The psychology of deviant behavior study guide. Mendelevich V.D
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Gileva N.S.
Psychology of deviant behavior. Study guide
INTRODUCTION
The proposed textbook reflects the views and approaches that have appeared in domestic psychological science in last years, since psychological practice has presented requirements for the creation of a grounded platform for understanding the mechanisms of the formation of behavioral deviations and creating effective methods for their correction.
The ambiguity of the situation in the field of assessing the deviant behavior of a person, determining its boundaries, manifestations, ascribing it to pathology or a conditional norm has led to the fact that this side of the mental life of an individual and the corresponding scientific and practical field of psychology for a long time remained without due attention and study.
Deviant forms of behavior, which were previously regarded as insignificant and insignificant, began to be considered as important in terms of predisposition to severe mental illness and were named prenosological (pre-morbid) forms of mental disorders. People with deviant behavior may be mentally ill and mentally ill, or they may be mentally healthy.
The problem of studying the mechanisms of behavioral deviations becomes significant, since such behavior is unambiguously classified as deviant, its clinical signs are determined and studied individually. psychological characteristics deviant. Therefore, experts consider the phenomenological approach to the study of the psychology of a person with deviant behavior scientifically grounded.
Purpose of the course- to identify the problems of a special direction in psychology - the psychology of deviant behavior.
Tasks:
- to identify causal relationships and the specifics of the manifestation of deviant behavior in adolescence;
- to give a typology and models of deviant behavior;
- to present methods for diagnosing deviant behavior of adolescents.
CHAPTER 1
PSYCHOLOGY OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR: BASIC CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES
1... 1. Basic concepts of deviant behavior
In foreign science, the psychology of deviant behavior has developed as an independent scientific and academic discipline... In Russia, this science does not yet have such a theoretical empirical experience: it is on the way of formation and development.
Psychology of deviant behaviorIs an interdisciplinary field scientific knowledge, which studies the mechanisms of occurrence, formation, dynamics and outcomes of behavior deviating from various norms, as well as the methods and methods of their correction and therapy. This discipline is at the crossroads clinical psychology and psychiatry, and mastering it requires knowledge and skills from these scientific fields.
The psychology of deviant behavior in this context is not a typical example of a scientific field in which the knowledge gained by scientists of various specialties has not yet led to the formation of a separate scientific discipline. The reason for this is the clash of orthodox psychological and orthodox psychiatric views on deviating from normative behavior. Questions about whether behavioral deviations should be attributed to pathology (that is, signs of mental disorders and diseases, designated as symptoms, syndromes), or whether they should be recognized as extreme variants of the norm, remain not rhetorical; whether behavioral deviations are stages of psychopathological disorders or there is a gap between behavioral painful disorders and deviant forms of behavior; what are the causes (psychogenesis) of deviant forms of behavior: impaired brain activity, adaptive behavior skills or social expectations; what measures are needed to restore adequate behavior: psychological correction or psychopharmacological therapy. Nevertheless, neither foreign nor domestic scientists have a single point of view on the term “deviant behavior”.
A. Cohen considers deviant behavior as behavior that runs counter to the expectations shared and recognized as legitimate within the social system.
IS Kon believes that deviant behavior is a system of actions that deviate from the generally accepted or implied norms of mental health, law, culture or morality.
V. D. Mendelevich deviant behavior- a system of actions or individual actions that contradict the norms accepted in society and are manifested in an imbalance of mental processes, inadaptivity, a violation of the process of self-actualization and evasion of moral and aesthetic control over one's own behavior.
Thus, in all definitions, deviant behavior is associated with any inconsistency of human actions, actions, types of activities, common in society or groups of norms, rules of behavior, ideas, stereotypes, attitudes, values \u200b\u200band expectations.
At the same time, some scientists prefer to use as a reference point (norm) anticipation(expectations) of appropriate behavior, and others - attitudes(standards, samples) of behavior. Some people believe that not only actions can be deviant, but also ideas (views).
Yu.A. Kleyberg argues that deviant behaviorIs a specific way of changing social norms and expectations by demonstrating a value attitude towards them.
1... 2. Classification of the causes of deviant behavior
The interpretation of the causes of deviant behavior is closely related to the understanding of the very nature of this socio-psychological phenomenon. Human behavior combines components of various levels - biological, psychological and social. Depending on which of them, within the framework of a particular theory, the main importance is attached, the main reasons for this behavior are also determined.
There are concepts that focus primarily or exclusively on biological determinants (causes); concepts that emphasize psychological factors; sociological concepts explaining deviant behavior exclusively for social reasons. Let's consider these approaches.
Biological approach.In the 20th century, attempts were made to explain deviant behavior by biological factors. In particular, W. Sheldon substantiated the connection between the types of human physical structure and forms of behavior. W. Pierce, as a result of genetic research in the mid-60s, came to the conclusion that the presence of an extra chromosome in men causes a predisposition to criminal violence. H. Eysenck, studying prisoners, came to the conclusion that extroverts are more prone to committing crimes than introverts, which is determined at the genetic level. However, in general, biological concepts of deviant behavior are not very popular in the modern scientific world.
Sociological approach.Sociological research late XIX early XX century J. Quetelet, E. Durkheim, D. Dewey, P. Dupati. L. Levy-Bruhl and others have identified the connection between deviant behavior and the social conditions of human existence. A solid statistical analysis of various anomalous manifestations over a certain historical period of time showed that the number of anomalies in human behavior always inevitably increased during periods of wars, economic crises, social upheavals, which refuted the theory of an “inborn” criminal, pointing to the social roots of this phenomenon. For the first time, a sociological explanation of deviation was proposed in the theory of anomie by E. Durkheim, who used it in his classic study of the essence of suicide.
Within the framework of the sociological approach, which is adhered to by F. Tannenbaum, I. Hoffman, E. Lemert, G. Becker, it is possible to single out the interactionist direction and structural analysis. The main point here is the thesis, according to which deviance is not a property inherent in any social behavior, but a consequence of social assessment (stigma, “stigmatization”) of a certain behavior as deviant. Deviation is due to the ability of influential groups in society to impose certain standards on other layers.
The analysis of the causes of deviant behavior is aimed in this case at studying the processes, phenomena and factors that determine or influence the attribution of the status of deviant behavior and the status of the deviant to individuals, i.e., the study of how the attitude towards people as to deviants is formed.
Structural analysis offers three explanations for the causes of deviation:
1. Culturological - the cause of deviation is conflicts between the norms of the subculture and the dominant culture, on the basis that individuals simultaneously belong to different ethnic, cultural, political, social and other groups with mismatched or conflicting values.
2. Deviation appears as a result of opposition to the norms of capitalist society and is due to the socio-economic nature of capitalism.
3. In the theory of "social anomie" by R. Merton, deviant behavior is caused by anomie as a mismatch between the goals proclaimed by a given culture and the institutionalized means of achieving them.
Within the framework of domestic studies, the problems of deviant behavior are mainly explained by two reasons: the discrepancy between the requirements of the norm and the requirements of life, on the one hand, and the discrepancy between the requirements of life and the interests of a given individual, on the other.
This is due to the contradictory nature of the development of society. The main thing here is the contradiction between stability and mobility of society as a system. On the one hand, society orients the individual towards conformal behavior, which is a condition social stability, and on the other, it objectively requires him to be proactive, that is, to go beyond the generally accepted standards. Therefore, the socialization of a person always includes both conformal and non-conformal behavior.
Psychological approach.For Western psychology and psychotherapy, the criterion for the norm of mental development is the subject's ability to adapt. Domestic psychology considers adaptation as one of the aspects of mental development, which sometimes loses its leading importance for a person. This understanding presupposes the inclusion in the range of criteria of the norm not only successful adaptation to the social environment, but also the progressive, albeit uneven development of creative abilities, primarily associated with the process of personality formation. Naturally, with such an approach, qualitative neoplasms should be distinguished.
As the organizing "nucleus" of the personality, the "Y-concept" is recognized, a certain quality of which is considered as the key to normal adaptation. This concept includes both "good" integration of the personality (in the spirit of G. Allport) - a harmonious "Yconception" (with a minimum of internal contradictions and a single outlook on life), and relative autonomy (in the sense of the ability to independent, independent behavior).
Autonomy is associated with the formation of communication skills and self-confidence (positive self-esteem) based on them. Self-doubt and low self-esteem, for example, are considered by M. Herbert as sources of adaptation disorders and developmental anomalies.
This idea, formed in the mainstream of humanistic psychology, is consistent with a number of ideas of Russian psychology about the important role of attitude towards oneself and self-awareness in general in the process of personality formation.
The main source of bias in psychoanalysis is usually considered constant conflict between unconscious drives, which in their suppressed and repressed form form the structure of "It", and the social restrictions of the child's natural activity, which form the structure of "I" and "super-I" in an internalized form.
Normal personality development presupposes the presence of optimal defense mechanisms that balance the spheres of the conscious and unconscious. Therefore, in the case of neurotic defense, personality formation takes on an abnormal character. K. Horney, D. Bowlby, G. Sullivan see the reasons for the deviations in the lack of emotional contact, warm communication with the mother in the first years of life. E. Erickson also notes the negative role of the lack of a sense of security and trust in the first years of life in the etiology of deviations.
A. Adler singles out the structure of the family as an important factor in the formation of personality, the different position in which the child and the corresponding type of upbringing have a significant, and often decisive influence on the emergence of deviant behavior. For example, overprotection, according to A. Adler, leads to the development of suspiciousness, infantilism, and an inferiority complex.
Behavioral approachto understanding deviant behavior is very popular in the United States and Canada. The emphasis in the origin of deviant behavior is shifted here to inadequate social learning. This approach is empirically empirical in nature and focuses on the possibility of correcting inappropriate behavior by organizing positive reinforcement and correcting the consequences of deviant behavior.
Ecological approachtreats deviations in behavior as a result of an unfavorable interaction between the child and the social environment. The child is considered as a subject of violations to the extent that he turns out to be the object of disturbing influences from the social microenvironment. Correction is understood here as the optimization of this interaction by mutually changing the positions of teaching the child the skills of cooperation. Representatives of this direction highlight the importance individual approach in learning and the possibilities of personal self-expression in educational activities.
Humanistic approachconsiders deviations in behavior as a consequence of the child's loss of agreement with his own feelings and the inability to find meaning and self-realization in the current conditions of upbringing. Representatives of this direction see the possibility of correcting deviations in the creation of a teacher-child contact, specific for this approach, which allows, in a warm and trusting atmosphere, to introduce the child into educational situations in a new way without the traditional didactic convergence (divergence) of positions and ignoring the child's interests.
An empirical approachto the definition and diagnosis of deviations has become widespread in Western psychology. The essence of this approach lies in a purely empirical, phenomenological classification, where each behaviorally distinguishable and stable symptom complex receives a name (autism, depression, victimization, etc.). This approach is an attempt to bring psychiatry and psychology closer together and therefore uses the concept of a syndrome as a certain stable formation in the structure of the personality to describe the types of deviations.
Thus, there are various interrelated factors that determine the genesis of deviant behavior:
– individual factoracting at the level of psychobiological prerequisites for deviant behavior that impede the social and psychological adaptation of the individual;
– pedagogical factormanifested in defects in school and family education;
– psychological factor, revealing the unfavorable features of the interaction of the individual with his closest environment in the family, on the street, in the team, manifested in the individual's actively selective attitude to the preferred communication environment, to the norms and values \u200b\u200bof his environment, the psychological and pedagogical influences of the family, school, the public to self-regulation of his behavior;
– social factordetermined by the social, economic, political and other conditions of the existence of society.
Review questions for chapter 1
1. Who was at the origins of the study of deviant behavior and introduced the concept of anomie?
3. What types of stigma are highlighted?
4. What are the problems of deviant behavior associated with in the domestic psychological and pedagogical literature?
5. Explain the reasons for deviant behavior?
6. What approaches to the analysis of the causes of deviant behavior exist?
CHAPTER 2
SOCIAL NORMS: GENESIS, ESSENCE, CLASSIFICATION
2... 1. The concept of the norm
Each society has its own specific system of norms (values), which depends on the level of socio-economic, political, spiritual development of society, on production and social relations. Social norms are formed as a result of communication and cooperation of people and are a fundamental component of any form of human socialization. There is not a single society or group of people without a system of norms that determine their behavior.
Social norms in society perform a variety of functions: orientational, regulatory, sanctioning, informational, corrective, educational, etc. The norms contain certain modes of action, according to which individuals build and evaluate their activities, direct and regulate behavior. The norms may contain requirements regarding the use of the means of achieving them.
The concept of "social norm" is quite broad and in scientific literature there is a large number of works analyzing this concept. However, there is still no systematic methodological analysis of norms to date. Nevertheless, in science there are as many definitions of this phenomenon as there are authors dealing with the development of this problem.
These are foreign scientists E. Durkheim, M. Weber, W. Sumner, T. Parsons, R. Merton, R. Mills. From Russian scientists - M. I. Bobneva, S. A. Dashtamirov, Yu. A. Kleyberg, V. M. Penkov, V. D. Plakhov, A. A. Ruchka. V.A.Yadov and others.
In order to assess the types, forms and structure of deviant behavior, it is necessary to imagine from which particular norms of society they may deviate.
Consider various definitions of the norm. M. I. Bobneva believes that "social norms are means of social regulation of the behavior of individuals and groups", A. A. Ruchka that "social norms are a set of requirements and expectations that a social community (group, organization, class, society) presents to to its members in order to carry out activities (behavior) of the established pattern ”. Yu. A. Kleiberg argues that "a social norm is a socio-cultural instrument for regulating relations in the concrete historical conditions of society's life conditioned by social practice." KK Platonov believes that “a norm is a phenomenon of group consciousness in the form of ideas shared by a group and the most frequent judgments of group members about the requirements for behavior, taking into account their social roles, creating optimal conditions of being with which these norms interact and, reflecting, form his".
From the above definitions it is clear that they are multifunctional and permeate literally all aspects of our life. The essence of social norms is to regulate people's consciousness and behavior in accordance with the prevailing system of values, needs, interests, ideology. Thus, social norms turn out to be a tool for goal-setting, the design of current managerial and educational decisions. And they also become a tool for forecasting, social control and correction of deviant behavior in the social environment, stimulating the creative and social activity of a person.
The following norms are distinguished:
1) legal;
2) moral;
3) aesthetic.
Legal norms are formalized in the form of a set of laws and imply punishment in case of their violation, moral and aesthetic norms are not regulated so strictly, and if they are not observed, only public censure is possible.
2... 2. Genesis and mechanism of development of norms
The study of social norms is fraught with difficulties due to the fact that neither epistemology, nor psychology, nor medicine, nor sociology separately can give an answer to the question of the genesis and mechanisms of the emergence of a norm. Therefore, it is necessary to rely on a number of scientific disciplines, since the problem of the norm is borderline, since the norm is the intersection point of many social processes, therefore, its study has interdisciplinary significance.
As you know, the development of man and consciousness occurs according to objective laws; the relationship between man, society and nature today does not seem to be controversial, since it has been proven by numerous works of natural scientists and social scientists of different times and trends (Plato, Hugo Grotius, Leonardo da Vinci, etc.).
Nature historically precedes man; therefore, laws are the result of his social life. Being a product and continuation of nature, man has a natural predisposition to organized existence, a natural inclination to order, therefore it appears as a natural-historical prerequisite for the emergence of individual social norms.
The whole history of mankind testifies that people for their existence and development use the patterns created by nature, learn from it, adopt the methods and principles of self-regulation, adapt and transform them, taking into account their social conditions and needs. Taking possession of nature, cognizing its laws, people rely on the property of stability, which is a necessary condition for the existence of organic and inorganic objects and the social world.
The laws of nature are diverse and do not have a direct direct regulatory impact on social processes and human behavior. This impact is mediated, indirect, but not local - integral, universal.
On the one hand, the ordering taking place in society has a prototype of self-regulation in nature, and on the other hand, the society itself and man are part of the organic world and man's own nature creates similar patterns. The results of self-regulation of nature are inorganic and organic elements (the norm of nature), and the results of social ordering are social norms.
The genesis and functioning of the laws (norms) of nature is a natural and objective process, the emergence and action of social norms expresses the subjective activity, creativity of people, a reflection of social relations and needs.
The study of the relationship between social norms and social needs is of particular importance at the present stage of the development of society. With an in-depth analysis of the determination of norms by needs, it turns out that need is a potential basis, the cause of the emergence of a norm.
In recent years, in connection with the social crisis of our society, interest in the problem of deviant behavior has objectively increased, which necessitated a more thorough study of the causes, forms, dynamics deviant behavior, methods of correction, prevention and rehabilitation. All this also stimulated the development of the theory of the psychology of deviant behavior and the need to familiarize a wider circle of specialists with its foundations: psychologists, teachers, lawyers, managers, physicians, social workers, etc.
Psychology of deviant behavior - is an interdisciplinary area of \u200b\u200bscientific knowledge that studies the mechanisms of occurrence, formation, dynamics and outcomes of deviating from various norms, as well as methods and methods of their correction and therapy.
Deviant behavior, according to the American psychologist A. Cohen, is “... behavior that runs counter to institutionalized expectations, that is, with expectations shared and recognized as legitimate within the social system. "
Deviant behavior is always associated with any inconsistency of human actions, actions, common norms in society, rules of behavior, ideas, expectations, values.
As you know, the system of norms depends on the level of socio-economic, political, spiritual development of society, as well as on industrial and social relations. and rules perform various functions: orientational, regulatory, sanctioning, educational, informational, etc. In accordance with the norms, individuals build and evaluate their activities, direct and regulate their behavior. It is in the regulation of consciousness and behavior that the essence of social norms is. Regulation takes place in accordance with the prevailing system of values, needs, interests, ideology. Thus, social norms turn out to be a tool for goal-setting, forecasting, social control and correction of deviant behavior in the social environment, as well as stimulating and.
Social norms are effective if they become a component of individual consciousness. It is then that they act as factors and regulators of behavior and self-control.
The properties of social norms are:
- objectivity of the reflection of reality;
- unambiguity (consistency);
- historicity (continuity);
- the obligation of reproduction;
- relative stability (stability);
- dynamism (variability);
- optimality;
- organizing, regulating ability;
- correctional and educational ability, etc.
However, not all deviations from the "norm" can be destructive, there are also non-destructive options; in any case, the growth of deviant behavior indicates social distress in society and can find its expression both in negative forms and reflect the emergence of new social thinking, new stereotypes of behavior.
Since deviant behavior is recognized as not corresponding to social norms and expectations, and norms and expectations are different not only in different societies and at different times, but also among different groups in the same society at the same time (legal norms and law ”, norms of adults and youth, rules of behavior of“ bohemians ”, etc.), insofar as the concept of“ generally accepted norm ”is very relative, and, therefore, relatively deviant behavior. Based on the most general views, deviant behavior is defined as:
- an act of a person
- a social phenomenon.
Normative harmonious behavior presupposes: balance of mental processes (at the level of properties), adaptability and self-actualization (at the level of characterological characteristics), spirituality, responsibility, conscientiousness (at the personal level). Just as the norm of behavior is based on these three components of personality, so anomalies and deviations are based on their changes, deviations and violations. Thus, a person can be defined as a system of actions (or individual actions) that contradict the norms accepted in society and manifest themselves in the form of imbalance, a violation of the process of self-actualization, or in the form of deviation from moral and aesthetic control over one's own behavior.
The problem of deviance first began to be considered in sociological and criminological works, of which the works of such authors as M. Weber, R. Merton, R. Mills, T. Parsons, E. Fomm and others deserve special attention; among domestic scientists, B.S. Bratusya, L.I. Bozovic, L.S. , ME AND. Gilinsky, I.S. Kon, Yu.A. Kleyberg, M.G.Broshevsky and other scientists.
At the origins of the study of deviant behavior was E. Durkheim, who introduced the concept of "anomie" (work "", 1912) - this is a state of destruction or weakening of the normative system of society, i.e. social disorganization.
The interpretation of the causes of deviant behavior is closely related to the understanding of the very nature of this socio-psychological phenomenon. There are several approaches to the problem of deviant behavior.
1. Biological approach.
C. Lombroso (Italian psychiatrist) substantiated the connection between the anatomical structure of a person and criminal behavior. W. Sheldon substantiated the connection between the types of human physical structure and forms of behavior. W. Pearce as a result (60s) came to the conclusion that the presence of an extra Y-chromosome in men causes a predisposition to criminal violence.
2. Sociological approach.
J. Quetelet, E. Durkheim, D. Dewey and others revealed the connection between deviant behavior and the social conditions of human existence.
1) Interactionist direction (I. Hoffman, G. Becker). The main point here is the thesis that deviance is a consequence of social assessment (the theory of "stigma").
2) Structural analysis. So, S. Selin, O. Turk see the reasons for deviations in between the norms of the subculture and the dominant culture on the basis of the fact that individuals simultaneously belong to different ethnic, cultural, social and other groups with mismatching or conflicting values.
Other researchers believe that social inequality is the main cause of all social deviations.
3. Psychological approach
The subject's ability to adapt acts as a criterion for the norm of mental development (M. Gerber, 1974). Self-doubt and low
are considered as sources of adaptation disorders and developmental anomalies.
The main source of deviations is usually considered a constant conflict between the unconscious, which in their suppressed and repressed form form the structure of "It" and the social limitations of the child's natural activity. Normal personality development presupposes the presence of optimal defense mechanisms that balance the spheres of the conscious and unconscious. In the case of neurotic defense, the formation takes on an abnormal character (). , D. Bowlby, G. Sullivan see the reasons for the deviations in the lack of emotional contact, warm treatment of the mother with the child in the first years of life. E. Erickson also notes the negative role of the lack of a sense of security and trust in the first years of life in the etiology of relationships. he sees the roots of the deviations in the inability of the individual to establish adequate contact with the environment... A. Adler singles out the family structure as an important factor in the formation of personality. The different position of the child in this structure and the corresponding type of upbringing have a significant and often decisive influence on the emergence of deviant behavior. For example, overprotection, according to A. Adler, leads to suspiciousness, infantilism, and an inferiority complex.
The behavioral approach to understanding deviant behavior is very popular in the USA and Canada. The emphasis here is shifted to inadequate social learning (E. Mash, E. Terdal, 1981).
The ecological approach interprets deviations in behavior as the result of an unfavorable interaction between the child and the social environment. Representatives of the psychodidactic approach emphasize the role of the child's learning failures in the development of deviations (D. Halagan, J. Kaufman, 1978).
The humanistic approach considers deviations in behavior as a consequence of the child's loss of agreement with his own feelings and the inability to find meaning and self-realization in the prevailing conditions of upbringing.
The empirical approach consists in a phenomenological classification, where each behaviorally distinguishable stable symptom complex gets its own name (, etc.). This approach is an attempt to bring psychiatry and psychology closer together. D. Halagan and J. Kaufman identified four types of syndromes (anomalies):
1) violation of behavior;
2) personality disorder;
3) immaturity;
4) antisocial tendencies.
Thus, there are interrelated factors that determine the genesis deviant behavior:
1) an individual factor acting at the level of psychobiological prerequisites for deviant behavior, which complicate the social and psychological of the individual;
2) the pedagogical factor, manifested in the defects of school and family education;
3) a psychological factor that reveals the unfavorable characteristics of an individual with his immediate environment in, on the street, in a team and manifests itself primarily in the active selective attitude of the individual to the preferred environment, to the norms and values \u200b\u200bof his environment, self-regulation of his environment;
4) the social factor, which is determined by the social, economic, political and other conditions of the existence of society.
The subject of the study of the psychology of deviant behavior is the causes of deviant behavior, situational reactions, as well as personality development, leading to maladjustment of a person in society, violation of self-actualization, etc.
The textbook presents the main sections of the psychology of deviant behavior, covering the description of normative, harmonious, ideal behavior, as well as the structure, types and clinical forms of deviant behavior in children, adolescents and adults. Criteria are given for five deviant behavioral types (delinquent, addictive, pathocharacterological, psychopathological and based on hyper-abilities) in the form of aggressive, auto-aggressive, suicidal behaviors, eating disorders, sexual deviations and perversions, alcohol and drug addictions, overvalued psychological, psychopathological communicative deviations, etc. Separate chapters are devoted to cultural, gender, age and professional deviations, as well as deviant behavior of chronically ill patients. The descriptions of the basics of complex therapy and correction of behavioral deviations are given.
The manual corresponds to the training course "psychology of deviant behavior". It can be used by students studying psychological and medical sciences, as well as by psychiatrists, psychotherapists, medical (clinical) psychologists, social workers to independently master this course.
Foreword ................................................. ............................... five
Chapter 1. Behavioral norm, pathology, deviation ................ 9
Approaches to assessing behavioral norms, pathology and deviations ... 15
Ideal norm, creativity and behavior deviations ............... 18
Phenomenological diagnosis of behavioral stereotypes ... 23
Programmed control of knowledge .................................. 32
Recommended reading ................................................ .... 36
Chapter 2. Psychology of Harmonious and Normative Behavior 37
Temperamental balance ..................................... 43
Classification A. Thomas and S. Chess .......................................... ...... fifty
Harmony of character ................................................ .............. 51
Personal harmony ................................................ ................... 69
Programmed control of knowledge .................................. 82
Recommended reading ................................................ .... 86
Chapter 3. Types, forms and structure of deviant behavior ....... 88
The structure of deviant behavior ............................................... .88
Interaction of the individual with reality ..................................... 94
Delinquent type of deviant behavior ........................ 96
Addictive type of deviant behavior ........................... 98
Pathocharacterological type of deviant behavior ... 103
Psychopathological type of deviant behavior ............. 105
A type of deviant behavior based on hyperpower ........................................... ............................. 106
Aggressive behavior................................................ ................. 109
Auto-aggressive behavior ................................................ .......... 114
Substance abuse
modified mental activity.................................. 121
Eating Disorders ............................................... ... 129
Sexual deviations and perversions ............................................. 136
Overvalued psychological hobbies .................................... 148
Overvalued psychopathological hobbies ............................. 160
Characterological and pathocharacterological reactions
and personality disorders ............................................... ......... 163
Communicative deviations ................................................ ......... 168
Immoral and immoral behavior ................................... 186
Unaesthetic behavior, or deviations in behavior style ............ 186
Programmable knowledge control .................................. 190
Recommended reading ................................................ .... 197
Chapter 4. Ethnocultural variants of deviant behavior ... 199
Programmed control of knowledge .................................. 218
Recommended reading ................................................ .... 220
Chapter 5. Gender options for deviant behavior ............... 221
11 programmed knowledge control .................................. 248
Recommended reading ................................................ .... 250
Chapter 6. Age variants of deviant behavior ............. 251
Programmed control of knowledge .................................. 272
Recommended reading ................................................ .... 275
Chapter 7. Professional variants of deviant behavior ... 276
Programmed control of knowledge .................................. 287
Recommended reading ................................................ .... 290
Chapter 8. Deviant behavior in chronically ill ............. 291
Programmed control of knowledge .................................. 318
Recommended reading ................................................ .... 322
Chapter 9. Psychological and psychopharmacological
correction and therapy of deviant behavior ................. 323
Methods and methods of psychological counseling,
psychocorrection, psychotherapy and psychopharmacotherapy ...... 326
Psychological counseling ......................................... 330
Psychological correction ................................................ ....... 341
Psychotherapy................................................. ............................. 346
Psychopharmacotherapy ................................................. .............. 349
Methods and methods of psychological and psychopharmacological correction and therapy of behavioral deviations ....................... 350
Programmed control of knowledge .................................. 378
Recommended reading ................................................ .... 385
Emotions
08.07.2017
Snezhana Ivanova
The psychology of deviant behavior is such that a person often does not realize that he is acting in a destructive way.
Deviant behavior is a special form of deviant behavior in which a person loses the concept of moral values, social norms and is fully focused on satisfying his needs. Deviant behavior implies a mandatory degradation of the personality, because it is simply impossible to progress by hurting others. A person changes literally before our eyes: he loses a sense of reality, elementary shame and all responsibility.
The psychology of deviant behavior is such that a person often does not realize that he is acting in a destructive way. She does not want to delve into the needs of others, she does not care about the feelings of loved ones. Deviant behavior deprives a person of the ability to think sensibly and reason.
The concept of deviant behavior
The concept of deviant behavior in psychological science came about through the hard work of Emile Durkheim. He became the founder of the theory of deviation in general. The very concept of deviant behavior at first meant some disagreement with public understanding of how to behave in a given situation. But gradually the concept of deviant behavior became closer to understanding offenses and deliberate harm to others. This idea was supplemented and developed in his works by the follower of Emile Durkheim - Robert King Merton. The scientist insisted that deviant behavior in all cases is dictated by the unwillingness to develop, work on oneself and benefit those who are around. The concept of deviant behavior is one of those that affect the sphere of human relationships.
Reasons for deviant behavior
The reasons why a person chooses deviant behavior for himself are very diverse. These reasons sometimes so dominate the personality that it loses its will, the ability to think sensibly, to make decisions independently. Deviant behavior is always characterized by excessive resentment, vulnerability, increased aggressiveness and intransigence. Such a person demands that his desires be immediately satisfied, no matter what the cost. Any types of deviant behavior are extremely destructive, they make a person extremely susceptible and unhappy. The personality gradually begins to degrade, losing social skills, losing familiar values \u200b\u200band even its own positive character traits. So, what are the reasons for the formation of deviant behavior?
Unfavorable environment
The personality is greatly influenced by the environment in which it is located. If a person is placed in an environment where they will constantly humiliate and reproach him, then gradually he will begin to degrade. Many people simply withdraw into themselves and stop trusting others. An unfavorable environment forces a person to experience negative feelings, and then build defensive reactions against them. Deviant behavior is the result of cruel and unfair treatment. Never happy and happy man will not hurt others, try to prove something at any cost. The essence of deviant behavior is that it gradually destroys a person, revealing old grievances and unspoken claims to the world.
The reason for the formation of deviant behavior always indicates that it is necessary to change in life. The features of deviant behavior are such that it manifests itself not suddenly, not immediately, but gradually. A person, harboring aggression, becomes less and less controllable and harmonious. It is very important to change the environment if there are attempts to change deviant behavior to constructive one.
Alcohol and drug use
Another reason for deviant behavior is the presence of excessively negative destructive factors in a person's life. Deviant behavior, of course, does not arise by itself, for no apparent reason. We cannot but agree that toxic substances negatively affect our consciousness. A person who uses drugs will sooner or later begin to degrade. The addict cannot control himself, loses the ability to see the good in people, loses self-esteem, he has attacks of aggression directed at others. Even a person without special education can diagnose such deviant behavior. The degrading personality makes a vivid repulsive impression. Others, as a rule, try to avoid meeting with such subjects, fearing adverse consequences and simply worrying about their lives. Sometimes it is enough to look at a person to establish the reason for her inappropriate behavior. Deviant deviant behavior cannot be hidden from prying eyes. Relatives and loved ones of the person who has deviant behavior, as a rule, begin to themselves feel ashamed and ashamed of what is happening, although they themselves suffer greatly from the actions of the deviant.
The alcohol addict also has manifestations of aggression and uncontrollable anger. Most often, this person is disappointed first in himself, and then in the people around him. To diagnose deviant behavior, sometimes it is enough to look at the person himself, to determine his essence. The reason why people break themselves and start taking various toxic substances is simple: they cannot realize their potential in the world. Deviant behavior of a person always implies the presence of sharp negative manifestations that harm the life and well-being of people around.
Constant criticism
There is another reason for the formation of deviant behavior. If in childhood a child is constantly scolded for something, then manifestations of self-disappointment will not take long. From here come self-doubt, increased sensitivity to criticism, emotional and mental instability. Constant criticism can eventually lead to any form and type of deviant behavior. All types of deviant behavior, regardless of the form of expression, negate any efforts to become better and to establish themselves in any area of \u200b\u200blife: personal life, profession, creativity. It's just that a person at a certain moment stops believing in himself and his capabilities. He does not understand the reasons for his condition, but seeks confirmation of negative manifestations outside. Diagnosis of deviant behavior is a rather complicated and time-consuming process that must be carried out by specialists. You need to be extremely careful with children and adolescents so as not to break their dreams, not to destroy faith in yourself and your own prospects. The reasons for deviant behavior can be completely different. It is better to prevent the development of such a deviation than to try to correct the consequences later.
Classification of deviant behavior
The classification of deviant behavior includes several important concepts. They are all interconnected and mutually condition each other. Those who are next to such a person are the first to sound the alarm. Even a child can diagnose a degrading personality. In other words, deviant forms of behavior are not difficult to recognize. The manifestation of deviant behavior, as a rule, is noticeable to others. Let's consider the most common forms and types of deviant behavior.
Addictive behavior
Addiction is the very first type of deviant behavior. A person's addictions develop gradually. By forming some kind of addiction, he tries to compensate for the absence of something very significant and valuable in his life. What addictions can there be and why are they so destructive for the individual? This is, first of all, chemical addiction. The use of drugs, alcohol leads to the formation of stable addiction. After some time, a person no longer imagines a comfortable existence without an addiction. Thus, heavy smokers say that smoking a cigarette on time helps them to relax. People who are addicted to alcohol often justify themselves by the fact that a glass of alcohol allows them to discover new opportunities in themselves. Of course, such prospects are imaginary. In fact, the person gradually loses control over himself and his emotional state.
There is also psychological addiction. It manifests itself depending on the opinions of others, as well as painful focus on another person. Here unrequited love takes place, which takes away a lot of vitality. Such a personality also destroys itself: endless experiences do not add health and strength. The desire to live, to set goals and strive to achieve them often disappears. Diagnostics of deviant behavior implies timely detection of pathological signs and prevention of their development. The manifestation of deviant behavior always, in all cases, without exception, needs correction. Any addiction is a type of deviant behavior that sooner or later will lead a person to complete destruction.
Delinquent behavior
Criminal or illegal behavior is another type of deviant behavior that can be considered dangerous not only for the individual himself, but also for society as a whole. A delinquent - one who commits criminal acts is a person who has completely lost any moral norms. For him, there are only his own needs of a lower order, which he seeks to satisfy in any way. Such a person can be diagnosed at a glance. Most people are naturally fearful as soon as they suspect that a criminal is near them. Some types of citizens seek to immediately contact the law enforcement agencies.
The delinquent will not stop at any obstacles. He is only interested in getting his own momentary benefit, and in order to achieve such a goal, he is sometimes ready to take unjustified risks. The main signs that you have an offender are as follows. The offender rarely looks straight in the eyes, tells a lie in order to get out of a difficult situation himself. It will not be difficult for such a person to substitute even a close relative. The diagnosis of offenders is usually carried out by the relevant authorities.
Antimoral behavior
Antimoral behavior is a special type of deviant behavior that is expressed in defiant or ugly behavior in public. In addition, in each individual society, different actions and actions will be considered antimoral. General violations of morality are considered: prostitution, public insult to other people, obscene language. Individuals who do not have any ideas about how to behave in a given situation are prone to antimoral behavior. They often come into clear conflict with the law, have problems with the police. Diagnosing such behavior is quite simple: it catches the eye immediately, at the first manifestation.
Suicide
This type of deviant behavior is a mental disorder. Suicide attempts are made by those individuals who do not see further prospects and opportunities to continue their existence. Everything seems to them meaningless and devoid of any joy. If a person only thinks about suicide, it means that everything in his life can still be corrected. He just approached a dangerous line. It is necessary that someone be with him at the right moment and warn against this rash step. Suicide has not yet helped anyone solve pressing problems. Parting with life, a person punishes, first of all, himself. Even close relatives are ever comforted and continue to live on with all the strength of their souls. It is difficult to diagnose suicidal tendencies because such people learn to be secretive and are very successful in this activity. However, potential suicides are in dire need of timely assistance. Unfortunately, not everyone gets it.
Signs of deviant behavior
Psychologists determine the propensity for deviant behavior by a number of essential features. These signs directly or indirectly indicate that a person is in an inadequate state, which means that he may be involved in committing crimes or be involved in addiction. What are the signs of deviant behavior? By what parameters can you understand that there is a deviant in front of you? There are several forms of expressing negativity. They can be diagnosed simply by observing people and drawing appropriate conclusions.
Aggressiveness
Anyone who does something illegal will exhibit their worst character traits. The problem is that even good personality traits in a deviant are lost over time, as if they go into emptiness and dissolve in thin air. Deviant behavior is characterized by increased aggressiveness, intransigence and assertiveness. A criminal or any other offender will try to defend his position in everything and do it quite tough. Such a person will not take into account the needs of other people, recognize alternatives, for him there is only his own individual truth. Aggressiveness repels other people and allows the deviant to remain unnoticed by society for a long time. With the help of the shown aggressiveness, a person goes to his goals, avoids effective interaction with other people.
Aggressiveness is always a sign of the presence of fear. Only a confident person can afford to be calm and balanced. Anyone whose daily activities involve risk will always be nervous. Every minute he has to be on the lookout so as not to inadvertently betray himself, and sometimes not to reveal his presence.
Uncontrollability
Deviant seeks to control everything, but in fact he himself becomes uncontrollable and nervous. From constant stress, he loses the ability to reason logically, sensibly, and make responsible decisions. Sometimes he begins to get confused in his own reasoning and make significant mistakes. Such mistakes gradually undermine strength, contribute to the formation of a terrible self-doubt. Lack of control can ultimately do him a disservice, make a person aggressive and withdrawn at the same time. And since all social ties by that time are severed, there is no one to ask for help.
No one can convince a deviant that he is wrong. By his own uncontrollability, he discovers the need to constantly be in a state of danger. While defending himself, a person actually loses control over the situation more and more, since he wastes precious energy in vain. As a result, an emotional break with his own personality occurs, and the person ceases to understand where he should go next.
Abrupt mood swings
In the process of life, the deviant experiences impulsive mood swings. If someone does not act according to the established scheme, then the offender begins to show an aggressive approach. The most interesting thing is that he cannot control his emotions in any way. At one point he is cheerful, and a minute later he screams with indignation. Abrupt mood swings are dictated by tension nervous system, emotional fatigue, depletion of all important internal resources.
Deviant behavior is always aimed at destruction, even if at the very beginning of unlawful actions a person thinks that he has found an easy and carefree way to live. The deception is revealed very soon, bringing with it a deafening force of disappointment. Deliberate gaiety is just an illusion, for the time being carefully concealed even from the deviant himself. A sharp change in mood always negatively affects the further development of events: a person becomes uncontrollable, loses peace, confidence in himself and in the future. It is not difficult to diagnose a sharp change in mood, even the person himself is able to notice it.
Stealth
Any intruder always has to make significant efforts to remain unnoticed for as long as possible. As a result, the deviant develops secrecy aimed at deliberately concealing the necessary and necessary information... Secrecy breeds suspicion, unwillingness to share your thoughts and feelings with anyone. This emotional vacuum contributes to the development of severe emotional exhaustion. When a person cannot trust anyone in this life, he loses everything: he practically has no reason to live, the most necessary meaning is lost. Human nature it is so arranged that you need to constantly have certain ideals in your head for a comfortable existence. The formed worldview leads us forward to new achievements. In the absence of visible prospects, the personality immediately begins to destroy itself and degrade.
Secrecy breeds a tendency to deceive. The deviant cannot tell the truth, because he lives according to other laws than the society around him. Over time, deception becomes the norm and completely ceases to be noticed by it.
Thus, deviant behavior is a serious problem that exists in modern society. Such a phenomenon definitely needs to be corrected as soon as possible, however, it seems to be much difficult, practically impossible to fix it.
A wide area of \u200b\u200bscientific knowledge covers abnormal, deviant human behavior. An essential parameter of such behavior is deviation in one direction or another with varying intensity and, for various reasons, from behavior that is recognized as normal and not deviating. Deviant behavior of a person can be defined as a system of actions or individual actions that contradict the norms accepted in society and are manifested in the form of an imbalance in mental processes, inadaptivity, a violation of the process of self-actualization or in the form of deviation from moral and aesthetic control over one's own behavior.
It is believed that an adult individual initially has a striving for an “internal goal”, in accordance with which all manifestations of his activity are produced without exception (“the postulate of conformity” according to VA Petrovsky). We are talking about the initial adaptive orientation of any mental processes and behavioral acts. There are various variants of the "postulate of conformity": homeostatic, hedonic, pragmatic. In the homeostatic variant, the postulate of conformity appears in the form of a requirement to eliminate conflicts in relationships with the environment, eliminate "tensions", and establish "equilibrium". In the hedonistic variant, a person's actions are determined by two primary affects: pleasure and pain, and all behavior is interpreted as maximizing pleasure and pain. The pragmagic option uses the principle of optimization, when the narrowly practical side of behavior (benefit, benefit, success) is at the forefront.
The basis for assessing a person's deviant behavior is an analysis of his interactions with reality, since the dominant principle of the norm - adaptability - comes from adaptation (adaptability) in relation to something and someone, i.e. the real environment of the individual. The interactions between the individual and reality can be represented in six ways.
Interaction of the individual with reality
When opposing reality, the individual is actively trying to destroy the reality he hates, to change it in accordance with his own attitudes and values. He is convinced that all the problems he faces are conditioned by the factors of reality, and the only way to achieve his goals is to fight against reality, to try to remake reality for himself or to maximize the benefit from behavior that violates the norms of society. Reality is confronted with criminal and delinquent behavior.
Painful opposition to reality is caused by signs of mental pathology and psychopathological disorders (in particular, neurotic), in which the world perceived as hostile due to the subjective distortion of his perception and understanding. Symptoms of mental illness interfere with the ability to adequately assess the motives of the actions of others, and as a result, effective interaction with the environment becomes difficult.
The way of interacting with reality in the form of escape from reality is consciously or unconsciously chosen by people who regard reality negatively and in opposition, considering themselves unable to adapt to it. They may also be guided by a reluctance to adapt to a reality “not deserving to be accommodated” due to imperfection, conservatism, uniformity, suppression of existential values, or overtly inhuman activities.
Ignoring reality manifests itself in the autonomy of a person's life and activities, when he does not take into account the requirements and norms of reality, existing in his own narrow professional world. In this case, there is no collision, no opposition, no escape from reality. Everyone exists as if by itself. This type of interaction with reality is quite rare and is found only in a small number of highly gifted, talented people with hyper-abilities in any one area.
A harmonious person chooses to adapt to reality.
In order to assess the types of deviant (deviant) behavior, it is necessary to imagine from which particular norms of society they may deviate. A norm is a phenomenon of group consciousness in the form of ideas shared by a group and the most private judgments of group members about the requirements for behavior, taking into account their social roles, creating optimal conditions of being with which these norms interact and, reflecting, shape it (K.K. Platonov ). There are the following norms that people follow:
* legal regulations
* moral standards
* aesthetic norms
Deviant behavior is one in which deviations from at least one of the social norms are observed.
Depending on the methods of interaction with reality and violation of certain norms of society, deviant behavior is divided into five types:
A type of criminal (criminal) human behavior is delinquent behavior - deviant behavior in its extreme manifestations, which is a criminal offense. The differences between delinquent and criminal behavior are rooted in the severity of the offenses, the severity of their antisocial nature. Offenses are divided into crimes and misdemeanors. The essence of a misconduct is not only that it does not pose a significant social danger, but also that it differs from a crime by the motives for committing an unlawful act.
Delinquent behavior can manifest itself, for example, in mischief and a desire to have fun. A teenager, out of curiosity and for company, can throw heavy objects (or food) from the balcony at passers-by, getting satisfaction from the accuracy of hitting the "victim". In the form of a prank, a person can call the airport control room and warn about a bomb allegedly planted in the plane. In order to attract attention to his own person ("on a bet"), a young man may try to climb a television tower or steal a notebook from a teacher's bag.
Addictive behavior is one of the forms of deviant (deviant) behavior with the formation of a desire to escape from reality by artificially changing one's mental state by taking certain substances or by constantly fixing attention on certain types of activity, which is aimed at developing and maintaining intense emotions (C. Korolenko, T.A. Donskikh).
The following psychological characteristics of persons with addictive forms of behavior are distinguished (V. Segal):
1. Reduced tolerance to the difficulties of everyday life, along with good tolerance to crisis situations.
2. Latent inferiority complex, combined with outwardly manifested superiority.
3. External sociability, combined with fear of persistent emotional contacts.
4. The desire to tell the truth.
5. Seeking to blame others, knowing they are innocent.
6. The desire to evade responsibility in decision-making.
7. Stereotype, repetition of behavior.
8. Addiction.
9. Anxiety.
The addictive personality has the phenomenon of “thirst for thrills” (VA Petrovsky), characterized by an incentive to take risks, conditioned by the experience of overcoming danger.
According to E. Vern, humans have six types of hunger:
* hunger for sensory stimulation
* hunger for recognition
* hunger for contact and physical stroking
* sexual hunger
* structural hunger, or hunger for structuring time
* hunger for incidents
Within the framework of an addictive type of behavior, each of the listed types of hunger is exacerbated. A person does not find satisfaction with the feeling of hunger in real life and seeks to relieve discomfort and dissatisfaction with reality by stimulating certain types of activity. He tries to reach increased level sensory stimulation (gives priority to intense influences, loud sound, pungent smells, bright images), recognition of the originality of actions (including sexual ones), the filling of time with events.
According to N. Peseschkian's concept, there are four types of "escape" from reality: "flight to the body", "flight to work", "flight to contact or loneliness" and "flight to fantasy"
When choosing to escape from reality in the form of “flight into the body”, traditional life activities aimed at the family, career growth or hobbies are replaced, the hierarchy of values \u200b\u200bin everyday life changes, and a reorientation towards activities aimed only at one's own physical or mental improvement occurs. At the same time, the passion for health-improving activities (the so-called "health paranoia"), sexual interactions (the so-called "finding and catching an orgasm"), one's own appearance, the quality of rest and methods of relaxation becomes hypercompensatory.
"Flight to work" is characterized by a disharmonious fixation on official matters, to which a person begins to devote excessive time in comparison with other areas of life, becoming a workaholic. The propensity for thinking, projecting in the absence of a desire to bring something to life, to perform some action, to show any real activity is called "flight into fantasy
The pathocharacterological type of deviant behavior is understood as behavior caused by pathological changes in character formed in the process of education. These include the so-called. personality disorders (psychopathy) and explicit and pronounced character accentuations. The disharmony of character traits leads to the fact that the entire structure of human mental activity changes. In choosing his actions, he is often guided not by realistic and adequately conditioned motives, but by significantly changed "motives of psychopathic: self-actualization." Pathocharacterological deviations also include the so-called. neurotic personality development - pathological forms of behavior and response, formed in the process of neurosogenesis on the basis of neurotic symptoms and syndromes. To a greater extent, they are represented by obsessive symptoms within the framework of obsessive development (according to ND Lakosina). Deviation manifests itself in the form of neurotic obsessions and rituals that permeate all human activities. A similar parabolic pathocharacterological state includes behavior in the form of behavior based on symbolism and superstitious rituals. In such cases, a person's actions depend on his mythological and mystical perception of reality. The choice of actions is based on the symbolic interpretation of external events. A person, for example, can refuse the need to commit any act (get married, take an exam and even go out) due to the "inappropriate arrangement of heavenly bodies" or other pseudoscientific interpretations of reality and superstitions.
The psychopathological type of deviant behavior is based on psychopathological symptoms and syndromes, which are manifestations of certain mental illnesses. A variety of pathocharacterological, psychopathological and addictive types of deviant behavior is self-destructive (self-destructive) behavior. Its essence lies in the fact that the system of human actions is aimed not at development and personal growth, and not at harmonious interaction with reality, but at the destruction of the personality. Aggression is directed at oneself (auto-aggression), inside the person himself, while reality is seen as something oppositional, which does not give the possibility of a full life and satisfaction of urgent needs. Autodestruction manifests itself in the form of suicidal behavior, drug addiction and alcoholism and some other types of deviations. The motives for self-destructive behavior are addictions and inability to cope with everyday life, pathological changes in character, as well as psychopathological symptoms and syndromes.
A special type of deviant behavior is considered to be deviations due to human hyper-abilities (K. K. Platonov). A person whose abilities significantly and significantly exceed the average statistical ability are considered to go beyond the ordinary, normal. In such cases, they talk about the manifestations of giftedness, talent, genius in any one of a person's activities. The deviation towards giftedness in one area is often accompanied by deviations in everyday life. Such a person often turns out to be unadapted to the “everyday, mundane” life. He is unable to correctly understand and evaluate the actions and behavior of other people, he is naive, dependent and unprepared for the difficulties of everyday life. In behavior associated with hyperpowers - ignoring reality. Forced contacts are perceived by a person with hyperactivity as optional, temporary and are not perceived as significant for his personal development. Outwardly, in everyday life, the actions of such a person can be eccentric. For example, he may not know how to use household appliances, how everyday activities are performed. All his interest is focused on activities related to extraordinary abilities (musical, mathematical, artistic and others).
Deviant (deviant) behavior has the following clinical forms:
* aggression
* autoaggression (suicidal behavior)
* abuse of substances that cause states of altered mental activity (alcoholism, drug addiction, tobacco smoking, etc.)
* eating disorders (overeating, fasting)
* anomalies of sexual behavior (deviation and perversion)
* overvalued psychological hobbies ("workaholism", gambling, collecting, "health paranoia", religious, sports, musical fanaticism, etc.)
* overvalued psychopathological hobbies ("philosophical intoxication", litigation and querulyism, varieties of manias - kleptomania, dromomania, etc.)
* characterological and pathocharacterological reactions (emancipation, grouping, opposition, etc.)
* communicative deviations (autism, hypercommunicability, conformism, pseudology, narcissistic behavior, etc.)
* immoral and immoral behavior
* unaesthetic behavior
Aggressive behavior
Aggression is physical or verbal behavior that is intended to harm someone. There are the following types of aggressive actions (Basho, Darki): 1) physical aggression (attack); 2) indirect aggression (malicious gossip, jokes, outbursts of rage, manifested in shouting, stamping feet, etc.); 3) tendency to irritation (readiness to manifest negative feelings at the slightest excitement); 4) negativism (oppositional demeanor from passive resistance to active struggle); 5) resentment (envy and hatred towards others for real and fictitious information); 6) suspicion ranging from mistrust and caution to the belief that all other people are doing harm or planning it; 7) verbal aggression (the expression of negative feelings both through the form - a quarrel, shouting, screeching, and through the content of verbal responses - a threat, curses, swearing).
Mostly so-called. constructive aggressiveness occurs in psychopathological syndromes such as asthenic (cerebrosthenic, neurasthenic) and hysterical. Within the framework of asthenic and hysterical symptom complexes, aggressiveness is manifested by irritability, resentment, outbursts of anger, as well as verbal aggression. Verbal aggression and irritability are especially common in hysterical syndrome within the framework of hysterical personality disorder. A person with such disorders emotionally negatively reacts to the attempts of others to catch him in lies, pretense, breaking the hysterical mask, holding him accountable for his own actions, i.e. on situations in which there is a blockade of satisfying the basic need of the hysteric - to be in the center of attention and be significant for others. Actions that lead to the impossibility of an individual with hysterical character traits to be "noticeable", "to be in sight", "to control the attention of others" contribute to violent affective reactions with elements of aggression. The verbal manifestations of the aggressiveness of the hysterics are especially colorful. By virtue of a well-developed ability. he is inclined to speak in conditions of conflict to show virtuoso speech abilities, use colorful comparisons with negative literary images or animal behavior, clothe it in the form of profanity and use threats and blackmail, resort to over-generalizations and extreme degrees of insults. As a rule, aggression in hysterical syndrome does not go beyond the verbal. There is only breaking dishes, throwing away and destroying things, damage to furniture, but not direct aggression with violence.
Non-constructive aggressiveness is a sign of either criminal behavior or psychopathological behavior. In the first case, a person's aggressiveness is mediated by his perceived destructive attitude towards reality and the people around him, oppositional strategy and tactics of interaction with reality, which is regarded as hostile. In the second, it is caused by psychopathological symptoms and syndromes, more often than others - affecting the sphere of perception, thinking, consciousness and will.
Most often, aggressiveness of a significant degree of severity (often not amenable to volitional correction) is included in the structure of such psychopathological syndromes as: explosive, psychoorganic, dementic, catatonic, hebephrenic, paranoid (hallucinatory-paranoid), paranoid, paraphrenic, mental automatism, delirious consciousness, twilight ...
Auto-aggressive behavior
Auto-aggressive behavior, in contrast to aggressive behavior, is aimed at causing harm to the person himself, and not to his environment (although there is an infantile type of auto-aggression, combined with the desire to have a harmful effect on the close environment in such an unconventional way).
Auto-aggressive behavior manifests itself in two forms: suicide (suicidal behavior) and self-harm (parasuicidal behavior). Their differences lie in the ultimate goal (death or self-harm) and the likelihood of achieving it. Suicidal behavior is understood as an intentional human desire for death. It may be due to the formation of an intrapersonal conflict under the influence of external situational factors or in connection with the emergence of psychopathological disorders that cause a desire to deprive oneself of life without the real impact of external situational factors. If, in the first option, the urge to suicide is most often conscious, comprehended and voluntary, then in the second, a violation of awareness and understanding of the meaning of one's own intentions and actions, as well as a loss of arbitrariness, is possible. So, in the syndrome of mental automatism within the framework of schizophrenia, suicidal behavior may be due to the sensation of the influence of an uncontrollable force pushing a person to one or another violent action against himself.
There are (Durkeheim) three types of suicidal behavior: 1) "anomical" associated with crisis situations in life, personal tragedies; 2) “altruistic”, performed for the benefit of other people; and 3) “egoistic”, caused by a conflict that is formed in connection with the unacceptability for a particular individual of social requirements, norms of behavior imposed by society on a person.
Anemic suicidal behaviormost often occurs in mentally healthy people as a personality reaction to insurmountable life difficulties and frustrating events. It should be borne in mind that a suicidal act in itself cannot indicate the presence or absence of mental disorders in a person. This type of behavior should be considered as a way of psychological response, chosen by a person depending on the value and significance of the event. An adequate response is possible in conditions of a severe and super-significant stimulus - an event, overcoming which is difficult or impossible for a person due to moral attitudes, certain physical manifestations, and inadequate response, in which the chosen suicidal reaction clearly does not correspond to the stimulus.
In clinical psychology, anemic suicidal attempts by persons with chronic somatic diseases accompanied by severe pain are the most frequent. Thus, suicides are predominantly found in the oncology clinic in the diagnosis of cancer. An anemic type of suicidal behavior is also possible in cases when life presents a person with an ideological or moral problem of choosing one or another act, which he is unable to resolve by choosing to leave life. A person can be placed in the conditions of choosing to commit an immoral act or an action that hates him due to aesthetic priorities, and depriving himself of life. Altruistic type of suicidal behavior also follows from the personal structure of the individual, when the good of people, society and the state is put by him above his own good and even life. This type is found in people oriented to high ideas, living in the public interest and not considering their own life in isolation from the people around them and society. Altruistic suicides are committed both by mentally healthy people who are aware of the real meaning of what is happening, and by mentally ill persons who, for example, are in a state of religious degradation or who die for delusional motives of the “common good”.
Selfish suicidal behavior arises as a response to exaggerated demands on the part of others for the behavior of the individual. For such a person, realistic standards and coercion to choose the appropriate type of behavior begins to be perceived as a threat to independence and existentiality. He decides to part with life because of the inappropriateness of his existence in conditions of pressure and control from both relatives and society as a whole. Often it occurs in persons with character pathology (accentuations and personality disorders), feeling loneliness, alienation, misunderstanding and their lack of demand.
Individual, group and mass forms of suicide are possible. With an individual, a significant role is assigned to the individual psychological characteristics of a person and the parameters of the situation. Within the framework of group and mass suicides, the pressure of the environment and the situation becomes dominant, while the individual properties and qualities of a person fade into the background. Purposeful or non-purposeful pressure from others on the individual contributes to the fact that he chooses suicidal behavior on the principle of imitation, compliance with the requirements of the reference group.
Parasuicidal attempts are made, as a rule, with the aim of bringing oneself out of the state of insensibility, joylessness, and emotionlessness by testing acute affective-shock experiences. For this, any risky and life-threatening actions are used: strangulation until the first signs of an altered state of consciousness appear; walking over a precipice or along the edge of an abyss, balcony, window sill, bridge rails; a game with a pistol loaded with live and blank cartridges for the "test of fate"; moxibustion or incision of the skin and other painful effects; Demonstration to others of the determination to commit a suicidal act with sadomasochistic aspirations and obtaining satisfaction while bringing others to a state of redemption.
Similar behavior is found in the pathocharacterological type of deviant behavior. However, the motives of behavior are fundamentally different: within the framework of addictive behavior, the motive is the phenomenon of "thirst for thrills", with pathocharacterological - shocking, confrontation with others. Persons with hysterical personality disorders are more likely to choose parasuicidal demonstrative behavior, in which they try to achieve the desired result using blackmail and provocations.
A special group of auto-aggressive behavior is made up of mentally ill patients, whose choice of behavior is due to the psychopathological characteristics of the existing disorders. The most dangerous from the point of view of suicidal and parasuicidal behavior are the following psychopathological syndromes: depressive, hypochondriacal, dysmorphomanic, verbal hallucinosis, paranoid and paranoid.
A specific group is made up of persons who commit auto-aggressive group and mass acts for religious reasons. Their motive dissolves into a general group motive - to sacrifice oneself, to commit suicide for the sake of some common goal and a high idea. Such behavior is observed, as a rule, with addictive behavior in the form of religious fanaticism and is committed under the influence of increased suggestibility of people involved in emotionally significant group and collective interactions.
Substance abuse causing altered mental activity
Deviant behavior in the form of the use and abuse of substances that cause states of altered mental activity, mental and physical dependence from them is one of the most common types of deviant behavior. The essence of such behavior is a significant change in the hierarchy of human values, a withdrawal into illusory-compensatory activity and a significant personal deformation.
When using intoxicating substances that change the perception of the world and self-esteem of a person, there is a gradual deviation of behavior towards the formation of pathological dependence on the substance, fetishization of it and the process of consumption, as well as distortion of the person's relationship with society.
According to B.S.Bratus, an intoxicating substance (alcohol, drug, toxic agent) reflects the projection of psychological expectations, actual needs and motives on the psychophysiological background of intoxication, creating an internal picture that a person attributes to the action of the drink, making it psychologically attractive. The motivation for the use of alcohol and drugs has several forms (Ts.P. Korolenko, T.A. Donskikh):
Atarakticheskaya motivation is the desire to use substances in order to alleviate or eliminate the phenomena of emotional discomfort. As a rule, the use of various intoxicating and tranquilizing substances occurs with such symptoms and syndromes as: anxious, obsessive-phobic, depressive, dysphoric, asthenic, psychoorganic, hypochondriac and some others. Often, the use of substances is aimed at stopping intrapersonal conflict in the so-called. psychopathic syndromes (explosive and emotionally unstable, hysterical, anankastic). For other types of deviant behavior, ataractic motivation is less common.
Hedonistic motivation acts, as it were, as a continuation and development of ataractic, but strikingly different in quality. Ataractic leads emotional condition normal from reduced, and hedonic contributes to an increase in normal (not reduced) mood. The hedonic orientation is manifested in obtaining satisfaction, testing a sense of joy from taking substances (alcohol, drugs) against the background of a normal even mood
At the same time, he chooses from a rich arsenal of narcotic substances or alcoholic beverages only those that have a euphorizing effect that contributes to a quick and sharp increase in mood, the appearance of giggle, complacency, joy, love, abundance, and easy achievement of sexual orgasm. It becomes important to search for an unusual (unearthly) action of substances that dramatically transforms the "gray existence" into an interesting one, full of surprises "Flight into the unknown." The substances used in the addictive type of deviant behavior include substances such as marijuana, opium, morphine, codeine, cocaine, LSD, cyclodol, ether and some others.
The greatest changes in mental activity, exceeding the purely euphorizing effect and accompanied by other psychopathological disorders, are observed with the use of LSD (lysergine, lysergic acid diethalamide), codeine, marijuana (hashish) and cocaine. A distinctive feature of the LSD action is the adherence to the euphorizing hallucinogenic effect, in which unusually bright colored visual hallucinations (flashes of light, kaleidoscopic alternation of images that take on a stage character), disorientation in place and time (time seems to have stopped or rapidly flying) appear.
When smoking or chewing marijuana (anasha, hashish), there is unrestrained talkativeness, laughter, an influx of fantasies, a stream of random associations. The perception of the external world changes dramatically.
It becomes much brighter, more colorful. A person in this state develops a dream-like syndrome, in which reality is mixed with fiction. Sometimes there is a feeling of weightlessness, flight, floating in the air. Symptoms of body schema disturbance are typical and fun-inducing: sensations of lengthening or shortening of the limbs, alteration of the whole body. Often, the surrounding world also changes in size, color, consistency.
Motivation with hyperactivation of behavior is close to hedonistic, but is based not on the euphorizing, but on the activating effect of the substance. Often both effects work together, but they are often shared by humans. With this form of motivation, the basic need is to take oneself out of the state of passivity, indifference, apathy and inaction with the help of substances that provoke an unusual, transcendent vividness of reaction and activity. Stimulation of sexual activity and achievement of "record results" in the intimate sphere becomes especially important. From narcotic substances with activating properties, marijuana, ephedrine and its derivatives, which combine hyperactivation and hypersexuality, are isolated, as well as codeine, nicotine and caffeine, which cause activity without hypersexuality. Submissive motivation for the use of substances reflects the inability of a person to refuse the intake of alcohol or drugs proposed by others. Pseudo-cultural motivation is based on the worldview and aesthetic preferences of the individual. A person considers the use of alcohol or drugs through the prism of "sophistication of taste", involvement in the circle of the elite - experts.
There are three mechanisms of domination of alcoholic and drug needs and the formation of dependence with a complex of clinical symptoms and syndromes (E.E. Bekhtel):
1. Evolutionary mechanism. As the intensity of the euphorizing effect increases, the need grows, which from secondary, additional (addictive, pathocharacterological) becomes at first competing and then dominant.
2. Destructive mechanism. The destruction of the personality structure, caused by some traumatic factors, the collapse of the personality, is accompanied by a change in its value orientation. At the same time, the importance of the previously dominant needs decreases. A secondary need for substances that alter the mental state can suddenly become dominant, the main meaning-forming motive of activity.
3. The mechanism associated with the original personality anomaly. It differs from the destructive one in that the anomaly has existed for a long time, and has not arisen due to the traumatic effect on the personality. There are three types of anomalies: a) with an amorphous personality structure with weakly expressed hierarchical relations in the system of needs and motives, any need that is of any significance quickly becomes dominant; b) in the absence of internal control, incomplete internalization of group norms does not allow the development of internal forms of control; c) with an anomaly of the microenvironment, distorted group norms form abnormal attitudes towards the use of substances that alter the mental state.
Eating disorders
Eating behavior is understood as a value attitude towards food and its intake, a stereotype of nutrition in everyday conditions and in a stressful situation, an orientation towards the image of one's own body and activities for its formation.
The main eating disorders are: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Common to them are parameters such as:
* concern with controlling your own body weight
* distortion of your body image
* change in the value of food in the hierarchy of values
Anorexia nervosa is a disorder characterized by the deliberate weight loss caused and maintained by the individual himself. Refusal to eat is associated, as a rule, with dissatisfaction with their appearance, excess, in the opinion of the person himself, overweight. Often the basis of anorexia nervosa is a distorted perception of oneself and a false interpretation of changes in the attitude of others based on a pathological change in appearance. This syndrome is called dysmorphomanic syndrome. However, the formation of anorexia nervosa is possible outside of this syndrome.
There are (M.V. Korkina) four stages of anorexia nervosa:
1) initial; 2) active correction, 3) cachexia, and 4) reduction of the syndrome. The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa are:
a) reduction by 15% and maintaining at a reduced level of body weight or reaching the Quetelet body mass index of 17.5 points (the index is determined by the ratio of body weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters).
b) distortion of your body image in the form of fear of obesity.
c) the intention of avoiding food that can cause an increase in body weight.
Eating disorders in the form of anorexia nervosa syndrome occurs, Anorexia nervosa syndrome is formed on the basis of other psychopathological disorders (dysmorphomanic, hypochondriacal, symptomatic complexes) in the structure of schizophrenic or other psychotic disorders.
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by repeated bouts of overeating, the inability to go without food even for a short time, and an excessive preoccupation with controlling body weight, which leads a person to take extreme measures to mitigate the "fat" effect of the food eaten. The individual is food-oriented, he plans his own life based on the ability to take food in the right time and in the amount required for him. The value of this side of life comes to the fore, subjugating all other values. At the same time, an ambivalent attitude towards food intake is noted: the desire to eat a large amount of food is combined with a negative, self-deprecating attitude towards oneself and one's "weakness".
There are several diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa:
a) constant preoccupation with food and an irresistible craving for food even in conditions of satiety.
b) attempts to counteract the effect of obesity from the food eaten using such techniques as: induction of vomiting, abuse of laxatives, alternative periods of fasting, the use of appetite suppressants.
c) obsessive fear of obesity.
Another type of eating disorder is the tendency to eat inedible items. As a rule, this type of behavior occurs only when mental illness or gross pathology of character, although it is possible that it appears within the framework of delinquent behavior in order to simulate a somatic illness and achieve some goal. In the case of a psychopathological type of deviant behavior, for example, eating feces (coprophagia), nails (onychophagia) is noted, while in the case of delinquent - swallowing metal objects (coins, pins, nails).
Taste perversion as an eating disorder occurs in many physiological conditions of a person. In particular, during pregnancy, a woman develops a craving for spicy, salty food or a certain specific dish. A change in attitude to a number of foods with the formation of altered eating behavior is possible in diseases of the brain.
Within the framework of the pathocharacterological type of deviant behavior, changes in eating behavior can be unaesthetic. A person, for example, may eat unaesthetically (chomp, squelch, smack his lips while eating), be sloppy and unclean (eat unwashed food, drink dirty water), or, conversely, be highly squeamish even towards close relatives (categorically refuse to finish eating or drinking for a child in cases of hunger and lack of other food or liquid), not be able to use or ignore the use of cutlery. The stereotypes of deviant eating behavior also include the speed of eating. There are two extremes: very slow acceptance and super-rapid, hasty swallowing of food, which may be due to family traditions or temperamental properties.
Sexual deviations and perversions
Sexual deviations are understood as any quantitative or qualitative deviation from the sexual norm, and the concept of the norm includes behavior that corresponds to the age and sex-role ontogenetic patterns of a given population, carried out as a result of free choice and does not limit the free choice of a partner (A.A. Tkachenko).
Hypersexuality is one of the basic characteristics that contribute to the formation of the vast majority of sexual deviations and perversions. It is characterized by a significant increase in the value of sexual life for a person and the displacement of other values.
The opposite of hypersexuality is asexual deviant behavior, in which a person reduces the significance and value of sexual life or denies its importance completely and excludes from his life acts aimed at sexual contacts. He may justify this by moral or ideological considerations, lack of interest or other motives. Asexuality is often combined with character traits in the form of accentuations and pathological variants of schizoid or dependent (asthenic) orientation.
Pedophilia is the orientation of an adult's sexual and erotic attraction to a child. A person with a pedophilic orientation does not find complete sexual satisfaction in contacts with peers and is only able to experience an orgasm when interacting with children. The forms of pedophilic contacts are different - from rarely occurring coital contacts to exhibitionistic acts and petting. This type of sexual deviation can be presented both within the framework of the pathocharacterological and psychopathological types of deviant behavior, and in the addictive type. If in the first cases the motives are psychopathological symptoms and syndromes (dementia, personality changes, character accentuations), then in the second it is an attempt to experience special, unusual, vivid and new experiences for the individual when in contact with a child.
A type of adult sexual orientation towards younger people is ephebophilia - attraction to adolescents. The motive for the behavior of a person who tends to choose a partner for a teenager is, in his words, the search for "integrity", lack of sexual experience and embarrassment in the intimate life of a teenager. The style of sexual attraction to adolescent girls is described in combination with fetishism: the object must be, for example, “in school uniform with an apron ". With ephebophilia, compared with pedophilia, the number of actual coital contacts between an adult and a teenager increases. Ephebophilia can be part of the structure of delinquent, addictive, pathocharacterological and psychopathological types of deviant behavior.
Gerontophilia consists in sexual attraction to a partner of old age, while the old body plays the role of a kind of fetish (K. Imielinski). Typically only found in men. It is believed that gerontophilia is based on psychopathological symptoms and syndromes, in particular, personality changes (organic, alcoholic genesis), dementia of various origins, and psychopathic manifestations.
Zoophilia is a sexual deviation within the vector of attraction direction. Zoophilia is understood as a sexual desire to perform sexual acts with an animal. In this case, the animal is considered by a person with a zoophilic orientation as a substitute sexual object. The most common use of this type of deviant behavior is coital genital-anal contact. Zoophilia is considered as an addictive, pathocharacterological or psychopathological deviant behavior. Of the painful signs on the basis of which zoophilia is formed, oligophrenia, dementia and personality changes in various diseases of the brain are more often than others. Of the pathological characterological radicals - schizoid and dependent. Addictive behavior in the form of bestiality is rare.
Fetishism, or sexual symbolism - one of the most common sexual deviations is characterized by the replacement of the object or subject of sexual attraction with some symbol (part of his clothes, personal items), which is sufficient to achieve sexual arousal and orgasm. Almost any part of the human body of the desired object (chest, hair, lower leg, buttocks, etc.) can act as a fetish. Differential diagnostic criteria for distinguishing the signs of fetishism within the framework of the norm and with deviation, the emergence of self-sufficiency and the preference of the fetish to the object itself may occur. There are such varieties of fetishism as: pygmalionism (fetishes are paintings, photographs, figurines), heterochromia (the color of the partner's skin becomes a fetish), retifism (shoes become a fetish), deformation fetishism (a person's ugliness becomes a fetish), necrophilia (a fetish is a dead body) ... Fetishism occurs in the pathocharacterological and psychopathological type of deviant behavior, especially often in the presence of schizoid or psychasthenic traits in the clinical picture of the disease or in the character structure.
Narcissism (autoerotism) denotes the direction of the sexual attraction to oneself. It is manifested by self-admiration, overestimated self-esteem, increased interest in one's own appearance, genitals, sex appeal. Often, narcissism is combined with hysterical traits, etc. narcissistic personality disorder, distinguished in the American classification of behavioral disorders.
Sadism, masochism and sadomasochism are close to each other sexual deviations, since they arise from hyper-role behavior (masculine or feminine) and include the conjugation of sexual satisfaction with violence and aggression directed either at oneself or at a partner, or at both. ... Exhibitionism is called sexual deviation in the form of achieving sexual satisfaction by showing one's own genitals or one's sexual life to others. The essence of exhibitionism is the overcompensatory overcoming of the feeling of shame in connection with nudity in order to relieve emotional and sexual tension. It is known that exhibitionism is more common in persons with anankastic character traits or in various mental disorders, in particular in the structure of the manic syndrome. It is believed that exhibitionistic acts are related to epileptic paroxysms.
Voyeurism is a form of deviant sexual behavior that involves gaining sexual gratification by spying on, peeping at (or eavesdropping) on \u200b\u200bpeople's nudity or sexuality.
The most famous non-traditional for society behavioral sexual stereotype is homosexual behavior. Homosexuality is understood as a person's sexual orientation aimed at persons of the same sex without significantly changing the identification of their own sex.
According to Brautigam, homosexuality is divided into four groups:
and) pseudo-homosexuality, in which the choice of a homosexual partner is made on the basis of non-sexual motives (material benefits, a desire to humiliate a person, etc.).
b) developmental homosexuality.
in) homosexuality due to various delays in mental development, and included in the structure of mental disorders.
d) true homosexuality, due to homosexual inclinations.
With homosexuality, there are no violations of gender identity. A person is aware of belonging to the sex in which he exists and is not aimed at sex change, in contrast to the behavior in transsexualism. There are no significant deviations in the structure of true or addictive homosexuality. A person is critical of the fact that his sexual orientation is unconventional and is perceived in opposition by most members of society, including close relatives and acquaintances. Secondarily, other behavioral disorders may arise in connection with the formation of an intrapersonal conflict in a person due to the multidirectionality of internal aspirations and external requirements for manifestations of sexuality. This type of homosexuality is designated ego-dystonic. If a person reveals a personality cohesion with an unconventional sexual attraction, escape from reality, ignoring the opinion and attitude of society, a gradual simplification of the attitude towards oneself, they speak of an ego-syntonic type of homosexuality. The characteristic external manifestations of the latter are: shocking people around with deliberately sexual behavior, the use of manners, clothing and external signs of the opposite sex, the erection of one's own non-traditional sexual orientation into a cult, and submission to it of all other values \u200b\u200bof life. It is the ego-syntonic type of homosexuality that can be attributed to addictive deviant behavior.
For sexual deviation, called dual role transvestism, it is characteristic of wearing clothes of the opposite sex in order to obtain sexual satisfaction from a temporary sense of belonging to opposite sex, but without the desire for more permanent gender reassignment or related surgical correction.
In transsexualism, in contrast to transvestism of a dual role, sexual identification is violated, and a person is aware of himself as a representative of the opposite sex, as a result of which he chooses the appropriate method and manner of behavior. He is actively aimed at surgical gender reassignment in order to relieve intrapersonal conflict and discomfort caused by the discrepancy between the awareness of the sex role and externally imposed stereotypes of behavior. Transvestism and transsexualism are not signs of an addictive type of deviant behavior, more often entering into the structure of pathocharacterological or psychopathological types. However, the mechanisms of their formation may go beyond the listed ones.
Overvalued psychological hobbies
With an overvalued hobby, all the characteristics of an ordinary hobby are amplified to the grotesque, the object of hobby or activity becomes the determining vector of human behavior, pushing into the background or completely blocking any other activity. A classic example of paroxysmal infatuation and “hyper-attraction” is the state of falling in love, when a person can be completely focused on the object and subject of emotional experience, lose control over the time devoted to him, ignore any other aspects of life. Essential signs of overvalued psychological hobbies are:
* deep and long-term focus on the object of interest
* biased, emotionally rich attitude towards the object of hobby
* loss of a sense of control over the time spent on passion
* ignoring any other activity or hobby
With an overvalued hobby for gambling, a person tends to completely devote himself to the game, excluding any other activity. The game becomes an end in itself, and not a means of achieving material well-being. The passion for gambling is called gambling.
A special type of overvalued psychological hobbies is the so-called. "Health paranoia" - passion for health-improving activities. At the same time, a person, to the detriment of other spheres of life (work, family), begins to actively engage in one or another way of healing - jogging, special gymnastics, breathing exercises, winter swimming, pouring ice water, rinsing the nostrils and mouth with salt water, etc. or activities reaching an extreme degree of expression with the formation of a cult and the creation of idols with complete submission of man and the dissolution of individuality is called fanaticism. More often, fanatical attitudes are formed in such areas as religion (religious fanaticism), sports (sports fanaticism) and music (musical fanaticism
Overvalued psychopathological hobbies
For example, this can be manifested by collecting their own "boogers" or clipped nails, discharge from juvenile acne, hobby in the form of writing down the numbers of passing cars or counting the number of windows in houses.
The syndrome of "philosophical intoxication" occurs, as a rule, in adolescents with schizophrenia. An increased interest in philosophical, theosophical and psychological literature with an urgent need to analyze the events taking place around the individual, as well as his own inner world, acts as a kind of hobby. The patient begins to analyze the mechanisms of automated actions, the motives of the actions of the people around him, his own reactions, using philosophical and psychological terminology, neologisms. Overvalued psychopathological hobbies can be dominant (overvalued) or delusional ideas, such as, for example, ideas of high origin, alien parents, erotic attitudes, reformism and inventions that can significantly change human behavior. A special type of deviant behavior can be called a pathological fascination with a person litigious activities, querulance. An irresistible desire to complain to various authorities and for any reason is characteristic.
The following grouping of impulse disorders is described (V.A. Gurieva, V.Ya. Semke, V.Ya. Gindikin):
The difference between the concepts of "passion" and "attraction" is that passion is characterized by awareness of the goal and motive, intellectualized emotions, their dynamics is continuous, not paroxysmal, they are not carried out impulsively, but appear only after a hard struggle of motives.
Grouping of impulse disorders
Attractions have opposite characteristics, however, when the pathology of hobbies increases, signs may appear that bring hobbies closer to drives.
Disorders of drives, which are manifested by pronounced deviations in behavior, traditionally include: kleptomania, pyromania, dromomania, dipsomania. The considered group of deviations can be attributed to obsessions in the form of ritual actions, which are a kind of protection against neurotic symptoms (anxiety, fear, anxiety). Obsessive rituals are intractable motor acts performed against the will and internal resistance of the individual, symbolically expressing the hope of preventing the alleged misfortune. Deviant behavior in case of impulse disorder can manifest itself in specific motor habits (pathological habitual actions): yaktatsiya (shaking the head or the whole body), onychophagia (biting or chewing nails), sucking a finger, picking the nose, flicking a finger, twisting hair, etc.
Characterological and pathocharacterological reactions
The following types of reactions are described: refusal, opposition, imitation, compensation, overcompensation, emancipation, grouping with peers, etc. The refusal reaction is manifested by the absence or decrease in the desire for contacts with others. Such people are distinguished by their lack of communication, fear of new things, and a desire for solitude. The refusal reaction often occurs in children when they are separated from their parents, their familiar environment. The opposition's reaction is divided into active and passive opposition. Active is characterized by normal-minded rudeness, disobedience, insubordination, defiant behavior and shocking others and the "culprits" of the reaction. It can be accompanied by aggressive actions in the form of physical pressure, foul language, threats and other verbal manifestations of aggression. Passive is manifested by negativism, mutism, refusal to fulfill requirements and orders, isolation in the absence of aggressive actions. Imitation reactions are characterized by the desire to imitate a particular person or image in everything. Most often, an authoritative or famous person is chosen as an ideal for imitation, literary hero... The compensation reaction is reflected in the desire to hide or make up for their own inconsistency in one area of \u200b\u200bactivity with success in another. A well-known fact is a higher average level of intellectual development of children suffering from any minor ailments or defects. The hypercompensation reaction is manifested in the desire to achieve the highest results in the very area where the person turned out to be untenable. The emancipation reaction is based on the need for independence and independence, refusal of guardianship, protest against the established rules and procedures. In adults, it can manifest itself in the form of involvement in the movement for the rights of national or sexual minorities, feminists fighting for the equality of men and women, etc. The grouping reaction is often instinctive in nature, but it is also possible on the basis of psychological factors, in particular, in a group, a person seeks protection, removal of responsibility, etc.
Communicative deviation
The most famous communicative deviations are such as: autistic behavior (choice of loneliness, asceticism), conformal behavior, hypercommunicability, verbal behavior with a predominance of pseudology, etc.
In the sphere of communication, such a phenomenon as unctuous behavior stands out. This type of deviant behavior is often found in epileptic personality changes, as well as in the framework of epileptoid character traits. By unctuousness is meant sugaryness, sweetness and servility in dealing with others, which is perceived as unnatural and deliberate, especially since such external behavior rarely has true feelings and empathy.
Immoral and immoral behavior
Deviant behavior can violate the norms of ethics and morality, which are enshrined in the concept of universal human values. They mean a voluntary refusal from a number of actions that can harm others. They are established by custom. Common to them is the commandment: "Act towards others as you would like them to act towards you."
Deviating behavior is called immoral, in the form of actions and activities, the results of which objectively contradict moral norms, regardless of the assessment of the person who performs them.
Immoral behavior is immoral deviant behavior that is assessed by a person as immoral.
The sins described as immoral behavior include: greed, pride, despondency, gluttony, adultery (lust), vanity, envy, etc. Moral laws are often fused with spirituality and religiosity, but there are also confessional differences in the interpretation of moral laws.
Unaesthetic behavior
Unaesthetic behavior includes rejection of the rules and principles of aesthetics in various areas: food, clothing, statements, etc. The basis for assessing human behavior as unaesthetic are the principles: harmony, proportionality, symmetry, beauty, beauty and sublimity, perfection.
In the clinic, unaesthetic behavior is manifested, for example, by a person's inaccuracy, untidiness or uncleanliness, lack of good manners when eating, communicating or taste in clothing, and a lack of understanding of elevated feelings.
