How does the person appear reflexes. Conditional and unconditional reflexes

Such familiar actions as breathing, swallowing, sneezing, blinking - occur without control by consciousness, are congenital mechanisms, help to survive a person or an animal and ensure the preservation of the species - all this is unconditional reflexes.

What is the unconditional reflex?

I.P. Pavlov, a physiologist's scientist, dedicated life to the study of the highest nervous activity. In order to understand what is the unconditional human reflexes, it is important to consider the value of the reflex in general. Any organism having nervous system, carries out reflex activities. Reflex is a complex response of the body on internal and external stimuli, carried out in the form of a reflex response.

Unconditional reflexes are congenital stereotypic reactions in response to changes in internal homeostasis or conditions. external environment. For the emergence of unconditional reflexes of special conditions, these are automatic reactions that may fail only with severe diseases. Examples of unconditional reflexes:

hurrying the limb on contact with hot;
knee reflex;
sucking, grabbing in newborns;
swallowing;
saliva;
sneezing;
blinking.

What is the role of unconditional reflexes in a person's life?

The evolution of man for centuries was accompanied by a change in the genetic apparatus, the selection of signs that are necessary for survival in the surrounding nature. It became highly organized matter. What significance are unconditional reflexes - the answers can be found in the works of the physiologists Sechenov, I.P. Pavlova, P.V. Simonova. Scientists allocated several important functions:

maintaining homeostasis (self-regulation of the internal environment) in the optimal balance;
device and adaptation of the body (mechanisms of thermoregulation, respiration, digestion);
preservation of species;
reproduction.

Signs of unconditional reflexes

The main sign of unconditional reflexes is a congenital. Nature took care of all the functions in this world in this world were reliably recorded on the DNA nucleotide chain. Other characteristic features:

preliminary learning and consciousness control is not required;
are species;
strictly specific - arise when contact with a specific stimulus;
constant reflex arcs in the lower sections of the CNS;
most of the unconditional reflections remain throughout life;
the combination of unconditional reflexes helps the body in the early stages of development to adapt to the environment;
are the basic basis for the occurrence of conditional reflexes.

Types of unconditional reflexes

Unconditional reflexes have of different types Classification, I.P. Pavlov first distributed them to: simple, complex and most difficult. In the distribution of unconditional reflexes on the factor occupied by each creature of certain space-time regions P.V. Simonov divided the types of unconditional reflexes on grade 3:

Role-based unconditional reflexes - manifest themselves in cooperation with other intravidal representatives. These are reflexes: sexual, territorial behavior, parental (maternal, paternal), phenomenon.
Unconditional Vital Reflexes - All basic needs of the body, deprivation or dissatisfaction with which leads to death. Provide individual safety: drinking, food, sleep and wakefulness, indicative, defensive.
Unconditional self-development reflexes - Turn on when led by a new, unfamiliar earlier (knowledge, space):

reflex overcoming or resistance (freedom);
game;
imitative.

Types of braking of unconditional reflexes

Excitation and braking are important congenital functions of higher nervous activity that ensure the agreed activity of the body and without which this activity would be chaotic. Brake unconditional reflexes in the evolution process turned into a complex response of the nervous system - braking. I.P. Pavlov allocated 3 types of braking:

Unconditional braking (external) - Reaction "What is?" Allows you to evaluate, dangerous or not atmosphere. In the future, with a frequent manifestation of an external irritant of non-hazard, braking does not occur.
Conditional (interior) braking - Conditional braking functions ensure the extinction of reflexes that have lost their value help distinguish with reinforcement signals from useless, form a delayed reaction to an irritant.
Exchangeable (protective) braking - Safety unconditional mechanism provided by nature, triggered with excessive fatigue, excitation, severe injuries (fainting, coma).

Higher nervous activity - This is a system that allows you to adapt the human and animal organism to variable conditions of the external environment. An evolutionary vertebrate has a number of innate reflexes, but for successful development and their existence is not enough.

During individual Development New adaptive reactions are formed - these are conditional reflexes. Outstanding domestic scientist I.P. Pavlov is the founder of the teachings of unconditional and conditional reflexes. It formed a conditionaloreflexory theory, which states that the acquisition of the conditional reflex is possible under action on the body of physiologically indifferent irritation. As a result, more a complex system Reflex activity.

I.P. Pavlov is the founder of the doctrine of unconditional and conditional reflexes

An example of this is the study of Pavlov on dogs, in which salivation occurred on the sound incentive. Also Pavlov showed that congenital reflexes are formed at the level of subcortical structures, and new connections are formed in the cortex of the brain throughout the lifelong of the individual under the action of constant irritation.

Conditional reflexes

Conditional reflexes Formed on the basis of unconditional, in the process of individual development of the body, on the background of a changeable external environment.

Reflex arc The conventional reflex consists of three components: afferent, intermediate (inserted) and efferent. According to these links, the perception of irritation is carried out, the transmission of the pulse on the cortical structures and the formation of the response.

The reflex arc of the somatic reflex performs motor functions (for example, a flexing movement) and has such a reflex arc:

The sensitive receptor perceives the stimulus, then the impulse goes to the rear horns of the spinal cord, where there is an insert neuron. Through it, the impulse is transmitted to motor fibers and ends the process to form the movement - flexion.

A prerequisite for the development of conditional reflexes is:

The presence of a signal that precedes the unconditional;
a stimulus that will cause a catchy reflex, according to force, should yield to biologically significant effects;
mandatory is the normal functioning of the cortex of the brain and the absence of distracting factors.

Conditional reflexes are not formed instantly. They are formed long in constant observance of the above conditions. In the process of becoming the reaction, it fuses, it is renewed again until the steady reflex activity occurs.

Example of conventional reflex

Classification of conditional reflexes:

Conditional reflex formed on the basis of the interaction of unconditional and conditional incentives is called first order reflex.
Based on the classic first-order acquired reflex produced second order reflex.

Thus, a third-order defensive reflex formed in dogs, the fourth to work was not possible, and the digestive reached the second. Children are formed the conventional reflexes of the sixth order, in an adult man to the twentieth.

The variability of the external environment leads to a constant formation of a plurality of new behaviors required for survival. Depending on the receptor structure, which perceives the stimulus, conditional reflexes are divided into:

Exteroceptive - irritation perceive body receptors, dominate among reflex reactions (taste, tactile);
intraceptive - caused under action on the internal organs (change of homeostasis, blood acidity, temperature);
proprioceptive - form in stimulating the cross-striped muscles of man and animals, providing motor activity.

Mixed artificial and natural acquired reflexes:

Artificial There are an irritation of irritation that has no connection with the unconditional stimulus (sound signals, light irritation).

Natural Formed in the presence of an incentive of similarity with unconditional (smell and taste of food).

Unconditional reflexes

These are congenital mechanisms that ensure the preservation of the body's integrity, homeostasis of the inner medium and the main thing - reproduction. Congenital reflex activity is formed in the departments of the spinal cord and cerebellum, is controlled by the cortex of the brain. It is characteristic that they are stored for life.

Reflex arcs hereditary reactions are laid before the birth of a person. Some reactions are characteristic of a certain age, and then disappear (for example, in small children - sucking, grabbing, search). Others first do not show themselves, and with the onset of a certain period appear (sex).

Unconditional reflexes are characterized by the following signs.:

Occur regardless of the consciousness and will of the person;
species - manifest themselves from all representatives (for example, cough, salivation with a smell or form of food);
it is endowed with specificity - appear when exposed to the receptor (the reaction of the pupil occurs when the beam is directed to the light-sensitive sections). This also includes salivation, separation of the mucous membrane and the enzymes of the digestive system when feeding food into the mouth;
flexibility - for example, different food leads to the secretion of a certain amount and diverse chemical composition of saliva;
on the basis of unconditional reflexes, conditional are formed.

Unconditional reflexes are needed to implement the needs of the body, they are constant, but in the investigation of diseases or harmful habits may disappear. So, with the disease of the iris, when the scars are formed on it, the reaction of the pupil on the light impact disappears.

Classification of unconditional reflexes

Congenital reactions are classified on:

Simple(Quickly remove the hand from the hot object);
sophisticated(maintaining homeostasis in situations of increasing CO 2 concentration in the blood by increasing the frequency of respiratory movements);
more complex (instinctive behavior).

Classification of unconditional reflexes on Pavlov

Pavlov divided congenital reactions to food, sex, protective, estimated, static, homeostatic.

TO food It is selected by saliva at the sight of food and getting into the digestive tract, secretion of hydrochloric acid, motorcycle gastrointestinal tract, sucking, swallowing, chewing.

Protective accompanied by a reduction in muscle fibers in response to an irritating factor. An all familiar situation when the hand is reflexively pulling away from a hot iron or a sharp knife, sneezing, cough, tear.

Approximate There are when sudden changes in nature or in the very organism occur. For example, turn the head and torso in the direction of sounds, turns of the head and eye to the light stimuli.

Paul Associated with the reproduction, preservation of the species, also includes parental (feeding and care for offspring).

Stocinetic Provide strain, equilibrium, body movement.

Homeostatic - Independent regulation of blood pressure, tone of vessels, respiratory frequency, heart abbreviations.

Classification of unconditional reflexes by Simonov

Vital. To maintain life (sleep, nutrition, energy savings), depend only on a separate individual.

Role There are in contact with other individuals (continued genus, parental instinct).

The need for self-development (desire for individual growth, to the opening of the new).

Congenital reflexes are activated if necessary due to a short-term disorder of internal constancy or variability of the external environment.

Conditional and unconditional reflexes table

Comparison of the characteristics of conditional (acquired) and unconditional (congenital) reflexes
Unconditional	Conditional
Congenital	Purchased in the course of life
All representatives of the species are present	Individual for each body
Relatively constant	Arise and fade with the change of external environment
Form at the level of the spinal and oblong brain	Carried out due to the work of the brain
Lay intrauterine	Are produced against the background of congenital reflexes
It occurs under the action of an irritant to certain receptor zones	Manifest while the influence of any incentive, which is perceived by an individual

Higher nervous activity is working in the presence of two interrelated phenomena: excitation and braking (congenital or acquired).

Braking

External unconditional braking (congenital) is carried out by the action on the body of a very strong stimulus. The termination of the conditional reflex occurs due to the activation of the nerve centers under the influence of a new stimulus (this is the proceedable braking).

When exposed to the studied organism at the same time, several stimuli (light, sound, odor), a proclaimed reflex occurrence occurs, but over time, approximate reflex and braking will disappear. This type of braking is called temporary.

Conditional braking(acquired) does not arise in itself, it must be developed. There are 4 types of conditional braking:

Darling (disappearance of persistent conditional reflex without constant reinforcement of unconditional);
differentiation;
conditional brake;
ladst braking.

Braking the necessary process in our vital activity. With its absence in the body there would be a lot of extra reactions that are not bearing benefits.

An example of external braking (Dog reaction to a cat and a team to sit)

The meaning of conditional and unconditional reflexes

Unconditional reflex activity is needed for survival and preservation of the form. A good example is the birth of a child. In the new world, he is waiting for a lot of dangers. Due to the presence of congenital reactions, the cub can survive under these conditions. Immediately after birth, the respiratory system is activated, the sucking reflex provides nutrients, touching sharp and hot subjects is accompanied by instantaneous hand pulling (manifestation of protective reactions).

For further development and existence, it is necessary to adapt to the environment, conventional reflexes help. They provide quick adaptation of the body and can be formed throughout life.

The presence of conventional reflexes in animals gives them the opportunity to quickly respond to the voice of the predator and save their lives. A person at the sight of food carries out conditionalflex activities, salivation begins, the production of gastric juice for fast food digestion. The same as the smell of some objects, on the contrary, signals the danger: a red happy of the amansor, the smell of spoiled products.

The meaning of conditional reflexes in everyday life Human and animals are huge. Reflexes help to navigate on the ground, get food, get away from danger, retaining life.

The term "reflex" was introduced by the French scientist R. Descartes in the XVII century. But for explanation mental activity It was applied by the founder of Russian materialistic physiology I. M. Sechenov. Developing the teaching of I. M. Sechenov. I. P. Pavlov experimentally investigated the peculiarities of the functioning of reflexes and used a conditional reflex as a method of studying the highest nervous activity.

All reflexes were divided into two groups:

unconditional;
conditional.

Unconditional reflexes

Unconditional reflexes - Congenital reactions of the body on vital stimuli (food, danger, etc.).

They do not require any conditions for their production (for example, saliva isolation at the sight of writing). Unconditional reflexes are a natural margin of finished, stereotypical reactions of the body. They arose as a result of a long evolutionary development of this type of animal. Unconditional reflexes are the same in all individuals of one species. They are carried out with the help of spinal and lower brain departments. Complex complexes of unconditional reflexes are manifested in the form of instincts.

Fig. 1. The location of some functional zones in the human brain cortex: 1 - the richetic education zone (Brock Center), 2 - the area of \u200b\u200bthe motor analyzer, 3 - zone of analysis of oral verbal signals (center of the Vernika), 4 - region of the auditory analyzer, 5 - writing analysis verbal signals, 6 - region of the visual analyzer

Conditional reflexes

But the behavior of higher animals is characterized by not only congenital, i.e., unconditional reactions, but also with such reactions that are purchased by this organism in the process of individual vital activity, i.e. conventional reflexes. The biological meaning of the conditional reflex is that numerous external irritants surrounding the animal in vivo and themselves who do not have vital, preceding the experience of animal food or danger, the satisfaction of other biological needs, begin to act as signalsFor which the animal orients behavior (Fig. 2).

So, mechanism of hereditary fixture - unconditional reflex, and the mechanism of individual variable adaptation is a conditional reflex generated by a combination of vital phenomena with concomitant signals.

Fig. 2. Conditional reflex formation scheme

a - salivation is caused by unconditional stimulus - food;
b - the excitation of the food stimulus is associated with the preceding indifferent stimulus (light bulb light);
v - Light bulbs became a signal of a possible appearance of food: a conditional reflex developed on it

The conditional reflex is produced on the basis of any of the unconditional reactions. Reflexes for unusual signals that are not found in a natural setting are called artificial conditional. In the laboratory conditions, many conditional reflexes on any artificial irritant can be developed.

With the concept of conditional reflex I. P. Pavlov tied the principle of high nervous activity, principle of synthesis of external influences and internal states.

The discovery of Pavlov's main mechanism of higher nervous activity - conditional reflex - became one of the revolutionary conquests of natural science, historically turning point in the understanding of the relationship of physiological and mental.

From the knowledge of the dynamics of education and changes in conditional reflexes, the discovery of complex mechanisms of human brain activity began, identifying the laws of higher nervous activity.

To take heather from the hot kettle, clogged on the outbreak of light ... We make such actions automatically, not to think about what we do and why. This is the unconditional human reflexes - congenital reactions characteristic of all people without exception.

History of discovery, types, differences

Before considering the unconditional reflexes in detail, they will have to make a small excursion to biology and talk about reflex processes at all.

So what is Reflex? In psychology, it is thus called the response of the body to change the external or inner medium, which is carried out using the central nervous system. Thanks to this ability, the body quickly adjusts to change in the surrounding world or in its inner state. It requires a reflex arc to its implementation, that is, the path for which the signal is about irritation from the receptor to the relevant organ.

For the first time, reflex reactions described René Descartes in the XVII century. But the French scientist considered that this is not a psychological phenomenon. He considered reflexes as part of objective natural science knowledge, the psychology at that time was considered as not to science, because it was only a matter of subjective reality, was beyond the objective experiment.

The concept of "reflex" in the second half of the XIX century introduced the Russian physiologist I. M. Sechenov. He proved that reflex activity constitutes a single principle of operation of the entire central nervous system. The scientist demonstrated that the initial reason for the mental phenomenon or human action is determined by the exposure to the external environment or irritation of the nervous system inside the body.

And if the senses are not irritated, and the sensitivity is lost, the mental life freezes. Recall the famous expression: "Tired to loss of feelings." And indeed, with a very strong fater, we usually do not see dreams and become almost insensitive to external stimuli: noise, light, even pain.

Studies of Sechenov continued I. P. Pavlov. He came to the conclusion that there are congenital reflexes, for which there are no special conditions for the occurrence of which, and acquired arising during the adaptation of the body to the external environment.

Surely many now remember the famous dog Pavlov. And it is not in vain: studying digestion in animals, the scientist noticed that experimental pieces, saliva began not when feeding food, and already at the sight of an assistant researcher, who usually brought food.

If the selection of saliva when eating is a typical unconditional reflex, and it is characterized for all dogs, then saliva is already at the sight of an assistant - a typical conditional reflex developed from individual animals. Hence the main difference between two species: genetic mortgage or occurrence under the influence of the medium. In addition, unconditional and conditional reflexes differ in a number of indicators.

Unconditional are present in all individuals of the species, regardless of the conditions of their lives; Conditional, on the contrary, arise under the influence of the individual living conditions of the body (this difference is from the name of each type).
Unconditional reactions are a foundation on which conditional can be formalized, but they need constant reinforcement.
Reflex arcs of unconditional reflexes are closed in the lower brain departments, as well as in the spinal cord. Conditional arcs are formed in the crust big Hemispheres brain.
Unconditional reflex processes are unchanged throughout the human life, although they can be somewhat transformed in the case of severe illness. Conditional - arise and disappear. In other words, in one case, the reflex arcs are constant, in the other - temporary.

Of the indicated differences, it is easy to fold general characteristics Unconditional reflexes: they are hereditary, unchanged, inherent in all representatives of the species and support the life of the body under constant environment environments.

Where arise

As already mentioned, conditional, and unconditional reflexes are possible thanks to the work of the central nervous system. The most important components are the head and spinal cord. As an example of an unconditional reflex, for which the spinal cord meets, you can bring a good knee reflex well.

The doctor slightly hit the hammer in a certain place, which causes an involuntary extension of the lower leg. Normally, this reflex must be medium severity, if it is too weak or too strong, it is most likely a testimony of pathology.

Unconditional brain reflexes are numerous. In the lower departments of this organ there are various reflex centers. So, if you move from the spinal cord up, the first brain will be the first. Sneezing, cough, swallowing, salivation - these reflex processes are possible due to the work of the oblong brain.

Under the control of the middle brain - reactions arising in response to visual or hearing impulses. This includes a narrowing or expansion of the pupil depending on the number of light falling on it, the reflex turn towards the sound source or light. The effect of such reflexes applies only to unfamiliar stimuli.

That is, for example, with numerous sudden sounds, a person will turn into a new place of noise every time, and not to continue listening, trying to understand where the first sound came from. Through the intermediate brain department, the so-called unconditional reflex reflex is closed. These are the contractions of the muscles that our body responds to the change of poses; They allow the body to hold in a new position.

Classification

Classification of unconditional reflexes is carried out in different criteria. For example, there is even a non-specialist on ordinary, complex and most difficult.

The example of the hand pulling from the kettle is given at the beginning of the text - this is a simple unconditional reflex. It can be attributed to complex, for example, sweating. And if we are dealing with a whole chain of simple action, we are already talking about the group of the most difficult: let's say, self-preservation reflexes, care for offspring. Such a set of behavior programs are usually called instinct.

Quite a simple classification in the attitude of the body to the stimulus. If you rely on it, unconditional reflex reactions are divided into positive (search for food by smell) and negative (desire to escape from the noise source).

By biological meaning The following types of unconditional reflexes are distinguished:

Food (swallowing, sucking, salivation).
File (sexy excitement).
Defensive or protective (the same hand pulling or desire to close his head with his hands, if a person seems to be a blow now).
Approximate (desire to identify unfamiliar stimuli: turn your head on a sharp sound or touch). We were already talking about them when we talked about the reflex centers of the middle brain.
Locomotor, that is, employees for movement (support the body in a certain position in space).

Very often B. scientific literature The classification proposed by the Russian scientist P. V. Simonov. He divided all unconditional reflexes into three groups: Vital, role and reflexes of self-development.

Vitali (from Latin Vitalis - "Life") is directly related to the preservation of the easiest of the individual. This is a food, defensive, reflex saving effort (if the result of actions is the same, it is chosen what takes less strength), regulation of sleep and wakefulness.

If the appropriate need does not find satisfaction, the physical existence of the body is terminated, for the implementation of the reflex it does not need another representative of the species - these are the signs that unite all reactions of this group.

Roles can be carried out, on the contrary, only when contacting another individual. These primarily include parental and sexual reflexes. The last group includes reflexes such as gaming, research, reflex to imitate the other individual.

Of course, there are other classification options, as well as other glances on the division methods below. And it is not surprising: between scientists, the unanimity is rarely found.

Features and meaning

As we said, reflex arcs of unconditional reflexes are constant, but they themselves can be active in different periods of human life. So, for example, sex reflexes are manifested when the body reaches a certain age. Other reflex processes, on the contrary, fade after some time interval. It is enough to remember the unconscious enough baby for the adult finger when pressed on his palm, which disappears with age.

The value of unconditional reflexes is huge. It is they who help survive not only a separate body, but also from the mind. They are most significant in the early stages of a person's life, when knowledge about the world and child's activities have not yet been accumulated, it is reflex processes.

Unconditional reflexes begin to work since the very moment of birth. Thanks to them, the body does not die with a sharp transition to new existence conditions: instantly adapting to a new breathing and nutrition type, the thermoregulation mechanism is gradually being developed.

Moreover, according to the latest research, certain unconditional reflexes are carried out in the womb (for example, sucking). With age, more and more conditional reflexes are added to the unconditional, which allow a person to better adapt to the changing environment. Author: Evgenia Bessonova

Reflex - This is the response of the body to irritating the receptors carried out by the nervous system. The concept of "reflex" introduced SechenovHe believed that "reflexes constitute the basis of human and animal nervous activities." Pavlov Divided reflexes on conditional and unconditional.

Reflex arc - This is the way to which the nervous impulse passes during the implementation of the reflex. The composition of the reflex arc:
1) Receptor - sensitive education capable of responding to a certain kind of stimulus; Converts irritation to a nervous impulse.
2) Sensitive neuron Sends a nervous impulse to the central nervous system (the dorsal or brain) is located in the rear root of the spinal cord.

4/6) Executive (Motor) Neuron Sends a nervous impulse to the working body, is located in the front root of the spinal cord.
5/7) Working (executive) body - muscle (reduced), iron (highlights secret), etc.

Comparison of conditional and unconditional reflexes

unconditional	conditional
available from birth	acquired during life
during life do not change and do not disappear	may change or disappear during life
same in all organisms of one species	each body has its own, individual
adapt the body to constant conditions	adapt the body to changing conditions
the reflex arc passes through the spinal cord or the barrel of the head	temporary connection is formed in the crust of large hemispheres
Examples
selection of saliva when lemon in the mouth	selection of saliva at the sight of lemon
reflex newborn	6-month-old baby bottle reaction with milk
sneezing, cough, pulling hands from a hot kettle	cat Reaction / Nickname

Development of conditional reflex

Conditional (indifferent) Irritant must precede unconditional (causing unconditional reflex). For example: the lamp is lit, after 10 seconds the dog is given meat.

Braking of conditional reflexes

Conditional (unsuitable): The lamp is lit, but the dog does not give meat. Gradually, the salivation on the lamp is turned on (the conditional reflex is fading).

Unconditional: During the action of the conditional stimulus, there is a powerful unconditional. For example, when the lamp is turned on louds the call. Salus does not stand out.

Select one, the most correct option. Centers of conditional reflexes, in contrast to unconditional, are located in a person in
1) the crust of large hemispheres
2) oblong brain
3) cerebellum
4) middle brain

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. Reflexes that cannot be strengthened or injected by the will of a person are carried out through the nervous system.
1) Central
2) Vegetative
3) somatic
4) peripheral

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. Slyunomotion in man at the sight of lemon - Reflex
1) conditional
2) unconditional
3) Protective
4) Approximate

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. What are the peculiarities of the spinal reflexes in humans and mammals
1) are purchased throughout life
2) are inherited
3) different in different individuals
4) allow the body to survive in the changing environment environments

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. Nervous impulses are transmitted to the brain on neurons
1) Motor
2) inserted
3) sensitive
4) Executive

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. The fading of the conditional reflex with the unsuitable of his unconditional stimulus is
1) unconditional braking
2) Conditional braking
3) Once
4) conscious act

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. The system of neurons that perceive irritations conductive nerve impulses and providing information processing are called
1) nervous fiber
2) the central nervous system
3) nerve
4) Analyzer

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. Conditional reflexes of man and animals provide
1) the body's adaptation to the permanent conditions of the environment
2) the body's adaptation to the changing outer world
3) development of new motor skills
4) animal distinction of training teams

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. Sensitive neurons in a three-merony reflex arc are connected to
1) inserting neurons insert
2) bodies of insert neurons
3) motor neurons
4) executive neurons

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. The reaction of the child on a bottle with milk is a reflex that
1) is inherited
2) is formed without the participation of the bark of large hemispheres
3) are purchased throughout life
4) persists throughout life

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. Conditional (interior) braking
1) depends on the type of higher nervous activity
2) appears when a stronger stimulus occurs
3) causes the formation of unconditional reflexes
4) comes when the conditional reflex

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. The basis of the nervous activity of man and animals is
1) Thinking
2) Instinct.
3) Excitation
4) Reflex

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. When working out the conditional reflex, the conditional stimulus should
1) Act 2 hours after unconditional
2) follow immediately after unconditional
3) precede unconditional
4) gradually weaken

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. Nervous impulses from receptors to the central nervous system are carried out
1) sensitive neurons
2) Motor Neurons
3) sensitive and motor neurons
4) insert and motor neurons

Answer

Arc structure
Choose three faithful response from six and record the numbers under which they are specified. Receptors are nervous endings in the human body who
1) perceive information from the external environment
2) perceive pulses from the inner medium
3) perceive the excitation transmitted to them by motor neurons
4) are located in the executive body
5) convert perceived irritation into nervous impulses
6) implement the response of the body for irritation from the external and internal environment

Answer

Select three options. In the nervous system of man inserting neurons transmit nerve impulses
1) with motor neuron in the brain
2) from the worker in the spinal cord
3) from the spinal cord in the brain
4) from sensitive neurons to the working bodies
5) from sensitive neurons to motor neurons
6) from the brain to motor neurons

Answer

Install the correspondence between the functions and types of neurons: 1) sensitive, 2) insert, 3) motor. Write down the numbers 1, 2, 3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) Transfer of nerve impulses from sense organs in the brain
B) the transfer of nerve impulses from the internal organs in the brain
C) the transfer of nerve impulses to the muscles
D) the transfer of nerve impulses to the glands
E) the transfer of nerve impulses from one neuron to another

Answer

Analyze the "Neurons" table. For each cell indicated by the letter, select the appropriate term from the list of the list.
1) Centriperement
2) Movement
3) brain shell
4) gray spinal cord substance
5) White spinal cord substance
6) Transfer of a nervous impulse from receptors in the central nervous system
7) Transfer of a nervous pulse from the CNS to the worker
8) Transfer of a nervous impulse to the internal organs

Answer

Choose three correct signatures to the figure, which depicts the structure of the reflex arc. Record the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) receptor
2) front spinal cord root
3) gray spinal cord substance
4) Movement neuron in the rear spinal cord root
5) Motor Neuron Body
6) insert neuron

Answer

The arc is unconditional
1. Install the sequence of reflector reflex arcs of the sweating. Record the appropriate sequence of numbers.
1) emergence in nerve impulse receptors
2) Potting
3) excitation of motor neurons
4) irritation of skin receptors that are perceiving heat
5) Transfer of nerve impulses to sweat glands
6) Transfer of nerve impulses by sensitive neurons in the central nervous system

Answer

2. Install the sequence of the nervous pulse in the reflex arc, providing one of the thermoregulation mechanisms in the human body. Record the appropriate sequence of numbers.
1) Transfer of a nervous impulse on sensitive neuron to the central nervous system
2) Transfer of a nervous pulse to motor neurons
3) Excitation of skin thermistors when lowering the temperature
4) Transfer of a nerve impulse to insert neurons
5) Reducing the lumen of blood vessels of the skin

Answer

3. Install the sequence of the reflex reflex reflex arc links. Record the corresponding sequence of numbers into the table.
1) insert neuron
2) axon sensitive neuron
3) receptor
4) executive body
5) body of sensitive neuron
6) Motor Neuron

Answer

4. Position the elements of the reflex arc of the human knee reflex. Record the numbers in the answer in order corresponding to the letters.
1) Motor Neuron
2) sensitive neuron
3) back brain
4) receptors tendon
5) four thigh muscles

Answer

Arc + spinal cord
1. Set the nervous signal transmission sequence over the reflex arc. Record the appropriate sequence of numbers.
1) the front spindow of the spinal nerve
2) receptor
3) rear spinal nerve root
4) skeletal muscle
5) body insert neuron
6) body sensitive neuron

Answer

2. Install the sequence of the nerve impulse in the reflex arc of the skin pain reflex
1) rear spinal nerve root
2) spinal cord
3) Muscle
4) pain receptor
5) Front spinal nerve spine

Answer

Conditional arc
1. Install the sequence of transmission of the nerve pulse along the arc of the conditional salivary reflex in a person on a call. Record the appropriate sequence of numbers.
1) the auditory center of the cortex of the brain
2) sensitive neuron
3) hearing receptors
4) temporary connection
5) Center of Slyunovation
6) salivary glands
7) Motor Neuron

Answer

2. Set the correct sequence of the transmission of the nerve pulse along the alternate reflex dug in humans in the form of food. Record the appropriate sequence of numbers.
1) center salivation cortex cortex
2) sensitive neuron
3) Motor Neuron
4) the visual center of the cerebral cortex
5) salivary glands
6) eye receptors

Answer

3. Set the sequence of parts of the reflex arc when the nerve pulse is passed. Record the appropriate sequence of numbers.
1) sensitive neuron
2) worker
3) insert neuron
4) Big Hemisphey Bark Department
5) receptor
6) Motor Neuron

Answer

Unconditional
1. Select three options. The peculiarity of unconditional reflexes is that they
1) arise as a result of multiple repetition
2) are a sign characteristic of a separate individual of the species
3) are genetically programmed
4) are characteristic of all individuals
5) are congenital
6) are not inherited

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2. Select three faithful response from six and record the numbers under which they are specified. Unconditional reflexes providing life human organism,
1) formed in relatively constant environment environments
2) formed in the process historical Development
3) for their work require the work of large hemispheres
4) for their work require several repetitions
5) The increase in pulse and breathing while working
6) saliva excretion with the smell of kebab

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Unconditional - conditional signs
1. Install the correspondence between the reflex value and its type: 1) unconditional, 2) conditional. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) Provides instinctive behavior
B) ensures the adaptation of the body to the conditions ambientin which many generations of this species lived
C) allows you to purchase a new experience
D) determines the behavior of the body in the changed conditions

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2. Install the correspondence between the types of reflexes and their characteristics: 1) conditional, 2) unconditional. Record the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) are congenital
B) adaptations to new appearing factors
C) reflex arcs are formed in the process of vital activity
D) all representatives of one species are the same
E) underlie learning
E) constant, practically do not fade in life

Answer

Certificate - Conditional Examples
1. Install the correspondence between the examples and types of reflexes: 1) unconditional, 2) conditional. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) pulling the hands from the fire of burning matches
B) crying baby at the sight of a man in a white coat
C) stretching the hands of a five-year-old child to seen sweets
D) swallowing pieces of cake after chewing them
D) saliva selection on a view of a beautifully served table
E) skiing from a slide

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2. Install the correspondence between the examples and types of reflexes, which they illustrate: 1) unconditional, 2) conditional. Record the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) Baby's reusable movements in response to touching his lips
B) the narrowing of the pupil illuminated by the bright sun
C) performing hygienic procedures before bed
D) sneezing when dust gets into the nasal cavity
D) selection of saliva to the cloud of dishes when serving a table
E) roller skating

Answer

Developing
Install the sequence of the formation of salivary conventional reflex and its braking at home dog. Record the appropriate sequence of numbers.
1) the inclusion of light and the provision of food
2) multiple light inclusion in the absence of food
3) stop the selection of saliva when the light is turned on
4) Selection of saliva when the light is turned on
5) multiple combination of feeding with pre-inclusion of light

Answer