Natural properties of the nervous system. Properties of the nervous system as the natural basis of individuality

All people are completely different. Everyone has their own strengths and weaknesses, everyone reacts in their own way to the same situation. In many ways, the characteristics of a person's character depend on the properties nervous system. So let's see what they are and how they affect the formation of personality.

What it is?

Properties of the nervous system is a term proposed by the Russian scientist I.P. Pavlov, which characterizes the innate features of the response and functioning of the nervous system. These traits determine how she reacts to conditions. environment, human behavior.

The totality of all properties of the nervous system is called the phenotype. Precisely on the basis this concept a psychologist is working with a person. Although the phenotype is genetically determined, it can change depending on environmental conditions.

Basic properties of the nervous system

I. P. Pavlov in his classification initially characterized three main properties:

force;
equilibrium;
mobility.

With further study of the nervous system, three more new properties were added to these properties:

dynamism- the ability of the brain to quickly respond to changing environmental conditions, namely to the processes of excitation and inhibition of its structures; its main characteristic is the speed of formation of conditioned reflexes in an individual;
lability- the speed with which a new process appears and stops;
activity- indicates how easily the processes of inhibition and excitation are activated in the brain.

The power of nervous processes

One of the main properties of the nervous system, which determines the further development of character and temperament, is the strength of nervous processes. This property shows how the nervous system can resist the action of stimuli from the outside.

The main characteristic of the strength of nervous processes is how long the nervous system can last without transcendental inhibition when an external stimulus acts on it for a long time. This should be a normal reaction in relation to the pathogen.

If we are talking about a process that inhibits the nervous system, then the main characteristic of strength will be the ability to withstand prolonged exposure to this stimulus.

In addition, physiologists argue that strength is characterized not productive activity person, but by the means by which he can achieve his greatest activity.

Based on this property, such traits of a person’s character are formed as:

endurance;
courage;
the ability to adapt, i.e. adapt, to changing external environment;
impressionability.

Balance and mobility of nervous processes

The other two main components of the natural properties of the nervous system are balance and mobility.

Balance is a balance, or balance, between excitation and inhibition (the main nervous processes). If a person's reaction is dynamic, it is easy for him to calm down, to get rid of unnecessary thoughts. For such people, it is not difficult to overcome stupid desires and soberly assess the situation. Poise smoothly combines such traits of a person's character as concentration and distractibility.

Mobility is the rate of emergence of new and disappearance of old nervous processes. The ability is determined by its ability to quickly adapt to new environmental changes, change one conditioned reflex for another.

It is easier for a person with mobile nervous processes to get rid of old stereotypes, labels, it is easier to open oneself to something new. Such people have a very good memory, they are characterized by fast speech. With low mobility of processes, it is not easy for an individual to find himself in an unfamiliar situation for him, to acquire new skills. He prefers to be in his native habitat.

Basic levels

In psychology, a separate hierarchical classification of the properties of the nervous system is distinguished. There are three levels in total:

upper - properties of the entire brain, its effect on the entire body;
medium - properties of individual brain structures and integral groups that form these structures;
lower - properties of individual nerve cells (neurons).

All these levels are not isolated, but are in constant interaction with each other. Little has been studied how each of them is connected with the character of a person and his mental processes.

Types of the nervous system

Based on various combinations of nervous processes, four types of properties of the human nervous system have been characterized:

strong unrestrained - his nervous processes are unbalanced, and excitation significantly prevails over inhibition;
strong lively - characterized by an unbalanced and extremely mobile reaction, excitation quickly turns into inhibition, and vice versa;
strong calm - his nervous processes are balanced, however, practically motionless;
weak - excitation, like inhibition, is poorly developed; cortical cells are characterized by low efficiency.

The first type is best studied, since it is in it that all the properties of the nervous system are most pronounced. And it is worse to study, respectively, a weak type.

Character traits for different types of nervous system

How does the behavior of an individual change depending on his characteristics of the properties of the nervous system? A person with a strong nervous system is able to be efficient for a long time, even doing really hard work. Tired, he does not require much time to rest. Such a person recovers quickly, does not panic in critical situations, but soberly assesses the situation.

An individual with a weak temperament is more sensitive and emotionally labile, that is, he reacts even to minor stimuli. It is easier for this type of people to perform monotonous work, so it is easier for them to remember information. They have the opportunity to develop - the stability of such a person is acquired over time. However, if two dynamically trained people of a strong and weak type are placed in the same conditions, the genetic predisposition will make itself felt.

Temperament types

The types of nervous system listed above correspond to the four types of temperament:

choleric - with strong and unrestrained nervous processes;
sanguine - has persistent and lively functional characteristics;
phlegmatic - a strong and calm type of nervous processes;
melancholic is the weakest.

In addition, in addition to the types of the nervous system listed above, another classification is also distinguished:

thinking type;
artistic type.

This division is based on the interaction of two human signaling systems. It is this that serves as the leading factor in which direction the individual will develop. So, for the mental type, the predominant activity of the second signal system is characteristic, and for the artistic type, the first. People born with a good development of conditioned reflexes are more likely to become mathematicians, philologists, physicists and other scientists. Personalities with an artistic type often have a talent for writing, music or painting, that is, they are people of a creative profession.

So, our character, how we react to certain situations, what decisions we make, largely depends on the properties of the nervous system inherited from our parents. However, whatever type of reflex response is encoded in our DNA, any of these processes is more or less elastic. They are changed by upbringing, habits, situations in which we find ourselves. Everything that happens to us leaves a certain imprint on us, changing the functioning of our entire nervous system.

Traditionally, although not entirely justified, as mentioned above, the main subject of study in Russian differential psychophysiology is the properties of the nervous system and related behavioral features, styles and efficiency of activity. It is the Pavlovian approach to the study of individual and typical characteristics of a person that distinguishes domestic differential psychophysiology from the differential psychology of the West, which is mainly engaged in the study of differences in the manifestation of personal properties, tearing them away from the physiological basis. Of course, this path also provides a lot of valuable data about the psychological nature of a person, but it is important to know not only the severity of a particular personality trait, but also the reason for this, in particular, what is the role of genetic and innate (i.e. biological) factors, on the one hand side, and social factors (upbringing, development) - on the other. This is especially important to know when predicting the abilities and capabilities of a person based on his natural inclinations, which include the typological features of the manifestation of the properties of the nervous system.

The fact is that if social factors (living conditions, education system, methods of vocational training and training, etc.) can be equalized for different people by placing them in the same conditions, it is impossible to equalize people in terms of biological factors (inclinations). Each person has his own genetic history, which affects both abilities, and temperament, and individual tolerance of various external and internal factors, and, ultimately, on his ability to carry out one or another activity.

The first works of I. P. Pavlov on the properties of the nervous system appeared in the 1920s. Up until the 1950s. this problem was the prerogative of physiologists who studied the higher nervous activity (conditioned reflexes) of man. Psychologists began to study it at the turn of the 1950s and 1960s. thanks to the efforts of B. M. Teplov, and then V. S. Merlin and B. G. Ananiev, who created their own schools of differential psychophysiology. The followers of their views (V. D. Nebylitsyn, E. A. Klimov, and later V. M. Rusalov, E. A. Golubeva, B. A. Vyatkin, I. M. Paley, etc.) significantly advanced the study of problems of differential psychophysiology, and the new data obtained by them are reflected in published monographs.

Created more than half a century ago, IP Pavlov's doctrine of the types of higher nervous activity found fertile ground for its development in psychology, physiology, and medicine. Enriched with new approaches and experimental facts, it became the basis for an objective study of the typical characteristics of a person, determined by the psychophysiological structure. Born in our country, this direction, which reflects the fusion of physiological and psychological science, was also recognized by a number of foreign scientists (J. Gray, L. Marton and J. Urban, J. Strelyau and others).

However, as with the development of any theory and scientific direction, in a number of moments the indicated teaching of IP Pavlov began to contradict some new experimental data. In particular, the classification of temperament types created by the author on the basis of a combination of typological features of the manifestation of the properties of the nervous system turned out to be limited and insufficiently substantiated. The identified new combinations of typological features do not fit into the Procrustean bed of the Pavlovian classification.

Over the past decades, our understanding of the work of the central brain structures has also advanced significantly. Therefore, many provisions that seemed unshakable and allowed a satisfactory explanation of the observed facts are currently being revised. In this regard, there is a need to clarify a number of provisions of IP Pavlov, in particular, about the role of certain typological features of the manifestation of the properties of the nervous system in human behavior, in adaptation to the external environment.

Volokitina Margarita

Temperament is a constant and stable individually unique natural personality traits that determine the dynamics mental activity regardless of its content.

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Natural properties of the nervous system. The presentation was prepared by a student of class 11 "B" Volokitina Margarita

Temperament is a constant and stable individually unique natural personality traits that determine the dynamics of mental activity, regardless of its content. Temperament is manifested not only in behavior. Four known temperaments: phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric and melancholic. They are firmly rooted in literature and everyday life and exist to this day.

Phlegmatic person.

Phlegmatic - unhurried, imperturbable, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy with the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in work, remaining calm and balanced. In work, he is productive, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

characteristics of the phlegmatic. Calm and cool. Consistent and thorough in business. Cautious and thoughtful. Works quietly, slowly, rarely rests. Silent, does not like to talk in vain. Has a calm, even speech, without sharply expressed emotions, facial expressions. Restrained and patient. Brings the job to the end. Doesn't waste energy. Strictly adheres to the developed routine of life, the system at work.

Easily restrains desires. Less receptive to approval and encouragement. Gentle, shows a condescending attitude to barbs in his address. He is constant in his relationships and interests, knows how to wait, get along with others. Slowly gets to work and switches from one thing to another. Rowan is in a relationship with everyone. Likes neatness and order in everything. Difficulty adjusting to new surroundings. Inert, inactive, lethargic. Has endurance.

Melancholic.

Melancholic - prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts sharply to external factors. He often cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by an effort of will, he is highly impressionable, emotionally vulnerable.

characteristics of a melancholic. Shy and shy. Lost in new surroundings. Difficulty making contact with strangers. Easily tolerates loneliness. He does not believe in himself, loses heart in adversity. Feels overwhelmed and confused by failures. Tends to withdraw into himself. Gets tired quickly. Possesses weak quiet speech. Involuntarily adapts to the nature of the interlocutor.

Impressive to tearfulness, anxiety. Extremely receptive to approval and encouragement. Makes high demands on himself and others. Prone to suspicion, suspiciousness. Painfully sensitive and easily hurt. Overly touchy. Secretive and not sociable, does not share his thoughts with anyone. Inactive at work. Resignedly subdued. Seeks to evoke sympathy and help from others.

Choleric - fast, impetuous, but completely unbalanced, with a sharply changing mood with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. Choleric has a great capacity for work, however, being carried away, he carelessly wastes his strength and is quickly depleted.

characteristics of choleric. Restless, fussy. Unrestrained, quick-tempered. Impatient, reactive. Sharp and straightforward in relationships with people. Decisive and proactive. Energetic. Resourceful in dispute. Works in jerks. Prone to risk. Vindictive and touchy.

Possesses passionate, with inconsistent intonations speech. Unbalanced and prone to vehemence. Aggressive. We are intolerant of shortcomings. Has an expressive expression. Able to act quickly and solve life problems. Relentlessly striving for something new. It has sharp, jerky movements. Unsteady in achieving the goal. Prone to sudden mood swings.

Sanguine.

A sanguine person is a lively, hot, mobile person, with frequent changes of impressions, with a quick reaction to all events taking place around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. Usually a sanguine person has expressive facial expressions. He is very productive at work, when he is interested, if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.

characteristics of a sanguine person. Cheerful and cheerful. Businesslike. Often doesn't get things done. I tend to overestimate myself and my abilities. Able to quickly grasp new things. Unsteady in interests and inclinations. Easily survives failures and troubles. Easily adapts to different circumstances. Takes on a new job with enthusiasm. Cools down quickly if the case ceases to interest.

Turns on quickly new job and quickly switches from one job to another. He is burdened by monotony, everyday work. Sociable and responsive, does not feel constrained in communicating with new people. Works fast, enthusiastically, smoothly. Needs breaks less often than others. Hardy and workable. Has a loud, fast, distinct speech, accompanied by lively gestures. Maintains composure in unexpected difficult situations. Always has a cheerful mood. Falls asleep and wakes up quickly. Often not collected, shows haste in decisions.

From the temperament of a person depend: the rate of occurrence of mental processes (for example, the speed of perception, the speed of thinking, the duration of concentration, etc.); plasticity and stability of mental phenomena, the ease of their change and switching; pace and rhythm of activity; the intensity of mental processes (for example, the strength of emotions, activity of the will); the focus of mental activity on certain objects (extraversion or introversion).

Temperature is divided into two different types personalities: An extrovert is a person whose mental warehouse is aimed at the world and activities in it. Extroverts include choleric and sanguine people. An introvert is a person whose mental warehouse is focused on his inner world, he is turned to himself. Introverts include phlegmatic and melancholic people.

Temperament type and outstanding historical figures. Sanguine Choleric Phlegmatic Melancholic Napoleon Bonaparte Peter I M. Yu. Lermontov A.I. Herzen A.V. Suvorov A.S. Pushkin Pavel I I.P. Pavlov M.I. Kutuzov I.A. Krylov N.V. Gogol P.I. Tchaikovsky

The concept of the properties of the nervous system was introduced into physiology by IP Pavlov. Following him, B.M. Teplov under the properties of the nervous system understood its natural, innate features that affect the formation of individual forms of behavior (in animals) and some individual differences in abilities and character (in humans). properties of the nervous system physiological properties often referred to as neurodynamic.

If one adheres to strictly physiological terminology, such an understanding of properties is not accurate. In physiology, there is the concept of "properties of nerve centers", which include unilateral conduction of excitation, slow (compared to the nerve) conduction of excitation, the ability to summarize excitation, assimilate and transform the rhythm of incoming impulses, the presence of trace processes, irradiation and concentration of excitation, background and triggered activity. These properties are inherent in the nerve centers of each person and therefore cannot by themselves cause differences in the abilities and character of people.

Therefore, if we are talking about the features of the nervous system, then we must talk not just about its properties, but about the degree of their severity, the features of the course of nervous processes, which in different people can be (and are) unequal and therefore affect the behavior to varying degrees. and activities. But the degree of manifestation of the properties of the nervous system is associated with another concept - "typological features of the manifestation of the properties of the nervous system." Consequently, speaking about the properties of the nervous system and their influence on psychophysiological - psychological phenomena, the authors still have in mind typological features.

The substitution of one concept (properties of the nervous system) for another (typological features of the manifestation of properties) introduces a certain confusion into the understanding of the essence of the phenomena being studied, especially among non-specialists in the field of psychophysiology. For example, if a strong nervous system (i.e., a typological feature) is not found in a person, they write about the absence of the property of strength in him. Or in other cases they point to the property of the strength of the nervous system (which is considered generally accepted, but does not yet show what degree of manifestation of this property in a person: whether it is strength or weakness) and to the “weakness property of the nervous system”, which already refers to the degree of manifestation properties of strength, and therefore such a phrase is incorrect (since there is no property of weakness).

But even the clarification of the concepts used does not lead away from clarifying the question: what properties does differential psychophysiology study? For example, V. S. Merlin wrote that the so-called property of the nervous system is only an interpretation of the general cause on which a group of mutually connected individual characteristics"conditioned reflex activity".

Thus, if for I. P. Pavlov and B. M. Teplov the properties of the nervous system are a reality, then for V. S. Merlin (1973) it is only a subjective product of our thinking, in other words, a convention.

This idea arose from V. S. Merlin not by chance. Most of the methods that are used to identify the typological features of the manifestation of the properties of the nervous system (excluding electroencephalographic ones) make it possible to judge the properties only indirectly, according to various indicators fixed by the experimenter, which reflect not the nervous properties and nervous processes themselves, but their influence on actions, human reactions. Thus, the methods allow to establish only the manifestation of the expressed in varying degrees properties of the nervous system. Hence, the methods of studying the latter are methods of considering the “black box”, which is the central nervous system.

The impossibility of directly measuring this or that property or nervous process leaves only one way: interpretation of the data obtained, their interpretation on the basis of the current level of our knowledge of physiological processes, patterns, and nervous structures.

Let us consider at least the most "simple", but fundamental question for the physiology of the nervous system - about the presence of nervous processes of excitation and inhibition.

At one time, I.P. Pavlov considered conditioned reflexes as a reflection of only one process: either excitation (positive conditioned reflexes) or inhibition (negative conditioned reflexes) - differentiating, delayed, fading, etc. But, as rightly noted V. S. Merlin "in various parts and elements of the nervous system at the same time, various processes can occur - excitation in some areas, and inhibition in others. To characterize the properties of the nervous system, it is important not what happens in its individual sections and elements, but what characterizes the functional state of the nervous system as a whole" (1973). What is true here is that the indicators recorded when subjects perform test tasks for diagnosing typological features reflect the entire mosaic of complex and contradictory processes in the central nervous system, and not a separate process of excitation or inhibition. At best, we can judge the predominance of one of these processes in the regulation, i.e. we fix the relationship between them.

However, even with such an understanding, the difficulties of interpreting the data obtained do not end there. Since the time of N. E. Vvedensky (the beginning of the 20th century), there has been a point of view that there is no inhibition process as such and that it is replaced by an excitation process that takes on the character of a stagnant one in a certain part of the nervous system. This focus (persistent, not spreading, unlike the usual process of excitation) transforms the frequency response of the wave excitation passing through this area, reducing the frequency of the impulse. And since the strength of stimulation is encoded through the frequency of emerging excitation impulses, the intensity of the signal coming to the effector decreases, and the reaction is weakened either in intensity or in speed.

In the end, the case may end with a complete blockade of the waves of excitation by this stationary focus of excitation. Inhibition of function occurs, reflecting pessimal inhibition in the central nervous system.

These ideas of N. E. Vvedensky found confirmation in the study of K. S. Abuladze (Abuladze K. S. Latent excitation. L .: Nauka, 1971. P. 98).

With a decrease or disappearance conditioned reflex nowhere does cortical inhibition occur, but there is a decrease in the positive reflex from the action of the emerging latent (stagnant, according to N. E. Vvedensky) excitation, which concentrates excitation from positive irritation (i.e., trigger) in its focus and thereby partially or completely deprives the worker excitatory organ.

P. K. Anokhin (1968), believed that in the central nervous system there is only one process - excitation, which includes both excitatory and inhibitory systems. In connection with the foregoing, it is probably incorrect to talk about the balance between excitation and inhibition, and it would be necessary to talk about the ratio of excitatory and inhibitory reactions. Until now, however, they use the established Pavlovian terminology, and not because they do not understand the complexity of the issue: this terminology is convenient in practical terms (if only for the sake of reducing the time for presenting thoughts). In addition, the rejection of it will become possible when the ionic terminology can really reflect the noun-mosp. the phenomena being studied (otherwise there is a danger of replacing one hypothetical terminology with another - similar).

Currently, such properties of the nervous system as the assimilation of the rhythm of impulses coming to the tissues (lability), the presence of trace processes (mobility - inertia), and background activity are being studied. Attempts were made to study other features of the work of the nervous system, called the "property of dynamism" and "property of concentration of excitation", but later these attempts stopped, obviously because there was no conviction in the actual existence of such features.

SUBJECT: (Temperament. Feelings and emotions. Stress)

1. TARGET : show students the connection of temperament and nervous system with the profession. To reveal the influence of feelings, emotions and stress on the general condition of a person.

Tasks:

2. Educational - show students the connection of temperament and nervous system with the profession. The influence of feelings, emotions and stress on the general condition of a person.

3. Developing - the ability to determine the type of temperament.

4. Nurturing - truthfulness in assessing the type of temperament. Ability to control own feelings and emotions.

Equipment: 1. Textbook S.N. Chistyakova “Terms of profile selection

learning and trajectories of further education”.

2. Additional handout.

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LESSON PLAN

SUBJECT: The value of the natural properties of the nervous system in the profession.(Temperament. Feelings and emotions. Stress)

TARGET : show students the connection of temperament and nervous system with the profession. To reveal the influence of feelings, emotions and stress on the general condition of a person.

Tasks:

Educational -show students the connection of temperament and nervous system with the profession. The influence of feelings, emotions and stress on the general condition of a person.
Developing - the ability to determine the type of temperament.
Nurturing -truthfulness in assessing the type of temperament. The ability to control one's own feelings and emotions.

Equipment: 1. Textbook S.N. Chistyakova “Terms of profile selection

learning and trajectories of further education”.

2. Additional handout.

During the classes:

Temperament and profession.

In the everyday joys and sorrows of life, one must be sanguine, in important events life - a melancholic, with regard to drives that deeply affect our interests - a choleric, and, finally, in the execution of decisions - a phlegmatic.

W. Wundt

In the fifth century BC, the great scientist Hippocrates lived in Greece, in whose family there were 17 generations of doctors. Experience and observation helped him now to describe to everyone known types people: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic. Hippocrates compared four temperaments with four elements: fire, earth, water, air. The harmony of the four elements creates life on earth, the harmony of the four principles in a person allows him to live a full life. “The Greek genius Hippocrates caught the capital features in the mass of countless variants of human behavior,” wrote the great Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who developed the ideas of Hippocrates.

Task number 1. Temperament and properties of the nervous system.

Temperament is a biological quality, innate, not acquired. Temperament determines and ensures the speed, strength and balance of our reactions. It manifests itself in thinking, speech, manner of communication. But temperament does not affect interests, success, intelligence, business qualities. Ivan Pavlov singled out the same types of nervous system in dogs.

Unlike dogs, we can be aware of our qualities and work with them.

Task number 1. Definition of temperament.

13. I am easily offended.

24. I may be late.

30. Sometimes I talk about things I don't understand.

31. I often have nightmares.

32. It is easy for me to communicate with a stranger.

33. Sometimes it seems to me that I am somehow worse than others.

34. I think that I am a self-confident person.

35. Criticism hurts me.

36. I have some bad habits.

37. I can spice up a boring company.

38. I am worried about my health.

39. I like to play pranks on others.

40. I find it difficult to say “no” when asked about something.

Every negative answer to questions№ 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 is valued at one point. The lower the score, the higher the reliability of the test results. If you scored more than three points, you may have subconsciously tended to give "good", "correct" answers.

Count the number of your positive answers to questions№1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 32, 34, 37,39 .

Write the amount on the line extraversion (sociability).

0-5 points . If you scored less than 6 points, you are an introvert. The introvert (from the Latin "intro", meaning "inside") is focused on his own inner world, he lives with his feelings, thoughts, experiences, rethinking events and phenomena through his inner experience and not experiencing a special need to communicate with other people. Your inner world is probably so rich and interesting that your company is enough for you. Among those whom you deprive of the opportunity to communicate with you, there are certainly wonderful people. If you have the ability, you will succeed in science, art, crafts that require precision, accuracy and concentration.

Your need for communication is less pronounced than others. Therefore, the professions of a seller, doctor, teacher, lawyer, journalist, manager will tire you. Pay attention to activities that are not associated with broad human contacts - programming, design, creativity, work with texts, with animals and plants.

6-11 points . For people of your type in psychology, there is a special term - ambivert (from the Latin "ambi" - dual). This is a universal personality type, the golden mean. You are selective in communication. You enjoy being with people, but you care about who surrounds you. You feel good in the company, but you can easily refuse it. Loneliness doesn't scare you. Not only professions related to communication are suitable for you, but also those requiring the ability to work alone.

12-17 points . If you scored more than 12 points, you are an extrovert. An extrovert (from the Latin “extra”, which means “above”, “outside”, “outside”) is a person who is oriented outward, to external objects and circumstances, to the opinions of other people, to external, status attributes. This orientation is manifested in his decisions and attitude to life. A person of this type can be so passionate about his work, career, that he does not pay attention to the state of health.

You like being the center of attention. For the sake of company, you can neglect other things. Activities that require perseverance and patience are given to you by an effort of will. Probably, professions that require intensive communication with customers, clients, patients, students, students, passengers would suit you. If you not only love, but also know how to communicate, then professions associated with frequent meetings, negotiations, and consultations will suit you. Professions that require patience and perseverance (working with a computer, research, calculations and calculations) will be given to you at the cost of great effort and nervous tension.

Count the number of your positive answers to questions№ 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20, 22, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40 .

Write the amount on the line stability.

0-5 points . You are difficult to unbalance. You are cold-blooded and imperturbable. The experiences of many people are incomprehensible to you. You are more likely to help with deeds than verbally express your sympathy. Professions that require self-control and the ability to take risks seem to be created for you. Unless it's a superman (or superwoman) mask.

You are able to withstand great emotional stress. Pay attention to the professions of a surgeon, a military man, a law enforcement officer, a tester of equipment, a rescuer.

6-11 points . emotional stability. You successfully combine the stability and sensitivity of the nervous system. You are easier than many to cope with life's difficulties and at the same time you are able to understand and feel the emotional state of another person, to support him. If at the same time you have a need to communicate with other people, pay attention to such areas of activity as service, training, education, medicine, management.

12-17 points . You probably take to heart not only your problems, but also the problems of your friends and acquaintances. Your willingness to help another person is likely to please other people. There are many professions where this quality is professionally important. For example, all professions in the social sphere. People of art also have a special susceptibility, sensitivity and vulnerability.

Nature has endowed you with a finer nervous system than other people. If you remember this, then the world around you will be perceived much calmer. Your responsiveness certainly attracts people who need your sympathy. But first of all, you must gain strength and confidence yourself.

We have defined two parameters − extraversion and stability . Mark on the horizontal axis the amount of points on the scale"Extraversion" (sociability), and along the vertical - the sum of points on a scale"Stability".

If you have marked both points on the coordinate axes, you can easily determine your temperament. The farther you are from the center, the more pronounced are the features of one of the four temperaments. If your point is on one of the two axes, then you manage to combine the features of two temperaments. If you hit the bull's-eye, that is, the center, you can be congratulated: you combine the features of all four temperaments. Let's hope it's the best.

The four squares in the figure are the four temperaments.

Any group of people works more efficiently if it includes representatives of all temperaments. Melancholy they are the first to feel in which direction to start the search. Cholerics perform the functions of fearless scouts. Sanguine are the source positive emotions and constantly generate unexpected ideas. Phlegmatic analyze the information and offer an informed decision.

Pure temperaments are rare. In every person there is something from the choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. The question of who is better to be does not make sense, as does the question of what season is best. Each has its pros and cons. It is necessary to know them and act, choosing an effective model of behavior depending on the situation, not being led by natural qualities, but developing them.

Features of temperament must be taken into account when choosing a profession, but temperament should not be confused with character. Kindness and cruelty, diligence and laziness, accuracy and carelessness - all these are character traits that are not inherent in nature, but are formed throughout life. A person with any temperament can be smart or stupid, honest or deceitful, talented or mediocre. The success of a person does not depend on his temperament, but on the abilities, knowledge, skills and orientation of the personality.

Task number 3. Questions for understanding the topic of the lesson.

1. Coolness and equanimity are most needed

A) law enforcement officer, b) a teacher, c) a locksmith, d) a cook.

2. An introvert is best suited for a job.

a) a lawyer, b) a journalist, c) a hairdresser, d) corrector.

3. Managing people is the hardest thing to do.

a) sanguine b) choleric c) phlegmatic d) melancholic.

4. Extroverts do better

A) scientific activity, b) specific practical work, c)customer service, d) calculations and calculations.

a) therapist b) surgeon , c) an ophthalmologist, d) a radiologist.

Psychological workshop. Definition "formulas" of temperament. (Additional material.)

In most cases, people combine the features of all four types of temperament, one of which is more pronounced, while others are weaker. Therefore, we can no longer talk about temperament, but about a "temperamental structure", which includes all types. To determine it, you need to express your agreement (high scores) or disagreement (low scores) with the following statements (rating system from 0 to 10). If it is difficult to decide on an assessment (that is, if, depending on the circumstances, it happens both ways), give yourself average scores - 4, 5, 6, 7.

It is important to evaluate yourself as objectively as possible!

Before any important event for me, I start to get nervous.
I work unevenly, in jerks.
I quickly switch from one thing to another.
If needed, I can safely wait.
I need sympathy and support, especially in case of failures and difficulties.

With people equal I am unrestrained and quick-tempered.
It's easy for me to make a choice.
I do not have to restrain my emotions, it comes naturally.

Add the number of points for the questions, the numbers of which are indicated in the formulas:

M = 1 + 5 =

X=2+6=

C \u003d 3 + 7 \u003d

Ф = 4 + 8 =

The corresponding symbols - M, C, X, F - write down in descending order of their values.

Write symbols with the same meaning one below the other. You have received the so-called priority formula, for example, M X C F. Its owner is primarily characterized by melancholic features (M), so it can be conditionally called a melancholic. The signs of choleric (X), sanguine (C) and phlegmatic (F) are less pronounced.

(The technique is given in the interpretation of E. Zharikov, E. Krushelnitsky. For you and about you, M, 1991, pp. 23-27.)

IV. Fixing the material. Solving psychological problems.

"Define Temperament"

A. - Remember the famous literary heroes, characters of fairy tales, cartoons, etc. Using the "Eysenck circle" try to determine their temperament.

Students can be given the following options:

imperturbable slow-witted Sobakevich (phlegmatic);
unpredictable love of life Nozdrev (sanguine);
impulsive jealous Othello (choleric);
impressionable romantic Hamlet (melancholic)

or historical figures:

Krylov, Kutuzov - phlegmatic;

Napoleon, Beaumarchais - sanguine;

Suvorov, Mendeleev, Pushkin, Peter I - choleric;

Newton, Gogol, Tchaikovsky are melancholic.

B. - Try to perform psychological exercise, in which your temperament can manifest itself.

Students are encouraged to demonstrate a natural reaction in the following situations (responses should be spontaneous so that students do not really spend time thinking, but react quickly, as they would actually do):

The teacher says your clothes don't match appearance student. You tell the teacher...

Your friend keeps talking to you and you want to leave. You speak...

People sitting behind you in a movie theater disturb you by talking loudly. You contact them...

(The task is performed by everyone.)

This exercise can be discussed using the questions:

What properties of temperament manifested themselves in each participant's responses?

Compare observational data with test results.

Do they match? If not, why not? Perhaps, in this exercise, such personality traits as good breeding, general culture, habits, etc., manifested themselves?

Summing up the lesson.

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Determining the type of temperament.

Grade 9___

Surname ___________________________ First name ______________________

Answer "yes" or "no" to questions about your feelings and reactions in different situations by putting in the form next to the question number "+" or "-".

1. I often feel the need for new experiences.

2. I find it difficult to give up my plans.

3. I usually act and speak quickly, without thinking for a long time.

4. Sometimes I feel unhappy for no reason.

5. On a bet, I can do an unusual thing.

6. Sometimes I break my promises.

7. My mood often changes.

8. I like gambling.

9. I have palpitations.

10. I often worry because I said or did something wrong.

11. I like work that requires speed.

12. I had to speak badly about my acquaintances.

13. I am easily offended.

14. It is better to have many friends than few friends.

15. At times I am overwhelmed with energy, and sometimes everything falls out of my hands.

16. I enjoy being in company rather than being alone.

17. I experience failure for a long time.

18. I have thoughts that I would like to hide from others.

19. I can give vent to my feelings and have fun in the company of the soul.

20. My nerves are often stretched to the limit.

21. I think that I am considered a cheerful person.

22. I often regret words spoken or not said in time.

23. I respond to rudeness with rudeness.

24. I may be late.

25. Usually I find it easy and pleasant in a noisy company.

26. Sometimes different thoughts prevent me from falling asleep.

27. It's easier for me to ask others about something than to read it myself.

28. I often feel guilty.

29. I like being the center of attention.Upper right square. choleric temperament

People of this temperament are fast, mobile, excitable. Cholerics have expressive facial expressions, lively speech, and sudden movements. His feelings usually quickly arise and are clearly manifested. Choleric gets down to business with an increase, works with enthusiasm, overcoming difficulties. When the energy supply is depleted, the mood drops sharply. In dealing with people, a choleric person can be harsh, provoking conflict situations. Since the need for communication among choleric people is increased, they often choose professions related to communication - the service sector, law, politics, administration. And these are exactly the types of activities that require a person to be able to communicate effectively.

Choleric was Alexander Suvorov. By nature, he had poor health, and as a child he terrified his parents by pouring cold water on the street in late autumn. He managed to temper not only the body, but also the spirit. Having become a great commander, he was in no way inferior to his soldiers, sharing with them all the hardships of camp life and surprising with his energy and determination.

Bottom left square. Phlegmatic temperament

The complete opposite of Suvorov was the phlegmatic Kutuzov. Probably, his temperament influenced the choice of strategy in the war with Napoleon. Phlegmatic people are peaceful, but as long as their interests are not affected. Phlegmatism did not prevent the commander Kutuzov from defeating Napoleon.

Phlegmatic people are slow and balanced. They usually finish what they start. Their feelings are deep, but hidden from prying eyes. Phlegmatic is difficult to piss off. It is easy for a person of a phlegmatic temperament to develop restraint, composure, calmness. But the phlegmatic person should develop the qualities he lacks - greater mobility, activity, not to allow him to show indifference to activity, lethargy, inertia, which can very easily form under certain conditions. Phlegmatic people have a tendency to systematic work, the ability to concentrate on the task at hand, thoughtfulness - the necessary professional quality scientist, researcher.

Bottom right square. Sanguine temperament

The sanguine person quickly converges with people, is cheerful, easily switches from one type of activity to another, but does not like monotonous work. He easily controls his emotions, quickly masters the new environment, loves communication. The sanguine person quickly develops feelings of joy, grief, affection and hostility, but these feelings are shallow. The mood of a sanguine person changes quickly, but, as a rule, a good mood prevails. Sanguine temperament does not impose any restrictions on the choice of profession.

The famous general, Napoleon, was a sanguine man. This type of temperament is considered the strongest. However, he did not save Napoleon from the defeat that the phlegmatic Kutuzov inflicted on him.

Top left square. Melancholic temperament

Feelings and emotional states in people of a melancholic temperament, they differ in depth, great strength and duration. Melancholic people have a hard time enduring resentment, grief, although outwardly this may be weakly manifested. They avoid unfamiliar and new people, are often embarrassed, show great awkwardness in a new environment. Everything new, unusual causes a feeling of hidden protest in melancholic people. But in a familiar and calm environment, people with such a temperament feel calm and work very productively. Melancholics are characterized by depth and constancy, acute susceptibility to external influences.

Why are there no famous generals among melancholics?

High sensitivity, combined with the need for solitude, gives birth not to commanders, but to creators. Most poets, artists, musicians are melancholic. Their works are a memory of their feelings and experiences. By the power of their talent, they make others experience their happiness and their suffering. However, there are no rules without exceptions. Choleric temperament did not prevent Pushkin from becoming a great poet.

The famous French writer A. Dumas was a sanguine person. Remember his Three Musketeers? Athos, Porthos, Aramis and d'Artagnan represent the four temperaments. They complement each other, like the four elements or the four seasons, and therefore are invincible.