Analysis of 15 exam assignments in Russian. Theory "Spelling -Н- and -НН- in different parts of speech"

1. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. Already our sufferings can not find any measure, name or comparison.
2. Only the yellow squares of the windows of the log hut cut through the darkness, and a bright red tongue dances in the center of the blizzard circle.
3. The morning is found in the forest and in the coastal bushes with a bird's whistling and clicking.
4. Nuts are either ground into flour in a hand mill or put in water overnight and kneaded into dough the next morning.
5. Summer came late this year and was unlike any other summer.

2. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. With frightening haste, the fog left the swamp and its white patches looked like swans soaring into the sky.
2. In dark and humid spruce forests with a large number of blueberries, there are few mushrooms.
3. The wagon then bounced, then sank somewhere in the depths, then swayed.
4. Not only among the Slavs, but also among all ancient peoples, the oak was revered as a sacred tree.
5. Somewhere behind the houses, shots rang out and sank into the blue dome of the sky.

3. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. Only under the wall of the brigade barracks and near the pillars of the fence do bundles of dusty grass stick out.
2. Then suddenly the starling will start up a nightingale ringing trill, then it will quack with a wild duck.
3. Autumn sun and the wind dried the leaves on the trees and dyed them yellow and brown.
4. All day I wandered through the forest, climbed into the jungle and examined the tracks on the ground.
5. The wind raged, rippling cold puddles, bent slender flexible poplars to the ground.

4. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. The shadows from old blackened trees fell into the rooms, and therefore the apartment was always gloomy and cold.
2. The alarmed swan rose above the water and flapped its broad silver wings.
3. Nomadic life did not change anything either in appearance or character or in Oska's speech.
4. I was tormented by the feeling of either approaching troubles or of an incipient illness.
5. Brown hares run around the fields at night, dig out grain winter, and leave confused tracks on the snow.

5. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. I went out the door and saw a chanterelle at the steps of the porch.
2. Daily trips to school through a dark, dense forest hardened not only Glebka's muscles but also his character.
3. The streets themselves seemed to be gorges or riverbeds.
4. Later Glebka got used to rustles and forest noises and darkness.
5. Flowers appear above water only in the morning or evening.

6. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. The night grew colder and damp from the river.
2. Lida was trembling, either from the cold or from fear.
3. Flowers subtly and tenderly smell of freshness of the river and hay.
4. The entire space from the edge of the village to the lake was filled with tents, counters, carts and cars.
5. The next day, Mikhail Prokofievich calmly went to Sokolniki or Kolomenskoye went for a walk and indulged in thought.

7. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. During all these events, Petka and Vaska forgot about the tent for several days.
2. The sun sank into crimson clouds and it began to rain several times.
3. The dense crowns of trees in the master's garden quietly pensively babbled and their barely audible rustle merged and died away in the deep silence of the night.
4. The next morning, grandfather put on clean onuchi and new bast shoes, took a staff and a piece of bread and wandered into the city.
5. Every bush and every tree collects rainwater on leaves and in large drops showered the traveler from head to toe.

8. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. Marina successfully passed the first and second screenings and was admitted to the exam before the state commission.
2. All the heavy and dense foliage of the poplar trembled and rustled from the storm.
3. Small wrinkles were running around my grandmother's eyes, and trickles of greetings and a barely noticeable clever cunning ran from her eyes.
4. The ice floe underfoot moved and the crack began to grow in front of our eyes.
5. Only our northern spring plays so easily with winds and fogs, rains and frosts.

9. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. Before the evening, people gathered at the station not only from the village but from all the neighboring villages.
2. I gave up solving the problem and ran into the garden to the guys.
3. One day he [Mikhail Prokofievich] could sleep entirely, but then he wrote or read books all night long.
4. Within a second, Sedletsky was able to see streams of rain and wet roofs of houses and a black seething canyon in the lowland.
5. The man took off his hat, tucked it under his arm, wiped off the sweat with his one hand and calmly looked around.

(The authors of the texts used to compose the test: Avtokratov N., Arseniev V., Berggolts O., Borzunov S., Brazhnin I., Veresaev V., Verzilin N., Vsevolzhsky I., Gaidar A., \u200b\u200bGolubev G., Golyavkin V ., Davydova N., Dubov N., Kokovin E., Krapivin V., Kubansky G., Kuprin A. Likhachev V., Medynsky G., Miroshnichenko G., Nikolaev I., Oseeva V., Panova V., Paustovsky K., Platov L., Rybakov A., Ryss E., Sokolov-Mikitov I., Fedorov E., Chesnokov I., Shatalov V., Yarotsky B.)

Task 15 of the exam 2015

This is how the task is formulated in the 2015 demo:

Arrange the signspunctuation. Indicate the numbers of the offers in which you want to put ONE comma.

1) Someone was tidying up and waiting for the owners.

2) In the syntactic structure of two poetic texts, we can find both similarities and differences.

3) M.V. Lomonosov outlined the distinction between significant and official words, and later this distinction was supported by the largest representatives of Russian science.

4) Many literary scholars and historians argue over and over again about Goethe's correspondence with the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin.

5) A.S. Green could describe in detail both the bend of the river and the location of houses, both centuries-old forests and cozy seaside towns.

Remember:for completing task 15 can be awarded from 0 to 2 points.

For each correctly indicated figure corresponding to the number of the answer, the examinee receives 1 point. If 2 numbers are correct, the examinee gets 2 points. The order in which the numbers are written in the answer does not matter.

The task combines two tasks from the KIMs of the last year: for commas in complex sentences and in sentences with homogeneous members. In the answers there may be 2 examples with MTP, or 2 examples with homogeneous members, or 1 - MTP and 1 - with homogeneous members.

As follows from the wording of KIM 15, it is necessary to remember how punctuation marks are put in a simple complicated sentence (with homogeneous members) and in a compound sentence.

The main concept that allows us to distinguish between simple and complex sentences is the GRAMMATIC BASIS.

The grammatical basis is formed by the main members of the sentence, i.e. the subject and predicate in a two-part sentence or one of the main members in a one-part sentence.

A simple sentence contains one grammatical base. It can be complicated, in this assignment we are interested in PREDING SIGNS in a simple sentence, complicated by HOMOGENEOUS TERMS.

DREAMING SIGNS in a simple sentence complicated by HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

Homogeneous members of the proposal refer to the same member of the proposal, answer the same question and depend on the same member of the proposal.

Please note the following:

First, homogeneous members of a sentence are NOT ALWAYS the same part of speech. The most important thing is that they answer the same question and depend on one word!

Secondly, ANY MEMBERS of a sentence can be homogeneous: both the subject and the predicate, and the definition, and the addition, and the circumstance.

Homogeneous clause members can be used:

no unions

with single unions

with repeated unions

with double unions

Bloomed in the garden roses, lilies, chamomile

connecting unions and, yes (\u003d and), or

Suddenly a storm came with large AND frequent hail.

Autumn freshness, foliage AND fruits the garden is fragrant.

adversary unions a, but, yes (\u003d but), but, however

Not iron key the heart opens, A kindness.

or either

not that ... not that

1) and Ο, and Ο, and Ο

or Ο, or Ο, or Ο

I think THAT noisy feasts, Then military mill, Then contractions fighting.

2) Ο, and Ο, and Ο

You me don't you hear, OR you do not understand, Or simply ignore.

3) Ο and Ο, Ο and Ο

Snowstorms AND winter storm, chill AND darkness did not prevent the polar explorers from landing on the ice floes.

not only but

like ... so

if not ... then

not so much as

although ... but

A comma is placed before the second part of the union!

not only Ο, but also Ο

both Ο and Ο

These norms can be recalled HOW masters sports, SO AND beginners.

DREAM SIGNS IN SINGLE MEMBER OFFERS

The comma is put:

1. , (Peopledanced, laughed .)

2. , but (wetired but fulfilled the task.)

3.and , and (Lay on the tableboth paints and brushes .)

, and , and (Lay on the tablepaints and brushes and felt-tip pens .)

4. as , so and (On the table layboth paints and brushes ... Lay on the tablenot only paints, but also brushes )

The comma is not used:

and They brought to the librarybooks and dictionaries .

or The library will bringbooks or dictionaries .

Trap # 1!

There may be several rows in a sentence homogeneous members, therefore, distinguish between constructions with homogeneous members of the sentence connected by repeating unions, and constructions with several rows of homogeneous members, which are connected by a single union within a row.

(This is a sentence with three rows of homogeneous members: two homogeneous subjects, two homogeneous predicates, and two homogeneous circumstances):

Commas are not used anywhere!

Trap # 2!

Phraseological turns

(stable combinations words):

DREAMING SIGNS in a compound sentence

A compound sentence is a compound sentence in which simple sentences are connected by a compositional union and, as a rule, are equal in grammar and meaning.

Constructive conjunctions connecting simple sentences are between simple sentences and are not included in any of them.

In compound sentences, parts are separated from each other by commas.

, .

Punctuation marks in compound sentences are not put

1. If there is a common member of the sentence, for example: In autumn, nature falls asleep and people prepare for winter.

(In the fall - a common term: nature falls asleep (when?) In autumn, people prepare for winter (when?) In autumn. A comma is not needed.)

2. If there is an introductory word common to the parts, for example: Surprisingly, the weather changed dramatically and the real heat set in.

(surprisingly - an introductory word, it refers to both parts of the sentence)

3. If the parts compound sentence there is a common subordinate clause or a common non-union part, for example: When mom entered the room, 1 / the fragments of the vase were lying on the floor 2 / and the children were trying to pick them up3.

(each of the parts of the compound sentence (2) and (3) refers to the general subordinate clause (1)

Note:

In the cases listed in paragraphs. 1–3, commas are used if there are repeated conjunctions. For example:

In the fall, nature falls asleep, and people prepare for winter.

(there is a common term: in the fall, but there is also a repeating union: and ... and ...so a comma is needed)

Unfortunately, either the teacher got sick, or the guys decided to skip class.

(there is a common introductory word, but there is also a repeating union either ... or ...so a comma is needed)

4. If parts of a compound sentence are:

interrogative sentences, for example: When will you come again and can we meet?

incentive sentences, for example: Try to do everything well and may you succeed!

exclamation points, for example: How good it is with you and how I like everything!

nominative sentences, for example: Heat and stuffiness. Cold and rain.

impersonal sentences, for example: It's hot and stuffy. Cold and rainy.

The fifteenth task of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language involves testing the students' knowledge of the punctuation rules of the Russian language. For the correct execution of this task, you can get as many as two primary points, so you need to prepare well for it. The theoretical material below can help in this.

Theory for the task number 15 of the exam in the Russian language

Punctuation for homogeneous members of a sentence

Punctuation in a compound sentence

Task execution algorithm

1. We carefully read the task.
2. We write down the correct answer.

Analysis of typical options for assignment number 15 of the exam in the Russian language

The fifteenth task of the demo 2018

Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. The captivating beauty of Russian landscapes is striking and stays in memory for a long time.
2. Among the most ancient images on the walls of the caves of the Paleolithic era are also human hand prints and incomprehensible patterns with irregular interweaving of wavy lines.
3. Descartes built the logic of cognition from the simplest and the obvious to the complex and incomprehensible.
4. For artistic speech, both imagery and emotionality are characteristic.
5. The poet sees now the diamond shine of a birch forest, the velvety shine of arable land, or the amber shine of candles.

Algorithm for the task:

1. We place punctuation marks in sentences.

• The captivating beauty of Russian landscapes is striking and stays in memory for a long time.The sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous predicates connected by a single AND, therefore there are no commas in the sentence.
• Among the most ancient depictions on the walls of the caves of the Paleolithic era are the prints of a human hand, and incomprehensible patterns with irregular interweaving of wavy lines.The sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous additions connected by a repeating union AND, which means we put ONE comma between them.
• Descartes built the logic of cognition from the simplest and most obvious to the complex and incomprehensible.A simple sentence complicated by two groups of homogeneous complements connected by single unions I. There are no commas.
• Artistic speech is characterized by both imagery and emotionality.The sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous additions connected by the union both ... and ..., between the parts of which a comma is always put. ONE comma per sentence.
• The poet sees now the diamond shine of a birch forest, now the velvety shine of plowed fields, then the amber shine of candles.The sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous additions connected by the union then ..., then ..., then ..., between the parts of which a comma is always put. There are two commas in the sentence.

Answer: 2, 4.

The first variant of the task

2. The sun went down and fog descended on the ground.
3. The sun went down and became cool and fog descended on the ground.
4. The sun turned red and became huge and began to slowly set behind the forest.
5. The sun turned red and became huge, it began to set slowly and then completely disappeared behind the forest.

Algorithm for the task:

1. We place punctuation marks and find sentences with one comma.
2. We place punctuation marks in sentences.

• In the evening the sun went down and fog descended on the ground. - The sentence is complex, has two parts, two grammar basics (), we do not put a comma, since two simple sentences in a complex have a common minor member of the sentence in the evening.
• The sun went down and fog descended on the ground.The sentence is complex, has two parts, two grammatical bases ( 1 - the sun has gone down, 2 - the fog has descended), we put a comma between the parts of a complex sentence, since there is no common secondary member of the sentence, there is no common subordinate clause or part of an impersonal sentence.
• The sun went down, it got cool, and fog descended on the ground.The sentence is complex, it consists of three parts ( 1 - the sun has gone down, 2 - it has become cool, 3 - the fog has descended), we put commas between the parts of a complex sentence. This is a complex sentence with several grammatical stems that are not linked by a common sentence or introductory word.
• The sun turned red, became huge and began to slowly set behind the forest.The sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous predicates, we put one comma between the first and the second predicate, before a single union. And with homogeneous terms, the comma is not put.
• The sun turned red and became huge, it began to set slowly, and then completely disappeared behind the forest.The sentence is complex, consists of two parts, has two grammatical bases ( 1- the sun turned red, became huge; 2 - it started to sit down, disappeared); each part, in turn, is complicated by homogeneous predicates: the first comma is placed between the parts of a complex non-union proposal, the second comma separates homogeneous predicates.

Answer: 2, 4.

Second variant of the task

Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1. Our ability to consider the consequences of our actions and deeds distinguishes us from animals.
2. Man is able to think about the consequences of his actions and deeds and this distinguishes us from animals.
3. Man is able to think about the consequences of his actions and decisions and this distinguishes us from animals.
5. What distinguishes us from animals is the ability to consider the consequences of our actions, actions and decisions.

Algorithm for the task:

1. We place punctuation marks and find sentences with one comma.
2. We place punctuation marks in sentences.

• Our ability to consider the consequences of our actions and deeds distinguishes us from animals.In the first sentence, a comma is not required - between the homogeneous members of "actions and deeds" there is a union "and".
• Man is able to think about the consequences of his actions and deeds, and this distinguishes us from animals. - In the second sentence you need to put one comma - after the word "deeds"; it will share the grammatical foundations of "man is capable" and "it distinguishes."
• Man is able to ponder the consequences of his actions, actions, decisions, and this distinguishes us from animals. - The third sentence requires three commas. Commas are placed between homogeneous members, as well as between parts of a complex sentence.
• The ability to consider the consequences is what distinguishes us from animals. - In the fourth sentence, a comma is not needed, since the sentence is simple, uncomplicated.
• What distinguishes us from animals is the ability to think about the consequences of our actions, actions and decisions. - A comma is put here only between homogeneous members, not connected by a union.

Answer: 2, 5.

The third variant of the task

Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1. Bacteria, fungi and invertebrates are involved in a whole cycle of biological and chemical processes in the soil and maintain its existence.
2. Both bacteria and fungi and invertebrates are involved in the cycle of biological and chemical processes in the soil and maintain its existence.
3. Both bacteria and fungi and invertebrates are involved in the cycle of biological and chemical processes in the soil and this maintains its normal existence.

Algorithm for the task:

1. We place punctuation marks and find sentences with one comma.
2. We place punctuation marks in sentences.

• Bacteria, fungi and invertebrates are involved in a whole cycle of biological and chemical processes in the soil and support its existence. - Here we put a comma between homogeneous members, not connected by the union "and". A comma is not needed after the word “soil”, because the predicates “involved” and “support” are homogeneous, connected by the conjunction “and”.
• Bacteria, fungi, and invertebrates are all involved in the cycle of biological and chemical processes in the soil and maintain its existence. - In this case, the union "and" connects several homogeneous members, so you need to put commas in front of it.
• Both bacteria and fungi and invertebrates are involved in the cycle of biological and chemical processes in the soil, and this maintains its normal existence. - The first comma is used as part of the link "both ... and ...", and the second separates the grammatical foundations of a complex sentence.
• The normal existence of the soil is supported by biological and chemical processes involving both bacteria and fungi and invertebrates. - Again, a comma in the "both ... and ...".
• Biological and chemical processes involving many biological components support the normal existence of the soil. - The fifth sentence does not require punctuation marks - homogeneous members "biological and chemical" are linked by the union "and".

Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The fruits of this plant are healthy and tasty and have a wonderful aroma.

2) It became unbearably stuffy and had to open all the windows.

4) The study of the growth of unusual crystals has both theoretical and practical and general scientific significance.

5) Ancient Spanish craftsmen used either stone or brickwork in the construction of castles.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Here is the correct spelling.

1) The fruits of this plant are healthy and tasty and have a wonderful aroma. Two rows of homogeneous.

2) It became unbearably stuffy, and I had to open all the windows.

3) From the window were visible trunks of cherries and a piece of the alley.

4) The study of the growth of unusual crystals has both theoretical and practical and general scientific significance.

5) Ancient Spanish craftsmen used either stone or brickwork in the construction of castles.

One comma is needed:

in the 5th sentence: its homogeneous members are connected by a repeating union or

in the 2nd sentence: it is compound, contains two predicative parts that do not have a common secondary term of the sentence or introductory word and do not have a common subordinate part. Before the union And you need a comma.

The correct answer is indicated at numbers 2 and 5.

Answer: 25 | 52

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Codifier section: Punctuation marks in SSP and sentences with homogeneous members

Rule: Punctuation marks in the MTP and in a sentence with homogeneous members. Task 16., Punctuation marks in the SSP and in a sentence with homogeneous members. Task 16.

purpose

Legend:

OCH - homogeneous members.

For example:

two rows: two predicates, hit and covered; two additions, gusts and moans.

note:

General scheme: LTD .

Example: yellow, green, red apples.

General scheme: О and / yes / either / or О.

Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and red apples.

Example 2: .

Example 3

Example 4

General scheme: Oh, oh and oh.

Example: The still life depicts yellow, green and red apples.

AND

AND

General scheme: Oh, and Oh, and Oh.

General scheme: and O, and O, and O.

Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and green and red apples.

Example 2: The still life depicts apples.

More complex examples:

Example 3:

Example 4:

Example 5: Houses and trees and sidewalks were covered in snow

note:

Let's consider some examples.

Example 1: children and adults and read aloud. How many rows? Two: children and adults; gathered and read

Example 2: re-read letter and write a reply.

Scheme: О, а / but / yes О

Example 1:

Example 2:

Example 3: Small spool but precious .

Scheme: O, or O, or O

Example 1:

Than others.

Examples: I have an assignment asfrom the judge, so equally and from all our friends.

Green was not only but It was still and a very subtle psychologist.

Mum not that angry but all the same she was unhappy.

There are fogs in London if not everyday , then every other day without fail.

He was not so much disappointed , how much

Example 1: .

Example 2:

Example 3:

And the snow went and went.

If the sentence contains heterogeneous definitions

Example:

impersonal part, with verb c. For example:

[About the Tale and About the Tale].

Leaves crimson, gold

common minor member.

Example 1: .

in a year

just the beginning of a sentence

Example 2: By the evening the wind died down and started to freeze. What happened by the evening?

Now more complex example 1: On the outskirts of the city comma supplied

Example 2 comma is put.

DREAMING SIGNS IN A COMPLICATED SENTENCE AND IN A SINGLE MEMBER SENTENCE

In this task, knowledge of two punctograms is tested:

1. Commas in a simple sentence with homogeneous members.

2. Commas in a compound sentence, parts of which connect the compositional unions, in particular, the union of I.

purpose: find TWO sentences in which you need to put ONE comma in each. Not two, not three (and this happens!) Commas, but one. In this case, it is necessary to indicate the numbers of those sentences where the missing comma was SUPPLIED, since there are cases when the sentence already contains a comma, for example, in the adverbial turnover. We don't count it.

You should not look for commas with different turns, introductory words and in the SPP: according to the specification in this task, only three indicated punctograms are checked. If the sentence requires commas for other rules, they will already be placed

The correct answer will be two digits, from 1 to 5, in any order, without commas and spaces, for example: 15, 12, 34.

Legend:

OCH - homogeneous members.

SSP is a complex sentence.

The task execution algorithm should be as follows:

1. Determine the number of bases.

2. If the sentence is simple, then we find ALL series of homogeneous members in it and refer to the rule.

3. If there are two bases, then this is a complex proposal, and each part is considered separately (see point 2).

Do not forget that homogeneous subjects and predicates create NOT a complex, but a simple complicated sentence.

15.1 SIGNS OF PREPARATION WITH HOMETER MEMBERS

Homogeneous proposal members are those that answer the same question and refer to the same proposal member. Homogeneous members of the sentence (both major and minor) are always connected by a compositional connection, with or without a union.

For example: In "The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson" S. Aksakov describes with genuine poetic inspiration both summer and winter pictures of Russian nature.

In this proposal there is one series of OCH, these are two homogeneous definitions.

One sentence can contain several rows of homogeneous members. So, in the sentence Soon a heavy downpour hit and covered with the noise of rain streams and gusts of wind, and the groans of a pine forest. two rows: two predicates, hit and covered; two additions, gusts and moans.

note: each row of the OCH has its own punctuation rules.

Let's consider various schemes of sentences with OCH and formulate the rules for setting commas.

15.1.1. A number of homogeneous members, connected ONLY by intonation, without unions.

General scheme: LTD .

Rule: if two or more ORs are connected only by intonation, a comma is placed between them.

Example: The still life depicts yellow, green, red apples.

15.1.2 Two homogeneous members are connected by the union AND, YES (in the meaning of AND), OR, OR

General scheme: О and / yes / either / or О.

Rule: if two OCH are connected by a single I / YES union, no comma is put between them.

Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and red apples.

Example 2: Everywhere she was greeted cheerfully and friendly.

Example 3: Only you and I will stay in this house.

Example 4: I will cook rice with vegetables or pilaf.

15.1.3 The last OCH is joined by the union I.

General scheme: Oh, oh and oh.

Rule: If the last homogeneous member is joined by a union and, then a comma is not put in front of it.

Example: The still life depicts yellow, green and red apples.

15.1.4. There are more than two homogeneous members and a union AND repeats at least twice

Rule: With various combinations of union (clause 15.1.2) and non-union (clause 15.1.1) combination of homogeneous members of the proposal, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members and the union AND is repeated at least twice, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous members

General scheme: Oh, and Oh, and Oh.

General scheme: and O, and O, and O.

Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and green and red apples.

Example 2: The still life depicts and yellow and green and red apples.

More complex examples:

Example 3: From the house, from the trees, and from the dovecote, and from the gallery - long shadows ran far from everything.

Two unions and, four OCH. Comma between OCH.

Example 4: It was sad in the spring air, and in the darkened sky, and in the carriage... Three unions and, three OCH. Comma between OCH.

Example 5: Houses and trees and sidewalks were covered in snow... Two unions and, three OCH. Comma between OCH.

Please note that there is no comma after the last OCH, for it is not between the OCH, but after it.

It is this scheme that is often perceived as erroneous and non-existent, keep this in mind when completing the assignment.

note: this rule works only if the union And is repeated in one row of the OCH, and not in the whole sentence.

Let's consider some examples.

Example 1: In the evenings, they gathered at the table children and adults and read aloud. How many rows? Two: children and adults; gathered and read... The union is not repeated in every row, it is used once. Therefore, commas are NOT used according to rule 15.1.2.

Example 2: In the evening, Vadim went to his room and sat down re-read letter and write a reply. Two rows: left and sat down; sat down (why? for what purpose?) to reread and write.

15.1.5 Homogeneous members are connected by the union A, NO, YES (\u003d NO)

Scheme: О, а / but / yes О

Rule: If there is a union A, NO, YES (\u003d but) commas are put.

Example 1: The student writes quickly, but sloppily.

Example 2: The kid no longer whimpered, but cried bitterly.

Example 3: Small spool but precious .

15.1.6 With homogeneous members, unions are repeated NO NO; NOT THAT, NOT THAT; THAT, THAT; OR EITHER; OR OR

Scheme: O, or O, or O

Rule: with a two-fold repetition of other unions (except And), neither, nor; not that, not that; then, then; or either; or, or the comma is always used:

Example 1: And the old man paced around the room and then hummed psalms in an undertone, then he taught his daughter impressively.

Please note that there are also similar circumstances and additions in the proposal, but we do not highlight them for a clearer picture.

There is no comma after the predicate!But if instead of the union AND THAT, AND THAT would have been just AND, there would be three commas (according to rule 15.1.4)

15.1.7. With homogeneous members, there are double unions.

Rule: With double conjunctions, a comma is placed before the second part. These are unions like ... and; not only but; not so much ... how much; as much ... as much; although ... but; if not ... then; not that ... but; not that ... but; not only not, but rather ...than others.

Examples: I have an assignment asfrom the judge, so equally and from all our friends.

Green was not only a magnificent landscape painter and master of the plot, but It was still and a very subtle psychologist.

Mum not that angry but all the same she was unhappy.

There are fogs in London if not everyday , then every other day without fail.

He was not so much disappointed , how much surprised by the current situation.

Please note that each part of the double alliance is BEFORE OCH, which is very important to take into account when performing task 7 (type "error on homogeneous members"), we have already met with these unions.

15.1.8. Often homogeneous members are connected in pairs

General scheme: Scheme: O and O, O and O

Rule: When pairing minor members of a sentence, a comma is placed between the pairs (the AND union acts locally, only within groups):

Example 1: Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden stage.

Example 2: The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the day past and the day to come.

Example 3: Books on geography and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild places in Bulgaria.

15.1.9. Are not homogeneous, therefore they are not separated by commas:

A number of repetitions with an intensifying shade are not homogeneous members.

And the snow went and went.

Simple complicated predicates are also not homogeneous

Said so said, I'll go check.

Phraseologisms with repeating unions are not homogeneous members

Neither this nor that, neither fish nor meat; neither light nor dawn; neither day nor night

If the sentence contains heterogeneous definitionsthat stand in front of the explained word and characterize one object from different sides, the union and cannot be inserted between them.

A sleepy golden bumblebee suddenly rose from the depths of the flower.

15.2. PREPARATION SIGNS IN A COMPLICATED OFFER

Compound sentences are complex sentences in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by creative unions. The parts of a compound sentence do not depend on each other and make up one semantic whole.

Example: He wintered three times in Mirny, and each time returning home seemed to him the limit of human happiness.

Depending on the type of the compositional union that connects the parts of the sentence, all compound sentences (CSP) are divided into three main categories:

1) SSP with connecting unions (and; yes in the meaning of and; neither ..., nor; also; also; not only ..., but also; both ... and);

2) SSP with dividing unions (then ..., then; not that ..., not that; or; either; either ..., or);

3) SSP with adversary alliances (a, but, yes, in the meaning, but, however, but, but, only, the same).

15.2.1 The main rule for setting a comma in the MTP.

A comma between parts of a complex sentence is placed according to the basic rule, that is, ALWAYS, except for special conditionsthat restrict the effect of this rule. These conditions are discussed in the second part of the rule. In any case, in order to determine if a sentence is difficult, you need to find its grammatical basis. Things to consider when doing this:

a) Not always every simple sentence can have both a subject and a predicate. So, frequent sentences with one impersonal part, with verb in indefinite personal proposal... For example: Much work lay ahead of him, and he knew it.

Scheme: [to be] and [he knew].

The doorbell rang, and no one moved.

Scheme: [called] and [no one moved].

b) The subject can be expressed by pronouns, both personal and other categories: I suddenly heard a painfully familiar voice, and it brought me back to life.

Scheme: [I heard] and [it returned]. Don't lose the subject pronoun if it duplicates the subject from the first part! These are two sentences, each with its own basis, for example: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests, and he was a little surprised to see a face unknown to him.

Scheme: [The artist was familiar] and [he was surprised]. Compare with a similar construction in a simple sentence: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests and was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him. [About the Tale and About the Tale].

c) Since a complex sentence consists of two simple ones, it is likely that each of them can have homogeneous members in its composition. Commas are placed both according to the rule of homogeneous members and according to the rule of a compound sentence. For example: Leaves crimson, gold fell silently to the ground, and the wind whirled them in the air and tossed them. Sentence outline: [Leaves fell], and [wind O Tale and O Tale].

15.2.2 Special conditions for the use of signs in a compound sentence

IN school course of the Russian language, the only condition under which a comma is not put between the parts of a complex sentence is the presence common minor member.

The most difficult thing for students is to understand if there is common minor clause, which will give the right not to put a comma between the parts, or not. General means referring simultaneously to the first part and to the second. If there is a common term, there is no comma between the parts of the MTP... If it is, then in the second part there cannot be a similar minor member, he is only one, stands at the very beginning of the sentence. Let's consider simple cases:

Example 1: A year later, my daughter went to school and my mother was able to go to work..

Both simple sentences can equally apply to the circumstance of time "in a year". What happened in a year? My daughter went to school. Mom was able to go to work.

Rearranging the common term at the end of the sentence changes the meaning: My daughter went to school, and my mother was able to go to work a year later. And now this minor term is no longer common, but refers only to the second simple sentence... Therefore, it is so important for us, firstly, the place of the common member, just the beginning of a sentence and secondly, the general meaning of the sentence.

Example 2: By the evening the wind died down and started to freeze. What happened by the evening? The wind died down. Beginning to freeze.

Now more complex example 1: On the outskirts of the citythe snow had already begun to melt, and there was already quite a spring picture... There are two circumstances in the sentence, each simple one has its own. That is why comma supplied... There is no common minor member. Thus, the presence of a second minor member of the same type (place, time, purpose) in the second sentence gives the right to put a comma.

Example 2: By nightfall, my mother's temperature rose even more, and we did not sleep all night. There is no reason to attribute the circumstance "to night" to the second part of the complex sentence, therefore comma is put.

It should be noted that there are other cases in which a comma is not placed between parts of a compound sentence. These include the presence of a common introductory word, a common subordinate clause, as well as two sentences of indefinite personal, impersonal, identical in structure, exclamation points. But these cases were not included in the USE tasks, and they are not presented in the manuals and are not studied in the school course.