Slavic ABC at what time was created. Cyril and Methodius - the creators of Slavic writing

Kostin Paul Grade 3

May 24 marks the day of Slavic culture and writing. Cyril and Methodius are considered the founders of Slavic writing. Work 3 class student, dedicated to the founders of Slavic writing.

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Kostin Pavel, Grade 3

Cyril and Methodius - Founders of Slavic Writing

There is a Slavic writing and culture. Year of birth (creation) of Slavic

brothers Kirill (before the adoption of monasses Konstantin) and Methodius.

Kirill (years of life - about 827-869) and his older brother of Methodius (about 825-885)

born in the Greek city of Soluni (now thessalonics). Father named Lev was

famous Greek official. About mother in one of the later sources it is said

that she is like Slav named Maria. And although, it is necessary to believe in the family they spoke

greek, Slavic words, music language brothers listened to the house since childhood. Yes, and N.

only in the house. There were many Slavic merchants in Soluni shopping quarters. Many

slavs were assieved in Greece for several centuries before the birth of the brothers. No wonder for many years

after sending brothers to Moravia at the request of the Slavic Prince to send teachers,

who will teach church reading, singing and writing in their native Slavic language,

the emperor Mikhail said: "No one can do it better than you. Go

together with Igumen Methodius, since you Solunyan, and Solunyan everyone speaks

slavyansky purely "(beginning of 863).

Having graduated in his hometown, Methodius for ten years served as a warlord in

one of the Slavic provinces of Byzantium. Konstantin studied in the capital of the Empire

Constantinople and showed a brilliant philological talent. He perfectly mastered

in several languages, including Latin, Syrian and Jewish. When Constantine

he graduated from the school, he was offered a very honorable librarian position at

patriarchal storage books. At the same time, he became the secretary of the patriarch. Working

in the library (the best library of the world), he constantly replenished his knowledge comparing

one tongue with another, wrote Yuri Loshoshts in one of the magazines in the article "Wearing Hearing".

Only possessing a musical hearing, developing it, you can hear in an unfamiliar for

greek someone else's speech separate sounds and soundness. Konstantin did not hesitate that

called, look into the mouth speaking to figure out, with what position

lips, teeth and language of the interlocutor from his mouth he has a sound, wondered for

greek hearing. Such outstanding unusual seemed to the Greeks of the sounds "s", "F","sh",

"Si" and others. We, Russian people, and those for whom the Russian native language seems to be funny

when these and other sounds with difficulty pronounce foreigners. Sounds in Slavic Speech

it turned out much more than in Greek (in the future the brothers had to

they create on 14 letters more than in the Greek alphabet). Kirill managed to hear

sounds of Slavic speech, to carry out them from a smooth, connected stream and create under these

sounds signs and letters.

When we talk about creating Slavic ABC by brothers Kirill and Mepholine, then

we call the younger first. So it was during the lifetime of both. Methodius himself said:

"He served, Yako slave, younger brother, obeying him." The younger brother was ingenious

philologist, as if we say now, brilliant polyglot. He had many times

to join scientific disputes, and not only scientific. New business writing

there are many enemies a lot of numerous Slavic people (in Moravia and Pannonia -

on the lands of modern Hungary, the former Yugoslavia, Austria). After the death of the brothers

about 200 their students were sold into slavery, and the closest and most capable of them

communions are thrown into prison.

Tragic Personal Fate of Pupils Kirill and Methodius did not stop

the spread of Slavic writing from one Slavic people to another. Of

Moravia and Pannononia she moved to Bulgaria, and in the 10th century, after adoption

christianity, and in ancient Rus.

What was the Slavic Alphabet? This must be told more

since this writing in Russia used until the XVIII century. Under Peter I and

then several times in the XVIII century. Alphabetical composition changed, i.e. the number of letters and their

graphics (writing). The last reform of Cyrillic would be in 1917-1918. Total were

12 letters are excluded, and the two introduced new - "and" and "e". If you look at the name of letters

cyrillic, it will be clear the origin of the word "alphabet":a - Az, b - beech. Like

the name of the alphabet, the name "alphabet" occurred - from the first two letters of Greek

language "Alpha" and "Vita".

On the "Language of Slovenian" they spoke, wrote, created literature all the Slavs from the Baltic

before the Aegean Sea, from the Alps to the Volga. Six long centuries, up to the XV century,

only three ancient languages \u200b\u200b(Slavic, Greek, Latin) were adopted in the world.

as the main languages \u200b\u200bof interethnic communication. And now the matter is the honor of millions of people

The carriers of Slavic languages \u200b\u200bare to preserve, save and develop it.

How long ancestors learned a diploma?

Education at school was individual, and every teacher had no more than 6-8

pupils. Training methods were very imperfect. Folk proverbs

preserved the memories of the difficulty of studying the alphabet: "Az, Buki, leads are suffering like

bears "," Azbuka is taught, shouting on the whole hut. "

To learn the Old Slavonic alphabet was not a simple matter. Not sounded sounds, but

the names of letters, complicated by themselves. To remind the alphabet, proceeded to the syllables, or

warehouses, first of two letters: "Buki", "Az" - called the student of the name of letters, and

then pronounced the syllable "ba"; For the syllable "in" it was necessary to call "lead", "he". Then

they taught the syllables of three letters: "Buki", "RTSi", "Az" - "Saw", etc.

The complex names of the letters were not taken, which is called, "from the ceiling." Each name

large sense and moral content. Having mastered the diploma absorbed

a huge depth of moral concepts, produced for himself a line of behavior in

life, received the concept of good and morality. It is not even believed in it: well, letters and letters.

But no. When a person who taught a certificate to repeat the teacher "Az, Buki, lead", he

i spoke a whole phrase: "I will know the letters." Followed by g, d, e - "verb good

there is. "In the listing of these letters in a row, the commandment is laid for a person to in vain

with the words did not rush, did not have a word, because "the word good is there."

Let's see what the letters mean such as r,c, t. They were called "RCSI word firmly", t.

e. "Speak the word is clearly", "Answer for your words." It would be nice to many of us

learn both in pronunciation and responsible for what has said.

After memorizing the syllables, reading began. The second proverb reminds about

works: The teacher uttered the letters, and the disciples of the choir, the Naraspov repeated them until

not yet remembered.

Literature:

Great elementary school encyclopedia

Excerpts from the historical sources of the "Tale of Bygone Years" and "Life of Constantine Cyril

The creation of the Slavic alphabet and letters are attributed to the brothers Kirill and Methodius. However, there are hypotheses that the creation of Cyrillic Slavs wrote the runes and had their own rune alphabet. The article provides the story of creating Azbuchi Kirill and Methodius, listing the preserved monuments of Old Slavonic writing.

It is believed that Slavic writing appeared in the 9th centuryHer creators are the brothers Kirill and Methodius. At that time, Byzantium was interested in expanding the influence of the Orthodox Church among Slavic peoples.

In the 860s, Moravian Prince Rostislav instructed the Byzantine Emperor Mikhail III to translate Christian church books from Greek to Slavic. The emperor entrusted the creation of the Slavic Alphabet to the brothers Kirill and Methodius - Greek monks.

Cyril and Methodius grew up in the Greek city of Solun (modern thessalonics). The population of the city was mixed Greco-Slavic, so they spoke well in both languages, they also studied other languages \u200b\u200band science.

The brothers compiled a new alphabet based on the Greek language. Two options for the Old Slavonic alphabet are known - the verbs and Cyrillic, characterized by writing letters:

Cyrillic consisted of 49 letters - 24 sounds that coincided in both languages \u200b\u200bwere designated by Greek letters; Also, the alphabet has numbered 19 sounds characteristic only for the Slavic language - new signs were invented for them.
Also at that time existed the second alphabet - the verb. Writing letters in it was more like the Greek alphabet. In Cyrillic and the verb, the designation of numbers was also distinguished. Over time, Cyrillic pushed out the verbs and spread throughout.

In 863, Kirill and Methodius brought ready-made alphabet to Moravia and the Gospel to Slavic. On May 24, 863 g officially considered the date when Slavic writing was created.

In 1918, an alphabet of 33 letters based on Cyrillic, the heir of which is our modern Russian letter, was a decret on a new spelling.

We offer to watch a video about the history of the emergence of Slavic writing:

Runic letter

The first hypotheses about the existence of the Rounic Letter in the ancient Slavs were made at the beginning of the 20th century. Some of the testimonies currently belong to the verbular letter, but a number of arguments in favor of the existence of Slavic runes remain.

Runic writing was used by the Slavs before the creation of a Cyrillic alphabet.

Titmar, describing the Temple of Retro, indicates that the idols are ruled, different from Germanic, but their exact origin is established. Related signs Describes Massage. In their notes on the Slavs Ibn, Fodlin says that they apply the rune inscriptions on griming poles. Ibn El Nedim gives a drawing of a Slavic inscription carved on a tree.

Archaeologists find fragments of ceramics belonging to the Chernyakhov archaeological culture - on the shards are distinguished by traces of the inscriptions, but they are difficult to decipher due to the insufficiency of the material. Discernible fragments on drawing similar to the Scandinavian runes.

In the Scandinavian sources, Slavic runes are known as "Vendian Runes". The letter consisted of runeal signs - "Damn and cut" - which were applied to the tree or clay products. They used for brief inscriptions on:

border poles;
grave stones;
coins;
decorations.

Slavic runes are divided into West Slavic - Runes from the Temple of Retra, or Venden Runes, and East Slavic - inscriptions found in Eastern Europe - on the territory from the Dnieper and the Caucasus to the Volga region.

Runic alphabet in ancient Russia

The ancient Slavs used the Runic alphabet not only for the letter, it was used in rituals. The runes were applied to the body as a faith, embroidered on clothes and depicted on housing. It was believed that they could strengthen or soften certain qualities of character.

Upon drawing and interpretation of the runes of Slavs, something similar to the German alphabet Futark. Both are created on the basis of the North-Stalia Alpha Alphabet.

Runic alphabet has 144 charactersEach of which indicated a separate letter, word or an integer action. Scientists assume that a total of several million runes were used by Slavs. To date, 18 runes have been deciphered - they were the most common. Their names:

Alatyr;
Chernobogo;
Rainbow;
Need;
Craft;
Treka;
Force;
Wind;
Bereginina;
Lelia;
Support;
Dazhbog;
Perun;
There is;
Source.

When writing texts, the runes have placed in a row of 16 characters, there were only 9 rows. There was also an option with writing at 32 and 64 of the sign, where every second sign enhanced the value of the previous one.

Have Cyril and Methodius were the first creators?

In the lives of Saints Kirill and Methodius, written by their students, it was said that even before the creation of his own alphabet, Kirill went to Chersonesos, at about the end of the 850s, and brought from there the Sacred Scriptures recorded by Russian letters.

By that time, Cyrillic was not yet invented, but there is no reliable information about the origin of these "Rushki writing."

Catherine II in his notes on Russian history writes that the Slavs had writing to the chronicler of Nesor and the Baptism of Russia. But the data about it was lost and not preserved, therefore it is impossible to recreate the DCCRIMILLY alphabet.

An unambiguous answer to the question, whether the ancient Slavs existed in writing before creating Azbuchi Kirill and Methodius, still not. No source absolutely confirms the existence of more ancient alphabet and writing. There are only arguments in favor of the point of view that the Slavs used a rune letter.

Holiday

In Russia, the day of Slavic writing and culture is celebrated on May 24th. This day is also devoted to the memory of Cyril and Methodius.

The Day of Saints Cyril and Methodius began to celebrate as a day of culture and Slavic writing in Bulgaria in the 19th century, then the tradition spread to other countries.

In Russia, this day received the status of a public holiday in 1991. Divine liturgies and processions are carried out in the country's temples and cathedrals. Festivals, book fairs and exhibitions are held in honor of the holiday; The International Scientific Conference "Slavic World: Communication and Diversity" is timed to this day.

Also on May 24, the winners of the Award of the Holy Equal-Apostles Brothers Kirill and Methodius are being awarded. It is awarded to artists and culture for the preservation and spread of Cyril's cultural heritage and Methodius.

Old Slavic monuments

It is believed that the Old Slavonic language is preserved in the form of a small number of monuments. They were created within 10-11 V. In terms of content, this is most often the texts of theological content written by Cyrillic or verbs on parchments.

Cyrillic monuments:

Dobrudazhan inscription. The oldest of the found inscriptions is uniquely dating 943 g, found in Romania. The marginal inscription is presumably performed on an ancient Bolgar.
Inscription Tsar Samuel. Dated 993 g. The plate with a tombstone in 11 lines was found in Macedonia in 1894. On the basis of the drawing of letters in this inscription, conclusions can be drawn about the approximate dating of other monuments.
Yeninsky Apostle. Found in the Bulgarian village of Yinino. 39 parchment sheets of the apocracos apocracos at Starobolgar. The document is poorly preserved.
Snographers. Found in the Athos Monastery, where they are currently being stored - 2 sheets of parchment with the "Rules" of Vasily of the Great.
Lessons of Undolsky. An excerpt of the service gospel-aprakos on 2 sheets. Named in honor of the first owner - V.M. Windol. Stored in the Russian State Library in Moscow.
Savvina book. Service Gospel on 166 pages. Created in Eastern Bulgaria, drawing letters coincide with the inscription Tsar Samuel. Stored in the Russian state archive of ancient acts.
Super Manuscript. Contains Martov Mine on 285 parchment sheets. Found in the monastery near Belostok.
Ostromiro Gospel. Manuscript at 294 sheets, written in the early 11th century. in Novgorod. Stored in the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg.
Hylandar leaves. Excerpts of the teachings of Cyril Jerusalem. Dated 11 V, found on Athos, where it is stored.

Glagaric monuments:

Kiev leaves. Ancient verbic monument on 7 sheets, passage of the Catholic Mass.
Zograf gospel. Found on Athos, written in Macedonia. 304 parchment sheet, part of which was rewritten in the 12th century.
Mariinsky Gospel. Three-day from the Afonov Monastery, 173 sheets, some pages are missing.
Collection of Cloce. Collection of teachings and praise words, on 14 sheets.
Assemaniev (or Vatican) Gospel. Created in Macedonia, contains 158 sheets.
Sinai Psaltry. 177 sheets. Found on Sinai.
Sinai chest. Collection of prayers, 106 sheets. Located on Sinai in the monastery of St. Katerina.
Ohrid leaves. 2 sheets.
Macedonian verbal leaf. An excerpt from the word Ephraim Sirin.

Slavic ABC was created by Brothers Kirill and Methodius on the basis of Greek. The spread of Slavic writing contributed to the strengthening of Christianity. To this day, a small number of texts of Staroslavlyansky writing on Cyrillic and the verb is preserved - these are church texts of 9-11 centuries.

There are also versions that, before the creation of the Slavic alphabet in Cyrillic, Slavs had their own rune writing. May 24 in Russia celebrate the day of Slavic writing and culture and hold festive events in honor of Saints Cyril and Methodius.

The day of the celebration of Slavic writing and culture is inextricably linked with Cyril and Methodius - in all Slavic countries it is celebrated on May 24th.

Cyril and Methodius, creating Slavic writing, translated from Greek to Slavic worship books, including the Apostolic Messages and Psalrty, selected readings from the Gospel, that is, contributed to the introduction and dissemination of Slavic worship.

Sputnik Georgia tells a brief biography of Saints Kirill and Methodius, enlighteners of Slavs and fighters for the Christian faith, and the history of the creation of Slavic writing.

short biography

Native brothers - Kirill and Methodius (in the world Konstantin and Mikhail) were born in a notable and believer family, in the Greek city of Soluni.

Having received an excellent education, Methodius - a senior of seven brothers, at first, choosing a military career, rules in one of the Slavic principalities of the subordinates of the Byzantine Empire, where he learned the Slavic language.

Reproduction icons "Saints Cyril and Methodius"

Ten years of service, Methodius at about 852th adopted monastic tonsure in one of the abode on Mount Olympus (Small Asia).

Konstantin - the youngest brothers, distinguished by exceptional philological abilities, pulled to the sciences. In Constantinople, he studied in the largest scientists of that time, including Fothia, the future Patriarch of Constantinople.

After completing training, he accepted San Ierhea - was appointed Guardian of the Patriarchal Library at the Church of St. Sophia and taught in the Higher Constantinople School philosophy.

Konstantin was wise not by year - he defeated the debates of the leader of the heretic iconoboretsev Ania.

Then he retired to Brother Methodius to the monastery, where he spent time in reading and prayer. There, for the first time he began to study the Slavic language, communicating with the Slavs in the monastery.

Orthodox complex "In the name of the Resurrection of Christ" (on the background) and a monument to the Holy Brothers Kirill and Methodius (in the foreground) in Khanty-Mansiysk

For the gospel sermon, the Byzantine Emperor sent Cyril and Methodius in the 857th to Khazar Kaganat. On the road, stopping in the city of Corsuni, the brothers found the wonderful way the relics of the martyr of the Clement, Pope of Roman.

Then, going to Khazara, Methodius and Kirill safely convinced the Khazar Prince and his approximate to adopt Christianity, as well as release 200 Greek prisoners.

History of Slavic writing

Slavic writing arose in the 9th century, it was then an alphabet was drawn up.

The history of Slavic writing is: Moravian Prince Rostislav sent ambassadors to the Emperor with a request to translate Christian liturgical books to Slavic language and send teachers to Moravia to preach the Slavs on their native language.

Sculptural image of the founders of the Slavic writing Cyril and Methodius on the monument "1000th anniversary of Russia"

The emperor instructed this mission to Kirillu and Methodius, confident that they will cope with her best. Slavic Azbuka Kirill compiled with the help of Brother Methodius and students of the Clement, Goraand, Nauma, Savva and Angelear.

The year of the birth of Slavic writing is considered to be the 863rd, when the first words were written in Slavic. Some chronicles argue that these were the words of the evangelist John: "Initially, Be (was) the Word, and the word Be to God, and God be the word."

After the completion of the transfer of the Gospel, the Psalter and the elected services to Slavic, Cyril and Methodius went to Moravia, where they began to teach worship in Slavic.

Two alphabets of Slavic writing - a verbolitz and Cyrillic, and both were used. The preserved Slavic manuscripts are made both in both the same alphabet.

But with the time of Cyrillic, which, by writing letters, much easier than the archaic verbs, displaced her from everybody.

The creation of Slavic writing was of great importance to the cultural and scientific development of the Slavic people. On the basis of Cyrillic, both Russian writing and writing of other Slavic peoples arose.

Saint Cyrill died in the 869th - he was 42 years old. Before death, he accepted Schima (the highest step of Orthodox monasticism). The relics of the saint put in the Church of the Holy Clement, where miracles began to be made from them.

Methodius, shortly thereafter, ordained in Rome in Archbishopsky San, continued his brother. He died in the 885th - Archbishop Methodius fled in three languages \u200b\u200b- Slavic, Greek and Latin, and buried in the Cathedral Church of the Belt.

Cyril and Methodius, for their activities, were counted in antiquity for their saints. The memory of the enlighteners of Slavs Russian Orthodox Church honored from the XI century. The most ancient services of the saints that have come down to this day belong to the XIII century.

The solemn celebration of the memory of Cyril and Methodius in the Russian Church was established in 1863.

Material prepared on the basis of open sources

Slovenian holy teachers sought to solitude and prayer, but in life they were constantly in advanced positions - and when the Christian truths defended the Muslims, and when the great educational work took themselves. Their success sometimes looked like a defeat, but as a result it was them we owe the acquisition of the "gift of the most valuable and more silver, and the zlata, and precious stones, and the entire transient wealth." This gift is.

Brothers from Fesalonik

Russian was baptized in those times when our ancestors did not consider themselves Christians in the ninth century. In the West of Europe, Chairs Charle Great shared the Frankish Empire, Muslim states were strengthened in the east, and equivalent Cyril and Methodius were preached in the young Slavic principles - the genuine founders of our culture.

The history of the activities of the holy brothers has been studied with all sorts of care: the preserved written sources are repeatedly commented, and scientists are arguing about the details of biographies and permissible interpretations of rendered information. And how can it be otherwise when it comes to the creators of the Slavic alphabet? And however, still images of Kirill and Methodius are lost behind the abundance of ideological constructions and just fiction. Khazar dictionary of Milorad Pavic, in which the enlighteners of Slavs are embedded in a multifaceted theosophical hoax, not the worst option.

Cyril is younger and in age, and in the hierarchical titles - until the end of the life was just a layman and monastic stop with the name Kirill accepted only on her deathbed. While Methodius, the elder brother, held great positions, was the ruler of a separate area of \u200b\u200bthe Byzantine Empire, the abbot of the monastery and finished the life of the archbishop. And yet traditionally, Kirill occupies an honorable first place, and his name is the alphabet - Cyrillic. All his life, he wore another name - Konstantin, and a competitive nickname - a philosopher.

Konstantin was an extremely gifted person. "The speed of his abilities did not give up adjacent," the life, compiled shortly after his death, repeatedly emphasizes the depth and the vastness of his knowledge. Translated into the language of modern realities, Konstantin Philosopher was a professor at the Moscow Constantinople, very young and promising. In 24 years (!) He received the first important state task - to defend the truth of Christianity in the face of the Ioverians-Muslims.

Missionary politician

It is bizarre today in our days this medieval non-importance of spiritual, religious tasks and state cases. But for her, you can find some analogy in modern world order. And today the superpowers, the newest empires, are based on their influence not only on military and economic strength. There is always an ideological component, ideology, "exported" to other countries. For the Soviet Union, it was communism. For the United States - liberal democracy. Someone takes exported ideas peacefully, somewhere has to resort to bombardments.

For Byzantium, the doctrine was Christianity. The strengthening and spread of Orthodoxy was perceived by the imperial authority as a paramount state problem. Therefore, as a modern researcher of Kirillo-Mefodievsky heritage A.-E. Tahiaos, "a diplomat who joined negotiations with enemies or" barbarians "was always accompanied by a missionary." Such a missionary was Konstantin. Therefore, it is so difficult to separate its enlightenment activities from political. Only before the death itself, he symbolically folded off the public service, adopting a monasticism.

"I no longer servant neither king, nor anyone else on earth; Only God was and I will be forever, "now I will write Cyril.

About his Arab and Khazar mission, about the tricks and ingenious and deep answers tells life. Muslims asked him about the Trinity, as Christians can worship "many of the gods" and why instead of the failure of evil they strengthen the army. Khazar Jews challenged the awareness and put in the guilt of Christians non-compliance with the Old Testament regulations. Constantine's answers - bright, shaped and brief - if they did not convince all opponents, then, in any case, delivered a polemical victory, leading to the admiration.

"Nobody else"

The Khazar mission was preceded by events that have strongly changed the inner arrangement of the Solun brothers. At the end of the 50s of the 9th century and Konstantin - a successful scientist and the controversy - and Methodius - shortly before that appointed by Archon (chapter) of the province, removed from the world and lead a secluded mobile lifestyle for several years. Methodius even takes monastic stop. The brothers from an early age differed piety, and the thought of monastic was not alien to them; However, there were probably the external causes for such a sharp change: the change of political situation or personal sympathy of the power of the property. However, life is silent.

But the worldly bustle retreated for a short time. Already in 860, Khazar Kagan decided to arrange a "interreligious" dispute in which Christians were to defend the truth of their faith in front of Jews and Muslims. According to the expression of life, the Khazars were ready to adopt Christianity if the Byzantine sulfurists will "observe in disputes with Jews and Sarcins." Constantine was again found, and the emperor personally informed him with his words: "Go, philosopher, to these people and talk about the Holy Trinity with a help. No one else can adopt it to adequately. " On the journey Konstantin took himself an assistant to her older brother.

Negotiations ended in general successfully, although the Khazar state and did not become Christian, Kagan allowed Wishing to be baptized. There were political successes. We should pay attention to an important associated event. On the way, the Byzantine delegation drove into the Crimea, where Konstantin found the relics of the ancient Holy Pope of the Roman Clement, near the modern Sevastopol (Ancient Chersonese). Subsequently, the relics of the saint of the Clement brothers will be transferred to Rome than will additionally go to the Pope Adriana. It was from Kirill and Methodius that the Slavic Holy Clement begins with the Slavyan, remember the majestic church in his honor in Moscow not far from the Tretyakov Gallery.

Sculpture of the Holy Apostles Kirill and Methodius in the Czech Republic. Photo: Pragagid.ru.

Birth of writing

862 year. We reached the historic line. This year, Moravian Prince Rostislav sends a letter to the Byzantine Emperor with a request to send preachers capable of writing his subjects in Christianity in the Slavic. Great Moravia, which included individuals of the modern Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Romania and Poland, was already a Christian. But her German clergy enlightened, and all worship, the sacred books and theology were Latin, for the Slavs are incomprehensible.

And again, at the courtyard they remember about Constantine philosopher. If not he, then who else will be able to fulfill the task, in the difficulty of which they gave themselves the report and the emperor, and the Patriarch - Saint Fothy?

The Slavs had no writing. But not even the fact of the absence of letters represented the main problem. They did not have abstract concepts and wealth of terminology, which usually consists in "book culture".

High Christian theology, Scriptures and liturgical texts had to shift into a language that did not have any means.

And the philosopher coped with the task. Of course, it should not be that he worked alone. Konstantin again called for his brother's help, other employees were attracted. It was a kind of scientific institute. The first alphabet - the verbs - amounted to Greek Tyneopisi. Letters correspond to the letters of the Greek alphabet, but they look different - so much that the verb is often confused with the eastern languages. In addition, Jewish letters (for example, "sh") were taken for sounds specific to Slavic adverb.

Then translated the gospel, expressed expressions and terms, translated the liturgical books. The volume of transfers made by the Holy Brothers and their direct students was very significant - by the time of the Baptism of Russia, there was already a whole library of Slavic books.

Price of success

However, the activities of the enlighteners could not limit themselves only by scientific and translation surveys. It was necessary to teach the Slavs with new letters, a new book language, new divine service. Especially painful was the transition to a new liturgical language. It is not surprising that the clergy of Moravia, who followed the German practice, took new trends in the bayonets. Even dogmatic arguments against the Slavic Arrangements of Services, the so-called tearsal heresy, as if you could talk to God only on the "sacred" languages: Greek, Jewish and Latin.

Dogmatika was intertwined with politics, canonical right with diplomacy and power ambitions - and in the center of this club were Cyril and Methodius. The territory of Moravia was under the jurisdiction of the Pope, and although the Western Church was not yet separated from the Eastern, on the initiative of the Byzantine emperor and Constantinople Patriarch (namely, such a status had a mission) still looked with suspicion. The German clergy, closely associated with the secular power of Bavaria, saw in the initiative of the brothers Implementation of Slavic separatism. Indeed, the Slavic princes besides spiritual interests pursued and state-worn - their liturgical language and church independence would significantly strengthen their position. Finally, dad was in tense relations with Bavaria, and supporting the revival of church life in Moravia against the "Tematenikov" was fully stacked in the general direction of his policies.

Political contradictions were expensive to missionaries. Due to the permanent intrigues of the German clergy, Konstantin and Methodius had to be justified before the Roman high priest. In 869, without rendering overvoltage, St. Kirill died (he was only 42 years old), and his business continued Methodius, soon after this ordained in Rome in the Episcopal San. Methodius died in 885, having survived the expulsion, insults and imprisonment lasting for several years.

The gift is valuable

The successor of Methodius was many, and with him the case of saints in Moravia practically stalled: the liturgical translations were forbidden, followers were killed or sold into slavery; Many themselves fled to neighboring countries. But it was not the end. It was only the beginning of Slavic culture, which means and Russian culture too. The center of Slavic Book moved to Bulgaria, then to Russia. The books began to use Cyrillic, called so in honor of the creator of the first alphabet. Writing has grown and strengthened. And today the sentences to abolish the Slavic letters and go to Latin, who in the 1920s actively promoted the People's Commissar of Lunacharsky, they sound, thank God, unreal.

So the next time, setting the points over "ё" or tormented over the Russification of the new version of Photoshop, think about what wealth we possess.

Artist Jan Mateyko

Among the few nations were honored to have their own alphabet. It was already understood in the distant ninth century.

"God created and now in our years - announcing the letters for your language - what was not given to anyone after the first time, so that you were ranked in the great peoples who are famous for God in their own language ... Acceptance of the gift, the most valuable and more Silver, and Zlata, and precious stones, and the whole transient wealth, "the emperor wrote Mikhail Prince Rostislav.

And after that, are we trying to separate Russian culture from the culture of Orthodox? Russian letters came up with Orthodox monks for church books, at the very basis of Slavic books lies not just influence and borrowing, and "Transplant", "transplantation" of the Byzantine Church Book. Book Tongue, Cultural Context, High Thought Terminology Created directly together with the library of books of the Apostles of Slavs Saints Cyril and Methodius.

Cyril (had a nickname philosopher) 827 - 869 G. and Methodius 815 - 885 G. - Christian preachers, originally from Byzantium, created by the Old Slavonic ABC and Church-Slavic language.

Already after death, both were canonized and since then revered as saints. West was deserved by Cyril and Methodius Slavic writing.

Biography of enlighteners

Biography Kirill and Methodius - the creators of Slavic ABC, begins with their birth in the city of Soluni (Byzantium). Their father named Lev was military, had the title of an officer, and the mother was called Maria. In total, there were 7 boys in the family, while Methodius was the oldest, and Kirill (the first famous founder of Slavic writing) is the youngest.

Presumably that the Father by nationality was Greek, and the mother is Slavic. This information is not confirmed, so scientists still argue about what nationality owned Kirill and Methodius.

Parents took care of the good formation of their children. So, the eldest son initially went in the footsteps of the Father, choosing a military career for himself. But later, I was touched into the monks. Junior Cyrill chose a spiritual scientist. It is possible that one case influenced such a decision: the young man was on the hunt and lost the hawk.

It made it the impression that, on his return, he painted on the wall in his room the cross and since then began to study religions. From early childhood, he was distinguished by excellent memory and good mental abilities.

Creating writing

In Moravia, the enlightener Kirill, with the support of his brother, was the alphabet, and also translated from Greek to Bulgarian liturgical books. In this case, their students helped brothers:

Holy Ohridsky;
Clement Ohridsky;
Konstantin Preslavsky;
Lavrenty and some others.

Creation of Slavic Azbuchi Cyril and Methodius refers to 863 by Alexandria. Scientists still argue about the authors of which alphabet (verbs or Cyrillic) were brothers.

In Moravia, the brothers continued their activities to promote Slavic language. This mission lasted for more than 3 years. And during this period, the Bulgaria's baptism was prepared (864).

Death of brothers

In 867, the brothers went to Rome. There Kirill fell ill and died on February 14, 869. He lived a brief life (42 years old), but at the same time made a great deal.

In 870, Methodius surrounded by students headed to Pannonia, from where he went to Moravia.

There, spiritual activity proceeded quite difficult due to the change of power. After 3 years, Methodius came to the monastery of Reichenau, since the current government did not share his views about the Slavic language.

In 874, he was released, but in 879 a new process was organized against him. But, despite this, Methodius was justified in Rome and received permission to commit worship services in Slavic.

In 881, Methodius was invited to Constantinople. There he continued his activity and after 3 years returned to Moravia again, where he also translated from Greek church books. In 885, he was seriously ill.

Singing an ambulance ending, he asked him to take him to the temple, where she made a worship in the Palm Resurrection on April 4. He finished his earthly path on the same day. He was sent in three languages: Latin, Greek and Slavic. A few days before death, he appointed his successor one of the students - Horazda Ohridsky.

West saints

In Russian Orthodoxy, equivalent to Cyril is honored on February 27 (February 14 - according to the old style), and Methodius 19 (April 6). In Catholicism, the Day of Saints is considered to be February 14. In the whole history, many portraits, icons and monuments of these saints were created. Art films were removed about the brothers:

Konstantin Philosopher (1983);
Solong Brothers (1989);
Cyril and Methodius - Apostles Slavyan (2013).

Kirill and Methodius were never married, both accepted monasticism and dedicated their lives to worship, and also created the Slavic ABC. The memory of them has been preserved to the present day. The church was taken to be honored with high awards - they were equated to the saints.