people?
1) elimination of the effects of natural disaster
2) River pollution by industrial waste
3) landing on the wasteland of trees and shrubs
4) Administrative restriction of deer hunting
A2. Anton is a cheerful sociable person, always ready to come to the rescue to his numerous friends. All this characterizes Anton as
1) Individual
2) Citizen
3) Personality
4) Professional
A3. Are the following judgments about cognitive human activity?
A. The goal of knowledge is to obtain information about the world and human itself.
B. In the process of knowledge of the person uses sense and intelligence organs.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
A4. Pianist sat down for the piano and wondered wonderful sounds. His game caused a storm of emotions of the listeners: they worried a longing in their homeland, opened, obeying music, new lands, loved, hoped. This example illustrates activities in the field
2) religion
4) Art
A5. We are interested in programming a tenth-grader Ivan plans to professionally develop computer games at the end of study. What level of education is Ivan?
1) the main general
2) medium professional
3) Full (average)
4) Higher Professional
A. Moral relies on human ideas about the beautiful and ugly.
B. Man absorbs moral standards in the process of education.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
A7. What is characteristic of the command economic system?
1) diversity of ownership forms
2) freedom of entrepreneurial activity
3) the predominance of agriculture
4) centralized pricing
A8. From April to October, the population of the seaside region Z is employed in the field of servicing tourists, resting on the sea coast. The working hands are missing during this period, so you have to attract workers from neighboring regions. However, in the period from November, a significant unemployment is observed among the local population. What type of unemployment in the Z regions is?
1) stagnant
2) Structural
3) temporary
4) Seasonal
A9. The state performs various functions in the economic life of society. So, it is a manufacturer of public goods. Which of the examples below illustrates this function?
1) The government has changed the procedure for taxing firms
2) within the framework of the state program of development of health
Three new hospitals opened
3) Central Bank withdrew the license of two commercial
banks
4) Government and Central Bank implemented a computer
Lex anti-inflationary measures
Ayu. Are the following judgments about production costs true?
A. Part of the factors of production that the entrepreneur is forced to acquire at market prices is the external cost of the company.
B. The cost of production factors, independent of the amount of products, is variable costs of the company.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
An. What distinguishes the family from other small groups?
1) Joint leisure
2) Slot Social Status
3) availability of group rules and norms
4) joint management
A12. A. works as a teacher. In addition to lessons, it organizes holidays, quiz, excursions, hiking with students. Much time A. spends on communicating with her parents of his students. In action A. manifests itself
1) Social role
2) Social conflict
3) Social Structure
4) Social Policy
A13. Are the following judgments about ethnic groups true? A. Ethnic groups are allocated on the national basis. B. The varieties of ethnic groups are tribes and nationalities.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
A14. The functions of political parties in a democratic society refers
1) Development and adoption of laws
2) Proposal of Society Development Programs
3) enterprises management
4) Implementation of legal proceedings
A15. The head of state Z is the hereditary ruler. He makes laws, leads the government's activities, participates in the activities of the judiciary. What is the form of the board of Z?
1) constitutional monarchy
2) Parliamentary Republic
3) Presidential Republic
4) Absolute Monarchy
A16. Are the following judgments about the referendum true?
A. The referendum is aimed at the free will of citizens among the most important issues for the whole society.
B. Referendum, in contrast to the elections, does not imply a vote for candidates or batch.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
A17. A citizen acquired a washing machine for home use. The store service service delivered, installed and connected the machine, and also handed the warranty card to the citizen. This situation is regulated by the rules of law
1) administrative
2) Civilian
3) Labor
4) constitutional
A18. The legislative authority in the Russian Federation is
1) Federal Assembly
2) Government of the Russian Federation
3) Security Council
4) Public Chamber
A1I. The non-governmental environmental organization conducted a campaign to clean the territory from garbage in the parks. Activists of the Organization were able to involve citizens of different ages and professions to participate in the shares. This example reflected functioning
1) local governments
2) state apparatus
3) civil society
4) municipal authorities
A20. Are the following crime judgments are true?
A. The crime entails administrative responsibility.
B. The crime is called an unlawful act who creates the threat of life, health and property of citizens.
1) just and 3) are true of both judgments
2) true only b 4) both judgments are incorrect
When performing tasks with a short answer (B1-B5), the answer must be written in the place specified in the text of the task.
IN 1. The listed list shows the similarities of the science and religion and the differences in science from religion. Select and write down the sequence numbers of the similarities in the first column of the table, and the second column is the sequence numbers of differences.
1) Explanation of natural and public phenomena
2) faith in supernatural forces
3) rapid change in the content of knowledge, refusal of obsolete
Theories
4) influence on the formation of a human worldview
IN 2. In the country, the Sociological Service conducted a survey of adult citizens. They asked a question: "How do you keep your savings?"
The survey results are presented in the diagram.
Analyze the diagram data.
Find out the conclusions in the list that can be made on the basis of the chart and write the numbers in the response string under which they are specified.
1) keep their money on the bank account and buy prices
Paper less than half of the surveyed citizens.
2) investments in real estate are less popular among the support
Changing than opening bank accounts.
3) Store money at home about a third of the citizens surveyed.
4) gives money to the debt to friends more respondents than
Acquires jewels.
5) invests in the acquisition of jewels on
The yen number of respondents.
Vz. Set the correspondence between an example of a social group and the feature by which it is highlighted. To each position given in the first column, pick up the position from the second column.
 |
One, refer to the basics of the constitutional system of Russia.
1) Democracy, 2) Human Rights Value, 3) Federal Device, 4) Single Party System, 5) Separation of the authorities.
Find and unsubscribe concept number,dropping out of this row.
Answer: J_______________________________.
85. Specify the correct sequence of actions beating
a dealer during the election in the state authorities
authorities.
1) familiarity with candidate programs
2) participation in the survey at the exit from the polling station
3) Reaching coupon
4) Filling a ballot
For answers to the tasks of this part (C1 -
Read the text and perform the tasks C1 - Sat
Language, culture, morality, the whole spiritual capital, which we live and which is our being, is taken from the prevailing life relations between people. Social, social life is not, therefore, some kind of external form of human life. It is the necessary expression of the unity of people constituting the basis of human life in all its regions. A person lives in society not because it is more convenient to live, but because only as a member of society, it can take place as a person, just as a sheet can only be a leaf of a whole tree.
This internal organic unity can act in the form of a family, in the form of a religious community, etc., finally, in the form of a community of fate and the life of any combined multitude of people. This community forms the life of the personality itself. Community is spiritual nutrition, which internally lives personality, her wealth, her personal domain.
For superficial perception, the Company consists of people currently inhabiting land. But for the outdoor, temporary perception of life, its eternal foundation is hidden and the source of forces is the unity of the present with the past and the future. For each moment, our life is determined by the forces and means accumulated in the past, and at the same time fixed to the future, acts as the work of what is not yet.
C2. Find two explanations in the text why the social (public) life is the inner form of human life.
Sz. What levels of perception of society exist, according to the authors of the text? Using the text content, determine the essence of each level.
C4. Why does man "only as a member of society can take place as a person?" With support for text and social scientific knowledge, give three explanations.
C5. Talking at the lesson about the formation of a person, the student noted a significant influence on this "from the process of the family and the nearest environment of a person. Not all class students agreed with this opinion. Which of these two points of view is reflected in the text? Give a text fragment to help answer the question.
Sat Do you agree that "every moment our life is determined by the forces and means accumulated in the past, and at the same time fixed into the future"? With a support for text and social scientific knowledge, bring two arguments (explanations) in defense of their position.
Option 2.
Frections
///?« task performance from selecting the answer of this part circle mugs number Proper response in examination work.
A1.What is characteristic of the traditional type society?
1) the predominance of agriculture in the economy
2) high level of industry
3) distribution of computer technology
4) Intensive Development of Science and Technology
A2. The tenth-grader Ivan is interested in mathematics. He is doing a lot, takes part in the mathematical competitions of schoolchildren, although until he managed to take a prize room. How can I call the quality of Ivan that manifest in this activity?
1) Depository
2) abilities
4) Geniality
A3. Are the following judgments about the global problems of the modern world?
A. Global problems are successfully solved by the most developed countries of the world.
B. The least developed countries of the world are not affected by global problems.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
A4. Reflection of reality in artistic images peculiar
2) Art
4) religion
is the result
A5. Conclusion: "Everything is aware of the comparison" Tatom
1) summarizing life experience
2) scientific research
3) intuitive guesses
4) religious faith
A6. Are the following judgments about morality true?
A. The main controller of the person in matters of morality is its conscience.
B. Compliance with moral norms is a manifestation of human freedom.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
A7. Firm R. produces carpet cleaning. The capital of the firms relate (
1) carpets that cleans the company
2) company management
3) Equipment and cleaning products
4) Tax deductions
A8. The market of sports equipment in the country Z is divided between the five largest manufacturers firms, the products of other companies are not represented. What type of market competition affected this example?
1) Perfect Competition
2) Monopoly
3) incomplete competition
4) Oligopoly
A9. Citizen A. found that the jogurt box, which was worth 15 rubles earlier, has risen up to 20 rubles, and another month - up to 30 rubles. The same happened with other goods and services, and their quality has not improved. What economic phenomenon is a citizen A.?
1) Competition
2) Inflation
3) overproduction
4) Unemployment
A10. Are the following judgments about economic systems true?
A. The traditional economic system is characterized by a high level of development of commodity-money relations.
B. The Command Economic System involves the policy distribution of production factors.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
social groups allocated
All. Which of the economic sign listed?
1) Muscovites
2) engineers
3) Muslims
4) landowners
A12. Adult young man and the girl appealed to the registry office with a statement about marriage registration, but they were denied. What could be the cause of refusal?
1) short-term dating
2) the lack of their housing
3) the incapacity of the young man
4) disagreement of parents for marriage
A13. Are the following social status judgments true? A. Social status is the position of a person in society, giving him rights and obligations. B. All social statuses people acquire from birth.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
A14. What distinguishes the state from other political organizations?
1) Development of Society Development Programs
2) representing the interests of individual groups of society
3) nomination of political leaders
4) Exceptional right to accept legal norms
A15. The state Z is divided into provinces on a territorial basis. The provincial chapters are appointed by the government of the state. In the provinces there are no own parliaments, constitutions. What is the form of the State Device of the country Z?
1) Monarchy
2) unitary state
3) Federal State
4) Republic
A16. Are the following judgments about the separation of the authorities?
A. The principle of separation of the authorities is that three branches of power with strictly defined functions are distinguished.
B. The principle of separation of the authorities implies the presence of a system of "checks and counterweights".
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
A17. Civil law regulates
1) Property and personal non-property relations
2) relations of citizens with executive authorities
3) rights and obligations of family members
4) Procedure for the provision of labor services
A18. President of the Russian Federation
1) leads foreign policy
2) Develops the state budget
3) manages federal property
4) develops and accepts laws
A19. Anton parked his car on the lawn under the windows of his apartment. What offense did he commit?
1) Criminal
2) administrative
3) Disciplinary
4) Civilian
A20. Are the following judgments are true about the legal state?
A. The legal state involves the mutual responsibility of the state and personality.
B. The Legal State involves the existence of civil society.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
PART 2
When performing tasks with a brief answer (B1-B5), the answer must be recorded in place specifiedin test text.
IN 1.The listed list shows the similarities of the similarities of large and small social groups and the differences between a large social group from small. Select and write down the sequence numbers of the similarities in the first column of the table, and the second column is the sequence numbers of differences.
1) Mandatory personal contacts between group members
2) the presence of people in similar social characteristics
3) availability of social norms regulating activities
Groups
4) number of group members
IN 2.In the country, the Sociological Service conducted a survey of adult citizens. They were asked a question: "Which of the participants in the political life of the country do you trust the most?"
The survey results are presented in the histogram.
Analyze the histogram data.
Find out the conclusions that can be made based on the histogram and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the response line.
1) law enforcement agencies cause the smallest
Rie the surveyed citizens.
2) leaders of political parties and parliament deputies
Most of the surveyed citizens trust.
3) the head of state respondents citizens trust pain
See than other participants in political life.
4) the head of the government surveyed citizens trust
More than parliament deputies.
5) the leaders of political parties trust about a third of the op
rosary citizens.
Vz. Set the match between the situation and the branch of the right, which is designed to regulate it. To each position given in the first column, pick up the position from the second column.
A) Citizen Narval on the city
flower beds for her girl
B) Citizen acquired furniture headset in the store
B) Citizen was fined
controller for a non-flying pro
Riding on the bus
D) a group of citizens at night robbed a random passerby
E) a citizen opened an account in a commercial bank
Industry Rights
1) Civilian
2) administrative
3) Criminal
| AND | B. | IN | G. | D. |
84. The following is a number of concepts. All of them, except
One, belong to institutions carrying out socialization
Individual.
1) Family, 2) Nature, 3) Education system, 4) State, 5) Church.
Find and unsubscribe concept number,dropping out of this row.
Answer:___________________________ -
85. K. - Citizen of Russia, head of a large computer
Rest. Set the correct sequence of passage
They are the levels of education.
1) end of the main school
2) obtaining higher vocational education
3) Training in the middle (full) school
4) Visiting training for elementary school
5) protection of the thesis and obtaining a scientific degree
Answer:
Part 3.
For answers to the tasks of this part (C1- C6) Use a separate signed sheet. Record first task number (C1, etc.), and then the answer to it.
Read the text and execute C1 tasks. - Sat
The goods are a product of labor produced in order to exchange for other products of labor or money in the market. Products can be material and intangible. The material product is any thing: car, shoes, bread, refrigerator, etc. The intangible product is, as a rule, a service or any useful activity: mediation, insurance, communication services, medical services, etc. .
The existence of goods is associated with the consistent passage of four stages. For a start, the goods must be produced. Production is the process of creating material and intangible benefits necessary to meet any social needs.
Next stage - distribution. As a rule, many participants are involved in the production of each product. So, it is necessary to determine the share of each participant in the created product. In modern society, the distribution is most often carried out on the cost and results of labor or on capital investment.
The hired worker, having completed work, receives wages. The better it performs the task set before him, the more product it produces, the higher its wages. This is the distribution on the cost and results of labor.
On the other hand, the owner of the company may not work in his company himself. But the profit, which the company brings, belongs to its owner, since the company is created on his money. This is the distribution of invested capital.
The third stage of the merchandise is exchange. In order to exchange the goods are transferred to the market, where he has two most important properties: the property is satisfied with any human needs, be useful for the buyer, that is, possess consumer cost; Property Share on another product or money in a certain quantitative ratio, that is, have a change value.
The final stage is consumption, that is, the use of the goods to meet the needs.
By purchasing goods for personal consumption, the buyer determines its value on the basis of utility. What benefits will bring the goods to his buyer, determines the amount that the buyer is ready to pay for it.
(Based on encyclopedia for schoolchildren)
C1. Make up text plan. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and encroach each of them.
C2. What is the product? What types of goods are named in the text? Explain the difference between these types of goods.
Sz. Using the text content, fill in the table:
C4. What are the two most important properties of goods are given in the text? Show each of these properties on the example of any product.
C5. Low salary employees of the supermarket applied to the director with the requirement to raise the salary and improve working conditions. The director refused them, referring to the fact that only the supermarket owner can resolve this question, permanently residing in another country. What are the foundations (principles) of the distribution affected this example? Give a fragment (s) of the text that helps (s) to solve this task.
Sat The text states that "purchasing goods for personal consumption, the buyer determines its value, based on the utility." Do you agree with this opinion? With a support for text and social scientific knowledge, bring two arguments (explanations) in defense of their position.
Option 3.
When performing tasks with the choice of the answer of this part, circle a circle number Proper response in examination work.
A1. A combination of socially significant qualities of a person scientists denote by the concept
1) Individual
2) Personality
3) Individuality
A2. In society Z most people live in large cities. In all spheres of society, computer technologies are used, the science is developing intensively, which are widely used in economics and social management. What type of such society is this company?
1) Agrarian
2) Industrial
3) Traditional
4) post-industrial
A3. Are the following judgments about society true?
A. Society is called all people who are now living on Earth.
B. Society is called historical periods of human development.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
A4. Nature is peculiar
1) the desire to explain the events and phenomena
2) appeal to supernatural forces
3) figurative reflection of reality
4) the use of rites and rituals
A7. There are various meanings of the concept of "economy". What belongs to the economy as science?
1) Production of cosmetics
2) Prediction of energy prices
3) sale of real estate
4) gradual money depreciation
A8. As a result of the absorption or displacement from the market of cellular services of other firms in the country Z, there was only one firm providing similar services. What economic phenomenon affected this example?
2) Unemployment
3) Inflation
4) Monopoly
A9. The international financial institution provided loans to several countries, other countries paid the organization interest on previously provided loans. What is the function of money manifested in this example?
1) Payment Tool
2) sharing agent
3) accumulation agent
4) world money
Ayu. Are the following judgments true T\u003e 6 economic systems?
A. The centralized distribution of resources prevails in the market economic system.
B. In the team (planned) economy, the necessary minimum of life benefits is guaranteed by the state.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
All. Ethnic groups include
1) tribe 3) caste
2) class 4) class
A12. The mother of three minors of children A. appealed to the registry offices for termination of marriage with his spouse, which is the father of her children. What circumstance makes a possible divorce procedure?
1) the consent of both spouses to terminate marriage
2) five-year prison sentence of spouse A.
3) the absence of the spouses of mutual property claims
4) the consent of the spouses in determining the place of residence of children
A13. Whether the following judgments are true about social conflicts
A. Social conflicts reflect contradictions in the interests of various social groups.
B. Social conflicts have only a negative impact on the development of society.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
A14. For which political regime is characterized by free elections in government authorities, respect for human rights?
2) Totalitarian
3) Democratic
4) dictatorial
A15. Organization R. distributed its power to some territory. It provides security and law enforcement, makes laws, establishes taxes. This organization is
1) State
2) Political Party
3) Public Organization
4) Office
A16. Are the following political judgments are true? A. Only the state has political power. B. Political power relies on the strength of laws, the power of the state, the authority of political leaders.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
A17. What distinguishes the constitution from other state laws?
1) Higher legal force
2) Ensuring the forced power of the state
3) commitment of execution
4) writing form
A18. The highest executive body in the Russian Federation is
1) Federal Assembly
2) General Prosecutor's Office
3) State Duma
4) Government of the Russian Federation
A19. Ivan, at the five-year-old age left without parental care, became a pupil of the orphanage. What is the right of a child violated in this situation?
1) the right to life
2) the right to know their parents
3) the right to live and brought up in the family
4) the right to social security
A20. Are the following judgments about civil society?
A. Civil society is a combination
non-state relations and organizations of citizens in
different spheres. B. Civil society requires a high level of legal
cultures of citizens, awareness of their responsibility
for decisions made.
1) is true only
2) true only b
3) Both judgments are true
4) both judgments are incorrect
When performing tasks with a brief replies (B1-B5), the answer must be written in the place specified in the text of the task.
IN 1. The listed list shows similar manifestations of the chambers and the talent of the person and the differences between the manifestations of the deposit from talent. Select and write down the sequence numbers of the similarities in the first column of the table, and the second column is the sequence numbers of differences.
1) human abilities
2) Obtaining fundamentally new results leader
Nosta
3) success in any activity
4) finding non-standard activity methods
IN 2. In one of the regions, the sociological service conducted a survey of graduates of the main school. They were asked a question: "What profile of training will you choose in high school?"
The survey results are presented in the table.
Analyze the table data.
Find out the outputs that can be made on the basis of the table in the list, and write the numbers in the response string under which they are specified.
1) the socio-economic profile chose more de
bulls than boys.
2) socio-humanitarian profile is the most popular
Among both groups of respondents.
3) socio-economic, mathematical and natural
but scientific profile chooses approximately the same
Number of boys.
4) The mathematical profile is more popular in girls than
Naturally scientific.
5) Socio-humanitarian profile chose less than two
third girls surveyed.
Vz. Set the correspondence between an example and a structural element of the tax. To each position given in the first column, pick up the position from the second column.
Example
A) Citizen
B) wages
B) car
D) 13%
E) inherited property
Structural element tax
Tax object
Subject of tax
Tax rate
Write down the selected numbers in the table.
| AND | B. | IN | G. | D. |
84. The following is a number of examples. All of them, except
One, belong to small social groups.
1) Family, 2) Rock Group, 3) Ambulance Brigade, 4) Football Fans, 5) Group of Close Friends.
Find and unsubscribe example number,dropping out of this row.
Answer: ____________________________.
85. Set the correct sequence of the form
government mission according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
1) representing the president of the candidacy of the chairman
Governments in the State Duma.
2) Consultation Chairman of the Government with the President
Tom about the structure and composition of the government.
3) Consultation candidate for the post of chairman ruler
Party factions in the State Duma.
4) the introduction of a new president to office.
5) Presidential Decree on the appointment of government members.
Answer.
The ideas of organicism presented in the socio-philosophical thought of Russia of the 19th century, have both great potential in the study of the structure and development of society. This is evidenced by numerous appeals of current researchers in philosophy, sociology, political science, etc. to the methodology and principles of organicism, which were unexpectedly popular in social and humanitarian knowledge at this stage of development. The idea of \u200b\u200bsocial scientists standing at the origins of organicism, about the historical process as a movement in time of specific interacting and mutually informing public organisms is relevant today, because no country, the state cannot develop outside the world's accounting. Moreover, ignoring the process of interaction between countries and peoples within the framework of the whole can lead the world to death.
methodological principle.
organic approach
organic concept of society
social organism
organizism
1. Barash, R.E. Memory and tolerance as the value of modern society // Ethnos, Nation, Values: Social and Philosophical Studies / Scientific Editors K.Kh. Momjyan, A.Yu. Antonovsky. - M.: Canon +; Row "Rehabilitation", 2015. - P. 407 - 437.
2. Canarish, G.Yu. The idea of \u200b\u200borganicism in modern studies of man and society // ZPU. - 2015. - №2. - S.50-60.
3. Kuzmina, G.P. Ideas of organicism in Russian social philosophy: dis. ... dot. Form science - Cheboksary, 2007. - 297 p.
4. Kuzmina, G.P. Organic direction in Russian social philosophy. - Cheboksary: \u200b\u200bPublishing House Chuvash. State Ped. University, 1998. - 212 p.
5. Kuzmina, G.P., Gavrilova, N.G. Organizism as the theoretical and methodological basis of the world of world thinkers // Fundamental studies. - 2014. - № 6 (Part 4). -FROM. 867-870.
6. Lossky, N.O. Favorites. -M.: True, 1991. - 624 p.
7. Masloboeva, OD The organic concept of truth as a basis of cultural identity // Scientific and technical statements SPbGPU. Humanitarian and social sciences. -2014. - Vol. 4 (208). - P. 119-128.
8. Momjyan, K.Kh. Social philosophy. An activity approach to analyzing a person, society, history. Part 1. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow University, 2013. - 400 p. (Classic University Tutorial).
9. Podzolkova, N.A. The concept of the body in the philosophy of alliance // Principles of organic logic V.S. Solovyov: Reflections about ... Philosophical Almanac / Borchikov S.A. et al. - M.: Max Press, 2007. - Vol. 10. - P. 81-91.
10. Khabibullina, Z.N. The role of Russian cosmism in the formation of planetary thinking // Philosophy. Tolerance. Globalization: A collection of scientific papers of scientists of the Bashkir branch of the Russian philosophical society, dedicated to the VII Russian Philosophical Congress (Ufa, October 6 - 10, 2015) / Scientific. ed. B.S. Galimov. - Ufa: Ritz Bashhru, 2015. - P. 199-207
Modern researchers increasingly declare the importance of the theoretical and methodological heritage of organicism at the current stage of science development. At the same time, the scope of the principles of organic theory and understanding why the ideas of organicism in the studies of Russian scientists in the recent decades are so claimed, and the ideas and theoretical and methodological principles of organicism are widely used by specialists in social philosophy, sociology, political science.
Developer of characterical creyology, employee of the Institute of Philosophy RAS G.Yu. Canary, who considers his approach to consonant organicism, believes that the demand for the idea of \u200b\u200borganicism is partly involving "with the conservative turn" with the "conservative turn" in recent years, but also has its causes in the patterns of the evolution of global society. " In their articles "On one of the variants of the natural scientific approach in social knowledge" and "the idea of \u200b\u200borganicism in modern research of man and society", it is argued by characterizing organicism as an approach that originates in antique times. As an example of the application of the organic investment methodology, Russian scientists at the present stage the researcher brings several examples. At the same time, the principles of organicism, lost from the point of view G.Yu. Canarish its position in the XIX century, characterized by him as "unexpectedly sought-after" in the information, post-industrial society, and the appeal of scientists to organicism from its point of view occurs "in search of new methodological foundations of the Company's research in the situation of global and internal challenges" (ours. N.G., G.K.). There is a feeling that having deep historical roots organic theory after a long oblivion suddenly he was revived in Russian socio-humanitarian knowledge.
However, widespread in the Russian social studies at the present stage of the theoretical and methodological grounds and principles of organicism and the organic theory of society, from our point of view, due to the established philosophical tradition, silent into the Soviet period due to the consolidation of a stamp "biological turquist". "The Soviet era imposed a significant imprint on the possibility of the subsequent development of the theory, which directly opposing Marxism a manner interpreted the idea of \u200b\u200borganic integrity, suggesting that the violent destruction of the natural links existing in society or artificially maintaining such connections will lead society to death."
Today, today, the desire for the unity of socio-humanitarian and natural scientific knowledge determines the search for new approaches and methods in the study of social processes. There is a need and in the interaction of methods of sciences born at the joints of different disciplines. The same situation was also in the middle of the XIX century, when biology methods were used in the Company's research. The transfer of biological patterns on social reality allowed the social studies to see the object under study in a new way. The organic concept, which was in the shadows into the Soviet era, is in demand today as never before, which makes it possible to explore society under a forgotten angle of view.
In the work of the modern Petersburg researcher OD Masloboo "Russian Organizm and Cosmism of the XIX - XX century: Evolution and Relevance" It is said that in the Russian soil, organicism was developed in the first half of the XIX century such scientists like D.M. Wellane, A.I. Galich, MG Pavlov, V.F. Odoevsky, D.V. Venevitinov. However, the Russian Organic School, exploring society and social problems with the help of methods and principles of organicism arose significantly later. The syticists of the XIX century combined their efforts in the study of acute social problems and created an initiative group on the publication of the International Sociological Review on the end of 1892. A sociological society was formed on the basis of this journal, and later, in 1893, the International Sociological Institute was founded. Among his first founding members was the Senator from St. Petersburg - P. Lilienfeld, who repeatedly acted with reports at the congressions of the Institute and published in his publications.
P.F. Lilienfeld-Tal, whose legacy has become available to the scientific community thanks to the research work G.P. Kuzmin, stood at the origins of the Russian Organic School in Sociology, pointed its attention not only on the structure and properties of the "social body", but also on theoretical grounds for building future social science. Focusing on society as a real social organism, a sociologist made a lot to justify the idea of \u200b\u200bunity, integrity and naturalness of its origin. Noting the diversity of phenomena, P. Lilienfeld emphasized the unity of life, considering it not as a separate, isolated, unique phenomenon, but as a phenomenon, planetary and cosmic, historically natural. Such an idea of \u200b\u200blife later finds its development in the writings of the Russian historian of Science V.I. Vernadsky, who conducted the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of scientific knowledge, the unity of the laws of nature and society, the relationship of various forms of motion of matter (inorganic, organic, social).
The concept of "organism" for P. Lilienfeld was equivalent to the concept of "system". According to this installation, it became possible to identify a separate natural organism, a person and society. An organic approach to the study of social phenomena was determined by the philosophical principle of systemicity. The organications sought to unite the principle of systemic and historicism, overcoming the formal one-sidedness of structuralistic interpretations of systemic ideas, on the one hand, and the phenomenalistic descriptions of most of the evolutionary social concepts, on the other hand.
A look at life as a holistic, planetary and space phenomenon, the definition of a methodological principle concluded that life is not understood on the basis of one-sided approaches, consideration of the body due to the whole, that is, with the living environment, it was characteristic of organic sociologists. However, to understand the evolutionary process, it was not enough to establish the integrity of life, it was necessary to further understand its organization, correctly allocate the basic, elementary link and the elementary processes of biological evolution. For a number of reasons, this has become possible only in the 20th century. But it is the socio-philosophical concept of Russian sociologists "recorded the existence of the organic unity of nature and society, drawing attention to their joint coevolution development as a holistic sociopriety system."
Speaking of worldview images forming from the end of the 20th century in the depths of man-made Western culture, researcher of Russian spaceship Z.N. Khabibullina notes that "in modern science a new vision of the natural environment was formed, in which the vital activity of people proceeds. Nature is considered not as a mechanical system, but as a holistic living organism. " However, we consider it necessary to note that the idea of \u200b\u200bnature, as a holistic organism and a person, as part of a socio-actual whole, was actually formed and developed in the XIX century as part of Russian organicism, whose natural development was the philosophy of Russian spaceship. At the same time, the concepts of Russian cosmists N.F. Fedorova, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, V.I. Vernadsky, A.L. Chizhevsky, as accurately noticed Z.N. Khabibullina is perceived as "fundamentally new ideas of the modern scientific painting of the world, which concern the ideas about nature and the interaction with her person."
The organic approach appeared in scientific knowledge as a methodological direction, the basis of which was the consideration of social reality as an organism. This approach included a group of methods by which the actual object was described as a set of interacting components. P. Lilienfeld has repeatedly noted the need to interact the methods of social sciences, as well as the fruitfulness of such interaction. For him, sociology is not only theoretical science, but also applied. This thought was new for his time. And at the present stage of the development of sciences on society, it can be stated that the legacy of organic sociologists has become an impetus for the deployment of many concepts and in sociology, and in social philosophy, and in political science, and in other areas of social humanitarian knowledge.
Sociologic-organic-organic elements of the XIX - early XX century were granted great importance to the method of an analogy, the objective basis of which is the unity of the structural and functional organization of living systems and its transformation in the development process. The analogies and homology were the most common methods in social knowledge in the XIX century. These methods performed heuristic function, pushing scientists to a new approach in the Company's research. The analogy was used in the study of objects that are known that they are characterized both similar and non-signs. It was applied only when there are no sufficient knowledge of the causal relationships that cause the similarity or difference of signs. Large importance in social studies Analogies attached to N.I. Kareyev, prominent scientist of the late XIX - early XX century, historian, author of the article "Organic Theory of the Company" in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, which drew attention to the heuristic feature of the analogy.
Mentioned in Article G.Yu. Canarian Significant Metaphor of the Institute of Institute of Philosophy RF R.I. Sokolova, in which an analogy between the processes in the modern Russian society and the cancer tumor is undoubtedly consonant with the Russian journal controversy of the 60s of the 19th century. Moreover, the concept of social pathology was developed in the domestic social science sociologists. "It is most fully represented in the work" Social pathology "P.F. Lilienfeld, who explored the nature of social diseases and the possibility of social body therapy. One of the fundamental reasons for his theory was the conviction that, just as the diseases of any body, the result of anomalies of simple cells and society, which is a combination of individual cells, is ill against the pathological process that occurs at the cell level. The theory of the pathology of the social body, developed by organic sociologists, found its deep sequel in modern sociological thought in Russia, confirmation of this may be the doctoral dissertation of Z.A. Zapueva dedicated not to therapy of a sick social body, but to social immunity of Russian society, the factors that affect it, and strategies to increase social immunity. Moreover, one of the factors contributing to the restoration of social immunity, Z.A. Zhapuyev considers reinstitutionalization of social memory.
Many works of modern Russian social scientists are devoted to the topic of social memory and social amnesia. Against the background of multidirectional geopolitical changes and in connection with the exacerbated need for self-identification, large-scale manifestations of social memory appear. A bright example is the "immortal regiment", which goes on May 9th along the central streets of all cities of Russia. This is the collective memory of our country, based on the memory of each individual family. As the researcher of the Institute of Sociology RF R.E. Barash "The family's collective memory is often inherited along with family injury and tragedy. Even if the "heir" of memory personally did not worry the tragedy. Here much explains the concept of postpami Marianna Hirsch. "Punifying" is the memory of the descendants about personally not experienced by the iconic events of their family. " And, as we see on the example of modern Russian society, it can serve as a powerful factor in cohesion of people and increasing public self-consciousness.
The theoretical and methodological principles of organicism are used at the present stage also researchers belonging to this philosophical direction as uncommon. S.A. Borchikov exploring the alliance lsp Solovyov, develops the theory of organic logic, A N.A. Plywarkov in the article "The concept of the body in the philosophy of alliance" through four signs determines what it means to be an organism. At the same time, it notes that "the concept of" human body "to this day continues to cause a huge number of critical comments from researchers" and doubts the ability of people to ever "enter the organic unity of the world." If we turn to the ideas of Russian organic organics of the XIX century, which undoubtedly influenced the emergence of alliance VL Solovyov, then find out that the society in their understanding is not something separate, cut off from the natural world and opposed to it. Society from the point of view of organicism, there is no exprimidity, it is part of a single socioid reality, and moreover, the emergence of social reality is a natural consequence of the evolution of the natural world.
Social organism, according to organic sociologists, this is a natural organism, a living system, which is characterized by a higher degree of organization and a higher level of development. Described these days from the point of view of the biocosmological approach K. S. Khrutsky and A. V. Karpova, the functioning of the Novgorod evening like the body, "where every" body "of social whole fulfilled strictly his appointment" inevitably gives rise to parallels with the views of the Russian philosopher of the beginning of the 20th century .ABOUT. Lossky that the absolute good and truth is possible only in such a society, where "individuals are not absolutely independently independently, but on the basis of a system of a whole", while "the most individual there is at the same time the absolute value is valuable and for the individual itself, and for all other individuals, and for a whole ". How a holistic organism is considered by V.V. Averyanov and the phenomenon of Russian artel, compared to G.Yu. Canarian with modern principles of team building in the West. However, from our point of view, these similar externally phenomena have different nature. Russian artel can be considered as a special case, which characterizes the crudely immanently inherent in the Russians, community, the desire for unity. At the same time in the West, and the trend towards the selection of employees is traced in Russia, taking into account their value preferences.
In the work of the modern Petersburg researcher of organicism and spaces OD Maslobooye "The Organic Concept of Truth As a Base of Cultural Identity" contains the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need for the current era "in the ideological reorientation from the contemplative (mechanistic) to the activity-dialectical (organic) worldview." An operatal approach to analyzing a person, society, history is guided in its works a reputable specialist in the field of social philosophy K.kh. Momjyan. From his point of view, the society "refers to the highest of the existing types of systemic integrity - organic", and the reflective and value philosophy "are integral components of the organic system of public consciousness."
Sociologic-organic-binding of the XIX-XX centuries paid attention to the need to take into account that the historical process is a movement in the time of the spatial manifold of specific interacting and mutually inflamming public organisms. Today, such a position is very relevant, for no country, the state, the region cannot develop out of accounting of the world whole. Moreover, ignoring the process of interaction between countries and peoples as part of the whole can lead the world to death. This thought has not lost its relevance today. So k.h. Momjyan focuses on the following: "Speaking about the history, we mean a holistic development process and the change of interrelated states of the past in the life of the people, countries, individual civilizations, and now and the whole humanity becoming functionally and dynamically uniform."
In conclusion, it should be noted that many modern directions in the field of social and humanitarian disciplines turn to the ideas of organicism in the interpretation of social development. It seems to us that this is expanding the horizons of the socio-philosophical knowledge of society, which was made possible by the rich heritage left to the preceding generations of Russian social scientists.
Reviewers:Mikhailova R.V., Ph.D., Professor, Professor of the Department of Communication Disciplines FGBOU VPO "Chuvash State Agricultural Academy", Teboksary;
Fedotov V.A., Ph.D., Professor, Professor of the Department of Philosophy and Methodology of Science of FGBOU VPO "Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanova ", Cheboksary.
Bibliographic reference
Gavrilova N.G., Kuzmina G.P. The organic concept of social development in the studies of modern social scientists // Modern problems of science and education. - 2015. - № 2-2.;URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/Article/View?id\u003d22923 (Date of handling: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the magazines publishing in the publishing house "Academy of Natural Science"
Grade 10
Tests
26 points
Society is characterized by social scientists as
A. Modern society can control the natural processes and regulate the force of earthquakes and tsunami.
B. Society in the process of its development was aligned with nature.
true only A.
right only B.
both judgments are true
both judgments are incorrect
By the 1880s in the UK lived in cities and was employed in the factory industry about 90% of the population. About 2% of the population was employed in agriculture. What type of society was the United Kingdom at the specified period?
1) Art
3) philosophy
4) Education
The result of the activity was the creation of a product possessing certain qualities. Find the missing information that allows us to conclude that the activity was creative.
A. The object of knowledge can be the world around.
B. The process of knowledge can be aimed at studying the characteristics of a separate person.
true only A.
right only B.
both judgments are true
both judgments are incorrect
Mass culture, unlike folk
omlice
representation
perception
9. There is a commodity production and money circulation in the country. Most employed work at industrial enterprises and in the service sector. What additional information will make the conclusion that the country's economy is marketplace?
capital
stock
information
11. Economy as a synonym for farms is distinguished
providing subsidies
formation of state defense order
credit-money policy
state entrepreneurship
13. Install the correspondence between economic concepts and their definitions: to each position given in the first column, select the appropriate position from the second column.
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Definitions |
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1) lowering the course of its currency in relation to the currencies of other states. |
A. Inflation |
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2) state refusal from the execution of debt obligations. |
B. Dealvation |
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3) depreciation of money due to their redundant issue on the needs of circulation. |
V. Defalt |
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4) Exceeding government income on expenses. |
Budget surplus |
Record the response to the table.
14. Below is a list of social groups. All of them, with the exception of one, are formed by a confessional feature. Find and specify the social group, "dropping" from their series, formed on another basis.
provision of benefits upon admission to universities to representatives of the indigenous population
release of representatives of small peoples from military service
the fullness of human rights and freedoms is determined by its national affiliation.
specifying national affiliation at its own discretion
16. To characterize the position of the middle layers (the main element of the social structure of modern society) is not significant
dominance in the international arena
the right to interference in the internal affairs of other states
independence of state power from other authorities
right to alienation of neighbors
18. Which of the above definitions is solely the concept of "legal state"?
ideology
electoToT.
referendum
20. The necessary element of political ideology is (
chapter of legislative power
head of executive
head of the judiciary
head of state
22. The jury is applied when considering
exception of the jury in criminal proceedings
business proceedings in the form of a dispute of the parties (Competition)
the right of the government to suspend judges
presentation of public prosecution of the judge
24. The system of checks and counterweights between the branches of government in the Russian Federation refers
Law, custom, precedent, branch of law.
______________________________________________
Analysis of the source of social information
10 points
"The Human Society is the highest level of the development of living systems, the main elements of which are people, the forms of their joint activities, especially work, works of labor, various forms of ownership and the age-old struggle for her, politics and the state, a set of various institutions, the sophisticated Sphere of Spirit. Society can be identified both as a self-organized system of behavior and relationships of people with each other and with nature ...
The concept of society covers not only all the now living people, but all past and future generations, i.e. All mankind in his history and the future. Combining people in a holistic system occur and reproduced regardless of the will of its members ...
The life of society is not exhausted by the life of the components of his people. The Company creates material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bthat cannot be created by individual people ... Society is a single social organism, the internal organization of which represents a combination of certain, characteristic of a given system of diverse bonds, which ultimately lies human labor. The structure of human society is formed: production and developing production, economic, social relations based on it, including class, national, family relations; Political relations and finally, the spiritual sphere of life of society - science, philosophy, art, morality, religion, etc.
People constantly carry out the process of social production of their lives: the production of material benefits, the production of people as social beings, the production of the corresponding type of relationship between people, the most form of communication and the production of ideas. In society, economic, economic, state, family relations, as well as a number of ideological phenomena phenomena are intertwined, intentionally intelligently intertwined ...
It is the society that is the main condition of more or less normal being and development of people ... "
(A.G. Spirkin)
1. In the text and write down two suggestions in which the author lists the main elements of society.
2. Scientists call society by a dynamic system. Find three other words in the text that the author characterizes society as a system.
4. Relying on the content of the text and knowledge of the social science rate, bring three evidence that the basis of society "is ultimately lying".
Table Analysis
5 points
The following table shows the results of a sociological survey conducted by the Foundation "Public Opinion" (FOM) in October 2007. In column number 1, you see the percentage of respondents, intend to vote for this or that party. In column number 2 - the percentage of respondents who believe that this party will be held in the State Duma on the results of the elections (that is, the 7 percent barrier will overcome). In column number 3 is the percentage of respondents who declared that they would not vote for this party under no circumstances.
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United Russia |
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Communist Party |
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LDPR |
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Fair Russia |
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Agricultural Party |
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Apple |
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1. If, according to the results of the election, the party will receive the same percentage of votes, as when conducting this survey, how many parties will receive deputy mandates? What are these parties? Why?
2. In which column contains indicators that political scientists call "anti-frameing" of parties?
Problem problem
6 points
US President F.D. Roosevelt, describing public progress, emphasized: "Our progress is not checked by an increasing abundance of those who already have a lot, but whether we are able to provide those who have too little.
How do you understand what is progress? What progress criterion proposed by F.D. Roosevelt? What other progress criteria are you known?
Essay
4 points
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Philosophy |
"The doubts that the theory does not allow you will allow you to practice" (L. Fairbach) |
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Social Psychology |
"People are born only with clean nature, and only then the fathers make them by Jews, Christians or fire crystals." (Saadi) |
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Economy |
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Sociology |
"The nation is the wealth of humanity, this is generalized by his individuals; The smallest of them carries their special paints ... " (A. Solzhenitsyn) |
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Political science |
"The rulers are aggregate votes" (K.p. victorious) |
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Jurisprudence |
"The true equality of citizens is that they were equally subject to the laws" Characterizing ... Work program for the training subject "Social Studies" 10 "A" Class (profile level) amounted to Kravtsova V. A. Stary OskolWorking programm... Test №1 |
