An interesting story about the Siberian Tatar people. How to distinguish Kazan Tatars from Siberian

Siberian Tatars (self-talent - Sibtat, Sibirtary, Syr., Seber Tatarslar, Tatarslar, Seber Tatars, Tatars) - the indigenous people of Western and South Siberia. Subethnos Tatars. A number of non-Misulm peoples of Siberia (Chules, Khakasi, Shorts, Teleuts), "Tatar" or "Tadar" as self-disposal, although they do not consider themselves as part of the Tatar nation, as such.

According to racial signs, Siberian Tatars belong to the South Iibirsky, West Siberian and Central Asian racial types. The ethnogenetic processes of the Middle Ages and later periods anthropologically bring the Siberian Tatars with residents of Central Asia (Sartai), Kazakhs, Bashkirs. Dermatoglyphic material allows the Siberian Tatars to the circle of methum European one-mongoloid forms with a significant predominance of the mongoloid component.

According to the results of the first All-Russian census in the Tobolsk province in 1897, Siberian Tatars had 56,957 people. These are the latest news of the genuine number of Siberian Tatars, as further census occurred taking into account the number of Tatar-immigrants from other regions of Russia. It is impossible not to mention that many Siberian Tatars died in every way the census believing that this is another attempt at the royal government to make them pay Yasak (tax). According to the results of the All-Russian census, in 2002, 358,949 Tatars lived on the territory of Siberia, of which only 9289 identified themselves as Siberian Tatars, 9611 Siberian Tatars lived in Russia in Russia. Such a big difference is due, it is possible that many do not make the separation of "Tatars" and "Siberian Tatars", relating to a wider ethnic.

Most Siberian Tatars are focused in places of historical accommodation. The original villages of Siberian Tatars are located mainly in Aromasashevsky, Zavodoukovsky, Vagaysky, Isetsky, Nizhnavdavdinsky, Tobolsky, Tyumen, Uvadsky, Zalutorovsky, Yarka districts of the Tyumen region, the Bolshechensky, Znamensky, Kolosovsky, Muromets, Tarsky, Trevrisian, Ust-Ishimsky districts of the Omsk region, Chasovsky district, Kyshtovskiy, Vengerovsky, Kuibyshev and Kolyvan areas of the Novosibirsk region, Tomsk district of the Tomsk region.

ORIGINATION

Comparatively reliable data on the ethnogenesis of Siberian Tatars can be held from the Neolithic era (6-4 thousand years BC). Then, in the territory of Siberia, the Tribes of the Ugric-Ural Origin lived in the area between the bottom of the bottom and the Ural Mountains: the self-identity (nonsense), the nearest relatives of Selkups, Khanty and Mansi. For the Nenets, the anthropological plan features a combination of signs inherent in both Europeanoids and mongoloids, and the tendency to increase the share of mongoleness from the west to the east.

At the end of the 1st millennium BC, after the defeat from China, part of the Turkic tribes Hunn migrated to the west to the south of Western Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan, mixed with the aboriginal population. In most, the Nenets were forced to move back to the coast of the Northern Ocean. In the VI-IX century, West Siberian forest-steppe is part of the Turkic Kaganate. Around the XIII century, migration from the central regions of Kazakhstan and the Altai Ancient Turkic tribes began in Western Siberia, primarily Kychakov (in European and Byzantine sources - Kumanov, in Russian sources - Polovtsy), who lived from Irtysh to Volga ("Chet-and and -Kypchak "). And again, the peoples living here were forced to shift to the north, the remaining mixed with the Turkic tribes.

So the ethnic core of the Siberian Tatars consists of the XV-XVI century. In the XIII century, the territory of residence of the Siberian Tatars was part of the Golden Horde. In the XIV century, Tyumen Khanate arises with the capital of the Chimgie - Tour (modern Tyumen), at the end of the 15th century - Siberian Khanate with the capital in Spurra (near modern Tobolsk).

The very ethnonym "Tatars" has far from Eastern European origin, as approved by official Soviet historiography. As V.P.Vasiliev writes, with reference to the Chinese Source: "Found from Manchuria under pressure from the kidani - militant democrebers - one separate tribe, settled at Injan, was nicknamed by the Date (Tatars), this name was famous in China at the Tansky Dynasty" VII century). During the dominion of the thief, the story finds them in the north-west of Dunnyov, Tugukhuns and Tukayu, "from the Mountains of Inshan towards Altai and Jungaria.

In 870, the chroniclers are marked with chateau chateau fighting the ancient Tatars against the Chinese. V.P.Vasiliev explains that the Turkic tribes inhabited in Steppe Chateau (Jungaria, the territory of the modern Xinjian province in the north-west of China), migrated to the east, "on the northern side of the Inshan Ridge" in the VIII-IX centuries. The same tribes are described by L.N. Gumilleva, he calls the swabs "Chateau Turks, the latest descendants of the Central Asian Hongov". By the same time, the story also refers to the appearance in this area of \u200b\u200bTatanya. In the 9th century, the story no longer mentions the shats in these places. On the contrary, at the Kiden dynasty, Dadan (Tatars) appear here. Therefore, both kinds were mixed with each other, and were pushed out by the Natius of the Kidani and Tangites of the Kingdom of the Sia, then north and west, and already under Genghis-Khan, having committed, according to V.P.Vasilyev, "circular rotation" of his migration, Tatars Genghis-Khan came from the West (from the side of Chateau-Jungaria) again to the east of Eurasia, where "the generation of Tatars in Genghis Kean has become royal."

Thus, in approximately the VII-VIII century on the spaces of Central Eurasia from Inshan to Dzhungaria and further to Altai, the Urals and Volga, and further, there was a "mixing" and the settlement of the Turkic gods. The main role in the formation of a new ethnos, the ancient Tatars played earlier from Manchuria, Chateau Turks and partly Uigurs.

It should also be noted that the tribesmen of Genghis-Khan, as follows from the works of V.P. Vasilyeva and L.N.Gumilyov, still "Tatars were called in the XI-XII centuries."

Language

The Siberian Tatar refers to the majority of phonetic-grammatical indicators to the language of the Kypchak-Nogai subgroup of the Kypchak Group of the Westkhunnaya branch of Turkic languages. In vocabulary and grammar, there are elements of the languages \u200b\u200bof the Carluk Group, the Kypchak-Bulgarian and Kyrgyz-Kypchak subgroups. Such interpenetration of elements of languages \u200b\u200bof different groups and subgroups within the framework of Turkic languages \u200b\u200bare characteristic practically for all Turkic languages. In the phonetics, the phenomena of total stunning of the voiced consonants associated with the Ugric substrate are traced. The language is characterized by the Cocanier and Yokean in all positions of the word. On the morphological level there is a wide use of communion and verbalism, the use of the ancient Turkic lexeme tank (watch). Professor G. Kh. Akhatov believes that the "Cocanier" in the Siberian Tatars remained from Polovtsy.

Siberian Tatarsky has a number of dialects and govers: Tobolo-Irtysh dialect with Tyumen, Tobolsky, Zabolotny, Tevrisian, Tarsky Counsel, Barabinsky dialect, Tomsk dialect with Eusten Chat and Oski talks. From here and the names of "Barabinsk Tatars", "Orshest chats" and others occur.

Since the penetration of Islam in Siberia until the 20s of the 20th century, Siberian Tatars, like all Muslim nations, enjoyed writing based on Arabic graphics, which in 1928 was replaced by Latin, and in 1939 - Cyrillic. A written language for Siberian Tatars is a Tatar literary language based on the grammatical laws of the language of the Kazan Tatar. The native language of the Siberian Tatars is a steady phenomenon. It is widely used by them in the communicative sphere and does not have tendency to active leveling with other languages. At the same time, the city Siberian Tatar population goes into Russian, which applies only to the language, but not self-consciousness.

Religion

Most Siberian Tatars are Muslims, confessing Islam Sunni sense. Siberian Tatars value benchmarks are based on both Islamic canons and non-religious performances and their manifestations in customs and rituals. Folk holidays and customs include elements of associate beliefs of Siberian Turks.

Material culture

Siberian Tatars called their villages aules, and in the past yurts, and cities - Torah, Cala. In the course of the Tatar, the terms of ulus and aimak are preserved before the revolution. Many names of Siberian Tatar settlements are connected with the location (the names of the rivers, lakes), as well as we have founder. All the names of the Siberian Tatar settlements have a Siberian Tatar and Russian official name, which, in fact, is also Turkic.

Previously, almost all villages of Siberian Tatars were located on the shore of the reservoir. Cutting villages appeared with the construction of roads. The central part of the village is usually without a strict layout located on an exalted part, where there was a mosque with the inherent Siberian region with architectural appearance (wooden connounged construction with a rather squat minaret over the input zone). The cemetery was located near the village. The graves had quadrangular coarse fences. On the gravestone hill of a woman put two wooden columns - in the headboard and at the feet. On the grave of a man - one pillar with a crescent.

From the buildings are known to the logistics, clay, turf and brick dwellings, dugouts and semi-windows. In the XVII - XVIII centuries, low connate yurts with small doors were built, without windows in which the light penetrated through the hole in a flat earthen roof. Late logged five-colored houses had a double or fourth roof, covered with wooden boards, and had deaf fences around the perimeter of the economy. Some had two-storey log houses, and in cities wealthy merchants and industrialists - stone houses. Few houses from the outside were decorated with patterns located on windows windows, eaves, gates of the estates. Basically it was a geometric ornament, only sometimes images of animals, birds and people were traced in the patterns, as it was prohibited Islam.

In the inner decoration of the house, the dominant position had a Narya - Uryn, covered with insteadless palaces - Kelem. A low round table for making food was installed on the hiras, they slept on the nara, but the poles from the poultry feather. Along the edge of naric stacks, blankets (Yurgan) were laid, pillows (yasts), chests. Nara replaced all the necessary furniture. Also in the houses there were tables on very low legs, shelves for dishes. Only the rich Siberian Tatars met other furniture, such as cabinets and chairs. Residential houses of the furnace (Maeis) are heated - Russians with firebox, stove and brave part for cooking and only heating with furnace. The second floor of a two-story house was not heated. The clothes were swayed on a wooden ride under the ceiling (Mauyl). The windows cut through small and stamped with curtains (TERES PERTE). The distance was divided into the yard (Kura, Ischegalt) and the economic - the livestock (small Kura). There was a cellar with ice, which was harvested in winter for storing meat products.

Modern Siberian Tatar villages have a quarterly layout. Many built the mosques of various architectural plan. Ethnic flavor Modern villages have no exception to the presence of a mosque, cemeteries with crescents on graves that have wooden, iron fences and iron or stone monuments.

Casual clothes of men and women consisted of a sharovar and shirt. Over the shirts were put on the Chekken (Cycman) or Camcol (Camuls), which were fitted with long sleeves and pockets of the rod of the jacket below the knees of woolen fabric. Female Chekmen was distinguished from male with great expansion to the alert. Festive dresses of Siberian Tatars sewed with Ruffles (Pilm) and breastplate decorations (Iseu). Festive men's clothing was a bathrobe (JECTE, Tsapan). Leather boots (atu, karyk), leather shoes are known from the shoes (Tsaryk Pasha), Kalosh, Winter - Valenki. Headgear men - Tubetsey (CEBEC), hats on the fur (such). Women wore a naked dressing (Sarauts), and on top of her shawl or handkerchief. The obligatory attribute of female jewelry was the stans (Colbi), bracelets (peellar) mainly of silver. Winter clothing consisted of quilted coats (Corte), sheepskin trees (Tun), fur coats.

According to Croy and the colors, the ancient outer clothing of the Siberian Siberian Skinny and Sayano-Altai, (with a Uiguro-Chinese Lapel), Women's Dresses - Bashkir (with several rollers on the pic), the costumes of the beginning of the 20th century and later are subject to Tatar influence.

The kitchen of the Siberian Tatars is diverse and is based on flour, fish, meat and dairy dishes. There were meat meat of all pets and birds, except for pork, from wild animals - hare and losyatin. From horse meat, sausages were made (Kaza), including smoked. In addition, the meat was ridden. Favorite first dishes - Soups and brows: meat soup - ASH, meat broth - Schurba, ear - Schurba Palyk, Different types of noodles - Otsh, Salma, Soups with dumplings - Uchchi and Yore, Middle - Taryk Ure, Perlovoy - Kuts Eme, Rice - King Ure. Pishpramak is used as the second dishes - the meat furnace with broth, potatoes, onions and pieces of finely rolled dough, as well as various products from the dough: a large closed meat pie - Pellets (from various types of meat), a large closed fish cake - Ertnack. A large amount of baking is known: fresh pellets - cabartum, peter and yoga, wheat and rye bread, a large closed or outdoor cake with a sweet filling from Kalina (Palalan Palets), cranberries and lingers (Tsya Pallez), Pies with various fillings - Kapshrim, Samsa , Paremets, many types of Poursakov - pieces of dough prepared in boiling oil or fat (Sur Poursak, Sansa, etc.), dishes like pancakes - Koymok, Halva - Aluva, a tricky (cat). Porridge, Talkan - a dish of ground barley grains and oats divorced in water or milk.

Since the territory of residence of the Siberian Tatars is swampy, lake places, one of the popular types of raw materials for cooking is a fish (except for raw species and pikes that are prohibited Islam). The fish is cooked in the form of a mustache, baked in the oven, fries in a pan, both separately on oil and in broth with potatoes, and also ropes, dried, salted. In addition, the waterfowl meat is popular. In the form of seasonings in all kinds of meat and fish dishes, a large amount of onions are used. In addition to meat dishes, like one of the main types of animal products, Popular dairy products: May - Oil, (Eremec, Ezhegia) - Cottage cheese, Katuk - a special kind of prokobyvashi (kefir), kaymak - sour cream, cream, Kurt - Cheese. The most common drinks were tea, some types of sherboet, knowing Kumsa and Ayran.

Siberian Tatars appeared in the Russian Federation for a long time. They held part of the territory of Siberia even before the arrival of the Slavic tribes and were divided into groups that are now called Tomsk, Tobolo-Irtysk and Barabinsk.

History

Historians disagree on when Siberian Tatars appeared and who are from the progenitors. A number of scientists believe that such ancient Turks or Kipchak can be. Certificates of the 9th century have been preserved to this day, which indicate that the people of Kimaki lived on the territory of the Tomsk region, whose descendants were Kipchak. Further, a rather complicated formation of different ethnic groups occurred, among which were Bashkirs, Mishari, Buchants-Uzbeks, Turkmen and others.
The Siberian Tatars managed to create a Khanate, the center of which became Chingi Tura. It was located on the territory of the Tyumen region. Presumably the formation of Khanate occurred in the 14th century. Before him, Khan Bati rules here. By the beginning of the 16th century, Siberian Khanate is formed, and the result is the formation of the Siberian Tatars in the 16th century. The formation was held in the conditions of disunity, a constant threat of war with neighbors, in difficult climatic conditions, which affected the vital structure of the people.

Character

Siberian Tatars believe that the Tatar ethnos is one. Mosaic only decorates culture and makes it more diverse. Note that the word "Siberia" arose in the 5th century of our era. This word Tatars denoted a blizzard. The noteworthy fact is to use the name of purely in relation to the ethnos. Only after the 13th century they began to call the territory of residence. Surprisingly, the Iranians began to use one of the first words "Siberia".
Russians arrived here as conquerors sent by Ivan Third. By the end of the 16th century, Cossacks turn out to be here. All this, together with the formation of places for a regular reference, forms the Russian-Siberian Genofund. However, by the marks themselves of the Siberian Tatars, the story not only did not change, but only strengthened their character. They remain still persistent, patient, hardy.
The most important feature of the Siberian Tatars, as in Siberians in general, is independence. Since childhood, they are trained to conduct a household, men from the young age are mastering the craft, including hunting. Siberian Tatarina should be sincere, tolerant, complacent. Negative attitude towards misfortune, infantality and laziness. If Siberian Tatar has done all things, but the evening has not yet come, then it's time to help neighbors and friends.
From here, another quality is formed - the desire to come to the revenue.
Siberian Tatars are considered more hospitable than Russian Siberians who are not often ready to receive guests. For the Tatars as an ethnos is characterized by a family committee. Divorces rarely happen, people are friends with families and often spend time together. From nature, Siberian Tatars consider themselves excellent merchants.
Nourish them quite peacefully, but even if such a person gets angry, he still thinks about what he wants to say before talking.

Culture

The culture of Siberian Tatars affected Islam and beliefs of Siberian Turks. Therefore, many names and material culture borrowed from the part. Siberian Tatar villages are called in honor of rivers and founders.

Special importance for the Tatars have funeral rites. For the deceased, they prepare the best dresses, and the coffins are made from the deck. It is necessary to put a tobacco in the grave, the favorite things of a person in life and wine. It is impossible to carry the coffin, it is prescribed to put on the sleigh and tightly bind, then you need to bring the deceased to the scene of the burial. Preparation of the grave begins only after the coffin turns out to be in the cemetery itself. At the end of the funeral spend a memorial rite.

• At the birth of children, it is customary to shoot in the air, which promises the baby to become an excellent shooter. Name can give different, for example, associated with any objects or animals;
• In connection with the commitment to Islam, Siberian Tatars use mosques for servicing service. Build them from a wooden church. The traditional building of commercial and prevalence is the hut. Interestingly, wooden construction is always in the Siberian Tatars in honor;
• Even around the graves, fences were installed from the cut, and directly at the burial site on a male grave put a pillar with a crescent, on women's two posts;
• Until the start of the influence of Islamic faith of the house, richly decorated with an ornament with the image of birds and animals. Interior decoration was poor;
• People slept on the horses, inside their perins, which are called carcasses. This is a pretty warm view of Perin, which are made from bird feathers. Sleep under them comfortably in winter and summer;
• The continuum of the interior of the Siberian Tatars has always been a chest, where you can store utensils and belongings;
• Cabinets, chairs, as well as other furniture could only be rich. Simple people allowed themselves to Nara and small tables. Now the material culture has undergone many changes due to the possibility of acquiring the goods of modern civilization and the established transport report, so more furniture began to appear in Tatars homes.

And the Siberian Tatars themselves can live in apartment buildings through construction in the region. In traditional homes, meeis ovens are preserved, which are used for cooking and heating the room. There is also a cellar that allows me to store meat, as the temperature in this part of the room is always negative.
Despite the influence of civilization, so far Siberian Tatars seek to carry out construction from wood, but the ethnic flavor gradually goes into the past.

A life

Siberian Tatars are mainly engaged in cattle breeding. From a long time, they grown horses, various types of cattle, in rare cases raised camels. Sheep bred a lot, which allowed to get a large amount of wool for their own needs and sales. Fisheries and hunting are developed, like haygo. From the fish mostly mined a crucian, and on the hunt they shoot moose and roe.
Siberian Tatars manually sewed Tulup and made shoes from livestock wool. From the fluff and feathers made pillows and parins. It was always appreciated by the goat down, which served as the basis for the manufacture of chalese. People are engaged in processing flax, from which they sew a network intended for fishing. From the willow boats, sleigh, skiing, different types of dishes are made.

Traditions

The traditions of the Siberian Tatars have changed much due to the influence of Islam. However, some festivities still celebrate.

1. For example, the East New Year of Amal, who came from Turks, is still celebrating during the spring equinox. Partially it is associated with Islam, but it does not directly relate to it. During the holiday, people eat all the team, give gifts and play games.
2. The holiday of Karga Boutka is no longer noted, although it was previously considered sacred. He was connected with the crowns and rivers, which were considered sacred birds. Upon arrival of Graci, people collected a camp and started cooking porridge, which then ate with all aul.
3. If the summer is awesome, Siberian Tatars resort to prayer for rain. This rite is similar to many associated with the prayers about the noselnia of the harvest.
4. Among the traditions of the Siberian Tatars preserved the reverence of Sufi Sheikhs. It is believed that they brought the people of Islam. Sheikhs bury in special graves called "Astana". For each such grave, the keeper is fixed so that he will erase it and followed the proper condition. Driving past Astana is obliged to stop and read prayers, then transfer the award. The award is divided not only with the dead, but also relatives of Sheikh.
5. A very important role for Tatars was played by Tugum, which is a community with several families, which was a semblance of a clan, because for the formation of Tugum should be one ancestor. Tugum regulated household relations, controlled the observance of rituals, occupied an important position in religious life. Also previously existed communities-parish, community-villages involved in relevant affairs regarding the use of the economy and fiscal policy.

The ethnos of the Siberian Tatars requires close study. So far, a detailed history of origin is exactly unknown by scientists. Therefore, there is little information on this bill. However, we know exactly that Siberian Tatars have signs of the people formed, including literature, language, special life and commitment to traditions.

In the VIII century, the state of whose residents called themselves bulgarians appeared on the medium Volga and in the Kama region. For a long time, this country peacefully adjacent to Rus. Tatarstan - such a name wears the republic, located now on the site of the Volga Bulgaria.

But not all residents of Kazan and cities neighboring with it agree with the ethnonym "Tatars". Many people, remembering their historical heritage, consider themselves Bulgarians - the descendants of the ancient people who founded not one state.

Who are the Bulgarians?

The origin of the Bulgar (Bulgarian - depends on the pronunciation) among scientists there is still disputes. Some ethnographers and historians rank these people to the descendants of the Turkic-speaking tribes of Central Asia. Other experts do not doubt that Bulgarians were an Iranian-speaking people and lived in the historical region, which Greeks called Baktria. And the inhabitants of these places located west of the Hindukush mountain system themselves called their country of Bulgar, so some scientists and explain the emergence of ethnonym.

The era of the great resettlement of peoples led many tribes in motion, including Bulgar. In search of the best lands, they went to the West. In the 4th century, this people settled in the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region, taking the land of the North Caucasus right up to the Caspian. The life of the Bulgar was restless, they were periodically attacked by the Huns, then Avarov, then various Turkic-speaking tribes.

Like many other nations whose land bordered with the superpower of that time - the Byzantine Empire - Bulgars were forced to build diplomatic relations with a powerful neighbor. Even their legendary ruler Khan Kubrat (605-665) was brought up in Constantinople. Byzantines often forced the heads of neighboring states to give them their heirs to keep them under the imperial courtyard as hostages, and at the same time, and instill their own spiritual values \u200b\u200bto the future rulers.

In the history of each people there is a person, whose decisions determine the fate of the whole country. For the Bulgar, such a person was Khan Kubrat. In 632, he founded the state that the Byzantines called the Great Bulgaria. According to some researchers, its territory covered the Eastern Priazovye and Kuban, other specialists believe that the lands of Bulgar stretched from South Bug to Stavropol Hills.

However, after the death of the legendary founder, the state broke up, divided by his sons. The eldest of them, whom Batboyan's name was, remained in the azovye with a part of the people. His brother Kotrag led his people to the Don Steppes. The other Bulgar group, headed by Alzek, after many wanders settled in the Italian equal area.

Under the leadership of the Third Son Khan Kubrat, whom the name was asparuh, part of the people moved to the Danube. They founded modern Bulgaria, subsequently experienced the strong influence of local Slavic tribes. Like many Allies of Byzantium, Bulgarians accepted Christianity. It happened in 865.

Volga Bulgaria

The Bulgarians remaining in the Azov region faced with frequent raids of warlike Khazar. In search of a new refuge, they moved to the territory of modern Tatarstan. Volga Bulgaria was founded in the second half of the 7th century.

For his time it was an advanced state. Bulgars became the first of the European peoples who mastered the technology of manufacturing steel and smelting cast iron. And the glory of local masters of the leather business spread to Iran and Central Asia. Already in the 9th century, strengthened on new lands, these people began to build stone palaces.

Thanks to the successful location of the Bulgaria, they have established trade with Rus, Scandinavia, Baltic, Byzantia. Goods were transported mainly by the Volga. Installed bulgaria economic ties and eastern neighbors. Caravans from China, India and Persia regularly arrived here.

In 922, the official religion of the Volga Bulgaria became Islam, spreading to these lands along with preachers from Baghdad Caliphate. It so happened that Danube Bulgars declared themselves Christians, and Volzhsky - Muslims. Once the united people divided religion.

The first capital of the state was the city of Bulgar, and in the XII century the official center of the country was Bilar. Kazan, founded in 1005, did not yet have the capital status.

In the XIII century, the Volga Bulgaria captured Mongols. Once a powerful and independent state has become one of the provinces of the Golden Horde. From this point on, the gradual displacement of the ethnonym "Bulgars" began.

Kazan Khanate

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Bulgar appeared hope again to gain statehood. In 1438, Bulgarian Vilayat was formed on the territory of modern Tatarstan, which in Russia was called Kazan Khanate. But at the head of this state, no Bulgars rose, but the descendants of the legendary conqueror of Genghis Khan. One of the Ordane Khanov, whose name was Ulug-Mohammed (Ulu-Mohammed), together with his army captured Kazan and founded the ruling dynasty there.

In the second half of the XV century, Kazan Khanate occupied the entire average Volga and the Kama River basin, including the lands of Bashkirov, Chuvash, Mordvo, Cheremis and Wagons. In addition to Kazan, there were many major cities here: Bulgar, Alat, Kashan, Archa, Juteau, Zuri, Claim-Kazan, Tetyushi and Lees. And the total population exceeded 400 thousand people.

The ethnonym "Bulgars" began to be gradually forgotten, people more often called themselves "Kazanla" (Kazan) or simply for religious signs - Muslims. Perhaps the Aristocratic Top of Khanate, who did not belong to the Bulgaram, was interested in the fact that their subjects quickly forget about their nationality, customs and traditions.

In the XVI century, Kazan began to feel the increased influence of Moscow. Russian princes have repeatedly tried to put on the throne of the neighboring state of the human loyal. After numerous stripping, military shocks and political intrigues in 1552, Khanate was captured by the troops of Tsar John IV Vasilyevich Grozny. Kazan officially entered Russia. From that moment on, the ethnonym "Bulgars" was finally lost.

Who are Tatars?

Tatars - Turkic-speaking people living mainly in Russia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. For the first time, the representatives of some Manchurian-Mongolian tribes were called for the first time in the area of \u200b\u200bBaikal in the VI-IX centuries. It is clear that these people did not have absolutely no relation to the Bulgaram. They joined the conquering campaigns of Genghis Khan. That is why the Russians called the Ordans Mongol-Tatars.

Subsequently, the ethnonym "Tatars" spread to many peoples, often having nothing in common among themselves. So they began to refer to some ethnic groups, which were previously part of the Golden Horde. Therefore, the historical paradox arose: the descendants of the Bulgar, conquered by the Mongols in the XIIIV, are now called the name of their invaders.

As shown genetic research, Kazan, Crimean, Astrakhan and Siberian Tatars are representatives of different nationalities. They do not have common ancestors, and their ethnogenesis occurred independently of each other. This fact may explain why languages, for example, Kazan and Astrakhan Tatars vary so much among themselves, that people tritely do not understand each other.

When examining the Kazan Tatars, genetic scientists have discovered their undoubted relationship with residents of Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean. And the contribution to the ethnogenesis of the population of modern Tatarstan immigrants from Central Asia is only 1-6% (depending on the area). Still, among the Bulgars, mixed marriages happened to the Ordans, although quite rare.

Many indigenous people of modern Kazan disagree with what they are called Tatars. Not surprising. After all, it is almost the same if the Russians confused with the Germans.

), Tomsk (Kalmaki, Chats and Eustgetans).

Language - Siberian-Tatar. Dialects: Tobolo-Irtysh (Tarsky, Tevrisian, Tobolsky, Tyumen, Zabolotnyh tags), Barabinsky and Tomsk (Kalmak and Eustein-Chatsky dialects). Most believers are Muslim Sunnis. Part of the Tatars of Siberian adheres to traditional beliefs. The Tatars of Siberian prevailed the features of the Ural anthropological type, which consisted as a result of other mohethisation between Europeanoids and Mongoloids.

In the most general form, the ethnogenesis of Tatars Siberian is currently presented as the process of mixing Ugric, Selfish, Turkic, and partly Mongolian tribes and nationalities who are part of different groups of this ethnic community. The penetration of Turks occurred mainly 2 ways - from the east, from the Minusinsk brand, and from the south - from Central Asia and from Altai. Apparently, the initial territories of the Tatars of Siberian occupied other Turks Turkic kaganatov. In Tomsk Priobye, the Kyrgyz and Telecian tribes played a certain role in the formation of the Turkic-speaking population. Autochonsky Turkic tribes in the Tatars of Siberian are considered to be Ayala, Kurdaki, Tules, Tukuza, Sargati, and others. Perhaps the older Tribes, and not the cricks that appeared later (in the XI-XII centuries), formed the main ethnic component at the first stage of the ethnogenesis of Tatars Siberian. In the IX-X centuries. In the territory of Tomsk Priobia, kimaki moved - carriers srekkin Culture. Cypchak tribes and nationalities came out of their medium. The Tatars of Siberian recorded tribes and childbirth of Hatanov, Karakyakhatkov, Nougayev. The presence in the Tobolo-Irtysk group of the tribes of the Mraces and Kondomy indicates their ethnogenic connection with the Shorns of tribes. Later, Yellow Uigurs, Buchars-Uzbeks, Tatars were poured into the composition of the Tatars of Siberian eleuti (in Tarskaya, Barabinsk and Tomsk groups), Kazan Tatars, Mishari, Bashkirs, Kazakhs. With the exception of Yellow Uigur, they strengthened the Kypchak component in the Tatars of Western Siberia.

Overwhelming mass Bukharians Siberian The Uzbeks and Tajiks were, in addition, there were Uigurs, Kazakhs, Turkmen, and, apparently, Karakalpaks, and in Siberia in some cases, the Siberian and Kazan Tatars.

After the Mongolian campaigns of the XIII century. The territory of Tatars Siberian was part of the Goldenopa State of Khan Batya. The earliest state formations of Tatars Siberian - Tyumen Khanate (in the XIV century. With the center in Chimge Tour, on the site of modern Tyumen), at the end of the XV - early XVI centuries. - Siberian Khanate (By the name of the settlement of Siberia or Kashlyuk). The growth of economic and cultural ties, the relatives of the languages \u200b\u200band other factors led to the emergence of new oversized ethnic communities. In the XIV-XVI centuries. There were the main groups of Tatars Siberian.

The ethnic story of Siberian as part of the Russian state was not easy, which is associated with the vast territory of their settlement in Western Siberia, a certain disunity, contacts with many nations, complex social composition and other factors. The ethnic territories of the Siberian Tatars were gradually stabilized, although their individual movements were observed at the end of the XIX-XX centuries. Despite the territorial disconnection of the Russian state, the relationship between Tobolo-Irtysh, Barabinskimia, the Tatarsco-piece Turkic-speaking groups of Siberian Tatars created the opportunity to develop consolidation processes.

During the existence of the USSR, the ethnic structure of consolidation processes has changed little. W. Barabinsev The division of groups and tribes disappeared, only in some serenities, knowledge about Tugama - genealogical groups remain. The Tobolo-Irtysh and Tomsk Tatars weakened, but did not completely disappear the ideas of division on the sub-ethnic group. According to some scientists, Tatars Siberian - independent people, others indicate the incomplete consolidation into a single ethnicity, believing that they are, most likely, not fully formed ethnic community. Siberian Bukharians finally entered the Siberian Tatars to the middle of the twentieth century. In the 1960-80s. There were active processes of rapprochement and partial mixing of the Siberian Tatars with the Volga-Ural Tatars. In all censuses of the USSR, Tatars Siberian were included in the Tatars.

Tatars Siberian are resettled mainly in the middle and southern parts of Western Siberia - from the Urals and almost to Yenisei. The populations are scattered among the Russian villages, the Russians live in the Tatar settlements themselves, at least 15-30% of the total population. Significant groups of Tatars Siberian live in Tyumen, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tara, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and other cities where the first compactness of their settlement in Tatar slobodakh disappeared. In the cities of Western Siberia, many Volga-Ural Tatars are assieved. All Turkic groups belonged to the Tatars Siberian at the end of the XVII century. There were 16 thousand people, at the end of the XVIII century. - Over 29 thousand, at the end of the XIX century. - 11.5 thousand people. The number of Siberian Bukharians was at the beginning of the XVII century. 1.2 thousand people, at the end of the XIX century. - 11.5 thousand people. The number of Volga-Ural Tatars - immigrants to Siberia up to the 1860s. Grew slowly: in 1858 there were only 700 people on the West Siberian plain. By 1897, their number increased to 14.4 thousand people. According to the 1426 census, the Tatars of Siberian numbered 90 thousand people, and all the Tatars (including Volga-Ural) - 118.3 thousand.

Traditional classes - agriculture (in some groups it existed before coming to Siberia of Russians) and cattle breeding. Barabinsky Tatars played a major role in the lake fisheries, and the northern groups of Tobolo-Irtysh and Barabinsky Tatars - river fishing and hunting. Divorced cattle and horses. In the southern part of the region they grown wheat, rye, oats, millet.

Crafts - a leather business, the manufacture of lime bald ropes (Tyumen and Yaskolbinsk Tatars), knitting of networks, weaving boxes from IV rods, manufacture of birch and wooden dishes, cart, boat, sled, skis. Tatars Siberian also engaged in trade, trafficking in agriculture (work on hiring in agriculture, on government forest dachas, sawmill and other plants), wrapper.

Public lineage has changed significantly for centuries. During the Siberian Khanate, there was a neighboring territorial community, if the Barabinites, Yaskolbinsev and other tribal relations disappeared with the accession of Siberia to Russia. The bulk of the Tatar population of Western Siberia to reform M.M. Speransky, implemented at the end of the first quarter of the XIX century, was yasant - ordinary communities. In addition to them, among the Tatars of Siberian, there were groups of serving Tatars Cossacks, gravity (dependent) Tatars, ORBER Chuvashikov (paid from Chullala - furnaces), as well as nobles, merchants, Muslim spiritual faces and others. According to the Charter on the management of foreigners (1822), almost all of the Tatars Siberian and Siberian Bukharians were translated into the category of sedentary "foreigners". In the USSR, the social composition of Tatars Siberian has changed significantly. Managers, specialists, employees, mechanisters, qualifying. The workers were among the Barabinis more than 50%, and among the Tobolo-Irtysh Tatars - 60% of the entire rural population.

The main form of the family at Tatars Siberian in the XVIII - early XX century. There was a small family (an average of 5-6 people). In recent decades, the family consists of 2, less often than 3 generations and has 3-5 people.

The Tatars Siberian villages called their villages, or yurts, among the Tomsk Tatars before the revolution, the terms "Ulus" and "Aimak" were preserved.

For the village of Tatars, Siberian is characterized by striped and promotional types of settlements. Cutting villages appeared with the construction of roads. At the end of the XIX - early XX century. For most Tatar settlements typical was the right straight line planning of the streets. In some locations, other features were noted - the curvativity of the streets, turns, shorts, some dismissal dwelling, etc. The house was put on both sides of the street, a one-sided building was rare in coastal villages.

In the XVII century Squash and semi-windows were extended as housing. However, the Siberian Tatars have long been known for the ground cutters, as well as global, turf and brick dwellings. The connate yurts in the XVII-XVIII centuries. There were low, there were small doors (they were inhauling in them squatting), the windows were absent, the daily light penetrated through the hole in a flat earthen roof. Later house was built in the Russian pattern. Some Tatars had 2-storey log houses, and in cities wealthy merchants and industrialists - stone houses. In the interior of the houses of each group, the Siberian Tatars had their own characteristics, but the central place in the situation of most housing was occupied by carpets covered with carpets, felt, tested along the edges of the chests and bedding. Nara replaced almost all the necessary furniture. In the houses there were still tables on very low legs, shelves for dishes. Only the rich Tatars met other furniture - cabinets, chairs, etc. Heated houses with chubs with an open source, but some Tatars were used by Russian furnaces. Only a few houses were decorated with patterns on windows, cornices, gates of the estates. Basically it was a geometric ornament, but sometimes images of animals, birds and people were traced in the patterns, which was forbidden islam.

Frequently, the patterns were decorated with clothing, hats and shoes. Shutty clothes served shirts and pants. And men, and women endowed bishmets - long swing kaftans with sleeves, camoles - sleeveless or short-sleeved, tightly tights, bathrobes, bathrobes (chapan) from household matter or mid-oysian silk fabrics, and in winter - coat and fur coats (tone, tun) . In the XIX - early XX century. Among the part of the Tatars of Siberian, Russian dohs, Toulups, serum, Armenians, men's shirts, trousers, and women dresses spread.

From female hats, a specifically local was a naked bandage (Soraoch, Sarauts) with a solid front part of the tissue of cardboard, decorated with pose and embroidery beads. The festive headdress was Calfak (Cap). In addition, women wore summer and winter caps of a cylindrical shape, and on top of a scarlet and shawl. Men wore tuberets, felt caps, winter hats of various species, including with a volatose protrusion from behind. Soft leather boots (Ichigi), leather shoes, winter boots (pimes), and short chirks, hunting boots, etc. Numerous Women's decorations - Bracelets, rings, rings, earrings, beads, beads, cords, ribbons . The girls wore bone launches, decorated with coins, and townsquarters - silver and gold medallions.

Foods prevailed meat-dairy products. Dairy products - cream (kaymack), oil (May), varieties of cottage cheese and cheese, special kind of sour milk (rod), drink Ayran, et al. Meat - lamb, beef, horse, poultry; Pork did not use; From the meat of wild animals - Zaitan, Losyatina. Soups: meat (shuffer), auspiece (Taryd Ure), rice (Korotsk Ure), Fish, flour - from noodles (Otsh, Salm, Urata), Liquid Dough (Tsumara) and roaming flour (plassom). Porridge Talkan - Dish made of ground barley grains and oats, divorced in water or milk, from flour dishes Spruce cakes (peter), wheat and rye bread, bauzaki - Large-fried pieces of bourgeing dough, Sansa (view of baursakov) - fried in Oils long tape tests ("twig"), pies with different fillings (Paremez, Balis, Sumse), dishes like pancakes (Koymak), Halva (Aluva) and others. Drinks: tea, Ayran, partially koumiss, some types of Sherbet, etc.

From the folk holidays annually celebrate Sabantuy. Muslim holidays are the most widespread uraza (Ramazan) and Kurban Bayram. In some villages of Tatars Siberian, in the 2nd half of the XIX century. There were servants of other pagan cults. Among the part of the Barabinsky and Tomsk Tatars up to the 1920s. There were shamans (kama) who were treated with patients and Kamlali during sacrifice. Of the housesulman beliefs, the cult of ancestors, the cult of animals, totemism, faith in the spirits - the owners of the phenomena of nature, dwellings, estates, astral and mythological ideas, faith in the spirits of idols (patrons of the family, communities, personal patrons).

LIT.: Tomilov N.A. Modern ethnic processes among the Siberian Tatars. Tomsk, 1978; He is The ethnic history of the Turkic-speaking population of the West Siberian Plain at the end of the XVI - early XX century. Novosibirsk, 1992; Valeev F.T., Tomilov N.A. Tatars Western Siberia: history and culture. Novosibirsk, 1996.

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Plan

• 1. The origin of the Siberian Tatars 3
• 2. Economy 5
• 3. Traditions and beliefs 9
• 4. Clothes and decorations 14
• 5. Food 16
• 6. Tatar settlements 17
• 7. Methods of movement 22
• Conclusion 24
• Bibliography 25
• Introduction

Siberian Tatars are the Turkic population of Siberia, living, mainly in rural areas of the current Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk regions, as well as in Tyumen, Tobolsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tara, Barabinsk and other cities of Western Siberia.

According to the All-Russian Census of the population of 1897, their total number was over 46 thousand people. Paukanov S. K. Statistical data showing the tribal composition of the population, language and childbirth of foreigners. T.1, Tobolskaya, Tomsk and Yenisei province. - St. Petersburg., 1911., and in the All-Union Census of 1926 - over 70 thousand people. Schneider A. R. Dobrova-Yadrintseva L. N. Population Sibria. Sibkraiizdat, 1928. In modern conditions, it is impossible to establish their exact number, since after the All-Union Census of the USSR of the USSR of 1926 in official state statistical documents ceased to report data on the number of Siberian Tatars, they "disappeared" from these documents in the same way as many other minority minorities. There are different opinions about the origin and ethnic development of Siberian Tatars.

The purpose of the abstract is to consider the historical development of the Siberian Tatars.

1. The origin of the Siberian Tatars

Separate Siberian researchers associate the origin of the Siberian Tatars with the history of the Hunn tribes who lived in the territory of Western Siberia already in the II-III century. n. e.; From that period, the stage of the two-year interaction of Siberian Turks with local threat tribes begins, as a result of which one of the components of the Gunno Conglomerate - Gunns - the nomadic people who have developed in II-II centuries are formed here to the IV-V centuries. In the Ural of Hongna, local ugroms and sarmatics. The mass resettlement of the latter to the West gave the impetus to the so-called great resettlement of peoples. According to this concept, among the Gunnov there was a number of Turkic-speaking tribes, among which were Siberians, or Syvira, / Syesira. According to the legends of Tobolo-Irtysh Tatars, Syesyra once occupied the territory of the average flow of Irtysh, but for some reasons left this territory, leaving their name to the ancestors of the current Siberian Tatars.

Various tribes that lived in the southern forest, forest-steppe strip of Western Siberia, in the overwhelming majority of their own tours. They have developed from the threat, keto-language and self-audio groups that have been mixed with each other and turquisites. The Turkicization occurred from three sides: from the side of Altai, where the Turks from ancient times, from the side of Yenisei, where the Turkic-speaking Yenisei kyrgyz existed to the Mongolian conquests and from the Rukovyev Obi, where the Kypchak tribes lived. Kypchaki, who participated in the formation of many Turkic peoples, is considered the closest historical ancestors of various ethnographic groups of Siberian Tatars. The Siberian Tatars medieval Kypcchakov came out of the medieval core environment in the process of its ethnic development faced with groups of Ugric origin, Mongols, the peoples of the Sayano-Altai Highlands. Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Tatars Volga region and the Viurala, Bashkirs and some other peoples. Of course, the degree of influence of these peoples on the ethnic development of Siberian Tatars depended on the specific historical conditions, the duration of these contacts, etc.

By the middle of the XIX century. The main components in the composition of the Siberian Tatars, besides their Kypchak kernel, there were descendants of Uzbeks, Tajiks, Karakalpakov, known under the generalizing title of Bukharians / Sometimes Sartov / and Volga Tatars, including Tatar-Mishares, who moved to different areas of Western Siberia in the XV XVI centuries, assimilated by the Siberian Tatars. True, in the memory of the descendants of these peoples, the consciousness of the "Kazan" or "Bukhara" origin of their distant ancestors continued. Thus, the concept of "Siberian Tatars" includes an ethnic community formed from the specified three components with ethnic groups with such sustainable signs and properties as a language, territory, ethnic self-consciousness, confessional community, and at the early stage of the development of this ethnos, it also advocated Socio-political community - Siberian Khanate, represented by an independent feudal state Valeev F. T. Siberian Tatars / Problems of Ethnocultural Development The second half of the XIX-early XX centuries. / // Author. diss. on the sister Scientific degree of dock. East. science M.; 1987, p. 19--20. .

Siberian Tatars, as one of the relatively large arrays among the Turkic peoples of Siberia, wearing the ethnonym "Tatars", have a rich national culture and an independent Turkic language, which preserves a solid national reservoir, enriched with borrowings from Arab, Persian, Mongolian, Russian and other languages. It consists of actively functioning national-spoken languages \u200b\u200b/ dialects / unified Siberian-Tatar language. The Siberian Tatars can be viewed as trilingual, as they are except for their people's spoken / native / tongue, own their tongue of the Volga Tatars, which are the literary norm for them, as well as Russian Valeev F. T. Siberian Tatars: culture and life. - Kazan, 1992, p.5-43. .

In connection with the consideration of the problem of the ethnicity of the Siberian Tatars, it is necessary to dwell on the appearance in the literature on the consolidation of the Siberian Tatars around the Volga-Tatar nation / ethnos /, formed in the Volga region in the second half of the 19th early XX century, as a result of the fact. So, according to Linguist D. G. Tumashevoye, intensified in the second half of the 19th century, the relocation of the Volga region in Siberia and the growth of the influence of the language, the cultures of the latter in the Siberian Tatars leads to the consolidation of the Western British Tatars with the Volga-Tatar, Nation. Moreover, this process finally ended after the October Revolution of Tumashev D. G. Dialects of Siberian Tatars in relation to Tatar and other Turkic languages. // Author, Diss. For a scientific degree of Dokk. philologist, sciences. - M., 1969, p.49. .

A similar opinion is both ethnographer D. M. Ishakov, according to which the Tatar bourgeois nation was formed in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. As a result of the consolidation of the Mid-Volga-Uralsky, Astrakhan and most of the Siberian Tatars. The reasons for the consolidation of the specified locally territorial groups of the Tatars to the nation, he considers previously the entry of the specified groups of the Tatars to the Russian state, the proximity of ethnic territories, ethnic mixing, language and cultural convergence and the assimilation of the general "Tatar" identity of Ishakov D. M. Requirement and number Tatars on average Volga region and a Ural in the XVIII-XIX centuries. / Ethnostatic examination /. // Author. diss. Cand. East. science - M., 1980, p.14. .

2. Farm

Before the arrival of the Russians, on average, the Tatar population lived mainly. Earth in Siberia was a lot, and to the mass resettlement of the second half of the XIX century. In the possession of Tatar settlements there was a significant amount of lands. "Each foreign society of the existence owns well-known spaces of coastal and forest, which is distributed from equal parts between families, its components. In the event of an increase in their number, it is proceed from the General Council of Princial and Society, to the New Deal" (Gagmester, 1854). The eligible Volga-National Tatars settled mainly in the place of residence of the Siberian Tatars: or these were separate streets in the Siberian and Tatar settlements, which is most often found, or occasionally, found their villages near the Siberian-Tatar settlements. Russian migrating population at the end of the XIX century. He founded a significant number of new villages in places where there were more or less free lands. The fact is that the prison of the Russian migrating population towards Old-timers was rare, although there have had a number of advantages in the form of more comfortable lands, opportunities with the help of old-timers acquire their economy. But not everyone came to everyone on the pocket, since older societies for the subsidence often demanded large cash contributions to the worldly cashier. Therefore, the Russian immigrants of the late XIX century. And they founded their villages. So, not far from the Tatar settlement of the Incissal (mention of which is found in archival documents dating from the XVI century.) At the end of the XIX century. Russian immigrants were founded by several settlements - this village Porechye, the inhabitants of which in 1995 celebrated the century from the day of the founding, the village of Alekseyevka, Igorovka, Ryazaps, and others. The Russian settlement on the lands belonged to the indigenous Siberian Tatars, caused some discontent with the latter.

The land belonging to the village of Incissa was quite a lot. Agriculture at the end of the XIX century. Few, according to the words of informants, about 10 families (according to the census of the population of 1897, 67 farms were listed in the Insisse). Since the Tatars were a little engaged in agriculture, then the Insisissal lands were leased to the Russian population of Prachkia and Alekseevka. As a rent for the use of land, Russians gave the Tatars bread. Basically, Tatars Bread bought or changed to the forest, tar, resin.

The cattle in the Incissal was kept all. Senakes were distributed in souls. With increasing population, the norm of one person has decreased. Books and lands, whose pains were sowed, on the way to the side of the village of Evgachepo (on the other side of the Tara), were 5 km from Incissa. Therefore, the Russian population was rented from the Tatar not only arable land, but also hayous land. The part of the harvested hay of the Russians were given to Tatars as a rent. During the collectivization and the creation of collective farms of the Earth, cut off and divided between nearby villages.

In the past, a considerable role in the Tatars farm played fishing and fishing. In the middle of the XIX century. Fishing lakes belonged most often by the societies of foreigners-Tatars or individual members of these societies. The Russians were taken to the maintenance of the lake for several years for a large fee. The foreigners owned and most of the huts, and therefore the Russians who are fishery should have had to buy the right to catch animals.

In connection with the abundance of fish, fishery was a profitable occupation for many groups of Siberian Tatars. Most of the fish was sold in winter in ice cream at urban bazaars and fairs. Eustints sold fish and in summer in Tomsk, transferring it in a living form in specially equipped large boats with lattices. The fisheries of Tatars were engaged in the rivers, and on the lakes. Called pike, harium, crucian, perch, lina, chebak, ias, Nalima, Muksun, Timena, Nelma, Sturgeon, Sterlet, etc. The fisheries is especially essential. There was a particularly significant fishery from the Barabinsky and Tyumen Tatars in the villages located in the strip of large lakes where the fish. Called in large artels. At the same time, fishing dusts were built in places fishing.

The main furnaces of fishing served networks (AU), network constipation and non-well (AU, scarlet, spruce), krivda (Kuru), which Tatars sometimes selected from purchased threads. The non-senses were shared in their appointment to the ulcery (wholesale AU), raw (YEST AU), Carasevaya (Yazy Balyk AU), Muksunov (Chrynda AU). Called fish and fishing rods (carmack, lin), rear, "paths". Basket style tools are widely common: muzzle (Suiga, Sugen), tops and crockers. We also used philitol and delirium. Large fish was caught at night with the light of the torches of the casual out of three or five teeth (spack, CAK-TSI). A shut-off fisheries was widely distributed using Cotts (Yezes) and complex locking facilities (Tuan), the main element of which was an earthen dam (Paryu, Yery Beeeu). Having gathered in the boiler, the fish was trampled with saccia and scrapers. The share of hunting in the structure of traditional crafts by the end of the XIX century. Significantly declined and no longer was the main fishery for all Siberian Tatars. In some villages, the hunt was not at all at all, in some villages there were several hunters - coming. In the taiga, they mined a fox, column, ermine, squirrel, hare. I also hunted on wolves, moose, roe deer, fish and bears. In the summer Mole was mined. The abundance of the game contributed to the preservation of the hunting on wild geese, ducks, partridges, rippers, debris.

At the hunt, rifles and purchased iron trays and cops were used. When hunting on wolves, the Tatars used checkmers - bangs of a tree with a thickened end, an upholstered iron plate. Wolves caught also with the Western. Sometimes hunters enjoyed long knives (blade). There is information that in some groups of Siberian Tatars for the waterfowl hunting and small fur animals, bows with stupid arrows were used. On the column, the burning and muffuhary put homemade wooden traps (coulers), the bait in which the fish, meat, etc., traps of the gulling type (Pask) were served. Cherkans (chirkans) and self-rails were also used when hunting, put a variety of hair loops and sinks (tozki, longing, kyl). Installing cappos in winter, the hunter noted his footprints. The hunt was walking (in the winter they used skiing), when checking traps and traps in some places we went to horses. Almost all hunters had dogs. Hunters - Fishing lived in the season of hunting in hunting huts or dugouts, the skin of the mined beast was dried, stretching on the walls of housing or economic buildings.

3. Traditions and beliefs

The cycle of the rites of the Siberian Tatars associated with the birth and death, has so far kept ancient features. Before the start, and in some places to the middle of the twentieth century. Tatar women gave birth at home, usually on the horses or on the floor. Having taken birth to an experienced elderly woman or an obese grandma (Kentek Ine), which cut the baby's umbilical cord. According to the customs of the Siberian Tatars, the Utupovina cut, putting it on a silver coin. This custom, according to Sibiryakov, provided a newborn strong, like metal, health and wealth. The umbilical cord along with the last was usually wrapped in a clean rag and buried to the ground, choosing a clean place in the yard for this. In some places there was a custom to preserve the cord of the newborn. The umbilical cord was wrapped in a rag or skin and stored in a slot between the mathica and the boards of the ceiling. According to such a belief, Pupovina defended the life and health of the child.

Up to 40 days, the child lay on the pillow next to his mother, and after 40 days it was placed in the cradle (cherkeltsy). The most common shape of the cradle is a light wooden frame on which the canvas stretched, the straps were fixed along the four corners, the upper ends came together (sometimes intertwined) around the iron ring. For this ring, the cradle suspended to a strong iron hook, driven into Matitsa. The festive cycle associated with the birth of a child and with those or other phenomena in his life includes the following rites: the invitation of the observation of the holy ablution, the lips of the child with food from a mixture of honey and oil (Pala Avlanlantra), throwing his father's shirts, holiday room In the cradle (Bala of Tue), the first hauling of the hair (Karyn Tsats), appling the name, circumcision.

The birth of a child was usually seen as an important event. Especially greater joy of parents delivered the birth of a son, the birth of twins was considered a good omen.

To death, the Siberian Tatars belongs as an inevitable event that the human's life path is also distributed as the opinion that the death of a person - Kara for his sins in life. In the XVI-XVII centuries. The Siberian Tatars before the arrival of the Kazan Tatars and Bukhara residents were buried the dead in Berevian covers or dense trunks of trees. The same terrestrial burial types of Kurganov, burials in peculiar crypts - log fires with roofs were distributed, there is evidence that in some groups of the Siberian Tatars were the burial methods of the dead straight on Earth or in the natural pit.

In the XIX-XX centuries. For burial, Siberian Tatars took place near their settlements. A feature of the soil graves of Tatars - Muslims was a side niche (Lyakoth, Lyakht), where and laid the body of the deceased. Above the dead man built the sloping canopy from the boards, the poles, small logs, the lower ends of which rested in the bottom of the grave, and the upper - in the opposite wall.

Sometimes the womb dead man was immediately wrapped in a piece of canvas or cranksher, but more often sewed special clothes, which consisted of several layers. On the deceased, the pants, sneakers were kept on the late tissue, slipped into the head, sometimes wounded her more piece of fabric, they put on caps. From above, the body was wrapped in a white cloth (Savan-Cafe): a man in three, and a woman in five layers. In the grave, the body on the rods usually lowered 4-6 people, put it on the bottom of the grave in a niche. The bottom of the grave in most cases was not covered with anything, but in various places there were information and that the bottom of the graves could be rided with chips, straw, birch branches or boards.

In the last century and earlier, all groups of Siberian Tatars were common custom to leave the dead to the food and various items (utensils, decorations, tools). After the funeral, the relatives handed out the money (Hair) present, and sometimes the clothes of the deceased. Trees were put on the gravestone hills, put the birch stakes. The characteristic feature of the squeezing structures of Tomsk and Barabinsky Tatars were steles of stone and wood, some of them were drawn up in the form of a human figure or decorated with inscriptions in Arabic. For groups of Kurdakian-Sargat, Tobolsk, Zabolotny Tatars, the characteristic detail of the squeezing structures are high wooden pillars (Bagan), ornamed notches in the form of a staircase, screwed in the form of a spear (Song), ridge (thorac), ball.

Currently, Siberian Tatars currently produce three main types of wood and metal grains: wooden logs and fences - stakenists and metal fences. In modern siberias, the point of view is generally accepted that wooden logs are the most ancient and traditional form of such structures. They may have the shape of a truncated prism with straight ends of the login, with the butted ends, such logs can be ornamed by columns with inscriptions interesting and another detail of such structures - they are blocked by mathians, the number of which varies from one to two, three. There are also cuts of the form of rectangles. Children's homogan structures of this type are characterized by sizes. In some cases, so far has survived the custom to leave on the grave various items used by the deceased.

The Siberian Tatars have connate fences from boards, imitating the shape of log cabins or rectangular logs from the bar, very similar to the dwellings. Wooden fences - Stakenists are very diverse in shape, among them a group of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic is distinguished. The most modern type of squeezing facilities include metal fences. With the influence of Muslim, the emergence of the Siberian Tatars of the Crescents on the epishemion structures of the Siberian Tatars. In addition to the structures in the cemeteries of the Siberian Tatars, there are usually sheds for storing inventory, drawers (tabut) for carrying dead.

The avenue for the deceased Siberian Tatars arranged at 3, 7, 40, 100th day and a year. In some groups of Siberian Tatars, the commemoration suited, in addition, on the 14th, 52nd day, six months. In all Siberian Tatars in the XIX-early XX centuries. In the memorial rituals there were features that are incompatible with Muslim dogmas. Often, the commemoration was held on the day of the funeral, alcohol was used on them, sacrificed the roosters, in the days of the commemoration, visited the grave and arranged a treat with drinking. Barabinsk Tatars immediately after the funeral cut at the cemetery of a ram or bull (in the XVII century - horse); Commemoration lasted for several days. And now the funeral rite of the Siberian Tatars largely retains the features that have developed in the XVII-XVIII century. Based on the synthesis of local housesulman and introduced through Bukharians and Volga Tatars related to the influence of Islam, funeral elements.

From the family ritual cycle, along with rites associated with the birth and death, elements of wedding ritual are still very steadfast. In the past forms of marriage, the Siberian Tatars had marriages through the walling, through voluntary care and violent scalation of the bride. The main stages of the first form of marriage were the matchmakers (Kys of Surat), a collusion, the Council (Kingash), the wedding (Tui), the greeting of the parents of the parents (Salom), the transport of a young to her husband's house (Kuch), a visit to the newlyweds to the home of the parents of the young (Turgen) . As a rule, the bride for his son was sought for their parents themselves from the circle of families equal to them for economic situation. There were restrictions on marriages with relatives: such marriages were considered possible only in the third generation.

Another form of marriage was the departure of the girl secretly from their parents into the house of his beloved, this happened when the parents did not agree to marriage.

Wedding in the abduction of the bride happened significantly more often. The reasons for this could be different. Most often they were associated with the property difference of families. It is usually the impossibility of paying calm for the bride called its abduction, which was made both with the consent of the bride and the violent way. Sometimes the parents of the bride and the bride agreed to stage the abduction, so as not to pay calm, do not prepare a big dowry and replace the expensive wedding of a small party for close relatives. Often in such cases for the bride, a specially decorated horse was torn.

From the holidays related to calendar rituals, the Siberian Tatars of the Holidays of Religious Content (Kurban Bayram, Uraza Bayram, Malelet, etc.), all-Russian holidays, as well as the holidays of rural workers, like the day of the first furrow, animal day, harvest day. Significant distribution has to hold the Tatar People's Holiday Sabantua. Along with traditional types of contests and funny, such as a struggle, climbing on a smooth pillar for a prize, fighting on a log with tight stave bags, pulling each other for a stick, and new sports games and attractions (moto and cycling, throwing pomegranate, raising Giri, volleyball, football, etc.) in everyday life, along with international instruments such as harmonic, individual groups of Siberian Tatars have also extended original musical instruments such as comms. The game at Comsy demanded certain art.

The religious beliefs of the Siberian Tatars are characterized by a combination of Islamic and housesulman (pagan) phenomena. According to modern religion, the Siberian Tatars Muslims - the Sunnis of the Khanafitsky Mazhab, the adoption of Islam took place from the XIV - in the middle of the XVIII century. (in separate groups of Barabinsk Tatars). In almost every more or less large settlement of Tatars, a mosque was arranged. Orthodox Muslim is obliged to make a daily prayer (Namaz) on a special rug, addressing the face to the shrines of Islam.

In everyday life, up to date, Islamic canons of life coexist with faith in the need to be worried from various evil forces. In most groups of the Siberian Tatars recorded belief that the housing belongs from various adversity, the housing belongs from the entrance of the horseshoe, inside the dwelling prevention juniper sprigs, acute red peppers, economic buildings and gardens in some groups of Siberian Tatars guard the specific charm - a carcass killed forty (Sauscan).

Quality Resellers in the religious worldview of Tatars of some areas of Siberia find their expression in believing about the magical strength of various objects - trees, stones, etc. To date, the most different groups of the Siberian Tatars have revered trees, usually birch or pine, which are usually striking features. The same can be said about the sacred stones. Near such trees and stones, Tatars arranged prayes. There was belief that good spirits promote successful hunting, relieving diseases, etc. live around these places. On the branches of such sacred trees, Tatars left pieces of multicolored fabrics, coins, sometimes even jewels.

4. Clothing and decorations

Ethnocultural relations of the Siberian Tatars with other nations are clearly traced in their clothes and decorations. So, the Bukhara component is pronounced in the presence in male clothes of Kalatov and Chalms. At Siberian Tatars, such gowns of Central Asian origin were called Chapan. Winter men's clothing used sheepskin fur coats and fur caps, as well as Tulups. Upper clothes Siberian Tatars were subsidebled by Woven Belbau belts, and the chicken fabrics. The main type of men's hats was various tubets. Such tubetes were decorated with embroidery with a cam seam, a gold sew or was performed from the fabrics with a pattern.

The complex of women's clothing of the Siberian Tatars consisted of dresses of various cuts, on top of which sleeveless was put on - Camsoles decorated with outer coins, jewelry braces, braid - pose in various combinations. Camisoles were performed from silk and velvet on a sublobe of printed fabrics. Beshmets were used as warm women's clothing, also decorated with coins and various bleaks. Nutritional decorations on top clothes were located mainly on sides and prummam, but they could also be located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe belt on the back. In winter, Siberian Tatars wore indoor fur coats. As headpapers, the Siberian Tatars used round tubeets type hats, borrowed from the Volga Tatars Kalvaki, as well as a frame headdress in the form of a naked dressing of Sarauts. All these hats were performed from silk and velvet in combination with embroidery with gold threads, beads and beads. Fragments of such hats could be purchased ready and used to make them at home.

The decorations of the Siberian Tatars during the period under review were mainly the same as Kazan Tatars. Materials for jewelry served metal, stone, fabric. Siberian - Tatar jewelry wore the generalized name "Shai", which occurs from Arabic - Persian words "Shai" (item, subject). There were bracelets, earrings, to decorates made of metal in combination with a cloth treated with a cloth treated with a cloth.

Siberian Tatars shoes shared on leather and felted. Leather shoes include soft homemade boots "Charyk", as well as leather boots decorated with leather mosaic, which in large quantities were brought from the Volga region or were manufactured in Siberia by Tatar shoemakers of the Volga region - Ural origin.

The traditional utensils of the Siberian Tatar was quite diverse. It was made of wood, berers, metal. The Wooden utensils were the "Kobe" worshum, the Kul Tyrmen's hand mills, scoops, mortars, sieves, flour trough, shovels of breadpads, various bags and barrels, shoulder, decks for cutting meat, flyer for drying dishes. Objects of homemade utensils from Beresta (Ace, Tus) were Tuesa for berries, oil storage, sour cream, etc., blocks for various purposes. Among the home utensils of the Siberian Tatars were metal products. This includes frying panners, snes, kochergs and nippers for coal, as well as high copper and bronze jugs of Central Asian origin for the preparation of tea - tankan and washing - kumgan, copper thais, etc. With the development of capitalism in the life of the Siberian Tatars, the utensils of the Russian peasant population of Siberia and Modern factory utensils - samovars, kettles, milkers, peppers, etc.

5. Food

In the 19th and early 20th century, the Siberian Tatars in food were used dairy, meat products, fish, cereals, bread and other types of flour food, to a lesser extent - vegetables and fruits. A large place in the diet of the Siberian Tatars, especially in winter, occupied meat of livestock (lamb, beef, horse), which was used as in a fresh form, and was harvested.

The dried ram of Chilga meat was used as travel, on the hunt, during field work. An increasing fish, for example, karasi, also harvested in the future, also risen in the sun, striking through the gills on the ring from the jerk rod. Fall dishes were distinguished by a large variety - they were made from fresh and sour dough. Baursaki was widespread - round pieces of a baked dough fried in oil. Since the end of the XIX century, some dishes of the Kazan Tatars and Tatar-Michase Tatars are beginning to penetrate the diet of the frail products of the Siberian Tatars, for example, Chakchak is a sweet cake from pieces of dough fried in oil and mesh.

6. Tatar settlements

Tatar settlements in Western Siberia can be divided into the following types:

1. Coastal or scary.

2. Dance.

3. Priosen.

The villages of coastal or string type were located along the shores of Irtysh, Tobol, tours and other rivers. Usually they consisted of two parallel streets with alleys. Coastal settlements often had a arc form, ribbing the river emitting. Such in the Omsk region of the village of Rechapovo, Ebargul, Saurgachi, Seitov, Kirghap, in the Novosibirsk region - Yurt-Olya, Lightamak in the Tyumen region. The coastal type sometimes had only one street with one-sided building. Dutch villages had a linear form. Usually they consisted of a street with a double-sided building and were elongated along the road or stood perpendicular to it, near the reservoir suitable for drinking. So the Yurts Kaskarinsky and Iskinsky are located in the Tyumen region. The third type of Tatar settlements included villages located near large and small lakes. In this type, elements of linear, radial, quarterly, and most of all heap layouts, as in the village of Tarmakul, were traced.

In the period under review, dugouts and semi-windows were quite widely distributed in the villages of the Siberian Tatars. The roofs of such dwellings were made by earthen, the walls mostly were global or wicker and deceased clay. The source of light in such dwellings was the wolf window into which the frame was inserted, tightened by a specially treated bovine bubble.

Grinding houses and raw brick houses by Siberian Tatars were built before the fall of Siberian Khanate, and the construction technology remained almost unchanged until the middle of the XIX century. The roofs of such houses were covered with reservoirs and were most often with duples. From the second half of the XIX century, old traditional dwellings at the Siberian Tatars begin to be crowned with housing, which have arisen under the influence of the Russian population, i.e. Mazana log houses.

Since the 1880s, the most common is four-sided hub, which preserved, however, the features of the traditional housing of the Siberian Tatars. The transitional shape from the global dwellings to the logged steel masculine houses with an earthwood roof, both two-tie and four-tie. Later, the roof of such houses began to cover with a shade, and subsequently overlap slate and rubberoid.

Construction material for wooden log houses served pine, cedar. Tatars of forest-steppe, steppe and swampy areas usually bought logs in neighboring villages on the SOV. Rightly bought a building forest. The method of cutting a church of Tatars was, as well as in the Russians, "in the angle", "in the round bowl." The log houses met with an earthen, seal and slate roof, and in fact, and in another case, the roof could be both two-tie and four-tight. Quite often in the villages of the Siberian Tatars met two-storey houses.

The estate space by the Siberian Tatars was applied to the fence from various materials depending on the degree of wealth of the family. An indispensable attribute was the gate, and often the design was very simple and consisted of two vertically delivered logs and cross. The upper part of the gate was sometimes a militant and decorated with an overhead propyl carvings. The upper part of the wicket decorated in the same way. The ornamentation of the gate and the gate of the invoice of propyl carvings in Tatar settlements appears only at the end of the XIX century, mainly under the influence of the Russian population. The ornament on such gates was most often solar character. Fences were made from stories, so were wicker and militant. Locked the wickets on the valves of various designs.

For the oldest residential buildings in the villages of the Siberian Tatars, the almost complete lack of the ornamentation of platbands and frontones of houses is characterized. From the end of the XIX century, platbands are decorated, decorated with threads, but without shutter. The appearance of the shutter refers to a later time, and the shutters in the main mass were fillety, almost without carved jewelry.

For a long time, an indispensable attribute of the housing of the Siberian Tatars was ovens - both bread and heating. Recently, heating ovens combined with a stove for cooking. Sometimes there is a temporary oven for cooking in the summer. Chimney such an oven is shown in the chimney of the main furnace. An integral part of the interior of the Siberian dwellings were low round and four-branched dining tables. Such tables in the houses of the Siberian Tatars of the older generation are also at present. For seating, various benches and chairs were used. Part of the clothes were stored in the chests, minor items - in the boxes. Bedding, including blankets during the daytime, was laid in the rolled view on the chests in the front corner. The walls were decorated with carpets, the floors were covered with rugs.

The origins of the material culture of the Siberian Tatars, and the planning of the targets in particular, were not yet sufficiently studied. But, nevertheless, it should be noted that in the Middle Ages - the new time of the estate in modern form from the Siberian Tatars, apparently, did not exist. The estate of the European layout appears in the Aborigines of Siberia in the XIX - early XX centuries. Currently, the Yard of Siberian Tatars consists of a group of economic structures concentrated around the dwelling, the entire territory of the court is surrounded by a fence from boards, stories or a vacuum, and a vegetable garden on which various agricultural crops are grown. Among such buildings, it is possible to name various kinds of barns, kelves, baths, toilets, summer furnaces, canopies, phenomena, straws and semi-ray wells, etc.

The sheds in the farms of the Siberian Tatars were constructed for a variety of goals - like barns (for storage of products, hay, etc.), crumb (Oran, Kura) for the winter content of small and coarse livestock, chickens, etc. For the Siberian Tatars, the construction of such structures from clay of the shoulder, Gheria and Breign was characterized.

Sports and phenomena in the estates of the Siberian Tatars were used to maintain large and small livestock in summer in spring and autumn, under the canopies, in addition, various utensils and vehicles (carts and sleighs) were stored. Typics are usually located on the most accommodations of the estate, and canopies can be located near the dwelling.

One of the specific elements of the estate of the Siberian Tatars are economic structures or partially immersed in the land. Now the point of view is dominated by the science literature that such buildings repeat the form of residential buildings used by the population of Siberia in the Middle Ages - new time. Currently, some of these structures are used as a horse for the winter content of a small or small number of cattle heads, or as chickenurs.

The appearance of baths (Munza, Muncha) from the Siberian Tatars is directly related to immigrants from the European part of Russia. The earliest type of such structures apparently can be considered a bath in black. Based on the material used in construction, the mascale baths and baths are needed.

The appearance of the toilet, like a bath, on the estate is perhaps due to the adoption of Islam, one of the plants of which is the requirement of purity, both in prayers and in everyday life. By the nature of the material used for their construction, you can highlight the toilets from the shoulder and log.

Summer furnaces were also built. Appointment of summer ovens - cooking in warm time and (or) baking bread. The traditional design of such a furnace is a rider supplied vertically in the shape of a square or a circle, cropped. Modern summer ovens are usually made entirely made of raw, or ordinary factory bricks, have a global firebox, over which the metal plate is placed for the installation of the dishes, the cast-iron boiler was installed directly into the furnace furnace. Such a furnace was called Kazanlyk (Kasanlyk). Often, the furnace was installed on a wooden base, before it could be a wooden log house from 2-3 crowns, overlapped by boards, now the diversia are made by the most diverse.

Methods of construction of economic and residential buildings in Siberian Tatars are different for global, mashedral, wicker, facilities from Zherdess and Breign. For example, the construction of a chleva of wicker walls with an earthwood roof provides for the harvesting of the roof for the roof, the billet of the bitch for the walls. When construction, the support poles are first soaked, and then overlap the roof. For the manufacture of global structures used clay hammer. Construction of structures from Jeresia required completely different techniques.

7. Means of transport

Tatars related to the means of movement Tatars: Sani, carts, horse harness, skis, boats.

In the foreground in the XIX - early XX century. In the system of movement of the Siberian Tatars, there was a sled and television transport (Sani - sledge, cat, four-wheeled carts and two-wheeled taratayki), in addition, for the movement of small cargo in the personal farm and narts were widely used on the hunt in winter and small sledges. Sani and modern type carts were borrowed from the Russians, although the wheel wagon of the Arber type was known to the Siberian Tatars for a long time. Traditionally, the horse harness is divided into the riding and cargo. The cargo horse harness is similar to those used by the Russian population and consists of overheads, arcs, a clamp with a whit, the frontier, saddles with the subgracts, the ultrasound. Horse harness is undoubtedly more ancient, consists of a zest (sometimes with the reason - Chateburg), saddles and stirrer, etc. So far, the Siberian Tatars are excellent riders.

Traditional means of transporting the Siberian Tatars - skis. Previously (up to the second half of the XVIII century) they made on skis and military trips. Sliding skiing of the Siberian Tatars (Cangga, Chang) were divided into the beyvolok (festered) - to move in winter in deep loose snow and Golitsa - to walk in spring through solid influence. The sheltered skis were most often made of aspen and birch, as well as from pine, spruce, cedar and cherochov. Materials for coating the sliding part were eliminating, horsepower and deer cams; Sometimes skis were laid by dog \u200b\u200bskins. Tomsk and Barabinsky Tatars in the past were widely linked skiing with bending under the steps, sharp toe and a less sharp backdrop. A distinctive feature of such skis was a snow bag (often fabric) at the site of the surpassing platform, in which the leg was inserted, and the bag was tied around her at the top. Golitsa from the Siberian Tatars were distributed different types - straight with sides along the edges of the surcharge part, skiing with a raised stepper platform and others. Helped themselves when driving on skis with special sticks.

Among all groups of the Siberian Tatars were dredged loose boats (Kama, Keme, Kima) of a pointed type, made from Osin, less often from the poplar. Often to increase the load capacity to the dolblana, the audit (onboard boards) were attached. Many Tatar farms had boarded boats of Russian type. Such boats are actively used in the farms of the Siberian Tatars and at present. For boat movements, poles are used (in shallow water) and vest (at depth).

Conclusion

Completing the work on the abstract can be concluded that at present in the most general form, the ethnogenesis of the Siberian Tatars is presented as the process of mixing Ugric, Selfish, Turkic and partly Mongolian tribes and peoples who are part of different groups of this ethnic community. However, the main core was the Turkic tribes.

For the first time, the ethnonym "Tatars" appeared among the Mongolian and Turkic tribes that were nomaded in VI - IX centuries. Southeast of Baikal. In the XIII - XIV centuries, he was distributed to some peoples who were part of the Golden Horde. As self-sizing, the ethnonym established no earlier than the second half of the XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries, during the folding of the nation.

Siberian Tatars are resettled mainly in the middle and southern parts of Western Siberia from the Urals and almost to Yenisei. The populations are scattered among Russian villages, some of the Russians live in the Tatar settlements themselves and sometimes 15 - 30% of the total population. Significant groups of Tatars live in the cities of Tyumen, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tara, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and D.R. The first compactness of their placement in the Tatar approximations has disappeared.

Bibliography

1. Alekseev N.A. Traditional beliefs of Turkic peoples of Siberia. - N., 1992.

2. Valeev F. T. Sibirsk Tatars / Ethnocultural Development Problems The second half of the XIX-early XX centuries / // Author. diss. on the sister Scientific degree of dock. East. science - M., 1987.

3. Valeev F. T. Sibirsk Tatars: culture and life. - Kazan, 1992.

4. Zakharova I.V., Sergeeva N.A. The history of the Omsk region. - Omsk: West Siberian Book Publishing House, 1976.

5. Ishakov D. M. Relocation and the number of Tatars on the Middle Volga region and the Ural of the XVIII-XIX centuries. / Ethnostatic examination /. // Author. diss. Cand. East. science - M., 1980.

6. Lindenau Ya.I. Description of the peoples of Siberia. - Magadan, 1983.

7. Paukanov S. K. Statistical data showing the tribal composition of the population, language and childbirth of foreigners. T.1, Tobolskaya, Tomsk and Yenisei province. - St. Petersburg., 1911.

8. Petrov I.F. Putting my. - Omsk, 1988.

9. Honorist R.G. Expedition to Siberia Ermak detachment.- Leningrad, 1982.

10. Tomilov N.A. From the Urals to Yenisei (the peoples of Western and Central Siberia). - Tomsk: Publishing House of Tomsk University, 1995.

11. Tumashheva D. G. Dialects of the Siberian Tatars in relation to Tatar and other Turkic languages. // Author, Diss. For a scientific degree of Dokk. philologist, sciences. - M., 1969.

12. Schneider A. R. Dobrov-Yadrintseva L. N. Population of Sibria. - Sibcraiizdat, 1928.

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