Asthenic emotions and their influence on a person. Sthenic emotions Positive and negative sthenic and asthenic emotions
Depending on the influence on the activity of activity, emotions and feelings are divided into sthenic and asthenic.
Sthenic feelings encourage active activity, mobilize the strength of a person (feelings of joy, inspiration, interest, etc.). Asthenic feelings relax and paralyze forces (a feeling of depression, a feeling of humiliation, etc.).
The emotional tone of sensation is our attitude to the quality of sensation (we like the smell of flowers, the sound of the sea, the color of the sky during sunset, but the sharp smell of acetic acid, the screech of brakes, etc.) are unpleasant. A painful disgust arises for individual stimuli - idiosyncrasy (for example, to the sounds obtained as a result of the movement of a metal object on glass, for someone - to the smell of gasoline, etc.)
Emotional response - an operational emotional reaction to current changes in the subject environment (they saw a beautiful landscape - admired). Emotional response is determined by the emotional excitability of a person. Syntony is one of the types of emotional response. Synthonia is the ability to harmoniously respond to the states of other people and, in general, the phenomena of the surrounding world (to be in harmony with nature, with oneself, “feel” another person). This is an emotional consonance.
Mood
Mood is the longest emotional condition coloring human behavior. Mood determines the general tone of a person's life. The mood depends on those influences that affect the personal aspects of the subject, his core values. The reason for this or that mood is not always realized, but it is always there. Mood, like all other emotional states, can be positive and negative, have a certain intensity, severity, tension, stability. Most high level mental activity is called enthusiasm, the lowest - apathy. A slight disorganization of mental activity caused by negative influences leads to a state of frustration.
If a person knows the techniques of self-regulation, then he can block a bad mood, consciously make it better. Low mood can be caused even by the simplest biochemical processes in our body, adverse atmospheric phenomena, etc.
Emotional resilience of a person different situations manifested in the stability of his behavior. Resistance to difficulties, tolerance for the behavior of other people is called tolerance. Depending on the predominance of positive or negative emotions in a person's experience, the corresponding mood becomes stable, characteristic of him. Good mood can be cultivated.
Emotion and motivation
Along with motivation (such as hunger or sex), emotions (such as joy or anger) are among the basic human feelings. Emotions can cause behavioral responses like motivation, or they can accompany motivation (Sex is not only a pronounced motivation, but also a potential source of joy). The difference between motivation and emotions lies in the fact that motivation is activated by processes inside the body and is aimed at eliminating the internal imbalance that has arisen, while emotions are a response to information from outside and are directed to the source of this information.
ASTHENIC EMOTIONS
(English) asthenic emotions; from the Greek A- negative particle + sthenos- strength) - colored negative. emotional tone of feelings of depression, despondency, sadness, passive fear, etc. When experiencing A. e. a person stoops, breathing becomes slower than usual, eyes grow dim. A.'s predominance e. as a characterological feature, it determines, according to the classification of E. Kretschmer, the so-called. asthenic type, for which, in a load situation, a refusal to deal with difficulties is characteristic (see. , , , ).
Big psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .
See what "ASTENIC EMOTIONS" is in other dictionaries:
ASTHENIC EMOTIONS- (from Greek asthenes - weak) - form negative emotions expressed in depression, despondency, sadness, non-localized fear. They indicate a refusal to deal with difficulties in a situation of increased emotional stress, including in conflict ... ...
- (from Latin emoveo I shake, excite) a special class of mental phenomena, manifested in the form of a direct, biased experience by the subject of the life meaning of these phenomena, objects and situations to satisfy their needs. Highlighting in…
Emotions- (from French emotion excitement, excitement) subjective states of humans and animals associated with an assessment of the significance for an individual of external or internal stimuli acting on him and expressed primarily in the form of direct ... ... Wikipedia
Emotions, ontogeny of emotions- Emotions translated from Latin Literally means "to excite, excite." Emotions are understood as reactions according to the type of subjectively colored experiences of an individual, reflecting the significance for him of an influencing stimulus or result ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy
EMOTIONS- [syn. feelings (Geffihle), affectivity (see Affect)], the subjective experience of pleasure, pleasure (positive E.) or displeasure and suffering (negative E.) when an external stimulus (sensation) is exposed to the body or ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia
EMOTIONS- (from Lat. emoveo I shake, I excite), a person's experience of his relationship to the world around him and himself E manifests itself in the form of pleasure, joy, fear, etc. Being closely connected with needs, E reflects in the form of direct. experiences... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia
Emotions- - the general name of the reactions of the body, in which the attitude of the individual to the object, situation, phenomenon is expressed. See emotion. * * * (from Latin emoveo - shake, excite) - a special form of reflection by the psyche of the world around, manifested mainly in ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
- (from the Greek. sthenos strength) emotions, the experience of which is characterized by an increase in vital activity (a state of excitement, joyful excitement, uplift, cheerfulness, etc. arises). When experiencing S. e. breathing becomes deep and easy, ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
Emotionality- Emotions (from French emotion excitement, excitement) are the subjective states of a person and animals associated with an assessment of the significance for an individual of external or internal stimuli acting on him and expressed primarily in the form of ... ... Wikipedia
Emotion- This article is about one of the types of emotional processes. About more general concept see emotional process. Emotion (from Latin emoveo I shake, I excite) an emotional process of medium duration, reflecting ... ... Wikipedia
Stenic emotions increase the vital activity of the body; asthenic emotions , on the contrary, oppress and suppress all vital processes in an organism.
An example of sthenic emotions can be a feeling of joy. In a person experiencing joy, a significant expansion of small blood vessels occurs, in connection with which the nutrition of all vital organs, especially the brain, improves and intensifies. Such a person does not feel tired, on the contrary, he feels a strong need for actions and movements. In a state of joy, a person usually gestures a lot, jumps, dances, beats his hands, makes joyful cries, laughs loudly, and makes other fast and energetic movements. Increased motor activity is associated with a feeling of strength, he feels light, cheerful. The flow of blood to the brain facilitates his mental and physical activity: he talks a lot and animatedly, thinks quickly, works productively, original thoughts and vivid images arise in his mind. Blood flow to the peripheral organs also increases - the skin turns red, becomes smooth and shiny, the body temperature rises, the eyes shine, the face becomes lively, radiant: at the same time, the activity of the external secretion organs increases - tears appear in the eyes, saliva secretion increases in the mouth. The activity of the organs of nutrition is significantly improved: a person who systematically experiences a feeling of joy becomes fatter, becomes well-fed, acquires an energetic, young, flourishing appearance.
An example of an asthenic emotion can be a feeling of sadness opposite to joy. In a state of sadness, due to the activity of the vasomotor apparatus, the blood vessels contract and a well-known anemia of the skin, internal organs and, most importantly, the brain occurs. The face becomes pale, lengthens, stretches, loses its fullness, acquires pronounced pointed features, skin temperature decreases, a feeling of cold and even chills appears. Due to the slowing of blood circulation, shortness of breath, shortness of breath occurs. Reduced nutrition of the brain causes a decrease in the activity of the voluntary motor apparatus: movements become slow, lethargic, are performed with difficulty and reluctantly, as a result of which the productivity of work decreases; the gait becomes slow, the person does not walk, but, as it were, “weaves”. Muscle tone sharply decreases: a person feels lethargic, relaxed, his back is bent, his head and arms are lowered, the lower jaw sometimes sags; the voice becomes weak, soundless; there is a feeling of severe fatigue, the inability to stay on one's feet, the desire to lean on something. Anemia of the brain leads to a decrease in mental performance, thinking becomes lethargic, inhibited ("immobile"), a person experiences a strong dislike for mental activity. A prolonged, systematic feeling of sadness leads to a decrease in all vital processes in the body, to malnutrition of the internal organs and skin: a person loses weight, his skin wrinkles, his hair quickly turns gray, he looks prematurely aged beyond his age.
Sthenic and asthenic emotions play big role in sports activities. The first are observed with proper training, and especially if the athlete has a "sports uniform". Thanks to them, the athlete experiences the rise of all vitality, the desire to win, to overcome obstacles, a feeling of emotional excitement, which has received the characteristic name of "sports anger".
Asthenic emotions arise during overtraining, when an athlete feels lethargy, loss of strength, unwillingness to train, and sometimes dissatisfaction with this sport. If these asthenic emotions become persistent, they lead the athlete to give up sports activities. This indicates the need to carefully consider emotional states in the process of sports activities, to take the necessary measures in a timely manner to create such training conditions that would support sthenic emotions.
According to the influence that emotions have on life processes in the body and on human activity, active, or sthenic, and passive, or asthenic emotions are distinguished.
Stenic emotions increase the vital activity of the organism; asthenic emotions, on the contrary, depress and suppress all vital processes in the body.
An example of sthenic emotions can be a feeling of joy. In a person experiencing joy, a significant expansion of small blood vessels occurs, in connection with which the nutrition of all vital organs, especially the brain, improves and intensifies. Such a person does not feel tired, on the contrary, he feels a strong need for actions and movements. In a state of joy various people they can gesticulate, jump, dance, clap their hands, make exclamations of joy, laugh out loud, and make other fast and energetic movements. Increased motor activity is associated with a feeling of strength, he feels light, cheerful. The flow of blood to the brain facilitates his mental and physical activity: he talks a lot and animatedly, thinks quickly, works productively, original thoughts and vivid images arise in his mind. The blood flow to the peripheral organs also increases - the skin turns red, becomes smooth and shiny, the body temperature rises, the eyes shine, the face becomes lively, radiant: at the same time, the activity of the external secretion organs increases - tears appear in the eyes, saliva secretion increases in the mouth. The activity of the organs of nutrition is significantly improved: a person who systematically experiences a feeling of joy acquires an energetic, youthful, flourishing appearance.
An example of an asthenic emotion can be a feeling of sadness opposite to joy. In a state of sadness, due to the activity of the vasomotor apparatus, the blood vessels contract and a well-known anemia of the skin, internal organs and, most importantly, the brain occurs. The face becomes pale, lengthens, stretches, loses its fullness, acquires pronounced pointed features, skin temperature decreases, a feeling of cold and even chills appears. Due to the slowing of blood circulation, shortness of breath, shortness of breath occurs. Reduced nutrition of the brain causes a decrease in the activity of the voluntary motor apparatus: movements become slow, lethargic, are performed with difficulty and reluctantly, as a result of which the productivity of work decreases; the gait becomes slow, the person does not walk, but, as it were, “weaves”. Muscle tone sharply decreases: a person feels lethargic, relaxed, his back is bent, his head and arms are lowered, the lower jaw sometimes sags; the voice becomes weak, soundless; there is a feeling of severe fatigue, the inability to stay on one's feet, the desire to lean on something. Anemia of the brain leads to a decrease in mental performance, thinking becomes lethargic, inhibited (“immovable”), a person experiences a strong dislike for mental activity. A prolonged, systematic feeling of sadness leads to a decrease in all vital processes in the body, to malnutrition of the internal organs and skin: a person loses weight, his skin wrinkles, his hair quickly turns gray, he looks prematurely aged beyond his age.
Emotional manifestations
Depending on the direct form of experiences, direction, duration, severity, tension and source of occurrence, emotional manifestations are divided into: sensual tone, mood, feeling, passion, affect and emotional stress states.
Sensual tone – a relatively constant, general, undifferentiated emotional background against which mental processes proceed.
It reflects the degree and quality of a person's attitude to the object as a whole. The source of a sensual tone that does not have its own content is the direct sensation or perception of individual objects or the world as a whole. Sensual tone provides completeness, brightness of direct perception of the surrounding reality and underlies the awareness of the subjective affiliation of mental processes.
Moodthis is a long, relatively balanced and stable emotional state, which does not reach significant intensity and does not have significant fluctuations over a sufficiently long period, coloring individual mental processes and human behavior.
Mood determines the general somatic tone and the general state of the external environment. The duration of a positive or negative mood is from several hours to several days and even weeks. Mood provides an appropriate level of vitality. If there were no balancing regulator in emotional activity, which ensures a relatively stable mood, then a person would be constantly in the grip of constantly arising emotions and feelings and would not be able to productive activity. Similar phenomena are observed in the clinic with painful disorders.
Feeling– an emotional attitude that is characterized by a relatively clear limitation in time, the intensity of experiences and reflects a specific meaningful subjective assessment by a person of a certain object.
Passion– a persistent, strong feeling that dominates other human impulses and leads to a concentration on the subject of passion of all aspirations and forces. The reasons for the formation of passion are varied. They can be determined by conscious ideological beliefs or come from bodily desires, have a pathological origin.
Passion can be accepted, sanctioned by a person, or it can be condemned by it, experienced as something undesirable, obsessive. A sign of passion is its effectiveness, the fusion of volitional and emotional moments.
Studying the typology of a particular personality, one can always come to the conclusion that certain passions play huge role when choosing a profession. The passions themselves can be divided into cheerful, sad and mixed. Chronic diseases of the stomach, viscera, liver, pancreas, spleen, melancholy, hypochondria are most produced by ambition, jealousy, envy, or prolonged or deep grief. Out of 100 cancer patients, 90 owe its occurrence to sad moral upheavals. Passion for learning, knowledge produces many diseases: indigestion, difficult digestion, gastric inflammation, insomnia, hemorrhoids, hypochondria, nervous irritability, adversely affect the soul and body.
Four dominant passions divide human life among themselves: gluttony in childhood, love in adolescence, ambition in adulthood, stinginess in old age.
Passion. In church psychology, the theory of passions is considered in the following order. The misuse of the senses is hedonism, activity towards enjoyment. Bodily feelings become the material substratum of passions as extreme manifestations of hedonism. The spiritual substratum of passion is the activity of the two forces of the soul: the desirable and the sensitive. Passion is characterized by excess, increased activity of the desired part of the soul, desire, attraction, not justified by the normal physiological needs of the body.
Passion is an unnatural attraction and desire. The strength of passionate attraction and desire, in comparison with natural attraction and desire, lies in the fact that another part of the soul also participates in the impulses, namely the irritable and sensitive part, thymos; it is the main force of the soul, its energy principle. The second feature of passion is excess, an increased tone of feeling that exceeds the normal physiological level. In this abnormal, elevated activity in passion, these forces of the soul lose their original features of rationality and naturalness and become unreasonable, making together the unreasonable human soul.
The intensification of the functions of the unreasonable soul in passions is accomplished mainly due to the participation of this activity and the mind itself, and, to a large extent, fantasy. Mind and fantasy stimulate and excite, on the one hand, external feelings, that is, the material, bodily substratum of passion, and on the other hand, they increase the tone of the desirable and irritable part of the soul, that is, the spiritual substratum of passion.
The mind enjoys together with the senses and the soul and becomes itself sensitive and passionate.
The forces of the spirit are also involved in the unnatural activity of the body and soul. The will begins to serve the passions and becomes a carnal, voluptuous (hedonic) will, according to Isaac, and the energy goes almost entirely into passion, leaving no room for spiritual activity.
Higher power become coarse and become like the lower ones; spiritual forces are likened to spiritual ones, and spiritual ones to bodily ones.
The spirit and soul become like flesh, become passive, follow the passions of the senses and fantasy. Nicodemus Agiorite says that "the body, through the senses and sensual pleasures, tried to make the mind and spirit flesh."
Gregory of Sinai and Maximus the Confessor add to these passions arrogance, extravagance, injustice, love of the worldly, man's attachment to life, oppression and hatred.
Gregory of Sinai singles out a special kind of spiritual passions in the form of fantastic formations in the intellect. These intellectual passions emerge from the subconscious into consciousness in the form of fantasies in intellectual-imaginative contemplation and constitute the main content of the speculative mysticism of the East and West, testifying to the incompleteness of catharsis and the inferiority of the concentration of the mind in speculative asceticism.
The new philosophy and psychology speak of passion as an intensified and habitual desire, as an inclination (Kant), a disposition (Herbart) associated with an idea (thoughts), a tendency to pleasures and desires (Beneke), affect (Fichte), emotions (Ribot), volitional habit (Yodl). Wundt does not distinguish affect from passion. Although in these definitions there are some indications of the modification of mental movements, nothing is said about the genesis of passions.
The definition of passions should follow from the understanding of the essence of passion, as follows from the process of complex formation of passion. The essence of passion lies in the increased hypertrophied sensitivity of the body and soul (external and internal essence), with hypertrophied imagination (fantasy). According to Maximus the Confessor, the reprehensibility and unnaturalness of passion lies in restlessness, in the confusion of the soul, and there is a disease, and dispassion is peace of the soul. According to John of the Ladder, passion is a bad, evil use of the senses, and this use is from the mind.
In his definition of passion, Isaac proceeds from the concept of the world and identifies the world and passions: “The world is a collective name that embraces passions. When we want to name the passions, we call them world; when we want to distinguish between them, we call them passions. The passions are part of the continuity of the flow of the world. This world is inconceivable without passions, and the cessation of passions would mean the end of this world and the advent of a new age, another world. Therefore, ascetic renunciation of the world is renunciation of passions, and vice versa. On the basis of the ancient church teaching on passions, the following definition of passion can be given. Passion is a trimeric (spiritual-soul-bodily) complex, it is a mixture of catastatically changed, metaschematized (perverted), unnaturally applied, hedonically-affectively aspiring forces of the human trimeria, united according to the laws of associative and conditionally reflective activity.
Of the spiritual passions, pride, vanity and pride, or selfishness, are in the first place.
Pride. Pride marks the deepest stage of human fall, and its extreme manifestation is opposition to God, theomachy. The classic example is the ancient titanism and prometheism, not alien to the ordinary generation of people. Historical examples human pride, witnessed in the Bible, are the building of the Tower of Babel, Nebuchadnezzar, Cambyses and others who paid for pride. In pride, selfishness and selfishness, self-confidence and self-assertion are most noticeable and intense.
According to ascetic teaching, pride is more pernicious than all other passions and vices. According to John of the Ladder, "pride is the denial of God and the source of anger."
Vanity. Nilus of Sinai considers this passion the beginning of the delusion of the mind, trying to embrace the Divine in images and forms. Therefore, complete formlessness and insensitivity of the mind is recommended in prayer. “Vanity and pleasure are the matter of the mind” (Mark the Ascetic).
self-love. The exceptional significance of passion in pathogenesis was expressed by Nilus of Sinai: "Self-love is the nurse of passions." According to Isaac, "before all passions - self-love." Isaac considers self-love to be the basis, soil, source and root of all passions. Self-love is the root of egoism and egocentrism, eros directed at oneself.
Despair. When pride and pride are hurt and there is no food for vanity, when the powers of the mind and soul are exhausted, then despair comes. “The sensual mind plunges itself into the abyss of despair through thoughts” (Gregory of Nyssa).
Despair is associated with other passions, with despondency, cowardice, sadness. The root of despair is often eudaimonic, from the inability to enjoy the blessings of life, from an overabundance and rejection of suffering, from the fear of life's trials. Desperation sometimes leads to suicide. Despair also has its metaphysics in the form of pessimism, Eastern and Western. Western pessimism is dominated by the eudaimonic motif, while Eastern pessimism is dominated by the rejection of suffering in general.
Laziness. Sloth and idleness are states of the soul and spirit. According to a popular saying, laziness is the mother of vices. Isaac speaks of idleness: “Beware, beloved, of idleness, because in it is hidden a known death ... On that day, God will judge us not about the psalms, our not leaving prayer, but because by letting go of this, an entrance is given to demons. Having found a place for themselves in the lazy soul of the idle, demons push him to other sins. Laziness is also condemned in the gospel parable of the talents.
Gluttony. Nilus of Sinai puts gluttony at the head of all passions for the following reasons: “A dry diet creates a sober mind, and a liquid one floods the mind. An overloaded stomach gives rise to shameful thoughts. Temperance creates prudence, and the influx of blood causes the outflow of the spirit. And Isaac says: "From gluttony is born rebellion of thoughts."
The glutton Falstaff is full of shameful thoughts. Poetry and the art of gluttony were undoubtedly embodied in Lucullus.
Voluptuousness. This passion, which is most characteristic of the lustful part of the soul, is characteristic not only of man, but also of the supermundane, cosmic hierarchy of spirits and the prince of this world, the "sons of disobedience." "You want to fulfill the lusts of your father the devil." Lust, like other soul-bodily passions, is complicated by the participation of pleasure. In the form of voluptuousness, voluptuousness and lust, lust is expressed in hypersexuality with all its perversions and leads to the sin of adultery. The infernal aspect of voluptuousness found its ultimate expression in literary type Don Juan.
Anger. Among the thymic passions, the ancient church writers put anger in the first place, according to its destructive effect on the entire mental structure of a person. The psychological underpinning of anger is self-love. When the source of self-pleasure escapes, when there is an obstacle to the realization of personal goals and aspirations, when the will comes into conflict with another will, the passion of anger arises. Anger comes from selfish motives, is determined not by reason, but by other passions. At the basis of angry passion (affect) is irritability as a function of the sensitive part of the soul-ti-mosa, which is very sensitive to all vibrations of the mind. In the passionate activity of the mind, the function of thymos changes, turning into irritability. Irritability, in turn, clouds the mind. It turns out an unnatural vicious circle. “Irritability is a fickle movement of temper and decency in the soul,” says John of the Ladder. The psychophysiological basis of irritability and anger is the disordered activity of thymos. When irritability reaches the maximum physiological level, an outburst of anger sets in as a disruptive reaction. In its swiftness and storminess, anger is destructive. It disturbs spiritual and spiritual balance more than all other passions, brings confusion, disorder, eliminates prudence, blinds the mind and dulls all living feelings, excludes patience and meekness.
Abba Dorotheos says: “Excitement is a smoke that excites and weakens the heart. This little ember (anger) must be put out so that the excitement does not come out. Where there is no anger, there the struggle ceases. Who held back the anger, he kept the demon. Where there is sympathy, love and humility, there is no anger.” Diadochus says: “The depth of the soul is disturbed by anger, and the contemplative mind suffers. When the soul is agitated with anger, the mind cannot be restrained. Anger shakes the soul more than other passions.
According to Nile of Sinai, "anger is the father of insanity." Anger devastates the soul (Mark the Ascetic). Anger is associated with pride. Hot temper is an instant inflammation of the heart (John of the Ladder).
Sadness and despondency. After an angry reaction in the form of a weakening and decline of mental energy, new affective states of sadness and despondency may arise. According to ascetic teaching, sadness cannot find access to the soul if there are no other passions that testify to love or passion for the worldly, a tendency to pleasure, since it is the absence of all this that can lead to sadness and despondency. He who is bound by sadness is overcome by passions. Sorrow and despondency are incompatible with love for God and neighbor, with calmness and meekness. With egocentrism, sadness can turn into a gloomy and hopeless longing, leading to apathy, inactivity, despair and spiritual death. If sadness is regulated by the mind, then it is expressed in the consciousness of the imperfection of life and human nature and can serve as an incentive for spiritual improvement. There is “sorrow for God,” which does not relax the mind and soul, but, on the contrary, leads to spiritual activity and asceticism. John of the Ladder says: "Despondency is the exhaustion of the soul, the relaxation of the mind." Isaac says: "Despondency is from the hovering of the mind, and the hovering of the mind is from idleness, reading, vain conversations, or from satiety of the womb."
Cowardice. Cowardice is associated with despondency: “When it pleases God to subject a person to great sorrows, he allows him to fall into the hands of cowardice. And it generates in a person the force of despondency that overcomes him, in which he feels the suppression of the soul ... Hence, thousands of temptations: embarrassment, irritation, blasphemy, complaints about fate, perverse thoughts, relocation from one place to another ... The healing of all this is one : humility of heart.
Sorrow. Emotional grief is similar to cowardice and despair. Voluntary acceptance of sorrow is the path to perfection. “Everyone who comes to endure tribulation is first strengthened by faith, and then comes to tribulation” (Isaac). Such sorrow is a virtue and in the struggle against passions it occupies one of the first places. “Sorrows and dangers kill voluptuousness, but peace nourishes and returns them.”
Hatred. Diadochus says: “Anger and hatred shake the soul most of all. As long as there is hatred in the soul, gnosis (knowledge) is impossible.”
Physiological affect– this is an extremely pronounced, but short-term emotion, a strong and relatively short-term emotional state associated with a sharp change in important life circumstances for the subject, accompanied by pronounced motor manifestations and changes in the functions of internal organs.
An affect is a strong emotional reaction that suddenly takes possession of a person, proceeding with violent pantomimic, vegetative manifestations and accompanied by manifestations of a violation of control over one's actions.
Affect arises in response to an event that has already occurred. Affect is based on the state experienced by a person. internal conflict, generated either by contradictions between his inclinations, aspirations, desires, or contradictions between the requirements that are presented to a person or he makes them to himself, and the possibilities to fulfill these requirements.
The state of affect is characterized by a narrowing of consciousness, in which the attention of the subject is completely absorbed by the circumstances that gave rise to the affect and the actions imposed on them. The affect develops in critical conditions when the subject is unable to find an adequate way out of dangerous or unexpected situations. Possessing the properties of a dominant, affect inhibits mental processes not related to it and imposes one or another stereotypical way of resolving the situation - stupor, flight, aggression, etc.
An affect is such a state when the arising feeling for a short moment, as it were, escapes the influence of reason. There are affects of rage, jealousy, anger, joy, etc. The affect is usually accompanied by a violent motor reaction.
In contrast to the physiological affect, in a number of disease states, there is pathological effect. A person who is in a state of pathological affect loses the ability to control his actions, to be accountable for his actions and does not remember what he did during the period of affect (amnesia). He can commit a crime, up to the murder of a person who caused such a state in him; commit suicide. Pathological affect is observed in persons suffering from psychopathy, epilepsy, organic brain damage.
One of the affective reactions of a person is agitation, manifested in response to a threat to life, an emergency, and other psychogenic factors. Agitation manifests itself in the form of intense restlessness, anxiety, loss of focus in action. With agitation, a person’s movements become fussy, while he is able to perform only simple automated actions, there is a feeling of emptiness and lack of thoughts, the ability to reason, to establish complex causal relationships between phenomena is disturbed. This is accompanied by obvious autonomic disturbances, such as pallor, rapid breathing, palpitations, sweating, hand tremors, etc. Agitation is rated as prepathological condition within the boundaries of the psychological norm. Agitation is often perceived as confusion in emergency situations among risky professions, the military, etc.
Emotionally stressful state is an emotional reaction that reflects a person's attitude to reality in situations that cause emotional stress. These states are manifested in a certain behavioral reaction, which is called emotional stress.
It should be noted that in certain diseases, positive emotions have a beneficial effect on the course of the disease, and negative emotions aggravate the course of diseases.
Pathology of emotions and feelings
Emotional manifestations can also be pathological. Various reasons contribute to this. The source of pathological emotions can be character traits and related emotional relationships. For example, timidity as a character trait can significantly influence the occurrence pathological state of fear and anxiety, in a demanding person, dissatisfaction of desires can cause a reaction anger and undemanding - compliance, submission; at the same time, anger can cause a painful state of overexcitation, and after compliance, a painful reaction may occur nervous system.
It should be noted that emotional pathology is important among various mental disorders. Here it is necessary to note the importance of emotional excitability, for example, a decrease in emotional excitability, to the extent that even strong stimuli do not cause emotions, which is called sensual dullness, the opposite increased emotional excitability, when even weak stimuli cause violent emotional reactions which is characteristic of neurasthenia.
Emotional disorders include mood disorders, such as: depression, dysphoria, euphoria.
Depression- an affective state characterized by a negative emotional background, a change in the motivational sphere, cognitive representations and general passivity of behavior.
Subjectively, a person in a state of depression experiences severe, painful emotions and experiences, such as depression, melancholy, despair. Attractions, motives, volitional activity are reduced. Against the background of depression, thoughts of death arise, self-abasement, suicidal tendencies appear. In addition to the oppressed-depressed mood, ideational - mental, associative - and motor retardation are characteristic. Depressed patients are inactive. For the most part, they sit in a secluded place with their heads bowed. Various conversations are painful for them. Self-esteem is reduced. Changed the perception of time, which is painfully long.
There are functional states of depression that are possible in healthy people within the normal range. mental functioning, and pathological, which are one of the psychiatric syndromes. A less pronounced condition is called subdepression.
subdepression- a decrease in mood, not reaching the degree of depression, is observed in a number of somatic diseases and neuroses.
Dysphoria- low mood with irritability, anger, gloominess, increased sensitivity to the actions of others, with a tendency to outbursts of aggression. Occurs in epilepsy. Dysphoria is most characteristic in organic diseases of the brain, in some forms of psychopathy - explosive, epileptoid.
Euphoria- increased joyful, cheerful mood, a state of complacency and carelessness, which does not correspond to objective circumstances, in which mimic and general motor animation, psychomotor arousal are observed. Everything around is perceived in bright rainbow colors, all people seem charming and kind. Another symptom is ideational excitement: thoughts flow easily and quickly, one association revives several at once, memory gives out rich information, but attention is unstable, extremely distracted, as a result of which the ability for productive activity is very limited. The third symptom is motor excitation. Patients are in constant motion, they take on everything, but do not bring anything to the end, interfere with those around them with their services and help.
The instability of emotions manifests itself as emotional lability. Emotional lability characterized by a slight change in mood from somewhat sad to elevated without any significant reason. It is often observed in diseases of the heart and blood vessels of the brain or against the background of asthenia after suffering somatic diseases, etc.
Emotional ambivalence characterized by the simultaneous existence of opposite emotions. At the same time, a paradoxical change in mood is observed, for example, misfortune causes a joyful mood, and a joyful event causes sadness. It is observed in neuroses, character accentuations and some somatic diseases.
There is also ambivalence of feelings- inconsistency, inconsistency of several simultaneously experienced emotional relations to some object. The ambivalence of feelings in a typical case is due to the fact that individual features of a complex object affect the needs and values of a person in different ways, a special case of ambivalence of feelings is a contradiction between stable feelings towards an object and situational emotions developing from them.
In addition, it may be observed emotion inadequacy, which can sometimes be expressed in schizophrenia, when the emotion does not correspond to the irritant that caused it.
Apathy- painful indifference to the events of the outside world, to one's condition; complete loss of interest in any activity, even your own appearance. The person becomes slovenly and untidy. People with apathy treat their relatives and friends coldly, indifferently. With relatively safe mental activity they lose the ability to feel.
Formation of human emotions essential condition his development as a person. Only when they become the subject of stable emotional relationships do ideals, duties, norms of behavior turn into real motives for activity. The extraordinary diversity of human emotions is explained by the complexity of the relationship between the objects of his needs, the specific conditions of occurrence and the activities aimed at achieving them.
Any emotion that a person experiences has an exciting effect on him. The nervous system is activated. All brain structures are immediately involved in this turbulent process. Of course, such an intense load cannot but affect the heart. Therefore, let's talk about matters of the soul, matters of the heart, diseases, sthenic and asthenic emotions, the psychology of which should become clear to you.
There are various classifications of emotions. But we will talk about those that negatively affect the condition and health of the heart, and try to find out how you can significantly reduce their negative impact.
From the point of view of influence on the heart, all emotions can be divided into three main groups: positive experiences, negative sthenic and negative asthenic emotions.
First of all, let's talk about negative emotions. They have a destructive effect on the heart muscle. These include: Stenic (malice, anger, rage and strong indignation), asthenic (feeling of longing, horror and fear).
Sthenic emotions appear and proceed against the background of increased activity, which consumes a large amount of energy. During this, processes in the body are activated, the work of muscles, nervous and cardiovascular systems is stimulated.
Asthenic emotions, unlike sthenic ones, cause suppression of energy, mental, intellectual activity and reduce muscle activity.
Thus, sthenic and asthenic experiences have different effects on the heart: For example, if the blood flow in the vessels of the heart muscle decreases with severe fright or melancholy, then with strong anger, anger and rage, the blood flow increases. According to scientists, both groups of emotions are a manifestation of one process that appears in the process of changing environmental conditions, and are a kind of response to these changes. This process is called - the state of tension (SN).
It is customary to distinguish 4 stages of CH:
Mobilization of body forces
At the first stage, the process of mobilization of forces and reserves of the body takes place in response to the situation that has arisen. At this time, there is an active stimulation of the activity of the nervous, endocrine and cardiovascular systems. The work of the brain is enhanced, the tone of the whole organism is increased, a large amount of energy is produced, the function of the muscular system is enhanced.
The mechanisms of probabilistic thinking are also strengthened. If the emotion is positive, inspiration and insight arise, which manifests itself in high creative activity.
Sthenic negative emotion
When a sthenic negative emotion occurs, if a critical situation arises that requires a large expenditure of energy, there is an increase in all body systems that interact with external environment. At this time, the tone, strength and endurance of the muscles sharply increase. There is a sharp mobilization of all energy processes. Blood pressure rises, ventilation of the lungs rises, adrenaline is released. Of course, this cannot but affect the activity of the heart.
In contrast to the stage of mobilization, here all processes occur rapidly and excessively, moreover, they are not always adequate to the situation.
Asthenic negative emotion
During this experience, the body "believes" that an emergency situation has arisen and the available resources may not be enough to adequately respond. Therefore, there is no mobilization of resources and forces. In this regard, a sharp decrease in activity begins: working capacity decreases, the tone of the body decreases, mental fatigue appears, and inhibition of thought processes.
At this time, immunological reactions decrease, the process of cell renewal is inhibited. Cases of temporary memory loss are noted, the ability to rational thinking making decisions appropriate to the situation. With strong fear, only the mental ability is often suppressed, but motor activity is stimulated. A very frightened person begins to spend a huge amount of energy, performing unnecessary and mostly useless actions, that is, he falls into a panic.
Neurosis
This is the last stage of HF, in which the balance of processes in the cerebral cortex is disturbed. The “vegetative storm” described above, which restructures the activity of the organism, turns into “chaos”. If in the first case, certain organs and systems of the body are excited or inhibited, then in the second, in a state of chaos, absolutely all processes change. Performance drops sharply, behavioral reactions and actions completely change. The functions of all internal organs, especially the heart, are disturbed, diseases begin to develop.
The described system helps to understand the mechanism of development of a stressful state, determines the factors leading to it, and most importantly, helps to understand and develop methods to combat these conditions.
How to deal with the consequences of negative emotions?
Since negative emotions have a negative state on the work of the heart, they can and should be corrected. The first, mobilization stage does not require special correction, since it does not contribute to the accumulation of negative health effects.
At the stage of sthenic emotions, physiological relaxation and physical activity are required: Fast walking, light running or regular physical exercises and a walk in the fresh air are useful. It is useful to drink infusions of soothing herbs (valerian, motherwort). In some cases, it is recommended to take tranquilizers (Relanium, Seduxen).
A person who knows how to respond to a stressful state should regularly take B vitamins. Before emerging stresses, for example, before exams, an annual report, etc., it is recommended to take a small amount of sedatives and herbal infusions.
In the event of asthenic negative emotions, first of all, it is necessary to increase the tone of the body, and most importantly, the nervous system to a possibly normal level. In this case, physical activity is unlikely to help relieve stress. Here you need the help of drugs that stimulate metabolic processes. These drugs include riboxin, cocarboxylase, pyridoxal phosphate. Often such people are recommended drugs containing phospholipids: Essentiale, lipostabil.
To stimulate nervous processes, you can use products containing phospholipids: piracetam, nootropil.
In addition, it is useful to take vitamin complexes. Multivitamins have antioxidant properties. Such people are recommended full deep sleep. From medicinal plants, instead of valerian and motherwort, it is better to take infusions from hawthorn or peony. They do not enhance the processes of inhibition in the brain. And of course, at this stage, one cannot do without the help of a professional psychologist or psychotherapist.
