What is communication and how is it connected. The main theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of "communication" in the writings of domestic and foreign researchers

Communication permeates all aspects of society, social groups and individual individuals. The person of the information era lives in the space of communications, which is worn out of images, image, messages, symbols, myths, stereotypes. Even the term "informational man" appeared; For him, the ability to receive, process and transmit information regardless of its content is the main value guidance.

Communication underlies the formation of not only human identity with others, but also self-identity. Communication and dialogue are ways of representation of a person, and the essence of the dialogue was always a human conversation, which assumed the "apogee of the executive attention." Communication is both the path of the message, and the communication form, and the act of communication, and the message message, including the information message with the help of technical means.

An ordinary understanding of communication means most often "the path of communication, roads, means of communication." Psychologists are considering communication as a psychological process of exchanging products of mental activity (thoughts, feelings, emotions, knowledge), as communication, establishing and developing contacts between people in the context of their joint activities. Sociologists under communication understand the social process, performing a binding role in the system of society, and communication is considered as a socially determined type of activity. Linguists understand communication (communication) as speech activities and communicative language function. The modern reader Ironyo or bewilderment causes the definition of communication, which was given in the "philosophical dictionary", reprinted many times: this is "the category of idealistic philosophy, denoting communication, with which" I "detects itself in another. Objectively, the doctrine of communication is opposed to Marxist understanding of the team. "

Communication (from Lat. Communicatio - message, transmission; Communicare - do a common, talk, link, report, transmit) means:

1) Message path (water, air, transport communications);
2) the form of information communication (telephone, telegraph, radio, email);
3) act of communication, communication, interaction between two or more individuals based on mutual understanding (replica, views, gestures, appeal, conversation, quarrel, negotiations);
4) information message to one person to another or a number of persons;
5) Mass communication - the process of reporting information using technical means - mass media (printing, radio, cinema, television) is numerically large, dispersed audiences.

The most widely and universal definition of communication, explaining its essence in the wildlife (biocommunication), in society (social communication) and in technical devices and machines (technical communications) - is the means and methods of communicating any objects of the material and spiritual world. This is the exchange of information between systems of different types (biological, technical, social). Communication takes place not only in society, but also in the animal world (communications among animals are zoocommunications: the language of dolphins, marriage dancing of animals and birds), in the technical devices created by a person and mechanisms (transport, pipelines, telegraph, telephone, Internet).

Scientific understanding of communication multidimensity, since the Communication process itself is complicated and multifaceted. The concept of "communication" has many values \u200b\u200bthat reflect the multiplicity of approaches to it. It is correlated with such concepts as the relationship between different objects (methods, means and communication mechanisms, i.e. communication channels between objects), paths and means of communication between spatially separated objects, as a movement, as various forms of communication between people, as interaction As an exchange of signals between animals, as a transmission and exchange of information between people, like informational interaction and even as a "substance of the ideal nature, the essence of which is information education", information products activities.

Currently, the term "Communication" is interpreted as:

1) means of communication of any objects of the material or spiritual world;
2) communication, transmission of information from a person to person (interpersonal communication);
3) Transfer and mass exchange of information in society in order to influence it (mass communication).

First The approach is focused on learning communicative means,

second -- interpersonal communications,

the third - on influence problems mass communication on the development of social relations.

Under communication, in a broad sense, the system in which the interaction is carried out, and the process of interaction, and methods of communication, allowing to create, transmit and take a variety of information ".

"Websterovsky" dictionary defines communication in three basic values:

1) as an act of communication, joint interaction, communication of the subjects of interaction;
2) as paths or communications, messages;
3) As a message, a message.

Another number of communication definitions can be brought, but essentially in a broad sense, communication is understood as communications, movement, information transfer (signals and communications) in technical, biological and social systems. In this sense, there are engineering and transport communications, bio and zoocommunications, as well as various levels and types of social communication.

Thus, in the broadest sense, the concept of communication includes technical (engineering and transport communications), biological (exchange of signals between animals, the connection of plants with the energy of the Sun and soil) aspects, as well as social, sociocultural and psychological aspects of its understanding (various forms of communication , ritual etiquette, business meeting, presentation of the new product, sense of sympathy, smile, handshake, army orders, manipulation, interpretation of character symbols Ieroim Bosch or William Blake).

The universal concept of "communication", including technical, and biological, and social understanding, relates to such concepts as communications, movement, information sharing, information interaction, contact, communication, communication channels between objects, message, information, paths and means Messages, interaction, symbolic mediators.

Communication --- This is a link, during which the exchange of information between systems of alive and inanimate nature is carried out. Transport Communications, Telegraph Communications, Lviv Hunting, Fat Games of Animals, Prayers of Believers, Songs, Greetings, Smile, Reading Newspaper Articles and Books, Duel, Training Lecture, Public Presentation of the New Book, Watching Movies, Explanation in Love, Mobile Phone Communication, Shot of advertising film organic and its broadcast, quarrels and reconciliation, negotiations of state leaders, email, the creation of social myths, the formation of the image of a political leader, state or corporate image, perception of advertising communication, creating a brand Odessa and an assessment of its experts and various target audiences - all These are examples of various communications.

For the first time in the scientific circulation, the concept of "Communication" (and "Mass-Communication") introduced an American sociologist Charles Horny Kuli. (1864--1929) in the 20s. The last century in the monograph "Social Process", after which the intensive process of developing conceptual approaches to understanding the essence, nature and characteristics of various levels, forms and types of social communication, or Human Communication began. CH. Kuli determined communication as "a mechanism by which the existence and development of human relations is ensured," and this mechanism includes all the thought symbols (symbols of consciousness) and their means of transmission in space and saving time. In a broad sense, communication "includes the expression of the face, postures and gestures, voice tone, words, written and print documents, railways, telegraph, telephone and any other achievements in the field of conquering space and time."

English scientist Colin Cherry. Determines social communication as "social association of individuals using a language or signs, the establishment of non-profitable sets of rules for various purposeful activities. Communication - This is what binds any organism together. "

In a broad sense, social communication is understood as "as the processes of social interaction between people as objects and subjects of social processes taken in their informational and sign aspect." In a narrower sense, the object of the theory of communication is precisely social communication as "subject-subject interaction, mediated by information that makes sense to both subjects." As an ideal communication substance moving in the course of communication interactions from one subject to another, information entities that have the meaning for both subjects "may appear. The terms "Communication" (units) and "Communication" (MN. Number) have a different meaning and denote different phenomena. Under Communication (Communication, units) means human communication processes mediated by the substances of information nature. Human communication is the concept of uncommon. It is more correct to talk about the means, types, methods and participants in communication. Under communications (Communications, MN. Number) are understood primarily technical systems that provide the movement of material objects, substances, energy, information signals in space (pipes, telephones, faxes and other material carriers of energy, information signals that can be calculated).

According to V.P. Close down communication - This is "a socially determined process of transferring and perceiving information in interpersonal and mass communication conditions on different channels using various communicative means (verbal, non-verbal)". In essence, this is the concept of sociocommunication. The concepts of communication, communications and speech activities contain both general and distinctive features. The generals are their correlation with the processes of sharing and transmitting information, communication with the language as a means of communication.

Communication - A socially determined process of sharing the thoughts and feelings between people in various areas of their informative labor and creative activity, implemented mainly with the help of verbal means of communication.

The author of one of the first Russian textbooks on the Theory of Communication Professor A. V. Sokolov The scientific definition of social communication determines as "the movement of meanings in social space and time", i.e. As "the movement of knowledge, emotional experiences, volitional impacts in social time and space."

I.P. Yakovlev Considers communication as an informational relationship between objects and subjects. Under the humanitarian and social communication, he understands the informational interaction between personalities, groups of people, organizations and the media. Social communication it defines as "sociocultural interaction between people through signs placed in presentation, representative and electronic-mechanical media."

Presentation channels Communication - these are natural channels (gestures, mimic, voice); Representative, artificial channels - books, paintings; Electron-mechanical media - telephone, radio, television.

Sv. Borisnev Determines communication as the necessary element of the interaction of people, groups, peoples, states, during which the transfer and interconnection of information, feelings, assessments, values, meanings, values, which occupies a leading place in the sphere of social processes.

German philosopher and sociologist Jurgen Habermas (born in 1929) actually communicative interactives (interactions) considered "such interactions in which their participants coordinate and coordinate their actions; In this case, the agreement achieved in one case is measured by intersubjective recognition of claims to significance ", i.e. For truth, correctness and truthfulness.

Founder of cybernetics Norbert Wiener (1884--1964) identified the concept of "Communication" and "Management". He noted that "the understanding of society is possible only on the way of researching signals and related means of communication, and in the future development of these signals and means of communication, the development of information exchange between man and the machine, between the car and man and between the machine and the car is destined to play everything Increasing role. " N. Wiener first explained the meaning of the "feedback" mechanism in the structure and functioning of communication processes of complexized systems, including society, organization, organism.

Feedback is a reaction to the received message:

o in technical systems it means good communication quality;
o in the humanitarian it implies a memorability (amount of information) and the understandability of the information received;
o The mass communications of the feedback form are calls on the radio, letters to the editor, polls, ratings.

Communicator sourceThe Address forms and sends a message encoded in signs. According to the English psychologist F. Farming, the communicator is a person (or instance), intentionally producing or controlling any integrity of the iconic-symbolic material.

Communication code Determines the order, rules of choice, combination and location of the signs of the message itself (Epistle).

Channels Communication - These are material carriers of communication (natural channels, such as voice timbre, and artificial, i.e. created, for example newspapers, electronic channels - radio, television).

The message is transmitted via the channel and contains in the encoded form in the form of socially (or individually) meaningful information. This is a finite and ordered multiple signs built according to certain rules of spelling, grammar, syntax, logic. Messages consist of signs (non-verbal signs, drawings, music, words, texts set forth in various genres of literature, journalism, public relations) and context (situations, situational factor) affecting the understanding of the meaning of the message.

The concept of " context"No less important than" text ". The context implies that or another text of the message text. The context indicates in which the cultural space is present (submitted) this text, how can I understand the symbols in a concrete sociocultural context. So, in the color canon Vi in. White color in Byzantium symbolized purity, deprivation from worldly, divine start; black was a sign of grief; Gold (as frozen sunlight) always meant wealth and power.

Address, Recipient, Communicint Gets and decodes information.

The smaller the barriers (noise, filters) that impede adequate perception of information, the more effective the communication process is carried out.

Traditional for the researchers of communications and communication processes are the following questions.

o Who and who transfers information (sources and recipients)?
o Why is communication (functions, goals and intentions, message sender)?
o How is communication (Channels, language, codes, coding processes, decoding)?
o What is the content of communication (content, message content and it meaning, signs and values)?
o What are the consequences of communication (planned and (or) non-planned effects, or the results of communication: psychological factors of regulating the behavior of recipients: changed or did the consciousness and (or) behavior of the recipients of information changed)?

One of the classics of the theory of communication, american engineer and mathematician, the creator of the information theory of communication Claude Shannon (1916--2001) allocated three main levels of research of any communication:

1) Level A: technical (communication channel, redundancy of information signals, accuracy of transmitted signs);
2) Level in: Semantic (adequacy in the transfer and understanding of compliance of signs and messages);
3) Level C: The level of efficiency (how efficiently perceived value affects consciousness and (or) behavior in the desired direction).

Interdisciplinary nature of communicative knowledge.

As already mentioned, research issues of communication are not limited to the area of \u200b\u200bsocial sciences. They are actively being studied by representatives of several dozen disciplines - humanitarian, natural, technical. In this regard, one of the main tasks that predetermined the structure and logic of this textbook is to show that the theory of communication, firstly, is relatively independent discipline that has its own subject, its categorical apparatus, its laws finally The story, secondly, it acts as a complex area of \u200b\u200bmodern scientific knowledge, organically combining the results of studies of a number of sciences, as well as various levels of the development of communicative reality: general theoretical, technological, scientific and empirical. Only relying on an integrated approach to the study of communicative phenomena, the theory of communication can expect to obtain the desired results - adequately reflect all the diversity and complexity of communicative reality, successfully develop, improve and constantly enriched with new knowledge.

Appeal to the problem of communication of numerous scientific disciplines - philosophy, sociology, psychology, political science, cultural studies, linguistics, economics and many other disciplines of sociogumanitarian, natural-scientific and scientific and technical cycles - is explained by the fact that communication is highly complex and A multifaceted phenomenon that penetrates not only society in any, even the most elementary cell of a social organism, but which we can easily find and beyond the limits of society as such, i.e. in nature. Each of the listed sciences studies communication at its own angle.

Philosophy Sees one of the attribute properties of matter due to the material unity of the world and, therefore, the interconnection, interdependence of phenomena and reality processes. Communication is different in different levels of the organization of matter: from the universal ability of reflection as the properties of phenomena of alive and inanimate nature to the most complex and multifaceted world of human communication.

One of the most important communicative aspects of psychological science is to study the ability of a person to reflect the world, to learn it and regulate its interaction with him. At the same time, general psychology pays great attention to such that is directly related to communicativeness to problems as the psychological nature of speech and language, i.e. methods of verbal communication, as well as various types of non-verbal communication and the peculiarities of their perception due to the psychological characteristics of the individual. As part of social psychology, the psychology of interpersonal interaction (methods of communication, interpersonal perception and understanding) are investigated, the psychology of small groups (interaction of the individual and the small group, internal relations, conflicts), the psychology of intergroup relations, etc.

Sociology , studying the structure of society and the dynamics of social development, it makes great importance to communication problems, since the focus of its attention is the problems of relations and relations of various social actors - individuals, small and large social groups - class, national, ethnic, demographic, etc.. Recently, social communication is actively studied by the overall sociological theory. It is important that communication is not only a social, but also natural phenomenon, therefore, its comprehensive study is beyond the scope of sociology.

Linguistics engaged in problems of verbal communication - the emergence and development of the language and speech (oral and written, dialogic and monologic) as the most important means of human communication. At the junction of linguistics, logic, philosophy and other sciences is semiotics, which studies communication as the transmission of signs or sharing signs.

Since the 1960s After the publication of the work K. Doycha "The nerves of control. Models of political communication and control "(1963) Communicative issues begins to actively invade the field of political science. There was a whole scientific direction (communicative-cybernetic), which studies political processes in terms of information exchange between policies.

In cultural studies, communicative issues manifested itself mainly when studying the problems of broadcasting cultural values \u200b\u200beither directly in the communication of people, or through the mechanisms of defining and distribution - from a person to a person, from generation to generation and between representatives of various cultures.

In biology since the end of the XIX century. It became very actively developing the direction that studies the behavior and communication of animals caused by biological factors. The new direction was called Etology. In nature, there are numerous communication systems, let reflex, limited and frozen. Such communication systems are an object of study of ethologists.

Thus, the communication field applies not only to the social, but also on the natural world.

An extremely significant contribution to the study of communication was made by technical sciences. The evolution of human communication capabilities is related to technical progress. Actually, the theory of communication in the XX century itself. In many respects, "rose" from the mathematical theory of communication (communication), the foundation of which was laid in the field of electrical communications technology.

Communication Communication

(Communicatio, from Communico - I do a general, I associate, communicate) - communication, exchange of thoughts, information, ideas, etc. - is a specific form of interaction between people in the process of their cognitive activity. Unlike the communication of animals (biologically expedient joint behavior aimed at adapting to the medium and regulated, in particular, the alarm), human forms of communication are characterized mainly by functioning - the "most important means of human communication" (V. I. Lenin). In the communicative function, the language shows its instrument, so that communication becomes the most important mechanism for the establishment of an individual as a social personality, conductor of the installations of this society forming individual and group installations. Individual motivations and forms of behavior can be accepted by society if they are variations in certain boundaries; Communication is a means of correction of the asocial manifestation of an individual or group. Being a social process, communication is the formation of society as a whole, performing a binding function in it.

Communication is made up communicative Acts (Communication unit) in which participate commitant, generating () and interpreting them. The initial and final stages of communication with the means (generating and interpretation of the text, understanding) rise to the mechanisms, it is at the level of the Code of Criminal Procedure (universal and subject code of thinking, according to N. I. Zhinkina), where the national-language specificity is neutralized by universal schemes of sense-formation. On the contrary, in general communication, the statement (text) is explicated, where all components form a national-language verbalized product, designed to inform about any ideas, interests, emotions of communicants. Communication with direct communication of communications includes both non-verbal components, such as gestures, mimic, etc. (see). Communication in any case is due to extralyinguistic factors (situational concreteness, national-cultural tradition). Communication can be carried out by means of secondary systems ("Languages \u200b\u200bof Sciences", music notation, rules of games, the ABC of Morse, in with a computer) or the means of "primary languages" (pantomime, system). The concept of communication is also used in the theory of information, in studies developing the problem of "artificial intelligence", the tasks of creating the "Man - Computer" dialog systems. In this case, communication is understood as "communication". Mathematical and technical approach to communication issues, observed in the concepts of K. E. Shannon, K. Cherry and most foreign cybernetics, creating computers of 1-3rd generations, limited the content of communication with machinery capabilities, the conditions for the functioning of technical systems. Subsequent projects and implementations of computers of the 4-5th generations have shown in their theoretical discussions (N. Nilson, D. A. Pospelov, A. Andrew, J. Simons and others), which for any form of communication of the human type or even its machine Imitation is impossible to be limited to understanding communication due to the "code", "noise" (interference in the "communication channels"), "information" and its "broadcast". With this understanding, the fact of inclusion of any communicative act in joint activities is also ignored (, thus, seems to be self-sufficient), and all the essential components of communications affecting the choice of specific "Codes", to make the "information" and methods and results of its interpretation , on the process of collective activities and on the functions of cognitive structures.

Boduen de CourteeI. A., Introduction to Longio Studies, 5 ed., [P.], 1917;
PolivansE. D., lectures on the introduction of linguistics and general phonetics, Berlin, 1923;
A. A. Chematov. 1864-1920. Collection of articles and materials, M. - L., 1947;
ShannonK., work on the theory of information and cybernetics, per. from English, M., 1963;
ShubinE. P., Language Communication and Training Foreign Languages, [M., 1972];
CherryK., man and information, per. from English, M., 1972;
Basics of speech activity theory, M., 1974;
LeontyevA. A., Psychology of communication, Tartu, 1974;
PopovE. V., Communication with computer in a natural language, M., 1982;
NilsonN., Principles of artificial intelligence, M., 1985;
PospelovD. A., Preface editor for the book: AndrewA., Artificial Intellect, Per. from English, M., 1985;
Simons J.., EUM of the fifth generation: computers of the 90s, feathers. from English, m, 1985;
Skinner.B., Verbal Behavior, N. Y. ,;
Slama-Casacu.T., Comunicarea în Procesul Muncii, Buc., 1964;
Ritchie.M., The Relationship of Verbal and NonverBal Communication, The Hague - P. - N. Y., 1981.

I. N. Gorelov.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. GL ed. V.N. Yartseva. 1990 .

Synonyms:

Watch what is "Communication" in other dictionaries:

COMMUNICATION - In the broad sense, sending a message, a message. K. Yaspers are distinguished between the "objective" and "existential" K. Objective K. due to any kind of community between people (common interests, total cultural belonging, etc.). ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

communication - (from Lat. Communico I do a general, I associate, communicate) a semantic aspect of social interaction. Since any individual action is carried out in conditions of direct or indirect relationships with other people, it includes (along with physical) ... Big psychological encyclopedia

COMMUNICATION - (Lat. Communicatio, from Communis General). Message between two points aqueous or dry path. A dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Communication [LAT. Communicatio Dictionary of Foreign Words of the Russian Language

Communication - In the broad sense, the exchange of information between individuals through the common system of symbols. Communication can be done by verbal and non-verbal means. There are a mechanistic and activity approach to communication. Communication ... ... Financial vocabulary

communication - And, g. Communication Communication f., Lat. Communicatio floor. Komunicacyia. 1. Communication of one place with another (initially during the war, hostilities; the path of the message. Sl. 18. General Count Mercy intersected the communication between ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicalism Russian Language

communication - dialogue, communication; communication, message tool; Biocommunication, message dictionary of Russian synonyms. Communication SUBS., Number of synonyms: 10 Biocommunication (3) ... Synonym dictionary

communication - managed transmission of information between two or more persons and (or) systems. [GOST 7.0 99] Communication 1. The process of exchanging information in the system. 2. The term "K." The totality of technical means that is also determined ... ... Technical translator directory

Communication - Communication ♦ Communication exchange of signs, messages and information between two or more individuals. Communication itself does not matter; It is important to its content or result. Stupidity, saved edition in thousands ... ... Philosophical Dictionary Sponville

COMMUNICATION - (Latin Communicatio, from Communico I do a common, I associate, communicate), 1) the path of the message, the connection of one place with another. 2) Communication, transfer of information from man to man The specific form of interaction of people in the processes of their informative ... ... Modern encyclopedia

COMMUNICATION - (Lat. Communicatio from Communico I do a common, I associate, communicate), 1) the path of the message, the connection of one place with another.2) Communication, the transfer of information from a person to a person a specific form of interaction of people in the processes of their informative labor ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

COMMUNICATION - Information sharing process, contact communication line. Rayzberg BA, Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B .. Modern Economic Dictionary. 2 e ed., Act. M.: Infra M. 479 s .. 1999 ... Economic Dictionary

Books

Communication. Style. Interculture: pragmalinguistic and cultural and anthropological approaches to intercultural communication, Kulikova L.V. Communication, style, interculture Key concepts, through the prism of which the author in the book is presented to the author on the integrated essence of intercultural interaction processes. In the center of this ...

No culture exists isolated. Communication and communication, which in Russian-language scientific literature is usually not considered as synonyms, are the most important part of human life, and therefore part of the culture. Stressing their importance, many researchers equate culture to communicate (communication). The largest American Intercultural Communication Specialist Edward Hall It claims that culture is communication, and communication is culture. Based on such an interpretation, many Western scientists figuratively depict the culture in the form of iceberg, at the base of which cultural values \u200b\u200band norms lie, and its vertex is the individual behavior of the person, based on them and manifests itself primarily in communicating with other people.

Communication (from lat. commumicatio - communication, message; sattitso - I do general) - communication, exchange of thoughts and information in the form of speech or written signals, the process of transferring information from person to person. The main and only subject of communication - human.

In a broad sense, communication is the exchange of information between individuals through common system symbols . In the process of communication, messaging is exchanged, i.e. Information is transmitted from one member to another. Of all the types of iconic (symbolic) behavior in the human community are the most important to use language ( verbal Communication) and accompanying his incomplete behavior ( non-verbal communication). In the aggregate they form sign Communication, or communication in a narrow sense.

In the English explanatory dictionary, the concept of "Communication" has several semantically close values:

1) act or information transfer process to other people (or living beings);
2) systems and processes used to communicate or transmit information;
3) letter or phone call, information written or oral;
4) social contact;
5) electronic processes that are transmitted from one person or place to another, especially by wire, cables or radio waves;
6) science and information on information transfer;
7) ways with which people build relationships with each other and understand each other's feelings, etc.

In Russian, the term "communication" has an equivalent of "communication" and is synonymous with the term "Communication".

Different sciences are somewhat suitable for determining the concept of communication. So, B. english-speaking linguistic The term "Communication" is understood as the exchange of thoughts and information in the form of speech or written signals.

In turn, the word "communication" means the process of exchanging thoughts, information and emotional experiences between people. For linguists Communication is the actualization of the communicative function of the language in various speech situations, and here there is no difference between communication and communication.

IN psychological and sociological Literature Communication and communication is considered as intersecting, but not synonymous concepts. Here, the term "Communication", which appeared in the scientific literature at the beginning of the XX century, is used to denote the means of communication of any objects of material and spiritual world, the process of transferring information from person to person (exchange of ideas, ideas, installations, moods, feelings, etc. . in human communication), as well as the transfer and exchange of information in society in order to influence social processes. Communication is considered as interpersonal interaction of people with the exchange of informative (cognitive) information or an affective assessment.

Despite the fact that often communication and communication are treated as synonyms, these concepts have certain differences. Per communication Basically, the characteristics of interpersonal interaction are fixed, and the Communication is an additional and more wider importance - information exchange in society. On this basis, communication is a socially determined process of the exchange of thoughts and feelings between people in various areas of their cognitive, labor and creative activity, implemented using mainly verbal means of communication.

In other words, communication is considered as a unilateral information process in which the greatest attention is paid to the methods of formalizing the message, while most of the existing definitions are reduced to the idea of \u200b\u200btransmitting information from the author to the addressee.

Unlike him communication - This is a socially determined process of transmission and perception of information in both interpersonal and in mass communication on different channels using various verbal and non-verbal communicative means. A ns man can exist without communication and out of communication, since it is a continuous process, including relations between people and events that occur around us, as well as in other directions and forms.

Comparing the concepts of communication and communication, we note that the general is their correlation with the process of sharing and transmitting information and communication with the language as a means of transmitting information. Distinctive features are due to the difference in the volume of the content of these concepts (narrow and wide).

Nevertheless, the concept of "Communication" and "Communication" can be considered as interconnected and interdependent. Without communication at different levels, communication is impossible, as well as communication can be perceived as a continuation of the dialogue occurring in different spheres. Communication covers the most different spheres Including education, socio-political activities, management, counseling (including medical), social work, journalism, international relations.

Today in science is common universal (wide) understanding of communication as a method of communication any objects of the material and spiritual world.

An American sociologist and political scientist, founder of the theory of propaganda Harold Dwight Lassowel (1902-1978). Lasseel is one of the founders of modern political science, professor of Yale University. In 1948, he proposed his own communication model developed on the basis of the experience of propaganda in army units during World War II. This model, or formula, includes five major issues: "Who reports?" - "What does it say?" - "What channel reports?" - "Who reports?" - "What effect reports?"

The formula of Lassuela reproduces composite elements, sequence and functional characteristics of the communication process (Fig. 1.2). It is universal, as it reflects not only the structure of the communications process, but also the structure of its research. Nevertheless, the Lasseel communication model is criticized for its linearity, one-directional, no feedback, while the communication process is more complex, sometimes non-linear.

Communication process - This is the process of transferring information from one person to another or between groups of people (groups and social institutions, etc.) on different channels and with the help of various communicative means.

Grishevitskaya T.G .. Popkov V. D "Sadohia A. P. Basics of intercultural communication: Textbook for universities. P. 33.
Ibid. P. 34.
Sokol I. A. The ratio of the concepts of communication and communication // Materials of the VII International Scientific and Practical Conference "Personality - Society". April 11-12, 2007 Minsk: Parkolus, 2007. P. 61.
Lasswel. N. . D., Smith IN. /.., Casey TO . D. Propaganda, Communication and Public Order. PrinceTon: Princeton University Press, 1946. P. 435.

People are not only biological creatures, but also social identities. A person has little satisfaction only natural, natural needs. In addition to desires in food, water, sleep, the continuation of a kind of everyone needs to be realized in society. Find yourself, your "I", throw out my energy and skills into something necessary people, become useful, and in response to get recognition and sense of one's own satisfaction. It is really important for all mankind. In order to be in society, to be among people and express their feelings, thoughts, ideas, a person needs communication. Communications are found everywhere, wherever one or another personality is, in whatever industry has found themselves, it is always necessary to meet with people, to instruct them or, on the contrary, adopt their ideas.

What is communication?

Now in Russian there are a lot of new, borrowed words. So the term "Communication" came to us from the Latin word Communico, which in Russian means "common", "joint." In this regard, it is often said that the word "communications" is synonymous with communication.

This is a situation where 2 or more people talk on topics that are familiar to both parties. They can consult, argue, express their opinion, but the interlocutor always accepts this information and represents the opposite response in this term is necessary for understanding and proper communication.

Classification structure

Communications - the concept is quite complicated, but having its own structure. Communications can be divided into 2 large groups: organizational and interpersonal. The latter consists of formal and informal. From the names of subgroups it becomes clear that there are communications, which are held according to the rules with the necessary intonation, with a certain formation inherent in a particular event. And there is informal, that is, this is how we communicate with your family, friends, without observing special rules and regulations, but we behave naturally and naturally.

Organizational communications can be divided into external, which occur between the organization itself and the surrounding external environment, as well as the internal, which occur within the company between different divisions and branches of power. This group, in turn, is divided into horizontal integration, that is, communication between the units of one level, and the vertical, between the heads and subordinates. So, communications - the concept requiring its specific approach and understanding.

The main terms of communications sphere

Basic concepts of communications:

- It is the right, correct use of language elements for communication. Every self-respecting man knows and understands how he can and should behave in a particular setting, and what behavior is simply unacceptable.
Speech communication is a random or targeted use of speech structures for expressing his opinion and maintain a conversation.
Speech behavior is the use of certain revolutions in various situations (at work, in the company of friends, in the family, at school, etc.)
It consists of two elements: a specific life situation, the situation in which there is a conversation and directly the language itself, on which negotiations are committed.
Speech activity is a kind of separate, targeted impact on people with a language.

Thus, communications is a concept that includes a whole range of language structures involved in the exchange of information.

The concept of communication

Communication is a multifaceted, complex development process and between people. It is generated by the need for general, joint activities, and also includes the exchange of information that has developed a unified strategy of interaction or understanding.

Types of communication

There are 2 types of communication:

Verbal. This communication in which contact between people occurs through words, proposals. This is the form to which we resort daily in oral or writing, but in one way or another we fold the sounds in words, and we create entire statements that reflect the thoughts and ideas of each of us.
Non-verbal. The means of expressing their emotions in this form of communication are kind of non-verbal actions, such as gestures, mimic, human pose, views, intonation, territorial location and distance towards the interlocutor and so on. The concept and types of non-verbal means of communication are a fairly interesting topic to explore. Since such methods of communication helps to feel the interlocutor and make a big step towards him.

Methods of exposure to partners in the process of communication

In the process of communication, unwitting dominance of one of the interlocutors always occurs. He can convince his comrade in something or, on the contrary, dissuade, give advice or condemn any misconduct. Thus, 4 methods and methods of exposure to each other are distinguished in science:

Infection is the situation when the unwitting, unconscious human exposure to a concrete mental state is occurring. That is, when a partner literally infects you with his idea, except for her, you stop seeing something.
The suggestion is non-indemnified, targeted human impact on his interlocutor. Often, we encounter such a method in stores when the sellers literally deliver the goods to us, painting his advantages. Although the pluses of the product may not always be justified.
The conviction is this way of impact is based on using the argued argument to achieve agreement on a person who receives information. That is not empty words, but substantiated statements contributing to the adoption of the information you need.
Imitation - Unlike suggestion and infection, this method is that there is no simple adoption of the external features of another person, but the specific reproduction of the image of the demonstrated behavior. That is, the interlocutor tries to become the same posture, just to talk, as he behalf of his partner. Often, such behavior contributes to the liberation and conviction of man.

The purpose of the communication process

It should be understood that the whole cycle consists when the concept of communication is considered. Communication process is to exchange information. It can occur between a group of people or personally with a partner.

If we talk about the concept of the communications process, then the purpose of this process is to convey the necessary information so that the interlocutor understands what it is about. However, the use of certain speech revolutions is not a guarantee that the partner understands you and accepted the information.

Basic elements of the communication process

To achieve a mutual understanding between the interlocutors, follow the next links of the whole process.

There are four links:

The recipient is the person who listens and directly perceives all the information.
Communication flow - then, with the help of this or that information is happening.
The message is the information that a person wants to convey to his interlocutor.
The sender is a person who directly sends and brings the necessary information to a partner.

Thus, the concept of communication and the communicative process suggests that they are complementary elements of one structure.

The main differences between communication from communication

The concept of communication and communication suggests that they are pretty similar, and most of us do not distinguish them in a conversation. However, these words are not synonymous, they have a number of differences:

In communication, in contrast to communications, in addition to obtaining information and its analysis, an emotional background and the data content itself is also important.
The main, the main function of communication is the establishment of contacts between partners, and in the case of communications, the main thing is to establish and choose the communication methods, that is, to choose verbal or non-verbal means of expressions of opinion.
Communication is a more general concept that includes the term "communication" in its structure.

Conclusion

In conclusion, you need to mention the fact that communication is a concept of multifaceted, requiring careful consideration and study for reporting the necessary information. Knowing all the subtleties of this case, you can provide the interlocutor of the information that you need. Applying different speech turns, non-verbal and taking into account the content of the data and the emotional background of the interlocutor, you can create an ideal environment for the communicative process. It is necessary to remember the rules and comply with the censorship of communication during business negotiations, and with a personal, unofficial meeting, you can relax and be yourself. Memory and consumption of such elementary rules will be the key to the wonderful friendly communication and reliable successful contract conclusions.

type of interaction between people involving information exchange. K. (the Indo-European root "MEI" - change, exchange) should be distinguished from the dialogue, since its target reason is the merger of personalities involved in it, and from communication, for the latter it is primarily dealing with the general mechanisms of social experience reproduction And bringing new. Meanwhile, questions related to K., historically raised and developed within the framework of the issues of dialogue and communication.

The classic linear model of the communicative act implies adequate transmission of information from the addressee to the addressee. In accordance with this model, the addict encodes some information by the iconic means of the character system, which is used in this form to the C. To assimage information from the addressee, requires a reverse procedure for presenting the content - decoding. The linear communication model has at least two substantial disadvantages: first, it comes from the possibility of directly obtaining information, and secondly, it inevitably substantivate the content. Such a interpretation K. was opposed by Phenomenology (E. Gusserl, M. Merlo-Ponti, B. Valdenels, A. Syutz, Berger, Lukman, etc.), which developed ideas of intersubjectivity and the living world. In modern phenomenology, it emphasizes that traditional dialogic, ascending to Platon, common during Gerder and Humboldt in the concept of "message" and permeating our scientific and all-scientific everyday life, suggests a granted participation in general. But the universal, expressing in the message, with necessity, leads to the existence of someone who would speak from his behalf, which entails logocentric. Thus, the common in the dialog deprives His opponent any opportunity to argue and makes it ultimately silenced. According to B. Valdenfels, E. Gusserly belongs to the first attempt to think intersubjectivity, without relying on the pre-installed communicative mind. In his analysis of the phenomenological experience, Gusserl proposes not to proceed from joint experience, but from the experience of someone else, although at the same time still trying to prove that someone else is constructed on the basis of its own. To solve this issue, phenomenology offers two methodological approaches: Eidetic and transcendental reduction. In the eidetic reduction, someone else's turns on the architectonics of "essential structures", rising above its own and strangers. Alien as someone else remains behind the brackets, therefore, K. It turns out to be impossible. Transcendental reduction includes reduction to some "semantic horizon" extending from its own to someone else, which makes ultimately silent the latter. Valdenfelles finds it possible to combine the positions of phenomenology (Merlot-Pont) and ethnomethodology (Levi-Strauss), and proves that K. Between its own and other feasible on the territory of the intercultural experience, which is not mediated by some comprehensive third, where the own is constantly being observed by others, and the other Own. It is necessary to accept someone else's as what we answer and inevitably must answer, i.e. as a requirement, challenge, motivation, eye, claim, etc. "Every viewing and listening would be answering and listening, all sorts of speech or Action would be a responsible behavior. "

The dialogic character K. and its distillation of its sociality was already anticipated by M. Bakhtin. According to the latter, any statement is the answer, the reaction to any previous and, in turn, implies a speech or non-peer response. He noted that "consciousness is composed and carried out in a sign material created in the process of social communication of an organized team." Similar considerations developed L. S. Vygotsky: "The initial function of speech is communicative. We are primarily a means of social communication, a means of statement and understanding." Communicative feature The sign material remains even in cases when used only as a means for building logical structures. Signs preserve the communicative potential even when the subject is organized by the subject, without going beyond its limits and performs the explicative function. Such an internal self-organization of consciousness, according to Vygotsky, occurs as a result of the interiorization of external sign processes, which, leaving into the depths of the subject, take the form of its "internal speech" forming the basis of verbal thinking. Together with the sign communication, the consciousness of the subject penetrates the dialogue of other reflecting subjects, which contributes to the birth of his thinking.

The creator of the theory of communicative action Yu. Habermas continued the line of J. Mid and E. Durkheim, whose approaches replaced the paradigm of targeted activities dictated by the context of the philosophy of consciousness into the paradigm of communicative action. The concept of "communicative action" of Habermas opens access to three interconnected thematic complexes: 1) the concept of communicative rationality opposing the cognitive and instrumental narrowing of the mind; 2) two-stage concept of society that connects the paradigm of the living world and system; 3) Finally, Modern's theory, which explains today's social pathologies through the indication that communicative-structured life spheres are subject to the imperatives that have become independent, formally organized systems of action.

Original, in Habermas, can be called, above all, people who have knowledge and symbolic expressions, language and non-language communicative and noncommunicative actions that embody some kind of knowledge. Our knowledge has a propositional structure, i.e., those or other opinions can be represented in the form of statements. Communicative practice against the background of a certain living world is focused on achieving, preserving and updating consensus, which is resting at an intersubjective recognition of claims that can be criticized. All the concepts used in social and scientific theories can be reduced to four main: 1) the concept of "theological action", which implies that the actor reaches its goal, choosing a sustainable success of the means and appropriately applying them; 2) the concept of "regulated values"; 3) the concept of "dramatic action", correlated with the participants of the interaction forming the public to which they act; 4) The concepts of communicative action "relate to the interaction of at least two speech that are capable of actors that enter (using verbal or extrovershrobal means) into an interpersonal attitude. The actors seek to understand understanding about the situation in order to coordinate the action plans and Actions themselves. " In this model of action, the language becomes of particular importance. At the same time, Habermas believes it is advisable to use only those analytic theories of values \u200b\u200bthat focus on the structure of the speech expression, and not on the intentions of the speaker.

By Habermas, society should be comprehended simultaneously as a system and as a living world. The concept based on this approach should be a theory of social evolution, which takes into account the differences between the rationalization of the living world and the process of increasing the complexity of public systems. The living world appears the horizon, within the framework of which the communicatively valid are always located. This horizon is generally limited and varies by the structural changes in society.

Habermas notes that the theory of capitalist modernization, implemented by means of the theory of communicative action, is critical of both the modern social sciences and the public reality, which they are called upon to comprehend. The critical attitude towards the reality of developed societies is due to the fact that they do not fully use the potential for learning, which are in culturally, and the fact that these societies demonstrate "uncontrollable increasing complexity." The increasing complexity of the system, speaking as a kind of natural force, not only creates traditional forms of life, but also invades the communicative infrastructure of life worlds that have already been subjected to significant rationalization. The theory of modernity must certainly take into account the fact that in modern societies the "accident space" is increasing for intertections released from regulatory contexts. The originality of communicative action becomes practical truth. At the same time, the imperatives become independent subsystems penetrate the living world and on the way of monitoring and bureaucratization forcing the communicative effect to adapt to formally-organized areas of action even when the coordination mechanism is functionally needed through mutual understanding.

In non-classical philosophy, K. is considered in the aspect of the promotion to a fundamentally unknown result. The system complex of conditions for K., according to J. Derrida, adjoins the letter, which he calls the archport. The archcription is immanently misunderstanding and distortion, it exists not for the manifestation of existing ideas. Therefore, there can be no K. to the end of a clean and successful, not distorting perception of truth, as can not be truth without lies and delusion. The search for derrides is fixed to the root sensual grounds of the sign, its texture, its architectural spontaneous source. The classic definition of a sign through the opposition meant / meaning - the fruit of a centered geometric model of a sign of the Rationalism era, in which the first member of the opposition is always considered as a more substantial and valuable. Derrida emanates from the principal lack of a meant, transcendental language, denies the identity between thinking and being. The letter is an infinite interaction of chains, meaning, traces that replace the missing meant. The signs do not have, of course, directly and fixable compliance with the designated substance, do not possess the status of the presence and act independently in the absence of the author's consciousness. Derrida emphasizes that K. is not addressed to the consciousness of the author as a source of values, rather it gives rise to these values \u200b\u200bin his mind and the author itself is constructed during the letter. The letter exempts speech from the narrowness of the signal function by writing speech in the graph and on the surface, whose essential characteristic is infinitely transferred.

At the same time, the letter opens access to communication with other, because this approach to the letter allows you to detect marginal meanings in it, which was previously located in it. Thereby opening additional channels in K. with the past.

K., according to J. Delezu, occurs at the level of events and outside of forced causality. At the same time, there is rather adhesion of unsuccessful correspondences that form a system of echoes, repetitions and resonances, a system of signs. Events are not the concepts, and attributable inconsistency (inherent in concepts) is the result of their incompatibility. The first theorist of the alogistic incompatibilities believes delete, there was a leibyz, for what he called composhable and non-serve can not be reduced only to the identical and controversial. Conduct does not assume even predicates in an individual subject or a monad. Events are primarily in relation to predicates. Two events are composed if the series forming around singularities (see "Singularity") of these events, distributed in all directions from one to another; And incomcoming if the series differ in the surroundings of the singularities asking them. Alignment and discrepancy - all the original relations covering the abundant region of alogichic compatibility and incompatibilities. Leibniz applies a rule of incompleteness to exclude one event from another. But it is unfair when we consider pure events and an ideal game where discrepancies and disjunction are affirmed. We are talking about the operation, according to which two things or two definitions are approved due to their difference. There is a certain positive distance between various elements, which binds them together just due to the difference (as the differences with the enemy do not deny me, but approve, allowing you to be collected in front of it). Now incompleteness is a means of K. In this case, disjunction does not turn into a simple conjunction. Delese calls three different types of synthesis: a conventional synthesis (if ..., then), accompanying the construction of a single series; conjunctive synthesis (and) - a way to build a convergent series; and disjunctive synthesis (or), distributing the divergent series. Dysuyncation really happens to synthesis when the discrepancy and decentry specified by disjunction becomes the objects of approval as such. Instead of the exclusion of some predicates of the thing for the identity of her concept, each thing is revealed towards endless predicates through which it passes, losing its center - that is, its self-identity as a concept or me. On the replacement of predicate exclusion comes to K. Events. Delese offers to distinguish between two ways of loss of personal self-identity, two ways to develop contradiction. In the depths of the opposite, they communicate precisely on the basis of an infinite identity, while the identity of each of them is broken and disintegated. On the surface where only endless events are placed, each of them communicates with another due to the positive nature of their distance and the affirmative nature of disjunction. Everything happens through the resonance of incommensurability - point of view with a point of view; displacement prospects; Differentiation of differences - and not through the identity of opposites.

Such an understanding of the "car", focused on the extraneous creation of the new, opposed the concept of coordination of the practice of Gabitus P. Bourdieu. It implies a strictly restrictive generating ability, the limits of which are given by historical and social conditions that cut off the creation of an unpredictable new one. The theory of practice puts forward the thesis, firstly, that knowledge objects are not passively reflected, but are constructed, and, secondly, the principles of such design are a system of structured and structuring predispositions or a predisposition, which is built in practice and is always focused on practical functions. . The medium associated with a certain class of conditions of existence produces prejudice, i.e., systems of other prioxisal predispositions, acting as the principles that generate and organize practices and submissions, objectively adapted to achieve certain results, but do not imply conscious targets for these results. Developing the Leibnice logic of mutual influence of events, Bourdieu under Habius understands such an immanent law, which is a prerequisite not only to coordinate the practice, but also for coordination practices. Amendments and regulations that consciously contribute the agents themselves, suggest possession of the general code. Attempts to mobilize the team, according to the theory of practice, can not be crowned with success without a minimal coincidence between the Habius of mobilizing agents (prophets, leaders, etc.) and the predispositions of those who recognize themselves in their practices or speeches, and, among other things, without group education arising from spontaneous conformity of predispositions. It is necessary to take into account the objective compliance, established between the predispositions, which are coordinated objectively, since they are ordered more or less identical objective needs. To determine the relationship between the Group Gabitus and the individual Habius (which is inseparable from an individual organism and socially defined and recognized them, legal status, etc.) Bourdieu proposes to be considered to be a group Habius (which is an individual Habitus inspired, since it expresses or reflects the class or group ) A subjective, but not an individual system of internationalized structures, general perception schemes, concepts and actions, which are prerequisites for any objectification and awareness, and objective coordination of practices and general production could be based on the absolute imperference and interchangeability of single practices and beliefs.

The differences between individual habitas are in the originality of their social trajectories, which correspond to the series mutually unauthorized to each other chronologically ordered determinants. Habius, which, at any point in time, structures new experience in accordance with the structures created by the past experience, modified with new experience within their election ability, brings unique integration of experience, statistically general for representatives of the same class (group), namely integration managed earlier experience. Early experience is of particular importance, since Gabitus tends to constantly and is protected from changes to the selection of new information, denial of information capable of questioning already accumulated information, if it seems randomly or forced, but in particular evasion of such information.

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