What significance had the historical works of Karamzin. "History of the Russian State": description and analysis of the work of encyclopedia

T ore all life. Above the work of 12 volumes, the poet, the writer, the creator of the first Russian literary journal and the last historiographer of Russia worked for more than twenty years. He managed to give the historical work "Easy Style" and create a real historical bestseller of his time. Natalia Leadnikova studied the story of creating a famous multi-volume.

From travel notes to the study of history. The author of the "Letters of the Russian Traveler", "Poor Lisa", "Maternity Planned", the successful publisher of the Moscow magazine and the "Bulletin of Europe" at the beginning of the nineteenth century seriously became interested in history. Studying the chronicles and rare manuscripts, decided to combine invaluable knowledge in one work. Put the task - to create a full printed public outline of Russian history.

Historographer of the Russian Empire. At the honorary position of the Chief Historian of the country of Karamzin, Emperor Alexander I was appointed. The writer received an annual pension in two thousand rubles and admission to all libraries. Karamzin was left without hesitation "Bulletin", which brought income three more, and dedicated the life of the "history of the Russian state". As the prince of Vyazemsky - "Tested in historians." Slebny salons Karamzin preferred archives, invitations to balls - studying documents.

Historical knowledge and literary style. Not just a statement of facts ahead with dates, but a highly artistic historical book for a wide range of readers. Karamzin worked not only with primary sources, but also with a syllable. The author himself called his work "Historical Poem." Extracts, quotes, retelling documents The scientist hid in notes - in fact, Karamzin created a book in a book for those who are especially interested in history.

First Historical Bestseller. Eight volumes by the author cast only thirteen years after the start of work. Turned three printing houses: military, Senate, medical. The lion's share of time took away the proofreading. Three thousand copies came out in a year - in the early 1818th. Historical volumes did not get worse than those who have surrendered love romance: the first edition was divided into readers in just a month.

Scientific discoveries between business. At work, Nikolai Mikhailovich discovered truly unique sources. It was Karamzin that the Ipatiev chronicle was found. In notes VI Volume included passages from "Going for the Three Sea" Athanasius Nikitin. "Delightened geographers did not know that the honor of one of the oldest, European travels to India belongs to Russia of John the Century ... It (travel) proves that Russia in the XV century had its Taverns and Sharenes, less enlightened, but equally bold and enterprising", - wrote a historian.

Pushkin about the work of Karamzin. "Everything, even secular women, rushed to read the history of their fatherland, the unknown Dotole. She was for them a new discovery. Ancient Russia seemed to be found by Karamzin as America - Columbus. A few times did not talk about anything ... " - wrote Pushkin. Alexander Sergeevich dedicated to the memory of the historian tragedy "Boris Godunov", the material for his work scream, including in the "History" of Karamzin.

Assessment at the highest state level. Alexander I not only gave Karamzin the widest powers to read "all ancient manuscripts, to Russian antiquities concerning" and money content. The emperor personally financed the first edition of the Russian State History. According to the highest classroom, the book was sent to ministries and embassies. In the accompanying letter it was said that sovereigns of men and diplomats are obliged to know their history.

That neither. The release of the new book was waiting. The second edition of the eightyman came out in a year. Each subsequent volume became an event. Historical facts discussed in society. So the IX Tom dedicated to the Epoch of Grozny, became a real shock. "Well, Grozny! Well, Karamzin! I do not know what to be more surprised, whether John, or the gift of our Tacitus ", - wrote the poet of Kondrati Ryleev, noting the horror horrors themselves, and the wonderful syllable of the historian.

The last historiographer of Russia. The title appeared in Peter Great. Honorary title was awarded a led from Germany - the archivist and the author of the History of Siberia Gerhard Miller, also famous for Miller's portfolios. He held a high post by the author of the "History of Russia from ancient times" Prince Mikhail Shcherbatov. Challenged on him who gave its historical work for 30 years Sergey Soloviev and a major historian of the beginning of the twentieth century Vladimir Ikonnikov, but, despite the petitions, the title did not receive. So Nikolai Karamzin and remained the last historiogram of Russia.

A. Venetcianov "Portrait of N.M. Karamzin"

"I was looking for the truth of the path,
I wanted to know the reason ... "(N.M. Karamzin)

"The history of the Russian state" was the last and unfinished labor of the outstanding Russian historian N.M. Karamzin: In total, 12 volume volumes were written, the Russian history was set out to 1612.

The interest in the story appeared in Karamzin still in youth, but before his vocation as a historian was a long way.

From the biography of N.M. Karamzin

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin Born in 1766 in the generic estate of the Znamensky symbirsky county of the Kazan province in the family of the retired captain, the average-parent symbirsky nobleman. Got a home education. He studied at Moscow University. A short time served in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment of St. Petersburg, it was by this time that his first literary experiments belong.

After retirement, I lived in Simbirsk for some time, and then moved to Moscow.

In 1789, Karamzine leaves for Europe, where I. Kant visits in Königsberg, and in Paris it becomes a witness to the Great French Revolution. Returning to Russia, he publishes "Letters of the Russian Traveler", which make it a famous writer.

Writer

"The influence of Karamzin on literature can be compared with the influence of Catherine on society: he made literature humanery"(A.I. Herzen)

Creativity N.M. Karamzin developed in line sentimentalism.

V. Tropinin "Portrait of N.M. Karamzin"

Literary direction sentimentalism(from FR.sentiment - The feeling) was popular in Europe from the 20s to the 80s of the XVIII century, and in Russia - from the end of the XVIII to the beginning of the XIX century. An ideologist of sentimentalism is considered J.-Zh. Ruso.

European sentimentalism has penetrated into Russia in the 1780s-early 1790s. Thanks to the translation of the "Verter" Goethe, Romanov S. Richardson and J.-zh. Rousseau who were very popular in Russia:

She was too early to novels;

They replaced her everything.

She fell in love with cheating

And Richardson and Rousseau.

Pushkin speaks here about his heroine Tatiana, but all girls of that time read sentimental novels.

The main feature of sentimentalism is that attention in them is primarily paid to the spiritual world of man, the first place is feeling, and not the mind and great ideas. The heroes of the works of sentimentalism have congenital moral cleanliness, unspoilt, they live on the lap of nature, love her and merge with her.

Such heroine is Lisa from the story of Karamzin "Poor Lisa" (1792). This story had a huge success of readers, numerous imitation followers followed, but the main value of sentimentalism and in particular the story of Karamzin was that in such works, the inner world of a simple person was revealed, which caused in other ability to empathize.

In poetry, Karamzin was also an innovator: the former poetry represented by Lomonosov and Derzhavin, spoke in the language of mind, and the poems of Karamzin spoke to the tongue of the heart.

N.M. Karamzin - Russian reformer

He enriched Russian by many words: "Impression", "inlentibility", "influence", "entertaining", "touching". Introduced into the use of the word "era", "focus", "scene", "moral", "aesthetic", "harmony", "future", "catastrophe", "charity", "liberty", "Sightseeing", "Responsibility" "," Sustaintly "," Industry "," sophistication "," first-class "," human ".

His linguistic reforms were caused by a stormy controversy: members of the Society "Conversation of Russian Words", headed by G. R. Derzhavin and A. S. Shishkov, adhered to conservative views, opposed the reform of the Russian language. In response to their activities in 1815, the Literary Society "Arzamas" was formed (it included Batyushkov, Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky, Pushkin), which was ironic over the authors "conversations" and paroding their works. The literary victory "Arzamas" over the "conversation", which strengthened and victory of the Language Changes of Karamzin.

Karamzin was also introduced into the alphabet of the letter Yo. Before that, the word "Christmas tree", "Yozh" was written as follows: "Ilka", "іzh".

Karamzin introduced a dash in Russian writing, one of the punctuation marks.

Historian

In 1802 N.M. Karamzin wrote a historical story "Marfa-Posalinar, or the conquest of NOVAGOROD", and in 1803, Alexander I appointed him to the position of historographer, thus, the rest of the life of Karamzin dedicated to the writing of the "Russian State History", actually ending with fiction.

Exploring the manuscripts of the XVI century., Karamzin opened and published in 1821 "Going for the Three Seas" Athanasius Nikitina. In this regard, he wrote: "... While Vasco da Gamma has only thought about the opportunity to find the way from Africa to Industan, our tweer has already mercy on the coast of Malabara" (Historical area in South India). In addition, Karamzin was the initiator of the installation of the monument to K. M. Minin and D. M. Pozharsky in Red Square and performed with the initiative of the exposure of monuments with outstanding figures of domestic history.

"History of Russian Goverment"

Historical work N.M. Karamzin

This is a multi-volume essay of N. M. Karamzin, describing the Russian history from ancient times to the reign of Ivan IV of the Terrible and troubled time. The work of Karamzin was not the first in the description of the history of Russia, before him there were already historical works by V.N. Tatishchev and M. M. Shcherbatova.

But Karamzin had "History", except for historical, high literary advantages, including thanks to the ease of writing, she attracted not only specialists to Russian history, but also simply educated people, which was very promoted by the formation of a national self-consciousness, interest in the past. A.S. Pushkin wrote that "Everything, even secular women, rushed to read the history of their fatherland, the unknown Dotole. She was for them a new discovery. Ancient Russia seemed to be found by Karamzin as America - Columbus. "

It is believed that in this work Karamzin still showed itself not as a historian, but as a writer: "History" is written by a beautiful literary language (by the way, in it, Karamzin did not use the letter E), but the historical value of his work is unconditional, because . The author used the manuscripts that were first published by them and many of which have not been preserved to date.

Working on the "story" until the end of life, Karamzin did not have time to finish it. The text of the manuscript is broken at the chapter "Intermoper 1611-1612".

Work N.M. Karamzina over the "Russian State Story"

In 1804, Karamzin retired to the estate of Ostafyevo, where he completely devoted himself to writing "history."

Manor Ostafyevo

Ostafyevo - Moscow Region Manor Prince P. A. Vyazemsky. It was built in 1800-07. Father of the poet, Prince A. I. Vyazemsky. The estate remained in possession of Vyazemsky to 1898, after which he passed into possession of the counts of Sheremetev.

In 1804, A. I. Vyazemsky invited to settle in Ostafyevich his son-in-law, N.M. Karamzin, who worked here on the "Russian State Status". In April 1807, after the death of the father, Peter Andreevich Vyazemsky became the owner of the estate, in which Ostafyevo became one of the symbols of the cultural life of Russia: many times were Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Batyushkov, Denis Davydov, Griboedov, Gogol, Adam Mitskevich.

Content of the "Story of the Russian State" Karamzin

N. M. Karamzin "The history of the Russian state"

In the course of the work, Karamzin found the Ipatiev chronicle, it was from here that the historian was sang and the details and details, but did not clutch the text of the story, but made them in a separate volume of notes that are of particular historical significance.

In his work, Karamzin describes the peoples that inhabited the territory of modern Russia, the origins of the Slavs, their conflict with Varyagami, talks about the origin of the first princes of Russia, their board, describes in detail all the important events of Russian history until 1612.

The meaning of N.M. Karamzin

Already the first publications of "history" shook contemporaries. She was read rather than discovering the past of their country. Many stories Writers used in the future for artistic works. For example, Pushkin took the material from "History" for his tragedy "Boris Godunov", which Karamzin devoted.

But, as always, there were critics. Basically, modern Karamzin Liberals objected to the ethnic picture of the world, expressed in the work of the historian, and his faith in the effectiveness of autocracy.

Statism - this is a worldview and ideology that is absoluting the role of the state in society and the promoting maximum subordination of the interests of personalities and groups in the interests of the state; The policy of active state intervention in all spheres of public and private life.

Statism Considers the state as the highest institution standing over all other institutions, although its goal is to create real opportunities for the comprehensive development of the person and the state.

Liberals reproached Karamzin in the fact that he followed only the development of the supreme power, which gradually accepted the forms of modern autocracy, but neglect the story of the Russian people himself.

There is even an epigram attributed to Pushkin:

In his "History" elegance, simplicity
Prove to us without any whiff
The need for selfhood
And the charms of the whip.

Indeed, by the end of his life, Karamzin was a convinced supporter of the absolute monarchy. He did not share the point of view of the majority of thinking people to serfdom, was not a tary supporter of his abolition.

He died in 1826 in St. Petersburg and was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Monument N.M. Karamzin in Ostafyevo

"... people who despose their

history, scorn: for

frivolous, passed

no worse than him "

N.M. Karamzin / 13, p.160 /

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin - the rule of mind of Russia of Russia late XVII-early XIX centuries. The role of Karamzin in Russian culture and made to them for the benefit of the Motherland would not be enough for one life. He embodied many of the best features of his century, imagining contemporaries, as a first-class master of literature (poet, playwright, critic, translator), a reformer who laid the foundations of a modern literary language, a major journalist, publishing organizer, founder of wonderful magazines. In the person of Karamzin, the artistic word master merged and a talented historian. In science, journalism, the art he left a noticeable trace. Karamzin largely prepared the success of the younger contemporaries and followers - the figures of the Pushkin period, the golden century of Russian literature. N.M. Karamzin was born on December 1, 1766 and for his fifty-nine years he lived an interesting and rich life, complete dynamism and creativity. He received education in a private board in Simbirsk, then in the Moscow board of Professor M.P. Shaden, then appeared to Petersburg for service and received the Chin Unter-Officer. Further works as a translator and editor in various magazines, comes closer to many well-known people of the time (M.M. Novikov, M.T. Turgenev). Then more than a year (from May 1789 to September 1790) travels in Europe; While traveling makes notes, after the processing of which the famous "letters of the Russian traveler" appear.

The knowledge of the past and the present led Karamzin to a rupture with masons, which were rather influential in Russia at the end of the XVIII century. He returns to his homeland a wide program of publishing and journal activities, hoping to promote people's education. He created the Moscow Journal (1791-1792) and the "Journal of Europe" (1802-1803), released two volumes of Almanac "Aglaya" (1794-1795) and the poetic almanac "Aonids". His creative path continues and completes the work of the "History of the Russian State", the work on which has taken many years, which has become the main outcome of his creativity.

The plan for creating a major historical cannon Karamzin approached a long time ago. The proof of the long-standing existence of such plans is a message of Karamzin in the "letters of the Russian traveler" about the meeting in 1790 in Paris with P.-Sh. Level, the author, "Histoire de Russia, Triee des Chroniques Originales, Des Pieces Outertiques Et Des Meillierus Historiens De La Nation" (in Russia in 1797, only one volume was translated) / 25, p.515 /. Reflecting on the advantages and disadvantages of this work, the writer came to disappointing conclusion: "It hurts, but should say that we have no good Russian history until now." / 16, p.252 /. He understood that such labor could not be written without free access to manuscripts and documents in official storage facilities. He turned to Emperor Alexander I through mediation MM. Muravyova (Trustee of the Training Moscow District). "The appeal was crowned with success and on October 31, 1803 Karamzin was appointed historiogram and received annual retirement and access to archives" / 14, p.251 /. Imperial decrees provided historiogram the optimal working conditions on the "history ...".

Work on the "history of the Russian state" demanded self-denial, refusal from the usual image and lifestyle. According to the figurative expression P.A. Vyazemsky, Karamzin "Run into historians." And by the spring of 1818, the first eight volumes of history appeared on the book counters. Three thousand copies of "History ..." were sold in twenty-five days. The recognition of compatriots inspired and encouraged the writer, especially after the ratio of historicograph with Alexander I (after the exit of the note "about ancient and new Russia", where Karamzin criticized Alexander I). The public and literary resonance of the first eight volumes of "History ..." in Russia and abroad turned out to be so great that even the Russian Academy, the long-time stronghold of the opponents of Karamzin, was forced to recognize his merit.

The reader's success of the first eight volumes of "History ..." gave the writer new forces for further work. In 1821, the world saw the ninth volume of his work. The death of Alexander I and the Decembrists' uprising moved the work on the "story ...". Casting on the street on the day of the uprising, the historiographer only in January 1826 continued his work. But the doctors assured that only Italy can give full recovery. Going to Italy and hoping to add the last two chapters of the last volume there, Karamzin instructed D.N. Bliding is all things on the future edition of the Twelve Tom. But on May 22, 1826, and without having left Italy, Karamzin died. The twelfth volume was released only in 1828.

Taking into the hands of the work of N.M. Karamzin, we can only imagine how difficult the work of the historian. Writer, poet, the dilettant historian is taken for the case of uncomfortable complexity, requiring tremendous special training. If he had avoided serious, purely smart matter, but if only it would vividly narrated about the past times, "waving and painting" - it would still be considered natural, but the very beginning Tom is divided into two half: in the first - living story, and the one who This is enough, it may not look into the second department, where hundreds of notes, links for the chronicles, Latin, Swedish, German sources. History is a very harsh science, even if we assume that the historian knows many languages, but in addition to the sources of Arab, Hungarian, Jewish, Caucasian ... and let the beginning of the XIX century. Science History did not stand out abruptly from the literature, all the same Karamzin-writer had to be deepened in Paleography, philosophy, geography, archeography ... Tatishchev and Shcherbatov, however, combined the story with serious state activities, but professionalism is constantly increasing; from the West, the serious works of German and English scientists come; The oldest naive-chronicle ways of historical letters clearly die, and the question itself arises: when Karamzin, a forty-year-old writer, mastering all the old and new wisdom? The answer to this question is given by N. Eidelman, who reports that "Only in third year, Karamzin is recognized as close to friends that she ceases to be afraid of" Feruli Schlezer ", that is, the rogues that the masting German academician could throw out a negligent student" / 70, p. 55 /.

One historian cannot find and treat such a large amount of materials on the basis of which the "Russian State History" was written. It follows from this that N.M. Karamzin helped numerous friends. In the archive, he, of course, went, but not too often: I was looking for, selected, delivered old manuscripts directly on the table of the historist several special staff led by the head of the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the magnificent connoisseur of antiquity Alexei Fedorovich Malinovsky. Archives and book collections of the Foreign College of Synod, Hermitage, the Imperial Public Library, Moscow University, Trinity-Sergiyev and Alexander Nevsky Lavra, Volokolamsky, Resurrection Monasteries; Moreover, tens of private assembly, finally, archives and libraries of Oxford, Paris, Copenhagen and other foreign centers. Among those who worked on Karamzin (from the very beginning and later) were somewhat wonderful in the future scientists, for example, stroyev, Kalaydovich ... They sent the comments on the already published Tom.

In some modern works, Karamzin is reproached for working "not one" / 70, p.55 /. But otherwise, it would be necessary for writing "history ..." not 25 years, and much more. Eidelman on this rightly objects: "It is dangerous to judge the era according to the rules of the other" / 70, p.55 /.

Later, when the author's personality of Karamzin will develop, there will be a combination of historically and junior employees, which could seem delicate ... However, in the early years of the XIX. In such a combination it seemed quite normal, and the archive doors could hardly be opened for younger if there was no imperial decree on the older. Karamzin himself, disinterested, with an exacerbid sense of honor would never allow himself to be glorified at the expense of employees. Besides, unless "archival regiments worked on the count of history"? / 70, p.56 /. It turns out that there is no. "Such great people as Derzhavin sends him their considerations about the ancient Novgorod, young Alexander Turgenev brings the necessary books from Göttingen, the old manuscript promises to send D.I. Languages, A.R. Vorontsov. More importantly, the participation of the main collectors: A.N. Musina Pushkin, N.P. Rumyantsev; One of the future presidents of the Academy of Sciences A.N. Olenin sent Karamzin on July 12, 1806 Ostromirovo Gospel 1057 " / 70, p.56 /. But this does not mean that all the work of Karamzin made friends for him: he opened himself and stimulated his work to find others. Karamzin himself found the Ipatiev and Trinity Chronicle, the Faudsserie Ivan Grozny, "Daniel Charging". For his "history ...", Karamzin used about forty chronicles (for comparison, let's say that Scherbatov studied twenty-one chronicle). Also, the great merit of the historian is that it is not only able to bring together all this material, but also to organize a de facto work of a real creative laboratory.

Work on the "story ..." fell on a turning point in some sense, which influenced the worldview and the author's methodology. In the last quarter of the XVIII. In Russia, there were increasing features of the decomposition of the feudal-serf system of the economy. Changes in the economic and social life of Russia and the development of bourgeois relations in Europe influenced the internal policy of autocracy. The time sets the need to develop social and political reforms to the dominant class of Russia, ensuring the preservation of the dominant position behind the class of landowners and power by autocracy.

"By this time, you can attribute the end of the ideological quest for Karamzin. He became an ideologist of the conservative part of the Russian nobility "/ 36, p.141 /. The final design of his socio-political program, the objective content of which was the preservation of the autocarete-serf system falls on the second decade of the XIX century., That is, at the time of creating a "note of ancient and new Russia". The revolution in France and the post-revolutionary development of France played a decisive importance in the design of the conservative political program of Karamzin. "Karamzin seemed that events in France in the late XVIII-early XIX centuries. Historically confirmed his theoretical conclusions about the paths of development of mankind. The only acceptable and correct, he considered the way of gradual evolutionary development, without any revolutionary explosions and within the framework of those public relations, that state device, which is characteristic of this people "/ 36, p.145 /. Leaving the theory of contractual origin in force, the form of its Karamzin now puts in a strict dependence on ancient traditions and a folk nature. Moreover, the convictions and customs are erected into a certain absolute, which defines the historical fate of the people. "Institutions of antiquity," he wrote in the article "Note species, hopes, and the desires of this time," they have a magical force that cannot be replaced by NIP's mind "/ 17, p.215 /. Thus, a historical tradition was opposed to revolutionary transformations. The socio-political system became from her in direct dependence: traditional ancient customs and institutions were determined in the end the political form of the state. It was very clearly traced in relation to Karamzin to the republic. The ideologist of autocracy, Karamzin, nevertheless, declared his sympathies to the republican rank. It is known his letter to P.A. Vyazemsky dated 1820, in which he wrote: "I am in the soul of the Republican and so die" / 12, p.209 /. Theoretically, Karamzin believed that the republic is a more modern form of government than the monarchy. But it can exist only with a number of conditions, and in the absence of their absence, the Republic loses any meaning and the right to exist. Karamzin recognized the republics as the human form of the Company's organization, but set the possibility of the existence of the republic to dependence on ancient customs and traditions, as well as from the moral state of society / 36, p.151 /.

Karamzin was a complex and controversial figure. As everyone who knew him noted, it was a person with great demands for himself and to others. As contemporaries noted, he was sincere in his actions and beliefs, had an independent image of thoughts. Considering these qualities of theory, the inconsistency of his nature can be explained by the fact that he understood the incommodation of the orders existed in Russia, but the fear of the revolution, before the peasant uprising, forced him to cling to the old: for autocracy, for the serfs, which, as he believed, for several Centuries ensured the progressive development of Russia.

By the end of XVIII. Karamzin has developed a firm conviction that the monarchical form of the Board most consistent with the existing level of development of morality and education of Russia. The historical situation in Russia at the beginning of the XIX century, the exacerbation of class contradictions in the country, growing in Russian society, the consciousness of the need for social transformations - all of this caused Karamzin to oppose the influence of a new something that can withstand this pressure. Under these conditions, firm autocratic power was represented by him a reliable guarantee of silence and security. At the end of the XVIII. Karamzin has an interest in the history of Russia and to the political life of the country. The question of the nature of the autocratic power, about its relationship with the people and, above all, with the nobility, about the personality of the king and his debt to society were in the center of his attention when writing the "Russian State History".

Self-adjusting Karamzin understood as "the sole autonomous power of a self-container, not limited to any institutions." But autocracy in the understanding of Karamzin does not mean the arbitrariness of the ruler. It suggests the existence of "solid statutes" - laws according to which the autocratic manages the state, for civil society where there are laws, that is, in full compliance with the laws of rationalism of the XVIII century. The autocrat acts as Karamzin as the legislator adopted by them is obligatory not only for subjects, but also for the self-container / 36, p.162 /. Recognizing the monarchy is the only acceptable form of government, Karamzin, naturally accepted the status division of society, since it lies in the principle of monarchical system. Karamzin considered such a division of society with eternal and natural: "Every class was certain responsibilities for the state." Recognizing the importance and necessity of two lower classes, Karamzin in the spirit of the noble tradition defended the right of the nobles to special privileges the importance of their service to the state: "The nobility he considered as the main support of the throne" / 36, p.176 /.

Thus, in the conditions of the launched decomposition of the feudal-serfdom of the economy, Karamzin acted as its conservation program in Russia. His socio-political program also included the upbringing and enlightenment of the nobility. He hoped that the nobility would begin to engage in art, science, literature and would make them their professions. Thus, it will strengthen its position by taking the enlightenment apparatus.

All its socio-political views, Karamzin placed in the "Story of the Russian State" and this work failed the hell with all its activities.

Karamzin played a big role in the development of Russian culture. The complexity and inconsistency of his ideology reflects the falsity and inconsistency of the era itself, the complexity of the position of the noble class at that time when the feudal system had already lost its potential opportunities, and the nobility as a class became conservative and reactionary force.

"The history of the Russian state" is the largest achievement of Russian and world historical science for its time, the first monographic description of Russian history from ancient times before the beginning of the XVIII century.

The work of Karamzin caused violent and fruitful discussion for the development of historiography. In disputes with his concept, views on the historical process and the events of the past there were other ideas and generalizing historical research - "History of the Russian People" M.A. Field, "History of Russia from ancient times" S.M. Solovyov and other works. Losing other scientific importance over the years, "History ..." Karamzin has kept its general cultural and historiographic importance, plots of playwrights, artists and musicians drew out of it. And therefore, this work of Karamzin is included in the building of those classical texts, without knowledge of which the history of Russian culture and historical science may not be fully understood. "/ 26, p.400 /. But, unfortunately, after the October Revolution, the perception of "history ..." as the compositions of the reactionary monarchical on the long decade closed her path to the reader. From the mid-80s, when a period of rethinking the historical path and the destruction of ideological stereotypes and goded ideas comes in society, the flow of new humanistic acquisitions, discoveries, return to the life of many works of mankind, and with them and the flow of new hopes and illusions. Together with these changes, NM returned to us. Karamzin with its immortal "history ...". What is the reason for this social and cultural phenomenon, whose manifestation has become a multiple publication of passages from "History ...", its faxing reproduction, reading its individual parts on radio, etc.? A.N. Sakharov suggested that "the reason for this is a huge power of spiritual impact on people of genuine scientific and artistic talent of Karamzin" / 58, p.416 /. The author of this work fully shares this opinion - after all, the years pass, and the talent remains young. The "History of the Russian State" revealed in Karamzin true spirituality, which is based on the desire to answer eternal questions, concern to human and humanity - the issues of being and goals of life, the patterns of development of countries and peoples, the ratio of personality, family and society, etc. N.M. Karamzin was just one of those who affected these questions, and attempted due to their capabilities to solve them on the material of national history. That is, it can be said that this is a combination of scientific and journalistic popularization in the spirit of fashionable now historical works, convenient to perceive the reader.

Since the release of the "Story of the Russian State", historical science has gone far away. Already many contemporaries of Karamzin appeared stretched, unproved and even harmful monarchical concept of the work of the historian Russian Empire, his desire to be subordinate to the story of the Russian historical process from ancient times with objective data from ancient times to the XVII century. And, nevertheless, interest in this work immediately after the exit was huge.

Alexander I waited from Karamzin the story of the history of the Russian Empire. He wanted, "so that the feather of the enlightened and recognized writer told about the empire of his and its ancestors" / 66, p.267 /. It turned out otherwise. Karamzin was the first in domestic historiography with his headline not the history of "kingdoms", like the city of P. Miller, not just "Russian history" like M.V. Lomonosova, V.N. Tatishchev, M.M. Scherbatova, and the history of the Russian state as "the dominion of the heterogeneous tribes of the Russian" / 39, p.17 /. This is a purely external difference between Karamzin's title from previous historical writings was not random. Russia does not belong to the kings nor the emperors. Back in the XVIII century. Progressive historiography in the fight against theological approach in the study of the past, defending the progressive development of humanity, began to consider the history of society as the history of the state. The state was proclaimed to the instrument of progress, and progress was assessed from the point of view of the state principle. Accordingly, "state sights" becomes "state attractions", the defined signs of the state, which were most significant in ensuring human happiness / 29, p. 7 /. For Karamzin, the development of state attractions - also measured progress. He, as it may compare with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe ideal state, among the most important "attractions" of which were: independence, internal strength, the development of crafts, trade, science, art and, most importantly, providing all this solid political organization - a certain form of government, due to territory States, historical traditions, rights, customs. The idea of \u200b\u200bstate attractions, as well as the importance that Karamzin attached each of them in the progressive development of the state itself, has already affected the structure of its labor, the completeness of the coverage of the various aspects of the historical past. The historiographer pays the greatest attention to the history of the political organization of the Russian state - autocracy, as well as the events of political history in general: wars, diplomatic relations, improvement of legislation. The story does not consider in special chapters entering into an end of an important, from his point of view, the historical period of reference to the attempt of a certain synthesis of the development of sufficiently stable "state attractions": the limits of the state, the "civil laws", "military art", "the successes of the mind" other..

Already the contemporaries of Karamzin, including numerous critics of his work paid attention to the defining feature of the "history ...", unparalleled with any of the preceding historical writings, is its integrity. "The work of Karamzin's work gave the concept in which the identifies the idea of \u200b\u200bautocracy as the main factor of the historical process" / 39, p.18 /. This idea permeates all the pages of "History ...", sometimes it is annoying, sometimes seems primitive. But even such irreconcilable critics of autocracy as the Decembrists, without agreeing with Karamzin and easily proving his inconsistency, gave tribute to the historiographer for the sincere devotion of this idea, the skill with which he spent her in his work. The basis of the concept of Karamzin was spited to the thesis of Montesquieu that "a huge state can only have a monarchical form of government" / 39, p.18 /. Karamzin goes on: not only a monarchy, but also autocracy, that is, not only the sole hereditary board, but also unlimited power is just a person who can even be elected to the throne. The main thing is that there was a "true autocracy" - an unlimited power of the persons denounced by the highest powers, strictly and strictly obscurely observing the time-tested or thoughtfully adopted new laws adhering to the moral rules taking care of the benefits of subjects. This ideal autocrat must embody "True Autocracy" as the most important factor of state order and improvement. The Russian historical process, by Karamzin, is slow, sometimes zigzag, but the steady movement to the "True Autonomy". Then passed, on the one hand, in the constant struggle of an autocratic start with specific oligarchic, aristocratic trends and forces, and on the other - in weakening, And then liquidation by the autocracy of the traditions of ancient folk board. For Karamzin, the power of the aristocracy, the oligarchy, the specific princes and the power of the people are not only two non-visible, but also hostile prosperity of the state of force. In autocravia, he says, the force subordinating the people, aristocracy and oligarchy in the interests of the state.

Automatic states, that is, the rulers with unlimited authorities, Karamzin considers Vladimir I and Yaroslav Wise. But after the death of the first, autocratic power weakened and the state lost independence. The subsequent history of Russia in Karamzin is first the difficult struggle with the lots, effigy by eliminating them in Vasilia III, the son of Ivan III Vasilyevich, then gradually overcoming the autocracy of all sorts of excuses to power, and therefore the well-being of the state by boyars. During the reign of Dark Vasily, "the number of power princes decreased, and the power of the sovereign was made unlimited in relation to the people" / 4, p.219 /. The Creator of the true autocracy of Karamzin paints Ivan III, who forced a reverence before his nobles and the people "/ 5, p.214 /. With Vasilia III, princes, boyars and people became equal in relation to the autocratic power. True, with a small Ivan IV, the oligarchy was threatened by the oligarchy - the Boyarsky Council headed by Elena Glinskaya, and after her death - "Perfect aristocracy or a doorship of Boyar" / 7, p.29 /. Blaised by ambitious excuses for power, the boyars forgot the interests of the state, "they took care not to make the Supreme Power of the beneficial, but to approve it in the hands of their own" / 7, p.52 /. Only ending adults, Ivan IV was able to end the boyars. The new threat of the autocratic power arose, from the side of the boyars during Ivan IV's illness in 1553, but Ivan Grozny recovered, and in his heart he was suspicious to all dignitaries. From the point of view of Karamzin, the Russian history of the XV - early XVII centuries. - This is a period of genuine national rebirth, by the consequences of Rurikovich's incorrect economic policy. Exemption from the Goldenopa Iga, strengthening international trade relations and the international authority of Russia, the wise legislation of Vasily III and Ivan the Terrible, gradual provision of the autocracy of the main legal and property guarantees of subjects. The path to this revival of Karamzin as a whole draws as a continuous progressive process, bound, first of all, with the development of a true autocracy, which was only complicated by the negative personal qualities of carriers of the autocratic power: immorality and cruelty of Vasily III, Ivan the Terrible, Boris Godunova, Vasily Shuisky, weavololi Fedor Ivanovich, excessive soft-grade Ivan III.

N.M Karamzin in the "Story of the Russian State" emphasizes three political forces characteristic of the historical path of Russia: autocracy, relying on the aristocracy, the official apparatus and clergy, aristocracy and oligarchy in the face of the boyars and the people. What are the people in the understanding of N.M. Karamzin?

In the traditional sense of the "people" - residents of the country, the state - is found in the "history" quite often. But even more often Karamzin invests in a different meaning. In 1495, Ivan III arrives in Novgorod, where he is met by "saints, clergy, officials, people" / 5, p. 167 /. In 1498, after the death of the eldest son of Ivan III, the courtyard, Velmazbi and the people were concerned about the issue of the Preconsession. "/ 5, p.170 /. "Boyar, together with the people, expressed anxiety after the departure of Ivan the Territy in Alexandrov," / 8, p.188 /. Boris Godunova are asked to become the king "clergy, synclite, people" / 9, p.129 /. Of these examples, it is clear that the concept of "people" Karamzin invests all that did not belong to the clergy, boyars, troops, government officials. The "people" is present in the "History ..." as a viewer or direct participant of events. However, in some cases, this concept was not satisfied by Karamzin and he striving to more accurate and deeper to convey his ideas, used the terms "citizens", "Russians".

The historiographer introduces another concept of "Mobile", not only as a simple people, but also in a frankly political sense - when describing the movements of the class protest of the oppressed popular masses: "Black of Nizhny Novgorod, as a result of the rebellious Wain killed many boyars" / 3, p.106 / In 1304, in 1584 during an uprising in Moscow to the Kremlin rushed "Armed People, Mobile, Citizens, Children of Boyar" / 9, p.8 /.

In the dismissive sense, the concept of "Mobile" reflects the representation of Karamzin on the powerful movements of the class protest in feudal Russia as manifestations of anarchic trends. Karamzin believed that the people always inherent in the desire for liberty incompatible with government interests. But, denying the progressive political importance of the people in domestic history, the historiographer makes it the highest carrier of assessments and activities of representatives of the autocratic power. In the "Story of the Russian State", the people are becoming an impartial arbiter when it comes to the struggle of autocracy with the aristocracy and the oligarchy, then a passive, but interested viewer and even a participant, when the will of historical destinies himself turns out to face the face with autocracy. In these cases, the presence in the "history ..." of the people becomes the most important creative admission of Karamzin, a means of expressing the author's attitude to the events described. In the story of "History ...", as it were, the voice of a historian merging with the "Opinion of People" / 39, p.21-22 /.

In the "Story of the State of the Russian" popular opinion, Karamzin attaches broad semantic meanings. First of all, folk feelings - from love to hate to the autocrats. "There is no government, which for its success would not have the needs in love of the people" - proclaims the historiographer / 7, p.12 /. The love of the people to the autocrat as the highest criterion for evaluating his actions and at the same time - the force capable of solving the fate of the autocrat, especially heavily sounds in the last volumes of the history of the Russian state. Founded for the atrocity (killing of Tsarevich Dmitry) Providence, Godunov, despite all their efforts to decline the love of the people, in the end it turns out without his support in a difficult moment of fighting Lhadmitry. "Peoples are always grateful," Karamzin writes, "leaving the sky to judge the secret of Borisov Hearts, the Russians sincerely silent the king, but, recognizing Tirana in it, naturally, they hated him and for the present, and over the past ..." / 8, p.64 /. Situations in the imagination of the historically repeated and with Lhadmitria, who contributed to the love of the people's love to him, and with Vasily Shuisky: "Muscovyan, once diligent to boyar Shuisky, no longer loved in it, attributing the state-walled imminency or misfortune: the accusation, Equally important in the eyes of the people "/ 11, p.85 /.

Thus, Karamzin with the help of the "History of the Russian State" told all Russia about its views, ideas and allegations.

By the time of writing the "Story of the Russian State" Karamzin passed a long way of worldview, moral and literary quests that had fallen a deep imprint on the plan and the process of creating "history ...". The epoch did not penetrate the conviction that without an understanding of the past, the search for the laws of public and cultural development of humanity is impossible to estimate the present and try to look into the future: "Karamzin was among those thinkers who began to develop new principles of understanding of history, national identity, the idea of \u200b\u200bcontinuity of development in development civilization and enlightenment "/ 48, p.28 /.

"N.M. Karamzin wrote truly into the turning point for Russia, and for the whole of Europe, the times "/ 58, p.421 /, the main events of which were the Great French Revolution, overturned the foundations of feudalism and absolutism; The appearance of MM Speransky with his liberal projects, Jacobin Terror, Napoleon and his essay itself was a response to the questions set by the epoch.

A.S. Pushkin called Karamzin "the last chronicle." But the author himself "protests" against this: "The reader will notice that I describe the event not apart, by year and days, but they bump them for a convenient perception. The historian is not a chronicler: the latter looks unique for a while, and the first to property and the relationship of acts: may be mistaken in the distribution of places, but it should point out its place to everything "/ 1, p.v /. So, not a time-based description of events interests it primarily, and "their properties and communication". And in this sense, N.M. Karamzin should be called not the "last chronicle", and the first truly genuine researcher of his fatherland.

An important principle when writing "History ..." is the principle of following the truth of history, as he understands it, even if she was sometimes bitter. "The story is not a novel, and the world is not a garden where everything should be nice. It depicts the real world "/ 1, p. VIII / notes Karamzin. But he understands the limited opportunities of the historian in achieving the historical truth, since in the history "as in the human case, there is an impurity of lies, however, the character of the truth is always more or less preserved, and this is pretty for us to make yourself a general idea of \u200b\u200bpeople and Acts "/ 1, p. VIII /. Consequently, the historian can create from the material that he has and he cannot produce "gold from copper, but must clear and copper must know the entire price and properties; Open the great, where it is lighted, and not to give small rights of the Great "/ 1, p. Xi. Scientific reliability - leitmotif, is constantly restlessly sounding throughout Karamzinskaya "History ..."

Another major achievement of the "history ..." is that a new philosophy of history is revealed with clarity: the historicism of "history has just begun to develop. Historism discovered the principles of permanent change, the development and improvement of human society. I gave rise to an understanding of the place of each people in the history of mankind, the peculiarity of the culture of each science, the peculiarities of the national character .. Karamzin proclaimed one of its principles to create the history of society in all its manifestations, a description of everything that is included in the "Composition" of civilian existence: the successes of the mind, Arts, customs, laws. Industry, and Karamzin tends to connect to us to the system with a clear slim convergence of parts into the system "/ 1, p. Xi. This integrated approach to history, imbued with the concept of unity of the historical process, the identification of causal events is the basis of the historical concept of Karamzin.

But not in all the historian was ahead of his own century: "He was a son of time and in the common noble mood of his ideology, although improved educational ideas and on the general providencyalist approach to history, despite the desire to identify its everyday patterns, and sometimes naive attempts to evaluate the role of that or other personality in history,. What quite matched the spirit of that era "/ 58, p.452 /.

Its providencyliance is felt in the assessment of large historical events. For example, he sincerely believes that the phenomenon of Falsmitria I in the history of Russia was the hand of holding Boris Godunov, in his opinion, for the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry

It is also impossible not to say that in his "history ..." Karamzin set the problem of the artistic incarnation of the country's history. "The artistic of the presentation as an indispensable law of historical narration was deliberately processed by the historian" / 58, from..428 /, which was considered that: "see the action of the acting", strive to ensure that historical persons live "not one dry name ..." / 1, p. III /. In the preface of N.M. Karamzin lists: "Order, clarity, strength, painting. It creates from this substance ... "/ 1, p. III /. "He" from Karamzin is a historian, and the authenticity of the material, the ordering and clarity of the presentation, the picturesque power of the language - these are the expressive funds who were at his disposal.

It is because of his literary nature "History ..." was criticized by contemporaries and historians of the next years. So, "Karamzin's desire to turn the historical presentation into an entertaining story, which has a moral impact on the reader, has not responded to the ideas of S.M. Solovyov about the tasks of historical science. He writes that Karamzin looks at its history from the side of art "/ 67, p.18 /. N.M. Tikhomirov blames N.M. Karamzin in the tendency "even sometimes somewhat move away from the source, just to imagine bright paintings, bright characters" / 66, p.284 /. Yes, we have fundamental works created by powerful research teams, but very little fascinating books for domestic history. The writer can specifically impede his manner of presentation, complicate the language, create a multiplicity of the plot. And on the other hand, he can bring the reader to his work, to make it a member of the events, make the historical image real, which Karamzin did and his "story ..." read with a great pleasure. So can you blame the historian only that his manner of presentation is interesting to the reader?

"Your understanding of the causes of the development of the historical process, its creative principles of Karamzin was able to check in practice. For us, this is especially interesting, because from the standpoint of modern scientific methodology, we obviously understand the entire historical limitations of Karamzin's views "/ 58, p.429 /. But I think that the historian should be judged not from the heights of historical and dialectical materialism, but from the position of the scientific opportunities that he had.

So, the driving force of the historical process, Karamzin considered the government, the state. And the entire Russian historical process was presented to him by the struggle of the autocratic and other manifestations of the dominance - democracy, oligarchic and aristocratic advantage, specific trends. The formation of one-chisty, and then autocracy became the terminal for which, according to Karamzin, the entire social life of Russia was risled. In connection with this approach, Karamzin created the tradition of Russian history, entirely dependent on the history of autocracy. The structure and text of the "history of the Russian state" make it possible to quite accurately establish the specific periodization of the story, which was used by Karamzine. Briefly it will look like this:

· The first period - from the vanity of the Varangian princes (from the "first autocrat of the Russian" / 2, p.7 /) to Svyatopolka Vladimirovich, who divided the state to the lots.

· The second period is from Svyatopolka Vladimirovich to Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich, who restored the unity of the state.

· The third period - from Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich to Ivan III (the time of falling the Russian state).

· The fourth period is the time of the reign of Ivan III and Vasily III (the process of eliminating feudal fragmentation has been completed).

· The fifth period - the reign of Ivan the Terrible and Fedor Ivanovich (aristocratic image of the board)

· The sixth period covers the troubled time, which begins with the top of Boris Godunova

Thus, the history of Russia in Karamzin is the struggle of one-owned and fragmentation. The first person who brought autocrase to Russia was Varyag Rurik, and the author of "History ..." is a consistent supporter of the Norman theory of the origin of the Russian state. Karamzin writes that the Varangians "have to be formed by Slavs", / 2, C68 / and that the Varyags "legislators of our ancestors were their mentors in the art of war ... In the art of navigation" / 2, p.145-146 /. The rule of Normanov was noted by the author as "profitable and calm" / 2, p.68 /.

At the same time, Karamzin argues that the history of mankind is the history of world progress, the basis of which is the spiritual improvement of people, and that the history of mankind makes great people. And, based on this, it is not random that the author built his work on the following principle: each chapter contains a description of the vital activity of a separate prince and is named after this ruler.

In our historiography, the image of Karamzine as an ardent monarchist, an unconditional supporter of autocracy, has long and firmly. It was said that his love for Fatherland was just a love for autocracy. But today we can say that such assessments are a scientific stereotype of past years, one of the ideologisms on which historical science and historiography has been built for so long. There is no need to rehabilitate or justify Karamzin. He was and remains a bright expressant autocracy in Russia, a noble historist. But the autocracy was not for him a primitive understanding of the power, intended to suppress the "horses" and raise the nobility, but was the personification of the high human idea of \u200b\u200border, the security of subjects, their prosperity, the guarantor of the disclosure of all the best human qualities, civil and personal; Public arbiter / 58, p.434 /. And he painted the perfect image of such a board.

"The main objective of the powerful government is to create conditions for the maximum disclosure of human abilities - landpash, writer, scientist; It is this state of society that leads to true progress not only individual peoples, but all humanity "/ 45, p.43 /.

And this is possible if the Society is ruled by the enlightened monarch. The huge merit of Karamzin as a historian is that he not only used a magnificent corpus for his time sources, but also the fact that many of the historical materials he opened himself thanks to his work in archives with manuscripts. The source base of his work was unprecedented for that time. He first introduced to the scientific circulation of the Lavrentiev and Trinity Chronicle, the judiciary 1497, the writings of Kirill Tourovsky, many acts of diplomatic materials. He widely used the Greek chronicles and messages of eastern authors, domestic and foreign epistolary and memoir literature. His story became truly Russian historical encyclopedia.

In controversial stream of opinions of contemporaries and later readers of the "Story of the Russian State", which were in the end, many years of fierce controversy. You can easily find one interesting feature - no matter how enthusiastic or harsh reviews about Carrazin work, as a whole, they were unanimous in high assessment of the part of the Russian State History, which was called "notes" by Karamzin. "Notes" as it were for the framework of the main text of "history ..." and significantly exceeding its volume, already externally did the work of the historian and subsequent time on the historical writings of the previous and subsequent time. Through "notes", Karamzin offered its readers a historical essay on two levels: artistic and scientific. They opened the reader the possibility of an alternative Karamzinsky view on the events of the past. "Notes" contain extensive extracts, quotes from sources, retelling documents (often they are represented entirely), references to historically writings of predecessors and contemporaries. Karamzin in one degree or another attracted all domestic publications about the events of domestic history before the beginning of the XVII century. and a number of foreign editions. As new volumes prepared, the number, and the main thing - the value of such materials increased everything. And Karamzin is solved on a bold step - expands them to publish in "Notes". "If all the materials, he wrote, they were collected from us, they were published, criticized, then I would have remained uniquely referring to me; But when most of them in manuscripts, in the dark; When it is hardly processed, explicitly agreed, it is necessary to armarate with patience "/ 1, p. XIII /. Therefore, the "notes" became an important meeting of the sources first introduced into the scientific circulation.

Essentially, "Notes" is the first and most complete textbook sources in Russian history before the beginning of the XVII century. At the same time, this is the scientific part of the "history of the Russian state", in which Karamzin sought to confirm the story of the past of the Fatherland, disassembled the opinions of the predecessors, argued with them, argued his own right.

Karamzin deliberately or forced to turn his "notes" into a kind of compromise between the requirements of scientific knowledge about the past and consumer use of historical material, that is, selective, based on the desire to choose sources and facts that respond to its design. For example, telling about the topics of Boris Godunov, the historiographer does not pay artistic means for the image of the universal folk delight, following the approved diploma of the Zemsky Cathedral of 1598. But Karamzin was known and another source placed in "Notes", which tells that "delight" was explained Rude coercion from the side of Boris Godunov.

However, publishing sources in "Notes", Karamzin did not always exactly reproduce the texts here and modernizing spelling, and semantic additives, and the skipping of whole phrases. As a result, in the "Notes", as it were, a never existing text was created. An example of this is the publication of "Tale of the understanding of Prince Andrei Ivanovich Staritsky" / 7, p.16 /. Often, the historiographer published in the notes those parts of the texts of the sources that corresponded to his narration and excluding the places contrary to this.

All of the above makes it bearing with caution to the texts placed in "Notes". And it is not surprising. "Notes" for Karamzin is proof of not only how it was, but also confirming his views on how it was. The initial position of this approach, the historiographer expressed as follows: "But history, they say, filled with false; Let's just say that in it, as in the case of human, there is an impurity of lies, however, the character of the truth is always more or less preserved; And this is pretty for us to draw up a general concept of people and acts "/ 1, p.12 /. The content of the historic "truth character" about the past, essentially meant for him following the sources that answered his historical concept.

The ambiguity of the evaluations of the "history of the Russian state", creativity and identity N.M. Karamzin is characteristic since the release of the first volume of the "history of the Russian state" up to the present day. But everyone is unanimous in that this is the rarest example in the history of world culture, when a monument of historical thought would be perceived by contemporaries as descendants as a vertex work and fiction.

For Karamzin in history is characterized by strict solemnity, clear and as if slowing the rhythm of the presentation, more book language. Noticeably deliberate stylistic property in the descriptions of acts and characters, clear drawing of private. The controversy of scientists and publicists of the late 1810s - early 1830s. In connection with the appearance of the volumes of "History ..." Karamzin, reflections and responses of the first readers, especially the Decembrists and Pushkin, the relation to the heritage of Karamzine the following generations, the knowledge of the "Story of the Russian State" in the development of historical science, literature, Russian language - topics, have long been attracted Attention. However, "History ..." Karamzin as a phenomenon of scientific life is still not sufficient. Meanwhile, this work imposed a sensual imprint on the submission of Russian people about the past of their fatherland, and indeed, about history. For almost a century there was no other historical essay in Russia. And there was no other historical work, which, having lost their former importance in the eyes of scientists, would remain so long in the convenience of culture of the so-called. Wide public.

"The history of the Russian state" continued to be perceived as a givenness of domestic culture even when knowledge of the ancient Russia was significantly enriched and began to dominate the new concepts of the historical development of Russia and the historical process as a whole. Without knowledge of "History ...", Karamzin was unthinkable to be called in Russia formed by a person. And, probably, V.O. Klyuchevsky found the right explanation for this, noting that "Karamzin's look at the story ... was built on moral and psychological aesthetics" / 37, p.134 /. The perception of the figurative precedes the logical, and these first images are held longer in consciousness than the logical constructions displaced by more solid concepts.

Historical knowledge is the most important part of our cultural life. The upbringing of the story is inseparable from moral education, from the formation of social and political views, even aesthetic ideas. The publication of the "History of the Russian State", and in full form, it helps to see not only the first masses of the most important phenomena in the history of Russian science, literature, language, but also facilitates the study of historical psychology, the history of public consciousness. Therefore, the work of N.M. Karamzin for a long time became a sample approaches to the study of the main stories of Russian history.

The historical views of Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin were formed, improved in accordance with all of the construction of his life, with his gifted, well-balanced nature and his colossal historical intuition, artistic Pi-Sachet talent, helped him penetrate the essence of the era and characteristics of historical figures.

Once already getting a row-gu scholar, giving all the history of Russia, Karamzin leaders-visited the great goal - to deploy his own great history before the people. This is an understanding of the Great Goal, a large generalized work has steadily managed by N.M. Karamzin all over the creation of their "history". To this thought, he returns on its pages repeatedly.

And the most meaning of his historical concept, expressed in the twelve volumes of "Isto-Rii" and "note about ancient and new Russia", in which he sufficiently outlined his gaze on the historical process, it concludes in the movement of Russia from historical non-existence through thorn to the heights of the organization of the state unit and on the basis of this to the tops of civilization, as NM understood them. Karamzin.

The account "from the Great" is visible and in his centance that "nothing great is done for money," expressed in the "note". Yes, and the whole "note" with its con-chartonic assessment of the history of Russia, with its passionate criticism of co-temporary N.M. Karamzin of imperfections, or even criminal ones in the Russian state device, Vividly, and the depth of the civilian interest of the historian In the movement of Russia along the path of progress, again in His, Karamzin, in anticipation.

N.M. Karamzin -this convinced monarchist, the sideways of the autocratic power of the king as a guarantee of the prosperity of Ros-Sii, its subjects, each person individually feels with furious criticism on the country's existing defects in the country, which remove the country from genuine grandeur.

He exposes sharp criticism to the financial policy of the rule, the wasting of the treasury, inflation associated with externally trading problems after the conclusion of the Tilzite world.

N.M. Karamzin made a single single, but it doesn't know what he was in his business lonely. First, the work he was planned, had a fertile soil in the form of the preceding world historiography and Russian historical co-girls, secondly, all who purely and sincerely loved the story of Ot, who was devoted to scientific Her reading, for which NM Actually Karamzin, had a moral and material support, sympathy, sincerely helped him.

And yet N.M. Karamzin did not repeat his preinfinct venits. He did not repeat them first of all in his plan, oh-watu problems. His "History", although not finished, torn off the disease and death of the historian standard on the events of "transmits", the misfortunes of Russia of the "Discharge period", hugs almost two more than a thousand years and begins with the first oldest refinements of Roman and Greek writers about the peoples, inhabited on the territory of Russia. In conjunction with the "note", which albeit in the SA, but conceptually completed form, brings the history of Russia until the beginning of the XIX century, N.M. Karamzin made it possible to imagine the entire path of the country as a whole.

He did not repeat them and according to the historical and philosophical direction of his work. N.M. Karamzin wrote truly into a turning point for Russia, and all of Europe, time. And his essay itself was from-vet to the questions set by the epoch. In the first phrases of "Notes" he speaks quite definitely: " This is a consequence of the past. To judge the first, it should be remembered last. One to others, so to speak, is complemented and in connection seems clear to the thoughts".

The same thoughts are expressed in the first rows of his "history"; " History In a sense, there is a sacred book of peoples: the main necessary; glooring of their existence and activities; Skrizalal of Revelations and Rules; covenant ancestors to the offspring; Supplement, an exposure of the present and an example of the future"; History, PA opinion N.M. Karamzin," representing the imagination of a number of centuries with their passions, insensions, acts, expands the limits of our own would be; We live her creative power with people of all times, we see and hear them, love and hate, not yet thinking about the benefits, already scented with the contemplation of diverse cases and characters that occupy the mind and feed sensitivity".

That was the epoch, the main event of which the Great French Revolution became the head of feudalism and absenism and discovered the road with a new bourgeois social relationship. The developing bourgeois structure has provided its impact on all parties to Russian life, including the spiritual sphere. Novikov's educational views, radicalism of Radishchev, the emergence of the future Decembrist ideology was mediated from-degraded these changes, on the one hand.

On the other, the renewed plot of 1801, the royal government, headed by an intelligent monarch, shocked, besides the murder of his father, was old, as it often happens at the beginning of any new board, several liberal steps without a root break of the system to calm minds, bring Fast quarreled autocratic chickens to some compliance with socio-economic requirements. The government was tried to criticize the "left" and "right". And those and others it seemed that life was changing, but she was not going there at all, and only they were sigh, but to give her a truly loyal direction.

Widely educated, read, who traveled by Paul-Europe N.M. Karamzin was in the whirlpool of all these new European and Russian trends. He vigorously peered into life, compared the modern events with the movement of world history, and its modern heroes with the heroes of the past, painfully reflected on the cases that took place, sought using the experience of history, to determine the path of Russia in the coming years. This reflected in part in his "letters of the Russian traveler", but fully in the "Isor Toria of the Russian state".

Having started at his monumental work, the historian Stere was to comprehend the whole course of Russian history, to highlight its flow from the standpoint of his time. And in this sense, the real way to his understanding of the past, as the past came to the aid in understanding the present. It was a completely new, conceptual history, glimpses of which only flashed in the writings of former historians.

But it would be incorrect to think, as if we had a double "propagandist", which was trying to squeeze his ideas in the procrusteo bed of history, push it to adapt to their ideological manipulations. This is not true. The era and his own taant of the scientist and the artist who can penetrate the essence of the general phenomenon only dictated N.M. Karamzin depth, the scale of approaches to the historical past, helped see the retrospection of the process.

The tool of this knowledge, he grown-tall, comprehended in accordance with the level of historical knowledge achieved then and his tirelessly improved him, created a lot of re-in and in this sense, he taught the future generations of scientists a truly research lesson, which one is able to justify the historian who takes the scholar of the feather. It was in this sense that his historical vision was relevant, modern, he estimated the story from the height of the Sum-cottage, and created a toolkit of knowledge corresponding to these tasks.

A.S. Pushkin called N.M. Karamzin "The last chronicle." This figurative characteristic given by the genius was as brilliant, however erroneous. She was not alone in the sense that N.M. Karamzin was really "the latter" in time of those figures of science who tried to recreate the history of the country. But the author of the "History" and "Notes" least can get the title of archaic hardworking chronicle.

N.M. Karamzin and himself protests against his identification with the chronicler: "The reader will notice that I describe the acts not apart (italics by the author - A.S.), by years and days, but they bump them for a most convenient impression in memory. The historian is not a chronicler: Poshesky looks unique for a while, and the first to property and the relationship of acts; can be mistaken in the distribution of places, but it should have to specify everything"So, not a time-based description of the events in-teres it primarily, and their" property and communication ". And in this sense, N.M. Karamzin should be called not the" last chronicle ", and the first truly genuine researcher of his history Fatherland.

He himself carefully dismisses the reader, which understands the words "property and communication", in essence, this goal scientific program, to which sometimes does not prevent looking closely and those who today claim to the high title of historian of their people. Of course, we will not find in it those methods and logical heights that came to the world along with the discoveries in the field of social science. The second half of the XIX - early XX centuries.

Especially surprisingly, at the beginning of the XIX century. N.M. Karamzin, Opiro-Jasa at the time achieved by the time of the world scientific potential, reflecting a lot over the experience of the past, guided by its co-lossy research and artistic intuition, defused a number of research principles that are sometimes unresolved for the historian and at the present time.

On the fore N.M. Karamzin certainly exhibits Liu-bov to the Fatherland, but it is unlikely that it can be suspected in a booming path-riotism - not that it was intelligence, not the artistic taste. This love he understands as an exacerbated interest in the history of his people, which is part of world history, as a trembling experience for all ups and downs, sent to Russia. He does not oppose this love interest in the history of other peoples and states.

On the contrary, they complement and enrich each other. " If every story, he writes, - Even and insecual Pi-Sannaya, it is pleasant, as Pliny says, the more the ticket-venous ... We are all citizens, in Europe and in India, in Mexico and in ABIS-Sinia; The personality of everyone is closely connected with the Fatherland: I love it, for you love yourself. Let the Greeks, the Romans captivate the imagination; They belong to the family of human race, and we are not strangers in our virtues and weaknesses, glory and disasters; But the name of Rus-Sky has a special beauty for us: my heart beats the fire, rather than for feminocals or scypion"; for the historian, - Sure N.M. Karamzin, -" love for the Fatherland gives his brushes heat, strength, charm. Where there is no love, no soul".

Another principle is to follow the truth of history, as if bitter she was. "History is not a novel and the world is not a garden where everything should be nice, - notes N.M. Karamzin, - She is depicting a valid world"What sometimes we see in history?" The author "-" Interdiscomobiles of the Greek cities "," Crowd of the villain, are cutting for the honor of Athens or Sparta as we have for the honor of Mo-Nakhov or Olegova at home. "Here and" Bloody feast of violent Romans ", and the" monster of trirant "," mistakes and miss "- and all this is not only an unpleasant privilege of Western history. We read something similar we are on the scrubles of our fatherland." Difficult Pages "is in the history of each People are such a thought of N.M. Karamzin.

Such a research principle of Isto-Rica is extremely important, as the desire to comprehend the events from the inside, take a look at them not from the height of centuries, do not look at them with the detached superb items, but to see the eyes of a contemporary. " We must be seasy to see actions and acting: then we know the story", Pi-somet N.M. Karamzin.

N.M. Karamzin understands the limited possibilities of the history - to comprehend the historical truth, as in history, " as in the case of human, there is straight lies; However, the nature of the obstacle is always more or less preserved; And this is pretty for us to make yourself a general concept of people and acts ". The historian can and should create from the material that he has, he cannot produce "gold from copper, but must clean and copper; there must be only the price and property; open the great, where it is lurking, and not to give the greatness of the Great Rights. .

So self-critical and sufficiently modestly assesses his research capabilities, believing that the main thing for the history - it is true to grab the "general concept" and, if the material allows you to draw the rest, depicting "what or was it was, and not what could be" . Scientific clarity and conscientiousness is a leitmotif that constantly sounds restlessly throughout the Karamzin "history".

N.M. Karamzin proclaimed one of its principles for the creation of the history of society as a whole, the description of all of what is included "in the composition of civilian being of people: the successes of the mind, art, conversion, laws, industry," and sought "to combine the centuries transferred to us , Clearly slim convergence of the Hour "Tay". This integrated approach to history, permeated by the concepts of the unity of the historical process, detecting causal-follow-up links of events, is the core of the historical concept of N.M. Karamzin.

Unusually highly appreciated N.M. Karamzin Good faith in the approach to historical material. His notes are, according to the author of the author, "the sacrifice of" reliability.

And finally, it is impossible not to say that in his "history" N.M. Karamzin put the problem of the artistic incarnation of the country's history. The artistic manner of the letter was chosen by the IS-Torik not by chance, and this is not the fact that his literary talent clearly predated to this. The artisticness of the presentation, as the indispensable law of historical narration, was deliberately processed by a historian who was considered that "see actions and operating", strive to ensure that historical persons live in memory "not one dry name, but with some kind of physiognomy," It means to know and feel the story.

The driving force of the historical process, he counted the government, the state, which, on the one hand, focuses on a variety of efforts of society, and on the other, itself is a powerful incentive of social movement. And the whole Russian is the Toric process, by Karamzin, was essentially the struggle of the initiative of the autocratic and other manifestations of the dominance - on-rhodification, oligarchic or aristocratic rullets, specific tendencies. The formation of the first-scene first, and then autocracy became the rod for which, according to the historian, the entire social life of Russia was born.

The whole history of Russia is divided, in his opinion, to the "ancient" (from Rurik to Ivan III), "average" (from Ivan III to Peter I) and "but-voy" (from Peter I to Alexander I). The main feature of the first perio-yes was the system of utilities, the second - unifiedness and the third is "due to civilian customs". What is the reason for such a large stability of the "public" approach to history? It is very simple and lies in the fact that it is in the political sphere, as the most vividly expressing socio-economic, material interests of people, classes, classes, the historical process is sublimated. At the top there is a problem of power, reflecting these material interests.

Karamzin absolutely faithfully caught, external, surface canvas of events. He convincingly determined that in those periods of its history, when Russia relied on a strong price-trawling power, it sought great success both in the arrangement of internal life and in the sphere of foreign policy.

One-way one was led to anarchy, interdiscomotions, a block-written struggle, sponging the folk forces, and in the sphere of external - to defeat and loss of independence; And only a new revival of one-chisty brought salvation to the country. From European countries, perhaps, no other survived so long, such a chu-pre-pre-centered community, which ended with the loss of Russia of independence, the establishment of two hundred forty-year-in secreted yoke and another two-year period of permanent pressure from the Polish-Lithuanian state in the West, permanent raids of hostile Kazan rulers and the Crimeans on the southern and southeastern borders of the country.

These events, defined for hundreds of years, the course of the development of Russia were struck by the imagination of any researcher who touched them. They struck their connectedness with the problem of unified statehood and N.M. Karamzin. The folk misfortune has pressed for the consciousness of Russia for too long and this has found an indirect expression in the concept of N.M. Zamzina, for whom, as we have already seen, love for the Fatherland with all his takeoffs and falls, successes and failures, joyful and tragedies It was sacred.

But the general result, which fails by N.M. Karamzin: "What is the unlimited unlimited one in except for the unlimited mughine?". "Russia was founded by victories and one-started, the skill from the blurred, and was saved by autocracy."

Essentiallythe line of the struggle of two began in the history of Russia - the centralizer and decentralizer - he spent brilliantly, brightly personified her, gave it artistic and psychological painting, which made it even more vital, real. It is only because there is no longer appropriate for it that it does not seem to be different. And this bo-absolution palette of the country's political history returns to us together with the "story" N.M. Karamzin.

In our consciousness, as already noted, the image of Karamzine as an ardent monarchist, an unconditional supporter of autocracy, a man who steadfasts, as mentioned in the epigram of that time (with pleasure repeated and now) for "the need for selfhood and charm) for" the need for self-defense and charms) for " Although, as they like the latest surveys, A.S. Pushkin, who is attributed to this epigram, did not consider Karamzin to be a fastener in a fastener). It was also said that the love of the Fatherland meant, first of all, the love of autocracy for him, that he failed to be a real patriot, since he refused his essence in freedom and liberty.

It seems to me that this kind of estimates are one of those numerous, not reinforced by scientifically stereoti-dove, one of those "ideologisms", on which our public thought was formed so long and thoughtfully.

A self-adjustment was for N.M. Karamzin is not primitive in the impression of power, designed to "drag and not to bother", suppress the "horses" and support the nobility, and the personality personification of the high human idea of \u200b\u200border, the essentialness of subjects, their prosperity, the guarantor of the disclosure of all the best Human qualities of civil and personal.

In the best traditions of enlightening, in the spirit of enlightened absolutism, he painted himself the perfect image of such a board that was hardly ever and somewhere was possible. His autocrat is the wonderful utopia of the noble intellectual, which herself shattered about the cruelty of the country's last history and a real modern life.

First of all, autocracy for N.M. Karamzin is the highest arbiter of society, the force that is equal between the trends of the abnormality, aristocracy, between different classes. The main objective of the strong board is the creation of conditions for the maximum disclosure of human abilities - Zem Lepashets, a writer, a scientist; It is this state of society that leads to true progress not only individual peoples, but all of humanity.

This is possible only if the enlightenment ball is ruled in society if the monarch leads the people in this on the rule. An particularly important task of the autocracy of N.M. Karam-Zin considered the suppression of the oligarchy, whose "tormenting" for Russia was "the most dangerous and most unabiled." "It's easier to hide from one," he wrote, not at all idealizing real monarchs, - rather than twenty persecutors. "

Special importance gives N.M. Karamzin by the monarch of its high duties under the leadership of the country; The main duty of his duty is "obstructing public happiness", and where the duty, there is a law, "autocracy is not there is no laws." "The sovereign of no less subjects must fulfill its Holy Resources." Not the personal properties of the self-container take care of the historian, and the expansion of the state destiny. Autocracy in this sense for N.M. Karamzin is the "image of the Fatherland", since all authorities are connected, the enlightement is the basis of the prosperity of the Fatherland.

Protecting the idea of \u200b\u200bSA-Moderzhavia in her humanistic and enlightened expression, taking care of the ideal, N.M. Karamzin did not gently gear of this idea. He cried Yaroslav wise for the introduction of the system of the lots, did not leave the stone on the stone from the small domain self-leishers of the "specific" period. He frankly wrote about the cunning, cruelty, the envy of Yuri Dolgoruky, did not gear the first Moscow princes, in particular the son of Alexander Nevsky Yuri Alec-Sandrovich, for "subliga intrigues" in Horde. Gets from him and love hero - Dmitry Donskoy.

He reproaches him in a malignancy, manifested in the reflection of the Takhtamysh raider in 1382. Speaking about the personal qualities of the ruler, he allows himself to express the following replica to Dmitry Donskoy: "But the virtues of the sovereign, the opposite force, security, the calm of the state, do not essence Virtue. " Highly setting the state abilities of Ivan III, he nevertheless refuses his failing in the period of the struggle with Akhmat, in particular the departure of the cereal family to the north of the country, where the Sophia Witovtovna Sweet washed over the village of Lianan.

He frankly writes about the cruelty of Ivan III, who threw his grandson of Dmitry into the dungeon, where he died in the time of Va-Podyia III. Unfortunate Dmitry, according to N.M. Karamzin, became "one of the dwelling victims of the Lyuto politicians", and this poly-teak was aimed at approving the "one-owned". And this is not about any unknown ruler, but about the pillars of Russia - Ivan III and Vasily III.

On the example of Ivan the Terrible historian shows how no longer be a monarch. The description of his reign after the death of Ana-State is essentially a terrible martyrologist, an endless chain of villains against all the layers of Russian society, a description of ka-ko monsters. "Tirandi is only the abuse of self-located Zhavia," he convinces. But it was about the bright representative of Rurikov at home, which made a lot of autocratic authorities, so cute heart N.M. Karamzin. And it's not by chance that the Pe-Terburgh Metropolitan Filaret, having been in public reading in the Russian Academy of Sciences Excerpts from the "History" dedicated to the time of Ivan Grozny, said he was hard to see "dark features", which historian "put" "in the name of the Russian king" .

The derogatory characteristic is given by Karamzin and Bo-Romanov, who sacrificed his ambiguous interests, and Shuisky. And although it is bright, figuratively, he paints the ulcers of autocratic rule, the despotic producer, the favoritism, the abuse of the royal administration, car-merism, the implications of the bureaucracy and the consequences of the consequences of this process, the luxury of the power of it.

Peter I N.M. Karamzin estimates quite contradictory. On the one hand, this is a sovereign that made a lot for the greatness of Ros-SII, the strengthening of autocracy in it, and on the other - he went to the past "the perfect assignment of European customs, which has a huge damage to the country. Passion for a new one in his actions Pre-set all the boundaries. " All Russian, special was eradicated, "the highest separated from the lower" (amazing this observation, which is social character). "We became citizens of the world, but ceased to be in some cases by citizens of Russia," Peter's Wine. "

As you know, its "history" N.M. Karamzin presented the "contrary" to Alexander I, which, as in the past, and now you are the surprise of readers of loyal rhetoric. At the end of this monument of the court hypocognizer, which, possibly, was, and freed the "story" from censorship and gave her a vulture of King, N.M. Karamzin even declares: "The history of the people belongs to the king."

At one time, the historian M.P. Pogodin called "dedication" under-care. But even here N.M. Karamzin managed to give his assessment of reign and recommend Alexander I steps in the spirit of the concept of enlightened absolutism. Noting that "New Epoch" came with the victory over Napoleon in Russia, in which the majority of thinking society believed, N.M. Karamzin further purses that the world is needed to "rule for the benefit of people, for the success of morality, virtue, sciences, arts of civil, welfare of state and part-of-man." The program is drawn; Again N.M. Karamzin returns to his favorite, but, alas, the utopian idea of \u200b\u200bautocracy as the authorities that exists for the sake of the prosperity of society and the benefits of a person.

Domestic history under the pen N.M. Karamzin moves along with the history of Europe and Asia, they are inseparable from each other. He tells in detail using the Eastern sources, about the CO. Denmark of the Power of Genghis Khan and the beginning of his military enterprises; And traveling to the invasion of Tatar-Mongols to Russian lands, the Mit of the reader is not only with their inner position, but also the state of Western borders - the attitude of Russia with Hungary, Sweden, Order, Lithuania.

The reader meets with the opening of America, the story of "Rasco-La Lutherova", invention of typography, other notes, the events of world history. With each period, the complexity and multi-layered domestic history in the sentence of N.M. Karamzin includes more and more new lines caused by the development of the country, events occurring in neighboring countries.

The organic part of the domestic history is N.M. Karamzin people. Of course, he is not standing on the advancement of Isa Toria as great princes, kings, famous commander, church hierarchs, but his invisible presence is felt everywhere. This presence of the people in history seems to be laid in the History by another author of our famous chronicles "Tale of the timeless years" and since then this tradition, enriched, walked from the chronicles to the chronicle, from one historical work to another.

The people are visible and is heard in the descriptions of rural life, crafts; The historian comes to his reader the paintings of the grave labor of Paho-Raja and artisan, the rolling feat of ordinary people in numerous wars. The people are visible on the fortress walls during the overall rone of Russian cities from foreign invaders and during the period of each coupling fights of Russian princes. His Terrible Voice is heard during numerous rebounds since the times of Kievan Rus. N.M. Karamzin practically does not bypass a single major people of antiquity.

In increasingly, his feather appeals to the pages describing the folk unrest during the construction period of the Moscow Kingdom and its further strengthening in the XVI century. "Mos-Kwa was worried," the "Ropot People" began - this Refrain of the entire Ma is constant in the "history", dedicated to the period of the establishment of the Russian Centralized State. We cannot refuse Cape Lee that all the big policy of the Tsarist Palace, intrigue Boyar, the struggle of the vintage prince and boyar clans took place against the background of the non-tired activity of the masses, their interest in a particular political enterprise.

And the same people, as masterfully shows N.M. Karamzin often has to pay an expensive price for the manifestation of certain political sympathies and antipathies. Popular blood pours river on the pages of the history of the Russian state.

Creating "History", N.M. Karamzin looked at the mental viora not only all the movement of Russian society, but also constantly held in the mind of Russia, as part of European and general-pove history. It was not an artificial Europeanism of the Western or tribute to the comparative historical method of presentation. For nothing, the whole history of the continent - and wider: the whole story of Eurasia - was one whole, only manifested in the specifics of individual countries. It was a political approach of a mature, deep mind, free from both tendencies of pro-Western nihilism and Russian isolation.

The very appearance in the east of Europe of the major East Sovetan State N.M. Karamzin considers as a natural phenomenon that followed the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of new states on its debris. Russia, he writes, in the "common system of" European peoples after Rome "weakened in Nege and fell, crushed by the muscle of Varvarov North. Until the middle of the XI century, according to the historian, Russia has not been inferior in force and civilian education in the first European der-stamps ..., having the same character, the same laws, customs, state charters ..., It was in the new political system of Europe with significant rights to the celebrity and with the importance of becoming influenced by Greece, the only power, excrupulus-feminine barbarians. "

What we slowly with big oscillations, discussions, the surges of nihilism approached only the latest time, N.M. Karamzin tried to justify at the beginning of the XIX century.

From the pan-European positions, N.M. Karamzine and the impact of the feudal fragmentation period. The disintegration on the lots, "he writes," the "general ulcer" of the then characteristic of Europe. It was here that Russia's gap from the West began. During the "separation" and "internecine wars", we stood or moved slowly when Europe sought to enlighten. " Russia experienced a blow to the Tatar-Mongolian Horde, which "NEPRO-VERG" it. When the West, swaying with "slavery," developed a prospect, opened universities, Russia "strained its strength to his one-sortable in order not to disappear."

The further centralization of the Russian state with Iva-Ned III is estimated to them in the same way as the manifestation of pan-European trends: Ivan III came when "the new state system, together with the new power of the sovereign, arose in the whole of Europe." Together with Ivan III, in his opinion, Russia again entered the premium of European powers, from which she was knocked out by Tata-RO-Mongolian invasion. Returning Russia to Europe, Ak-Tivno continued in the XVII century, but especially violently under Peter I.

Even in personal characteristics, believing that during the centuries "people in the main properties have not changed," he seeks to find common samples. Ivan IV N.M. Karamzin compares with Caligula, Nonron, Louis Xi, Godunov reminds him by the mind of Cromwell.

So imagine N.M. Karamzin Common Communication of Russia with European history.

In our historiography, it has repeatedly noted that N.M. Karamzin not only used a magnificent source body for its time, but also the fact that many of the historical materials he opened himself thanks to his work in the archives, with Ru-copy, which he was sent to work with friends and Dob-Rochs. So he first introduced into scientific trafficking the Lavrentiev and Trinity chronicle, the judiciary 1497, the writings of Cyril Torov-Skogo, Daniel Sharpener, many acts, diplomatic marals.

He widely used the Greek chronicles, reports of Eastern authors, the data of Western annals, domestic and foreign memoir and epistolary literature. His "Isto-Ria" became a truly Russian source of the encyclopedia, it meant a serious step forward in the development of the research documentary database, pointed to controversial places, still having lacunas, called scientists for further advancement in this area.

Sometimes the historian was reproached in the consumer approach to the source, sometimes in "Textheological Lugouts", put forward against it the principle of strict followation of the text of the source, the pro-willer of it on reliability. Undoubtedly, N.M. Karamzin understood these problems no worse than his critics. Indeed, sometimes he relied on insufficiently proven data, SKA, the chronicle of Strykovsky, Nikonovsky chronicle, a number of Jordan's community. It can be reproached for some kind of intense as a certain type of source. So, drawing the tyranny of Ivan the thunderstorm, his villainism, the historian mainly operated on foreign messages given by A. Kurbsky, the tendentiousness of which is largely obvious.

As for the consumer approach, it would be difficult to expect from an essay calculated on the mass reader, and in-go. "History" N.M. Karamzin, like "History" S.M. Solovyova is difficult to just as scientific, as popular - rare, alas, a combination of domestic historiography. However, N.M. Ka-Ramzin perfectly understood the scientific importance of the source, the need for a critical approach to it. It is possible to lead to the example of its attitude to the so-called Ioamimov lespisi. Essentially, he disavowed it, he suffered a dispute over its authenticity in "Notes", opposed to using its data. He also acted in other cases. On the other hand, a number of sources he accepted as reliable and only the later criticism revealed their inconsistency.

But not in the whole historian anticipated his own century: he was the son of time and in the common noble mood of his ideology, ho-cast and refined educational ideas, and on the overall providencyalist approach to history, despite the desire to reveal its everyday patterns, by sometimes naive , purely idea-leaf estimates of the role of one personality in history.

Its providencylism is felt in the assessment of large historical turns. He sincerely believes that the phenomenon of False Dmitry I in the history of Russia was handed providence, which revealed the Bo-Rice Godunov for his terrible sin - the organization of the killing of King Vicha Dmitry. N.M. Karamzin did not doubt a minute in the fact that he was the true culprit of the death of Tsarevich and his system of evidence could not be discarded.

In the whole case, A.S. Pushkin, she seems to convince completely, and the Toric flair of our great poet was developed to be developed. Such a providencyalist approach is also felt in assessing the role of Moscow in the association of Russian lands and the organization of the fight against the Golden Horde. "Power of Providence" is constantly present on the pages of "History", giving the bizarre outlines in many respects historically accurate, spontaneously understood by the development of the country's development processes.

N.M. Karamzin masterfully paints the psychological conditional of any actions of certain historical figures. He shows the throwing of Oleg Ryazansky on the eve of the Kulikovsky battle, his fear of Mama and hatred for Moscow, submacing one Russian principality after another. He reflects a lot over Ha-Rakter Ivan III, which "not being tyrant like his grandson," nevertheless had natural cruelty in nature, "the power of the mind in it."

N.M. Karamzin very thinly caught a psychological turn in the sentiments of Ivan IV after the illness and the swelling with the oath from the Boyar group on the loyalty to his son Dmitry, but especially after the death of Queen Anastasia; Carefully appreciated the role of the Tsar-Surgence in various kinds of influences on the young Ivan IV. Perhaps the only one among historians he revealed psychological turns to various stages of the life of Boris Godunov and tried to interpret his politics, pretty much embarking from these turns.

Good day, Dasha!

Contemporaries knew N.M. Karamzin as a first-class writer, criticism, playwright, publishing organizer. The fans of his sentimentalist pen celebrate the story "poor Lisa", philologists - the desire to release the Russian language from the Okov of the Church Slavic vocabulary.

The contribution of Karamzin to the development of Russian culture

In 1802, Nikolai Mikhailovich releases the first Tomik of the Journal of Journal of Europe, opening a new page in print business. He is one of the first in Russia engaged in the translation and propaganda of the works of Shakespeare, which deserves the recognition of many non-indifferent connoisseurs of foreign classics. Along with all this, Karamzin remains a living phenomenon of Russian culture precisely thanks to its historical works, in which the author, following the best traditions of the predecessors, is attempting to transfer historical realities on paper, based not only on a factologically verified, but also moralizing the concept.

N.M.Karamzin as a historian

In 1818, the first 8 volumes of its main work "History of the Russian State" are published. This work became a sample of love and endless respect for the native country and its people, to the ministry to which her author gave all the reserves of spiritual and physical forces. At the same time, the need to write "history" was dictated and purely practical aspects of modern Karamzin of the Epoch: in the conditions of the launched decomposition of the feudal-serf system, the author acted as its conservation program. This led to an assessment of the most historian and his work as "the forerunners of the conservative direction" of domestic thought, caused an ambiguous response to the public. The serfs exceeded the author, liberal figures cried it.

However, the "first historian and the last chronicler" on the member of the expression of Pushkin managed to attract the attention of writers to the domestic history. Under his influence, "Historical Duma" KF Yelelev, "Boris Godunov" A.S. Pushkin, historical novels I.I. Lazhechnikova and N.V.Kolzhetnik. Karamzin "led the trends" history and as science, and as a cultural phenomenon among the enlightened Russian aristocracy, which is copying the western lifestyle.

As a true patriot of his fatherland, Karamzin sought to instill love and respect for the history of the part of the population of the Russian Empire, which not only was receptive, but also had real political weight. Nikolai Mikhailovich believed that it was the story to judge the figures of the present, for "the offspring there is a kind of cassation court, who disassembles the instinctively the case of past times ...", and therefore "there is a great historical truth that restores the honor and innocence of those figures that names were injured Only from passions and malice or from prejudices of contemporaries ... ".

Karamzin marked the decisive role of historical science in the folk consciousness, warning about the inevitability of the "court of descendants". At the same time, in my opinion, Karamzin showed that the historian has power over time, because It is he who can create a positive or, on the contrary, a negative "image" of his era in the eyes of subsequent generations. The strongest imperative impeachment, put forward by the historian, is that for Russia the only acceptable form of government is autocracy; The spiritual device is the activities of the employees of the cult, and the folk self-consciousness - historical nationalism, which has a pronounced antispasal character.

The opposite side of the actualization of historical themes in the consciousness of contemporaries was its attachment to the option of filing historical events, which Karamzin outlined on the pages of his work. The historian enjoyed the public with a huge moral authority, with whom the emperor himself could not be considered. Having expedited a living interest in the historical heritage of the country, Karamzine has completely interpreted the sources inaccessible to the wide range of people, adapting them according to the social and political needs of time. He practically formed many aspects of the Russian National Consciousness: ideological confrontation in Russia - West, the exceptional path of the Russian people, aimed at preserving the autocracy, and to Orthodoxy.

Karamzin laid the beginning of a justification of the right not to adopt the successful experience of Western civilizations, preferring the classic ideals of statehood, expressed in the following traditions, oddly enough, the eastern despoty, offering to go in the path of a special path, the concept of which was not found so far. Perhaps it lies here and the source of the non-formation of civil society in modern Russia, habits to blame all the West with its "destructive influence", the inability to abandon the age-old model of consciousness based on faith in a fair self-container, relieving responsibility for decision making. In the context of reflections on the future of our country, it is worth thinking about the fact that the self-consciousness of the Russian people for centuries was formed by professionals, and often at the highest order, while the very population was assigned the role of a passive base for ideological experiments.

findings

A person aware of his present through the prism of history. N.M. Kakarazin, its fundamental historical difficulty outlined the contours of the future image of Russia in the world, and also introduced certain standards in the domestic socio-political thought, in many respects forming a national strategy of both the Russian Empire and its successors on the political arena.

Best wishes, Julia.