Death medallion. Direct and indirect evidence in establishing the personality of a serviceman
Direct and indirect evidence in establishing the personality of a serviceman.
All findings to establish information about their owners are classified for direct and indirect evidence in identifying their owner.
Personal finds (spoons, mugs, boilers, etc.) are indirect evidence in establishing the personality of the victims.
To establish the belonging of the remains to a specific person and the name of the deceased, it is necessary to have finds, which are direct evidence of this, namely: documents certifying the personality of the serviceman. Such finds for military personnel of the Republic of Redek, first of all, are mortal medallions, and for the servicemen of the Wehrmacht - identification tokens. Along with mortal medallions, direct evidence in establishing the personality of the deceased military service are the identity documents issued by various instances and departments in the name of a specific person, provided that this document is detected together with the remains and subsequent confirmation of any sources about the fact And the place of the death of this person. Such documents can be the Red Army book, military ID, various references, party and Komsomolsk tickets, etc.
Even in such a find, you can establish the name and fate of the soldier.
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The personality of the serviceman can also be established by the detected number government awards and the registration numbers of combat vehicles. Mortal medallions. The soldier's mortal medallion was used to identify the personality of military personnel in the RKKE long before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War And he was introduced by order of the RVS of August 14, 1925 No. 856 as a document certifying. The medallion was issued to everyone enrolled on military service, regardless of the kind of troops. The first samples of medallions were made in the form of a flat tin box, the size of 50x33x4 mm with a braid to wear on the neck. Inside the box was invested the standard form to fill in data on its owner - FULL NAME, year and place of birth, place of call and address of the nearest relative. Usually indicated, wife, mother or father. IN war time Other forms of capsules were manufactured. At some factories, the capsule covers were made with an eye for braid, which made it possible to wear a capsule on the neck. In blockade Leningrad, they were produced round, from a porous plastics, which, unfortunately, absorbs moisture, and therefore the form in such a capsule is very poorly saved. During the search you can also meet a wooden and metal capsule. Metal capsules were made round and rectangular. Due to the unavailability of information about the events of those years, a version was born that lives today. Say, among the soldiers there existed a total superstition - we carry a mortal medallion with him, which means you will be killed. Therefore, many soldiers of these "suicide bumps" simply threw or filled the liner blanks. In fact, in difficult front conditions, practical soldiers have found the use of medallion capsules for other purposes. For example, if you cut the bottom of the capsule and shock the insert with a thin hole, then the mouthpiece will turn out, and you can smoke a precious tobacco without a residue. And the liner itself, in extreme cases, could come in handy for self-tutor. In a whole capsule, it is convenient to store sewing and pactaphonic needles, threads and other small household items. Including sometimes vital. Cases of detection in capsules of fishery hooks are known. |
But these are not the main causes of the lack of medallions of the dead.
One of the main reasons is imperfection and a frequently changing system of accounting for the personnel of the Red Army. What is convincingly evidenced by the Table of Chronology of NAO orders regarding the accounting of personnel and irrevocable losses of the Red Army.
| date | Order NGO | |
| 01/24/1917 | World War I. The cervical sign is introduced to identify the killed and wounded. | |
| 08/14/1925 | Led medallion. It is issued on arrival at the part simultaneously with the service (Krasnoarmeysky) book. | |
| 08/25/1937 | Medallion canceled. The Red Army Book remained. | |
| 12/21/1939 | Order No. 238. The medallion and instructions on the procedure for using medallions in wartime are introduced. | |
| 06/20/1940 | Red Army book and mortal medallion canceled. | |
| 03/15/1941 | A medallion has been introduced and a new provision on personal accounting losses and burials of the deceased personnel in wartime. The provision of the Order No. 238 of December 21, 39 was taken as the basis of the document. | |
| 10/07/1941 | The Red Army book was introduced in addition to the medallion. | |
| 11/17/1942 | Medallion canceled. Motivation is enough Red Army book. Some servicemen during 1943 on personal initiative continued to store medallions. |
As can be seen from the table, ordinary and sergeant composition of the Red Army during Finnish war And until the spring of 1941, there were no documents certifying the personality on legal grounds. The results of the Finnish campaign showed the inadmissibility of such a situation. Despite the attempt to correct the situation, by virtue of various circumstances (non-radiation, confusion of the start of war, etc.), including almost all of 1941, the servicemen remained without medallions, which no less convincingly testify the results of the search work. In search practice, very rarely owners of found medallions were taken into account by the dead or missing in the 41st. The main reason for this is the overwhelming number of military personnel medallions have not yet been issued. The state of affairs was corrected only with the stabilization of the front and restoration of factories and factories. As a result, identifying medallions more or less regularly issued for not full of 1942. And war, as you know, lasted four years. This is one of the main reasons for the lack of medallions from the dead.
Contrary to superstition, the soldiers sought not to be unidentified in the event of death, and relatives or relatives were notified of their fate. Many facts speak convincingly. For example, in the absence of a capsule of soldiers in its capacity, a cartridge sleeve was used.
In the absence of a standard blank, the fighters were recorded on any piece of paper.
Another, no less important, the cause of the lack of mortal medallions in the dead - precomply execution of a system of accounting for irrevocable losses in the Red Army.
According to the situation of the NGO, which determines the procedure for harvesting corpses from the battlefields and their burial, the funeral team before the burial of the corpses, to tear one instance of the form to transfer to the headquarters as confirming the fact of the death of a serviceman and accounting losses. The second instance, in order not to diskete the corpses, prescribed to put back to the capsule and leave the killed in the pocket (see below the document text). In difficult combat conditions, which were particularly different for the first two years of the war, this condition was often performed well, and was often not fulfilled at all. Funeral teams, which in the staffing of parts did not exist, did not always seem to be buried properly. This explains the presence of many "rigid" killed and somehow buried in the "Primary" graves.
The liners of the medallones were very often seized without breaking the halves (empty capsules), and more often they were simply taken together with a capsule. This is the third circumstance explaining that most of the remains of the dead are detected without medallions or with empty capsules. The latter circumstance suggests that the dead found without medallions, for the most part of the accounting documents, are not missing, but killed and even buried.
The presence of empty capsules at the remains has other reasons. For example, in a soldier capsule put a non-standard note that was extracted by the funeral team.
The following is a slightly reduced text of the Provision on Personal Accounting Losses and the burial of the deceased personnel of the Red Army in wartime, declared with the Order No. 138 of March 15, 1941 on the introduction of the position and supply of troops with medallions and deposit sheets.
Section 1.
General.
1.1. Personal accounting of losses and burials of the deceased personnel of the Red Army in wartime determines the system of personal accounting of losses on the fronts, the order of the burial of the victims and establishes the rules for notifying the population of the country about the fate of their relatives - the military personnel of the army.
1.3. The notice of the family of the deceased serviceman is a document for initiating a petition for the appointment of a pension.
Section 2.
Personal accounting in military units, compounds and institutions of the Red Army.
2.4. Each commander and the boss, ranging from the commander of the department and above, under any fighting conditions are obliged to lead the accurate account of the personal composition of the subordinate to him, part.
In personal accounting should be indicated: in what battles and where the fighter participated, the youngest commander, as he behaved in these battles (Herbra - was devoted to his homeland; coward is a deserter).
At loss of part (by injury, illness), the characteristic about the behavior of the fighter in battle should be concentrated in the headquarters, parts.
2.5. Arriving replenishment in the division and part takes on personalized accounting before entering it into battle ...
2.6. At the end of each fight, the division commander, the part checks the personnel and immediately informs the team of irretrievable losses.
Accounting at the headquarters of the shelf (separate part).
2.11. Personal accounting of losses in the regiment headquarters and a separate part are made by personal lines of personal losses in the divisions that are part of the shelf (separate part), and on the basis of checking the personnel of some units to the sample.
2.12. After accurately establishing personal losses by strict control, the headquarters of the regiment announces in the order on the shelf the list of left the regiment, makes changes to the regiment headquarters accounting documents and represents every three days a list of personal losses of the entire personnel of the regiment at the division headquarters (form 2).
2.13. On the establishment of the death of the military personnel and the place of his burial, the headquarters of the regiment (separate part) immediately sends the notice (form 4, "funeral" - approx. Auth.) Directly relatives at their place of residence - on the staff of the frame (personnel servicemen, as a rule, officers - approx. auth.) and the younger natching of the superior service; In the District Military Commissariat - on the ordinary and junior primary composition of the urgent service and stock.
2.14. Military personnel, missing, are taken into account in the regiment headquarters for 15 days as temporarily retired. ..
After a 15-day term, missing losses are recorded in the list of irrevocable losses, are excluded from the part of the part with the team report.
After 45 days, relatives are notified of the missing disappearance. If subsequently, the fate of missing military personnel is clarified, then they immediately communicate additional information as a team and RVK or relatives.
2.15. The commander of the regiment (separate part) is fully responsible for the accurate accounting of losses in the shelf and for the timeliness of reports on losses in the division headquarters.
Approx. The author - such an order worked well in the rear parts and aviation, in the infantry, especially during the period of active hostilities, in 15 and 45 days a lot has changed and did not have time, which is one of the reasons for not receiving many relatives of notices.
Accounting at the Department of Division (Brigades), Corps.
2.16. Personal accounting of losses in the division headquarters (brigades), the corps are made by personal lists of personal losses of parts that are part of the division (brigades), housing, on the liners of medallions seized in servicemen who died in the Division's action band, and by personal lists of personal losses of personal The composition of the department of division (brigades), housing.
2. 17. After establishing personal losses by strict control, the division headquer, the housing is drawn up personal lists (form 2a) of irretrievable losses (killed, died from wounds missing and captured, approx. Auth. - Numerical data) for all parts , including the rear institutions that are part of the division (brigades) and are sent three times a month to 1, 10 and 20th day of each month in the management of the staff of the Mach Staff of the Red Army (GUK). The headquarters of the case presents personal lines of losses only for the control of the housing, body parts and rear healing institutions directly subordinate to the case.
Approx. Auto - Similar requirements for accounting were prescribed by the headquarters of armies, fronts and medical institutions.
Accounting in the district (urban) military commissariat.
2.25. The district (urban) military commissar received notices from the military units on the dead, who died from the Russian Academy of Sciences, the missing soldiers leaves for accounting, and relatives of the serviceman issues a notice from the Railoenkomat (form 4) ...
2.26. In the case of the return of the serviceman from the front, which was sent by the notice of the military unit as on the deceased, RVC finds out the reason for his return and immediately informs the management of the military-headquarters of the general headquarters, at the same time establishes the correctness of his family's retirement.
2.27. Railienk systematically monitors the correctness of the appointment and issuing a pension to the families of the victims of military personnel.
Approx. Auto The position of pension is currently legal. Native found by search engines of the dead, according to discovered documents of missing documents, have a legal right to a petition for the accrual of pensions and compensation over the past years.
Section 3.
Appointment of medallions with information about military personnel.
3.28. To account for losses of personnel in wartime and in order to grant skills in the storage of the medallion, in peacetime, each serviceman from the moment of arrival in the part is issued a medallion with a deposit sheet in two copies, which is recorded in the dwell certificate and is stored before dismissal .
The presence of a medallion and the correctness of the filling of the liner is periodically checked in the Red Army and the younger natch in the morning inspection, and in the superior composition - when the part is released in the field, on tactical classes.
When transferring a serviceman to another part of the medallion is entered into the worker certificate of the serviceman.
The medallion is worn in a special pocket, sewing on the outside of the belt of trousers (on the right side).
The medallion liner is filled in two copies. One copy of the liner of the medallion from the killed and the dead from the Russian Academy of Sciences is removed and stored in the headquarters of a part or a medical institution, and the second copy, folded into the medallion, remains when killed or deceased from the Russian Academy of Sciences.
3.29. Commands, adjusted to clean the battlefields, take out one instance of the medallion liner with the killed and transmit to the headquarters of the part, the order of which they produced cleaning the battlefield.
3.30. On the death of a soldier reports that part in which he was transferred by teams after cleaning the battlefield of the layout of a medallion shot from the killed, regardless of which part belongs to the soldier.
3.31. Inserts seized from medallions from killed servicemen, commander parts stored in the headquarters of the part, based on their lists (form 2) and are sent to the division headquarters. Separate parts that are not part of the division represent lists (f. 2) to the headquarters of that compound to which they directly subordinate.
3.32. About the persons who died from injured in the path of treatment in medical institutions, the head of transport, accompanying them, is obliged to report in detail to the person who receives the wounded, about the number of dead in the way, where they are left for burial (or buried) and whose order and where they will be buried . One copy of the liner of the medallion, filmed from the deceased in the path, gives up a person hosting wounded. In the absence of a medallion, the accompanying deceased in the way is obliged to take measures to establish the identity of the deceased. The head of therapeutic institution about the dead in the way is submissive (Form 3) on a par with the dead in the hospital.
Section 4.
Accounting for losses in the management of troops of the General Staff of the Red Army.
3.33. Personal accounting of losses of the personnel of the Red Army (killed, those who died from the Russian Academy of Sciences, who have lost captivity) focuses on managing the staff of the Red Army.
3.34. The management of the staffing of the troops is assigned:
- lead personal accounting of the losses of the Red Army for individual parts and compounds (division, brigade, corps, army, front) and reference card files of losses of the personnel of the Red Army during the fighting;
- draw up alphabetic lists of losses of the personnel of the Red Army and give references at the request of relatives and institutions about those killed on the front ...
Deputy Head.
General Staff of the Red Army
Lieutenant-General V. Sokolovsky.
Tsamam RF, f. 4, op. 12, d. 97, l. 263-272. Script.
The document is given with some contractions, omitted section 5, which determines the order of the burial of those killed in battles.
In November 1942 for incomprehensible reasons, medallions were abolished, which led to an increase in the number of unidentified killed. The Red Army book remained as a certificate of personality and younger committee.
In order to facilitate the identification of the killed and seriously edged Army command of many countries, it was introduced for the soldiers to wearing special metal tags. The product in the form of a plate with the information engraved on it and about the place of his service today is known as an army token. In the people, these identification records are called "death medallions", "dog tags" or "suicide bombers".
The introduction of army toes allows you to forget about such a thing as the "Unknown Soldier", only in the army of those states in which strictly follow the wearing of these medallions.
Acquaintance with the "suicide"
The army token is a metal product on which a personal identification number is marked, the owner's blood group, part and a division in which soldiers carrying a service. In some "suicide bombs", another name and surname of the soldier are indicated.
Army token (photo of the identification medallion is presented in the article) is equipped with a special hole, with which the metal plate can be attached to the chain. Tag data on the neck are worn.
About the first identification products
According to some scientists, the birthplace of army toes is considered Ancient Greece. As "death medallions", the Spartans used small planks - Skitals, on which the warriors fit their names. Before the start of the battle of the Skitals tied to her hand.
About German "dog tags"
There is a legend that the army token was invented by the Berlin shoemaker in the 60s of the XIX century. With his two sons, which in the composition went to war, he gave two homemade tags made from tin. On them, the father pointed out the personal information of their children. The shoemaker expected that in the event of the death of sons, they would not remain unidentified. By his invention, he suggested that the Military Ministry of Prussia introduce such tags for all servicemen. However, the shoemaker unsuccessfully argued his proposal, leading an example with dog tags. This comparison did not like the Prussian king, however, after a while, after some time, it was still returned to this idea. As an experiment, tangny "dog tags" decided to apply for individual parts of the Prussian army.
After the Austrian Prussian War
In 1868, Prussian Medical General F. Loeffler wrote the book "Prussian Military Medical Service and its reform." In it, the author described in detail all the advantages of wearing soldiers and the officer composition of individual identification medallions. As an argument, he brought the sad experience of the Austro-Prussian war of 1866: out of 8893 human bodies managed to identify only 429. After such an argument, the Prussian military command was approved by all servicemen and officers "mortal medallions".
These products were made from tin. For them, a rectangular shape and rounded corners were characterized. The upper edge was equipped with two holes in which the cord was like. The desired information on the medallion was signed by the owner by the owner or local craftsmen. For officers, nominal army tokens with engraving were intended. The surface of the officer "suicide" was subjected to the procedure of chrome and silvering. At the top of the tin plate indicated the name and surname, below - the military unit. The officer of the medallions bought, for the soldiers, "suicide bombers" were free. Specked on the tantle number of the fighter and the name of the part.
Identification badges in the first world
In 1914, in Germany, the military command was refused to introduce only the name of the part and the personal number of the military personnel on medallions. Now the soldier had the right to indicate his name and surname. In addition, the "suicide" was denoted the date of birth and home address. The medallion also indicated the translation into a new part. The old number of the part has shocked. The standard size of the army token was approved: 7 x 5 cm. These dimensions were preserved until the end of the Great Patriotic War. In 1915 sample tokens were made from zinc alloy. Later in the production of identification medallions began to use duralumin.
How to wear tokens?
The medallions were worn on special laces with a length of 800 mm. However, as practice has shown, ideal seats for the tokens were the left inner pocket of the jacket and a special chest leather wallet. Checking the presence of identifying medallions in servicemen was carried out by Feldfelns, less often - officers. If the soldier had no personal token, then after disciplinary recovery, he was given a new one.
About the German tokens during the Second World War
Wehrmacht soldiers used identification tags made of zinc or brass. Since 1935, the tokens were mainly made of aluminum alloy. Since 1941, the production of "suicide bombers" from ordinary steel was established. The size of the toe varied in the range of 5 x 3 cm and 5 x 7 cm. The thickness was 1 mm. On the icons of the soldiers of the Nazi Navy, the name of the ship, the name, surname and the owner's number in the crew list were indicated. Parameters were envisaged: 5 x 3 cm. For ground Forces, SS and the Wehrmacht police were intended for zinc medal units of the 1915 sample. The lower edge of the token was equipped with an additional hole, with which it was possible to connect the broken identification icons into one ligament.
The Military Specialists of the Wehrmacht considered that to introduce the name, last name, date of birth and the home address of the owner is undesirable, since this information may take advantage of the opponent. In 1939, the standard German tokens of 1915 underwent some changes: only the military unit and the sequence number were now indicated on the icon. Later, in order to seal information about the military units, the corresponding 5- or 6-digit digital code was created for each of them. In 1940, letters oh, a, in or av to appear on the fascist "suicide bumps". They were designated a group of soldier.
About American "Dog Tags"
The standard token size was 5 x 3 cm. The thickness of the American medallion is 0.5 mm. In the manufacture of an identification product used white metal. The medallion was with rounded edges and smoothed edges. On it, with the help of machine embossing, only 18 letters were applied.
They were on five lines. The first indicated the name of the soldier. On the second - army serial number, the presence of vaccination against tetanus and blood type. On the third line - the name of the closest relative. On the fourth and fifth - home address. Since 1944, the last two lines by the decision of the US command were decided to remove. Also on American "suicide bomb" was indicated by the religion of its owner.
About medallions in the Red Army
Not metal tokens used in the Great Patriotic Soviet soldiers, but special, curly plastic pennels. All personal data of the fighter wrote on paper, after which she put it in the penalty. For this purpose, the Red Armyman could take advantage of both a special blank and a conventional paper sheet.
The fighter was supposed to arrange two instances. After his death, one remained in the mortal penalty, and relatives could get it. The second was intended for the Office. As azheton, the redarmeys used the lifeluses from ammunition. Handed out of the cartridge gunpowder, inside the sleeve, Soviet soldiers inserted notes with personal data, and the hole stuck the bullet. However, this method of storage is considered not the most successful. Water often got into the sleeve, as a result of which the paper was destroyed, and the text was impossible to read. Most of the Krasnoarmeys believed that the "mortal medallion" is bad sign, and therefore preferably wore it without note.
Our days
Today for military personnel of the Armed Forces of Russia, military formations and organs are intended army medallions made of Dural. A unique personal number of the soldier is applied on the plate. The place of issuing a "suicide" was the military commissariat. Also get it can both at the place of service.
About medallions from the workshop PROFF GREVER
The manufacture of army tokens to order is the main activity of this engrave workshop. Medallions here produce from brass, stainless steel and aluminum. Judging by consumer reviews, the product of any complexity can be ordered in PROFF GREVER. The masters in their work are used diamond mechanical engraving. For application of the inscriptions, a specially approved font is used, which meets all the requirements of Military Charter Russian Federation. The workshop is located in Moscow.
Under army tokens are also stylized very popular souvenir medallion in the style of the army tag will be a good gift for February 23.
The soldier's mortal medallion in the Red Army was introduced on 14.08.1925 and actually copied the "Landank" of the army tsarist Russia. The medallion was issued to everyone enrolled in military service, regardless of the kind of troops. The first samples of medallions were manufactured in the form of a flat tin box ("Laneanka"), the size of 50x33x4 mm with a cord eye when wearing on the neck. Inside the box was invested the standard form, and with its absence of any piece of paper with the owner's data. On the liner form there were following graphs: surname, name, patronymic, year of birth, military rank; Native: Republic, region, region, city, district, rural council, village; family address; Surname The name and patronymic of a relative; What a regional committee is called up; blood type. Pointing the name of the military unit in the medallion was prohibited. During the fighting, it became apparent that the tin medallion was not sealed, and the parchment liner quickly came into disrepair.
In connection with this order of the NGO of 03/15/1941, new medallions were introduced in the form of a textolite or ebonite six / octahedral or round cylindrical foam, inside of which a piece of paper with a fighter sheet was inserted inside. The length of the standard foam with a screw lid was 50 mm, width 14 mm, the inner diameter is 8 mm. The pencil could have an eye on the lid for the cord. Used either a special form, or a common handwritten note. The blank was filled in two copies. In the event of the death of a soldier, one copy went to the office of the part, the second remained with the body of the deceased. In wartime, other forms of capsules were manufactured. In blockade Leningrad, they were produced round, from a porous plastics that absorbed moisture, and therefore the form in such a capsule was poorly preserved. Metal capsules are made round and rectangular shape.
Homemade posthumous medallions are found, for which they used the sleeves from the cartridge to the Mosin rifle. Pulling the bullet, the soldier poured gunpowder, put a note in the sleeve, and then plugged the hole inverted the bullet. Wooden cases that were manufactured as handicraft arteels and servicemen themselves are also known. Such capsules were covered with varnish, and it was not long extended to their durability.
As the practice has shown, the medallions used in the Red Army turned out to be very impractical: water permeable, not heat-resistant. Handwritten notes were not always picky. In addition, many military personnel did not invest a note in the "mortal medallion", considering it a bad admission. A frequently changing system of accounting for the personal composition of the Red Army, which even during the war, then introduced identification signs, then canceled them, also adversely affected the obligation of military personnel to wear an identification mark. Officially, on the basis of regulatory documents, "mortal medallions" were issued only from the middle of 1941 to the end of 1942. During the rest of the war, the identification signs were worn by military personnel on their own initiative. As a result, unidentified irrevocable losses of military personnel during the war amounted to more than 40%. However, the main reason for such a nuclear attitude to the accounting of personnel and irretrievable losses in the Red Army, the system of insignificance of human life has been established since the serfdom. The postulate - women still give up - it acts today in the post-Soviet territories.
Ton of serviceman (death medallion)
- a sign that allows you to quickly identify those killed and wounded in combat conditions and therefore mandatory to wear with you for all servicemen.
A few words about the history of tokens.
According to the norms international lawThe state is obliged to carry financial responsibility in the event of the death of a military personnel during the fulfillment of military duties. At the same time, the fact of death should be officially confirmed and documented - otherwise, the deceased soldier or officer receives the status of "missing", which removes the obligation to pay material compensation from the official bodies. In addition, there is also the responsibility of another kind - to give the native body of the deceased or specify the place of its burial, for which the remains must be accurately identified. This goal is the army token - the easiest and most reliable identifier of the serviceman.
History of army The tokens began in the middle of the XIXVEK in Germany, when the Berlin shoemaker made for his sons going to war, tin tags with extruded information about owners so that in the event of their death, the remains could be easily identified. But the mass production and wearing the German servicemen of army tortions became possible only in the second world WarAs a result of the active official propaganda and the promise of a guaranteed payment of pensions to relatives of the deceased soldier or officer.
German soldier's tokens times of the First World War
The first German army tokens were rectangular, with a slightly rounded edges and two holes for the cord, and then accepted the form of an ellipse, divided by in the middle three slots so that the tag could be easily broken in half in the event of the owner's death. Information: The name, the number of the military unit and the home address was knocked out on both half of the token, which was first made from zinc alloy, and then from aluminum. 
Russian soldier's tokens appeared during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, when the personnel of the army received individual plates made of metal with a lace for wearing on the neck. The regiment, battalion, companies and personal number of the military were knocked out on the token. 
Later, in mid-January 1917, one of the last "commands" of the Russian emperor was a decree on a "special cervical sign for identifying killed or wounded" - a small metal Laneank with an eye for the braid, inside which a small piece of parchment was supposed to be military unit, owner name, his awards, religion and addresses.
At that time, the troops left only a small part of the manufactured tin medallions - the process of equipment of personnel by these identifiable signs was stopped by the October Revolution. 
Russian Ladian times of the First World War
In 1924, the royal cervical sign - the army medallion was "restored in rights" and was introduced into all units of the Red Army, with a small difference - the paper form was printed by the typographical way and information about the military unit was excluded from it. In addition, all identification data of a soldier or officer was recorded not by the owners themselves, but by staff writings. Army tokens of this sample existed to the Finnish military company, during which it turned out that the metal medallion was notchive and the liner sheet could quickly come into disrepair, so in March 1941, the metal container was replaced by an eight-marginal plastic cylinder, with a paper liner in two Copies in which the address, blood group and the name of the owner, as well as the name and surname of his closest relative. In November 1942, it was decided to withdraw army medallions from the supply of the army and a long time soldiers of the urgent service of identification tokens did not have.
The situation began to change with the emergence of numerous local conflictsFor example, in Tajikistan, the urgent service soldiers began to receive army tools with a personal identification number in the border troops. 
In 1995, they were considered, but, unfortunately, not introduced into the practice of the proposal of the Military Memorials Association about the personal identification sign of military personnel - two metal plates with the personal number of the called, his blood group, the rees-factor and code of the region and the military commissariat, issued Tokens.
Therefore, taking care of your own number army medallion falls on the shoulders of the serviceman himself.
During the Great Patriotic War in the Red Army, instead of metal tags, twisting penaltifiers were used in which a piece of paper with a fighter paper was invested. Used either a special form, or a common handwritten note. The blank was filled in two copies. In the event of the death of the fighter, one copy went to the office, the second remained with the body and was transferred to relatives after burial.
As shown years, this method of storing personal information is not the most practical. Water penetrating over time inside the foam often destroys paper or leads it to such a state that the text is impossible to read. Conservation depends on the conditions in which there was a penalty and how well it was twisted. Using special techniques developed by search groups, penalties should be opened by a special way in order not to damage and not lose the information stored in it. First of all, this applies to the method of unfolding a twisted note.
US Army tokens
The first mass attempts of the Americans take care of the identification of the remains of servicemen relate to times Civil War. Most often for this, a paper or rag label was used, which wrote the necessary information and sewed to some part of the clothes. Those who were richer and prudent, ordered a round-shaped tokens from bronze or lead, sometimes they were made of flattened spherical bullets. They were the protothes of modern tokens.
From February 15, 1940, the tokens acquired almost the same kind that they have today. The tokens obtained a rectangular shape with rounded ends and new way Application - using a stamping machine. From one end, the tooth had a hole for the lace, and on the other - the recess for fixing it in the stamping machine and on the authorized wooden coffin. From November 1941, the tokens began to make a coil from alloy, he did not oxidized.
Currently, the order of filling the American army token has become as follows: The first line is the last name, the second is the name and initial initial, the third is the social insurance card number, the fourth is a blood group and a ray factor, the fifth - religion. Indicates only a positive Rhow factor (POS). Religions: Orthodox, Protestant, Baptist, Catholic, Hebrew, or No Preference (not believer).
In the marine infantry on the modern token, the first line is the last name, the second is the name and initial, the third is a personal room and a blood type, fourth - USMC, the size of the gas mask, the fifth - religion. Mortpes have a personal number can be 5, 6, or even 7-digit. Sizes of gas masks - XS, S, M, L, XL.
Advantages:
Easy and manufacturability of filling, quite large and easily readable amount of information.
Disadvantages:
In contrast to European samples, the tradition of carrying two copies is less practical and can create unwanted additional noise. It does not fall completely on the chest as a result of one-through hole first token, which can cause discomfort under the ammunition.
What can be used army token now, because we are not in war?
Children's informational tag with the name of the child, address and telephone of the parents. In case your child is rarely lost.
- Extreme hobbies (auto, moto, hunting). The tokens will come in handy ambulance doctors if something happens to you.
- Airsoft - everything according to the statute.
- A rather interesting gift.
- Corporate identifier for employees or groups of travelers
- Club and membership tokens denoting belonging to a trendy direction
- Accessory for those who follow the fashion: Military style is always popular.
- Luggage tags with address and telephone - in case of luggage luggage.
- Address tags for animals with the owner's telephone. 
Names from soldier's medallions.
COST: Konoplev A.Yu., Salakhiev R.R.
Kazan: "Fatherland", 2005.
The book contains a series biographical data on 6410 servicemen who died at the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, the names of which are established by public search organizations during search work at combat places. Information was obtained on the basis of soldiers' medallions, personal names found with the remains of the dead soldiers, and as a result of archival studies.
Names from soldiers' medallions. T. 2 /
COST: Konoplev A.Yu., Salakhiev R.R., Salakhiyeva M.Yu. - Kazan: "Fatherland", 2007.
The second volume of the book contains the searching biographical data on 2124 soldiers who died at the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, the names of which are established by search organizations during search engines in the field of hostilities. Information was obtained on the basis of soldiers' medallions, personal names found with the remains of the dead soldiers, and as a result of archival studies.
The book is addressed to relatives of the dead, search engines, employees of state authorities and military administration, the working groups of regional publications of the memory of the memory of the memory, to all who are not indifferent to the fate of the fate of those who died for their homeland.
Names from soldiers' medallions. T. 5. Aviation / Prokofiev I.G. - Kazan: "Fatherland", 2011. - 360 p., Ill.
The fifth volume of books is a special issue of "Aviation" - it contains essays about aviators of the Great Patriotic War, whose aircraft shovels were found in the territory of the Leningrad region. Together with the author, the reader is immersed in the peripetics of search for the establishment of names and advantages of crews during archival research on the basis of the numbers of the foundations found aircraft, documents and awards found in the fragments of aircraft.
The book uses Russian and foreign archival materials, search results, photos.
The book is addressed to relatives of military pore aviators, search engines, researchers in the history of domestic aviation, to all who are not indifferent to the fate of those killed for their homeland.
Names from soldiers' medallions. T. 7. / Sost .: Konoplev A.Yu., Salakhiev R.R., Salahieva M.Yu., Kislyolitsin T.N. - Kazan: "Fatherland", 2016. - 332 p., Il.
The seventh volume of the book contains the searching biographical data on 2406 servicemen who died at the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, the names of which are established by search organizations during search engines at combat sites. Information was obtained on the basis of soldiers' medallions, personal names found with the remains of the dead soldiers, and as a result of archival studies.
Specialists of the All-Russian Information and Searching Center R.R.Nurihametov, I.G.Prokofiev, A.N. Scoriukov, A.M.Fatykhov took part in preparing the database for the book.
When implementing the project, the means of state support are used as a grant in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated April 1, 2015 No. 79-RP and on the basis of a competition held by the National Charitable Foundation.
The book was published with the support of regional public organization Assistance to the perpetuation of the memory of the Defender of the Fatherland "Star", Moscow (Chairman of the Board S.Yu.Kopelchuk).
With refinement of information about the warriors found, information resources of the generalized electronic data bank "Memorial" of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation www.obd-memorial.ru were used.
The book is addressed to relatives of the dead, search engines, employees of state authorities and military administration, the working groups of regional publications of the memory of the memory of the memory, to all who are not indifferent to the fate of the fate of those who died for their homeland.
Names from soldiers' medallions. T. 8. / Sost .: Konoplev A.Yu., Salakhiev R.R., Salahieva M.Yu., Kislyolitsin T.N. - Kazan: "Fatherland", 2018. - 336 p., Il.
The eighth volume of the books contains the search biographical data on 1933 servicemen who died at the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, the names of which are established by search organizations during search engines at combat places. Information was obtained on the basis of soldiers' medallions, personal names found with the remains of the dead soldiers, and as a result of archival studies.
In preparation of the database for the book, specialists of the All-Russian information and search engine center D.Sh.Garipova, D.Lukmanova, S.M. Marzoyeva, R.R.Nuriahmetov, I.G.Prokofiev, A.N. Scoriukov, A.M. Fadykhov.
Upon refinement of information on the warriors found, information resources of electronic banks of the data of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation OBD "Memorial" (OBD-MEMORIAL.RU), "Feat of the people" (podvig-naroda.ru) and "Memory of the People" (Pamyat-naroda.ru ).
The book is addressed to relatives of the dead, search engines, employees of state authorities and military administration, the working groups of regional publications of the memory of the memory of the memory, to all who are not indifferent to the fate of the fate of those who died for their homeland.
