Existing race people. How races appeared

I have questions why there are only 4 races on earth? Why do they differ so much from each other? How do different races have skin color corresponding to the area of \u200b\u200baccommodation?

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First of all, we explore the map of the settlement of "modern races of the world". In this analysis, we will not know the position of nor monogenism, nor polygenism. The purpose of our analysis and the whole study is generally just that the emergence of mankind occurred and its development occurred, including the development of writing. Therefore, we cannot and do not rely in advance on what kind of dogma - let scientific, albeit religious.

Why do four different races exist on earth? Naturally, four types of different races could happen from Adam and Eve ....

So, under the letter "A" on the map, races are marked, which, according to modern studies, are ancient. These races include four:
Equatorial Negroides (hereinafter referred to as "Negroid Race" or "Negorids");
Equatorial Australoids (hereinafter referred to as "Austaloid Race" or "Australoids");
European -ide races (hereinafter referred to as "Europeanoids");
Mongoloid races (hereinafter "Mongoloids").

2. Analysis of the modern mutual settlement of races.

It is extremely interesting to modern mutual resettlement of four major races.

Negroid races are resets exclusively in a limited territory located on the center of Africa to its southern part. Nowhere outside Africa there is no room-free race. In addition, it is the areas of resettlement of the Negroid race that the "suppliers" of the Stone Age culture - in South Africa still have such areas, within which the population still exists in primitive-communal vital structure.

We are talking about the archaeological culture of Wilton (Wilton, Wilton) of the late Stone Age, common in South and East Africa. In some areas, neolithic with ground axes was changed, but in most areas there existed until the new time: arms tips from stone and bones, clay dishes, beads from Ostrich eggs; The people of Culture Wilton lived in grottoes and outdoors, engaged in hunting; Agriculture and domestic animals were absent.

It is also interesting that on other continents there are no foci of resettlement of the Negroid race. This, naturally, indicates the fact that the focus of the origin of the Negroid race was originally in the part of Africa, which is located south of the center of the continent. It is worth noting that here we do not consider the later "resettlement" of the Negroids to the American continent and their modern entry through the fields of France to the territory of Eurasia, since this in time is quite insignificant in the extended historical process.

Australoid races are resets exclusively in a limited territory, located holistic in the north of Australia, as well as in extremely small fluctuations in India and on some single islands. The islands are so insignificantly populated by an Assaultoid race that they can be neglected when the entire focus of the distribution of the Australoid race can be disseminated. This source, quite reasonable, can be considered the northern part of Australia. It should be noted here that Australoids, as well as neurodes, at an unknown today, the reason is located exclusively within one common range. Among the Australoid race are also found cultures of the Stone Age. More precisely, those cultures of Australoids who have not experienced the impacts of the Europeanoids are mainly in the Stone Age.

Caucasoid races are resettled in the territory located in the European part of Eurasia, including the Kola Peninsula, as well as in Siberia, in the Urals, in Yenisei, in Amur, in the upper reaches of Lena, in Asia, around the Caspian, Black, Red and Mediterranean Seas, in the north of Africa , in the Arabian Peninsula, in India, on two American continents, in South Australia.

In this part of the analysis, it should be discussed at the expense of the settlement of the Europeanoids in more detail.

First, for obvious reasons, we will exclude from historical assessments the territory of the distribution of European views in both America, since these territories were occupied by them in not so distant historical time. At the very history of the original settlement of peoples, the last "experience" of the Europeanoid does not affect. The history of settlement in general, humanity took place long before the American conquests of the European enhow and without their account.

Secondly, as the two previous ones on the description of the race, the territory of the distribution of European views (from this place and further under the "territory of the spread of the Europeanoids" we will understand only its Eurasian part and the northern part of Africa) is also clearly indicated by the area of \u200b\u200btheir settlement. However, in contrast to the Negroid and Australoid Racing, the European-like race has reached the highest among the existing races of the flourishing of culture, science, art, etc. Stone Age Within the habitat of the Court of Europe, the overwhelming majority of areas passed 30 - 40 thousand years before our era. All modern scientific achievements of the most advanced nature are committed precisely by the European-like race. You can, of course, mention and argue with this statement, referring to the achievements of China, Japan and Korea, but we will be honest, all their achievements are purely secondary and use, we must pay tribute - with success, but still use the primary achievements of the European en.

Mongoloid races are resets exclusively in a limited territory, located holistic in the North-East and East of Eurasia and both American continents. Among the Mongoloid race, as well as among the Negroid and Australoid Races, the cultures of the Stone Age are found to this day.
3. On the application of laws of organisms

The first thing that rushes into the eyes to an inquisitive researcher, which looks at the Rasselling card, is that the rasure ranges of RAS do not intersect so that it concerned any noticeable territories. And, although on the mutual boundaries, the contacting races give a product of their intersection, referred to as "transitional races", the formation of such mixing is classified and is purely secondary and significantly later than the formation of the ancient races themselves.

In a significant part, this process of mutual penetration of ancient races resembles diffusion in the physics of materials. We apply to the description of the races and peoples, the laws of organisms, which are more united and give us the right and opportunity to operate with the same ease and accuracy, both materials and peoples, and races. Therefore, the mutual penetration of peoples is the diffusion of peoples and races - quite subject to law 3.8. (Numbering of laws, as accepted by C) Organizers, a stack: "Everything is moving."

Namely, not a single race (now we will not argue about the initialness of one or the other) under any circumstances will not remain without movement in any "frozen" condition. We will not be able to follow this law, to find at least one race or the people who would have arose in a certain territory at the time of "minus infinity" and remained within this territory to the "plus infinity."

And hence it follows that it is possible to work out the laws of movement of the populations of organisms (peoples).
4. Laws of the population of organisms
Any people, any race, as, however, not only real, but also the mythical (disappeared civilizations), always has a point of its occurrence other than those considered and as earlier;
Any people, any race are not represented by absolute values \u200b\u200bof the number of numbers and their some range, and the system (matrix) of n-dimensional vectors describing:
directions of settlement on the surface of the earth (two dimensions);
temporal intervals of such a resettlement (one dimension);
... n. The values \u200b\u200bof mass transfer of information about the people (one complex dimension; here refer to both the numerical composition and national, cultural, educational, religious, etc. Parameters).
5. Interesting observations

From the first law of movement of populations and, taking into account the attentive consideration of the map of modern settlement, we can withdraw the following observations.

First, and at present historical time, all four ancient races are extremely isolated on the ranges of their distribution. Recall that we do not consider here and further colonization by neurodes, European views and the Mongoloids of both Americas. These four races have the so-called cores of their ranges that do not coincide in any case, that is, none of the races in the center of its range does not coincide with similar parameters of any other race.

Secondly, the central "points" (area) of the ancient racial regions and now remain "clean" in composition. Moreover, the mixing of races occurs solely only at the boundaries of adjacent races. Never - by mixing races, historically not in the neighborhood. That is, we do not observe any mixtures of the Mongoloid and Negroid races, since the European-like race is located between them, which, in turn, has mixesters and with neurodes, and with Mongoloids just in places of contact with them.

Thirdly, if the central points of resettlement are determined by a simple geometric calculation, it turns out that these points are located at the same distance from each other, equal to 6000 (plus-minus 500) kilometers:

Nero-shaped point - 5 ° Yu.Sh., 20 ° V.D.;

European dot - with. Batumi, the extreme eastern point of the Black Sea (41 ° S.Sh., 42 ° V.D.);

Mongoloid point - ss. Aldan and Tomkot in the upper reaches of the Aldan River, the influx of Lena (58 ° S.Sh., 126 ° V.D.);

Australoid point - 5 ° Yu.Sh., 122 ° V.D.

Moreover, it is also equidistant (and about the same distance) the points of the central regions of the settlement of the Mongoloid race on both American continents.

Interesting such a fact: if all four central points of resettlement of races, as well as three points located in South, Central and North America, to connect, then the line will be a line that resembles the Constellation Constellation "Big Malar", but reversed with today's position.
6. Conclusions

Assessment of the ranges of settlement of CAP makes it possible to make a number of conclusions and assumptions.
6.1. Conclusion 1:

It does not seem legitimate and reasonable possible theory, involving the birth and resettlement of modern races from one common point.

We are currently observing the process that leads to mutual averaging races. As, for example, experience with water when a certain amount of hot water is poured into cold water. We understand that through some finite and completely estimated time hot water is mixed with cold, and there will be averaging temperature. After that, the water, in general, will become somewhat warmer than cold to mix, and somewhat colder than hot before mixing.

It is also possible now and with four old races - we are currently observing the process of mixing them, when the races mutually penetrate each other, like cold and hot water, form grateful races in places of their contact.

If four races were formed from one center, then we now did not observe mixing. Since in order for four entities to form four, the process of separation and mutual dispersal, separation, accumulation of differences should occur. A mutual methisization, which is currently happening, serves as an obvious proof of the reverse process - mutual diffusion of four races. Points of inflection, which would separate the earlier process of separating the races from the later process of their mixing, until it was found. Convincing evidence in the objective existence of some moment in history, from which the process of separation of the RAS would change their association, not found. Therefore, it should be considered a completely objective and normal process precisely the process of historical mixing races.

And this means that initially four ancient races were to be inevitably separated and separated from each other. The question of the strength that such a process could have been done, we will leave it yet open.

This is our assumption convincingly confirms the Map settlement map itself. As we have previously revealed, there are four conditional points of the initial settlement of the four ancient races. These points in a strange chance are located in a sequence with a clearly pronounced nearby patterns:

first, each border of mutual contact of the RAC serves as a section of only two races and anywhere in a section of three or four;

secondly, the distances between such points along the strange coincidence of the circumstances are almost the same and are equal to about 6,000 kilometers.

The processes of development of the races of territorial spaces can be compared with the formation of a pattern of not frosty glass - from one point pattern applies to different directions.

Obviously, races, each of their way, but the general type of raising races was quite the same - from the so-called point of distribution of each race, it spreads in different directions, gradually mastering new territories. Through a completely estimated time, the races ranked 6,000 kilometers from each other with the boundaries of their ranges. So began the process of their mixing and the emergence of various methum races.

The process of building and expanding the races of races is quite due to the definition of the concept of the "Organization Organization Organization" concept, when there are patterns that describe such distribution of races.

The natural and most objective suggests the conclusion about the existence of four separate foci of the nucleation of four different - ancient - races located at an equal distance from each other. Moreover, the distances and points of the "sowing" are chosen in such a way that if we tried to repeat such "sowing", then they came to the same variant. Consequently, the earth settled by someone or something of 4 different areas of our galaxy or our universe ....
6.2. Conclusion 2:

Perhaps the initial placement of races was artificial.

A number of random coincidences in the distances and equidistant raises us to the idea that it was not random. Law 3.10. Organizers says: ordered chaos acquires intelligence. It is interesting to trace the work of this law in the reverse cause of the damage. Expression 1 + 1 \u003d 2 and expression 2 \u003d 1 + 1 are equally true. And, consequently, the causal relationship in their members works in both directions equally.

By this, law 3.10. We can reformulate as follows: (3.10.-1) Intellect is the acquisition due to ordering chaos. The fact that from three segments connecting four, like, random points, all three segments are equal to the same value, otherwise, as a manifestation of intelligence cannot be sold. So that the distances coincide, you must measure them accordingly.

In addition, and this circumstance is no less interesting and mysteriously identified by us "wonderful" distance between points of the races of races for some strange and inexplicable reason equals the radius of the planet Earth. Why?

By connecting the four points of the scent of the races and the center of the Earth (and they are all located at the same distance), we get a four-grade equilateral pyramid, vertex directed to the center of the Earth.

Why? Where in, like, chaotic world, clear geometric shapes?
6.3. Conclusion 3:

On the initial maximum isolation of races

We begin the consideration of the mutual pair settlement of races from the pair of Negroides-Core windows. First, Negorids are not in contact with any other race. Secondly, there is a region of central Africa between neurodes and Europeanoids, which is characterized by the abundant spread of lifeless deserts. That is, in initially the location of the blacks relative to the European enhow, so that these two races would be in the smallestly contacted among themselves. Some intent seems here. As well as additional arguments against the theory of monogenisism - at least in a part of the Negroid and European Couple.

In a pair, the Mongoloid Europeanoids also exist similar features. The same distance between the Conditional Centers for Education Ras - 6000 kilometers. The same natural barrier for mutual penetration of races - extremely frosty northern regions and Mongolian deserts.

In a pair of Mongoloid-Australoids, the maximum use of the conditions of the locality, which prevents the mutual penetration of these races, which are approximately the same 6000 kilometers from each other.

Only in recent decades with the development of means of transport and communications, the mutual penetration of races has become not only possible, but also took a massive character.

Naturally, during our studies, these conclusions may be subjected to revision.
Final conclusion:

It can be seen that the points of the scent of the races were four. They are equidistant both among themselves and from the center of the planet Earth. Races have only mutually and double contacts. The process of mixing races is the process of the last two centuries, before that, the race was isolated. If there was intent in the initial settlement of races, he was as follows: to settle the race so that they did not take contact as a long time as possible.

It was probably an experiment to solve the problem - which race is better adapted to earthly conditions. And also, what race will be more progressive in its development ....

Source - razrusitelmifov.ucoz.ru.

The population of our planet is so diverse that it remains only to be surprised. What nationalities, nations will not meet! Everyone has its own faith, customs, traditions, orders. His beautiful and extraordinary culture. However, all these differences are formed only by the people themselves in the process of social historical development. And what underlies the differences that appear externally? After all, we are all very different:

• dark-skinned;
• yellow-timers;
• white;
• with different color of the eyes;
• various growth and so on.

Obviously, the causes of purely biological, independent of the people themselves and formed by thousands of years evolutionarily. So the modern races of a person who explain the visual diversity of human morphology theoretically. Consider in more detail what is the term, what is its essence and meaning.

The concept of "race of people"

What is Race? This is not a nation, not the people, not culture. These all the concepts are not confused. After all, representatives of different peoples and cultures can freely belong to the same race. Therefore, the definition can be cited as a science biology gives.

The races of a person is a combination of external morphological signs, that is, those that are the phenotype of the representative. They were formed under the influence of external conditions, the effects of a complex of biotic and abiotic factors, and entrenched in genotype during evolutionary processes. Thus, to the signs that underlie the division of people to race should be attributed:

• height;
• skin and eye color;
• structure and shape of hair;
• agriculture of the skin;
• features of the structure of the face and its parts.

All the signs of Homo Sapiens as a biological species, which lead to the formation of the outdoor appearance of a person, but do not affect his personal, spiritual and social qualities and manifestations, as well as the level of self-development and self-education.

People of different races have a completely identical biological bridgehead for the development of certain abilities. Their overall karyotype is the same:

• women - 46 chromosomes, that is, 23 pairs of XX;
• men - 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs of XX, 23 pair - XY.

This means that all representatives of a person are intelligent one and the same, among them there are no more or less developed, excellent over others, the highest. From the point of view of science, all are equal.

Types of races of man formed for about 80 thousand years have an adaptive value. It is proved that each of them was formed with the goal to provide a person with the possibility of a normal existence on this territory of habitat, facilitate the adaptation to climate, relief and other conditions. There is a classification showing which people of a person reasonable existed earlier and what time is there at the moment.

Classification of RAS

She is not alone. The thing is that until the XX century, 4 races of people were made. These were the following varieties:

• europeoid;
• australoid;
• neroid;
• mongoloid.

For each, detailed characteristic features were described, according to which one could identify any individual of the human type. However, later it became a common classification, which includes only 3 people. This was possible due to the unification of the Austaloid and Negroid group in one.

Therefore, modern species of a person are as follows.

1. Large: Correne (European), Mongoloid (Asia-American), Equatorial (Australo-Negroid).
2. Small: many different branches that were formed from one of the big races.

Each of them is characterized by their own characteristics, signs, external manifestations in the guise of people. All of them are considered anthropologists, and the science itself, which studies this issue is biology. The races of man were interested in people from a long time. After all, completely contrasting external features often became the cause of racial strife and conflicts.

Genetic studies of recent years allow us to speak again about the separation of the equatorial group into two. Consider all 4 races of people who have erected earlier and began to be recently relevant again. Note signs and features.

Australoid Race

Typical representatives of this group include indigenous people of Australia, Melanesia, Southeast Asia, India. Also the name of this race Australo-Vedoid or Australo-Melanesian. All synonyms make it clear which small races are included in this group. They are as follows:

• australoids;
• loadoids;
• melanesians.

In general, the signs of each presented group are not too varying among themselves. You can select several main features characterizing all small races of people of the Australoid group.

1. Dolichocephalios - the elongated shape of the skull in relation to the proportions of the rest of the body.
2. Deeply planted eyes, incision to their wide. The color of the iris is predominantly dark, sometimes almost black.
3. The nose is wide, pronounced flat bridge.
4. Hair cover on the body is very well developed.
5. The hair on the head of the dark color (sometimes among the Australians there are natural blonds, which has become a result that once a natural genetic mutation of the species). The structure is rigid, they can be curly or slightly curly.
6. The growth of people is average, more often above average.
7. The physique is thin, elongated.

Inside the Australoid Group, people of different races differ from each other sometimes quite strongly. Thus, a native resident of Australia can be a high blond dense physique, with straight hair having light brown eyes. At the same time, Aborigine Melanesia will be a thin low black representative, who has curly hair of black and almost black eyes.

Therefore, the general features described above for the whole race is only averaged version of their cumulative analysis. Naturally, it also takes a mohetisation - mixing various groups as a result of natural crossing of species. That is why it is sometimes very difficult to identify a specific representative and attribute it to a small and large race.

Needo Race

People who make up this group are settlers in the following territories:

• Eastern, Central and South Africa;
• part of Brazil;
• some nations of the United States;
• representatives of West Indies.

In general, such races of people, as Australoids and Negorids, previously united in the equatorial group. However, studies of the XXI century proved the inconsistency of this order. After all, differences in the manifested signs between the designated races are too large. And some similar features are explained very simple. After all, the habitat of these individuals is very similar to the conditions of existence, therefore, the adaptations in appearance are also close.

So, the following signs are characterized for representatives of the Negroid race.

1. Very dark, sometimes iso-black, skin color, as it is especially rich in melanin content.
2. Wide eye cut. They are large, dark brown, almost black.
3. Dark hair, curly, tough.
4. Growth varies, more often low.
5. The limbs are very long, especially hands.
6. The nose is wide and flat, lips are very thick, fleshy.
7. The jaw is devoid of chores, issued forward.
8. Ears are large.
9. The hair cover on the face is developed bad, the beard and mustache are absent.

Negroids are easy to distinguish from others by external data. Below are different races of people. The photo reflects how clearly neurodes differ from Europeans and the Mongoloids.

Mongoloid Race

For representatives of this group, special features are characterized, which allow them to adapt to sufficiently severe external conditions: deserted sands and winds, snow blinding lines and so on.

Mongoloids are indigenous inhabitants of Asia and a large part of America. The signs are characteristic of them are as follows.

1. Narrow or oblique eye cut.
2. The presence of epicatus - specialized skin folds aimed at covering the inner corner of the eye.
3. The color of the iris - from light to dark brown.
4. Differs Brachicephalia (short-heading).
5. Absorption rollers thickened, strongly speaking.
6. Well expressed sharp high cheekbones.
7. Hair cover on the face is poorly developed.
8. Hair on head hard, dark color, direct structure.
9. The nose is unintent, the transfer is low.
10. Lips of different thickness, more often narrow.
11. The skin color varies from different representatives from yellow to dark-skinned, and Flooking people are found.

It should be noted that another characteristic feature is low growth, both in women and women. It is the mongoloid group that prevails in terms of comparing the main races of people. They settled almost all the climatographic zones of the Earth. Close to them in quantitative characteristics are the European phon, which will consider below.

Caucasoid Race

First of all, we denote the prevailing habitats of people from this group. It:

• Europe.
• North Africa.
• West Asia.

Thus, representatives unite two main parts of the world - Europe and Asia. Since living conditions were also very different, then general features are again averaged option after analyzing all indicators. Thus, the following appearance features can be distinguished.

1. Mesocephalus - middlewind in the structure of the skull.
2. Horizontal eye cut, lack of highly pronounced abrasion rollers.
3. Speaking narrow nose.
4. Different lips thick, more often than medium size.
5. Soft curly or straight hair. There are blondes, brunettes, slants.
6. Eye color from light blue to karich.
7. The skin color is also varied from pale, white to dark.
8. The hairproke is developed very well, especially on the chest and face of men.
9. Ortognotic jaws, that is, weakly nominated forward.

In general, the Europeans is easy to distinguish from others. Appearance allows you to do it almost unmistakably, not even using additional genetic data.

If you look at all the races of people, the photos of which are located below, then the difference becomes obvious. However, sometimes signs are mixed so deeply that the identification of the individual becomes almost impossible. He is able to relate directly to two races. It aggravates the intraspecific mutation, the emergence of new signs.

For example, albinos-Neurodes are a special case of the appearance of blondes in the race of blacks. Genetic mutation that violates the integrity of racial signs in this group.

The origin of the race of man

How did such a variety of signs of appearance come from? There are two main hypotheses that explain the origin of a person. It:

• monocentrism;
• polycentrism.

However, none of them have become the officially adopted theory. According to a monocentric point of view, initially, approximately 80 thousand years ago, all people lived on one territory, therefore their appearance was about the same. However, over time, growing numbers have led to a wider settlement of people. As a result, some groups have fallen into complex climatographic conditions.

This has led to the development and consolidation at the genetic level of some morphological devices that help in survival. So, for example, dark leather and curly hair provide thermoregulation and cooling effect for head and bodies in blackheads. A narrow eye cut protects them from sand and dust from entering, as well as from blinding with white snow in the Mongoloids. The developed hair cover of Europeans is a kind of thermal insulation in conditions of harsh winters.

Another hypothesis is called polycentricism. She suggests that different types of human races occurred from several ancestral groups that were unequal excavated by the globe. That is, there existed initially a few foci, from which the development and consolidation of racial signs. Again, under the influence of climatographic conditions.

That is, the evolution process was linearly, while simultaneously affecting the side of life on different continents. This happened the formation of modern types of people from several phylogenetic lines. However, it is not necessary to assert about the consistency of one or another hypothesis, since there is no proof of biological and genetic nature, there is no molecular level.

Modern classification

The races of people according to estimates of the current scientists have the following classification. Two trunks are distinguished, and each of them has three large races and many small. It looks like this.

1. Western trunk. Includes three races in its composition:

• europeanoids;
• capoids;
• neurodes.

The main groups of European views: Nordic, Alpine, Dinarskaya, Mediterranean, Falssland, East Baltic and others.

Small races of capoids: Bushmen and Koisana. Inhabit South Africa. On the fold over the century, similar to the Mongoloids, however, they differ sharply from them. The skin is not elastic, because of what the early wrinkles are characterized by the appearance of early wrinkles.

Negroid Groups: Pygmy, Nilots, Negros. All of them settlers in different parts of Africa, therefore, signs of appearance have similar. Very dark eyes, the same skin and hair. Thick lips and lack of chores.

2. Eastern trunk. Includes the following large races:

• australoids;
• americanoids;
• mongoloids.

Mongoloids are divided into two groups - North and South. These are the indigenous inhabitants of the Gobi desert, which imposed her mark on the appearance of these people.

Americanaanoids are the population of Northern and South America. Have very high growth, Epicantus is often developed, especially in children. However, the eyes are not so narrow, like the Mongoloids. Combine signs of several races.

Australoids consist of several groups:

• melanesians;
• loadoids;
• asynians;
• polynesians;
• australian.

Signs characteristic of them were considered above.

Small races

This concept is a rather highly specialized term that allows you to identify any person to any race. After all, each large is divided into many small, and they are already compiled on the basis of not only small external distinguishing features, but also include data from genetic research, clinical analyzes, molecular biology facts.

Therefore, small races are what allows you to more accurately reflect the position of each particular individual in the system of organic world, and specifically, as part of the type of Homo Sapiens Sapiens. What a specific group exist, was considered above.

Racism

As we found out, there are different races of people. Signs of them can be very polar. This is what caused the appearance of racism theory. She suggests that one race exceeds another, as it makes up more highly organized and perfect creatures. At one time, this led to the emergence of slaves and their white owners.

However, from the point of view of science, this theory is absurd and untenable. Genetic predisposition to the development of certain skills, abilities in all peoples are one. Proof of the fact that all races are biologically equal, is the possibility of free crossing between them with the preservation of the health and viability of the offspring.

Formation of races on earth- The question that remains open, even for modern science. Where, how, why races arose? Is there a division on the races of the first and second grade, (more:)? What unites people in one mankind? What features do people share nationality?

Skin color

Humanity as a biological genus has been standing out for a long time. Color of the skin In the first of people It was unlikely that it was very dark or very white, most likely of some skin turned out to be somewhat whiter, others are darker. The formation of races on the earth in color of the skin was provided by natural conditions in which those or other groups were. Formation of races on earth.

White-skinned and dark-skinned people

For example, some of the people were in the conditions of the tropical belt of the Earth. Here, merciless rays of the sun can easily burn the naked human skin. From physics, we know: the black color is completely absorbed by the rays of the sun. And so black leather seems to be harmful. But it turns out that only ultraviolet rays burn, and can burn the skin. Pigment color becomes like a shield that protects the skin of a person. Everyone knows that white man Faster gets sunburn than blacks. In the Equatorial steppes of Africa, people with dark color of the skin turned out to be more adapted to life, and neuropal tribes occurred. Indicates that not only in Africa, but also in all tropical areas of the planet, live dark-skinned people. India's primordisters are very dark-skinned people. In the tropical steppe areas of America, people living here, the skin turned out to be darker than their neighbors who lived in and hid from the direct rays of the sun in the shade of trees. Yes, and in Africa, indigenous inhabitants of rainforest - pygmy - have brighter skin than their neighbors engaged in agriculture and almost always under the sun.
Indigenous people of Africa. In addition to the color of the skin, there are many other features formed in the development process, and due to the need to adapt to the tropical conditions of life. For example, curly black hair is well protected from overheating with straight rays of the sun. Narrow elongated skulls as one of the fittings from overheating. The same shape of the skull in Papuans from New Guinea, (more:) as well as Malanesians, (more:). Features such as skull shape, and skin color helped all these peoples in the struggle for existence. But why was the white race the skin turned out to be more white than in primitive people? The reason is the same ultraviolet rays, under the influence of which vitamin B. People, moderate and northern latitudes are synthesized in the human body, should have a white, transparent for sunny leather, in order to get as much ultraviolet as possible.
Residents of northern latitudes. People with dark skin constantly experienced vitamin fasting and turned out to be less endless than white-skinned.

Mongoloids

Third Race - mongoloids. Under the influence of which conditions formed its distinctive features? The skin color, apparently, has been preserved from their most distant ancestors, it is well adapted to the harsh conditions of the North and to the hot sun. But eyes. They must be said especially. It is believed that the Mongoloids first appeared in the areas of Asia, located far from all oceans; The continental climate here is characterized by a sharp temperature difference between the winter and summer, day and night, and the steppes in these parts are roving deserts. Strong winds, almost continuously blow and carry a huge amount of dust. In winter, here sparkling tablecloths of endless snow. And today travelers in the northern regions of our country wear glasses protecting from this glitter. And if they do not turn out, they are paid by eye disease. An important distinguishing feature of the Mongoloids is narrow slits of the eyes. And the second is a small skin fold, covering the inner corner of the eye. She also protects his eyes from dust.
Mongoloid race. This folds of the skin are usually called Mongolian fold. Hence, from Asia, and people with outstanding cheekbones and narrow alkalic eyes in Asia, Indonesia, Australia, Africa. Well, is there any place on Earth with a similar climate? Yes there is. These are some areas of South Africa. They are inhabited by Bushmen and Gottenatte - peoples belonging to the Negroid race. However, Bushmen, the skin is usually dark yellow here, the eyes are narrow and on-site Mongolian fold. At one time, even thought that in these places, Africa lives the Mongoloids that moved here from Asia. Only later sorted out in this error.

Division into large human race

So, under the influence of purely natural conditions, the main races of the Earth are formed - white, black, yellow. When did it happen? It is not easy to answer such a question. Anthropologists believe that division into large human race It happened not earlier than 200 thousand years ago and no later than 20 thousand. And probably, it was a long process that took 180-200 thousand years. As it happened - a new riddle. Some scientists believe that at first, humanity was divided into two races - the European, which was then divided into white and yellow, and the equatorial, non-corrosive. Others, on the contrary, it is believed that the Mongoloid Race was separated from the common tree of mankind, and then the Euro-African race was divided into white and black. Well, the big human races anthropologists are divided into small. This division is unstable, the total number of small races varies in classifications, data from different scientists. But small races, of course, dozens. Of course, races differ from each other not only by the color of the skin and eye shape. Modern anthropologists found a large number of such differences.

Criteria for division

But by what criteria compare races? On the shape of the head, the magnitude of the brain, blood group? No fundamental signs that would characterize any race for the better or worse, scientists did not find.

Brain weight

Proved that brain weight Different races are different. But it is distinguished by both different people belonging to one nationality. So, for example, the brain of the brilliant writer Anatoly França weighed only 1077 grams, and the brain of at least genius Ivan Turgenev reached a huge weight - 2012 grams. You can convinced: between these two extremes are all races of the Earth.
Brain man. The weight of the brain does not characterize the mental excellence of the race, they also say figures: the average brain weight of the Englishman 1456 grams, and Indians - 1514, black bantle - 1422 grams, French - 1473 grams. It is known that Neanderthals the brain weight was great than modern people. It is unlikely that they, however, were smarter than us with you. Still, racists on the globe remained. They are in the USA, and in the Republic of South Africa. True, they have no scientific data to confirm their theories. Anthropologists - scientists engaged in the study of humanity just from the position of the characteristics of individuals and their groups - unanimously argue:

All people on earth, regardless of their national and racial, are equal. This does not mean that there are no racial and national features, they are. But they do not define either mental abilities, no more qualities that could be considered defining for the separation of humanity to higher and lower races.

It can be said that this conclusion is the most important of the conclusions of anthropology. But this is not the only one of the achievements of science, otherwise it would not make sense to develop it further. And anthropology develops. With it, it was possible to look into the distant past of humanity, to understand many mysterious first time. It is anthropological studies that make it possible to penetrate into the depths of thousands of thousands of years, to the very first days of human appearance. Yes, and that long period of history, when there were no writing at the disposal of people, it becomes clearer thanks to anthropological studies. And of course, the methods of anthropological studies increased incomparably. If he is still a hundred years ago, having met a new unknown people, the traveler was limited to his description, then this is not enough for this. An anthropologist should now produce numerous measurements, without leaving nothing - neither palm of the hands, nor the feet feet, nor, of course, the shape of the skull. He takes for analysis of blood and saliva, footprints and palms, makes x-ray pictures.

Blood type

All data obtained is summed up, and special indexes are derived from them, characterizing one or another group of people. It turns out, I. groups of blood - It is those blood groups that are used during transfusion - also can also characterize the racial affiliation of people.
The blood group determines racial affiliation. It has been established that people with the second blood group are most in Europe and at all in South Africa, China and Japan, the third group is almost no in America and Australia, from Russians less than 10 percent have a fourth blood group. By the way, the study of blood groups made it possible to make many important and interesting discoveries. Well, for example, the settlement of America. It is known that archaeologists, many decades looking for the remnants of the oldest human cultures in America, should have stated that people appeared relatively late here - just a few tens of thousands of years ago. Relatively recently, these conclusions managed to confirm the analysis of ash of ancient fires, bones, remnants of wooden structures. It turned out that the figure of 20-30 thousand years quite accurately determines the period that has passed since the days of the first discovery of America by its Aboriginal - Indians. And it happened in the area of \u200b\u200bBering Strait, from which it is relatively slowly moving to the south until the fiery land. The fact that among the indigenous population of America there are no people with the third and fourth blood groups, it indicates that the first-settlements of the giant mainland accidentally did not happen to people with these groups. The question arises: was there a lot of these discoverers? Apparently, that this chance manifested themselves, there were few them. They made the beginning of all Indian tribes with an endless variety of their languages, customs, beliefs. And further. After this group stepped on the soil of Alaska, no one could proceed for them. Otherwise, new groups of people would bring each of the important blood factors behind them, the absence of which determines the absence of the Third and the fourth blood groups in the Indians. But the descendants of the first Columbus reached the Panama Isthmus. And although in those days there was no disconnecting channel of the channel, this experiencing was difficult to overcome for people: tropical swamps, diseases, wild animals, poisonous reptiles and insects gave the opportunity to overcome his other, as a small group of people. Evidence? The lack of a second blood group of the second blood. It means that the accident repeated: among the first-settlements of South America, there were also no people with a second group of blood, as among the first-silents of North - with the third and fourth groups ... Probably, everyone read the famous book of Tour Heyerdal "Journey to Con-Tika". The journey it was intended to evoke that the ancestors of Polynesia residents could arrive here not from Asia, but from South America. On the hypothesis, this nice community of cultures of Polynesians and South American cultures. Heyerdal understood that he did not give decisive evidence with his great journey, but most of the readers of the book, inxicated by the magnitude of the scientific feat and the author's literary talent, steadily believe in the rightness of brave Norwegian. And yet, apparently, Polynesians are descendants of Asians, not South American. The decisive argument was again the composition of the blood. We remember, South Americans have no second blood type, and among Polynesians there are many people with such a blood group. Inclusive to the conviction that in the settlement of Polynesia, the Americans did not take part ... And yet, almost everything, what is told here, more hypotheses. There are scientists who do not believe that racial features have an adaptive meaning to environmental conditions: there are scientists who believe that the settlement of America could be carried out in series, numerous waves, and in the process of changing generations, those or other blood factors were supplanted. There is still insufficient evidence in favor of this or that hypothesis. But hypotheses or are replaced by others, or receive new and new confirmations and become slim theories explaining the formation of races on Earth.

The races of a person are historically established in the evolution of a person of the biological division of the "reasonable man" (Homo Sapiens). They differ in complexes of hereditarianly transmitted and gradually changing morphological, biochemical and other features. Contemporary geographic areas of distribution, or ranges, allow you to outline the territories on which races have been formed. Due to the social nature of the person, the race is qualitatively different from the subspecies of wild and domestic animals.

If for wild animals, the term "geographical races" and can be applied, then in relation to man, he largely lost its importance, since the connection of human races with the initial ranges is violated by numerous migrations of people, as a result of which the most different races and Peoples and emerged new human associations.

Most anthropologists divide humanity into three large races: a non-Austaloid ("black"), the European-like ("white") and the Mongoloid ("yellow"). Using geographical terms, the first race is called Equatorial, or African-Australian, the second European-Asian, third-Asia-American race. Distinguish the following branches of large races: African and Oceanian; North and South; Asian and American (F. Debetsk). The population of the Earth is now over 3 billion 300 million people (data for 1965). Of these, the first race accounts for about 10% of the second - 50% and third - 40%. This is, of course, a rude total counting, as there are hundreds of millions of loose-wide individuals, numerous small races and mixed (intermediate) racial groups, including ancient origin (for example, ether). Large, or primary, races, occupying huge territories, are not quite homogeneous. They are divided into physical (bodily) signs on the branches, on 10-20 small races, and those on anthropological types.

Modern races, their origin and systematics studies ethnic anthropology (misunderstanding). The study subjected to groups of the population to inspect and quantify the so-called racial characteristics, followed by mass data processing by methods of variational statistics (see). Anthropologists use the skin color and iris, color and shapes of the skin, color, and lips, and anthropometric instruments for this, and anthropometric instruments: circus, goniometer, etc. (see anthropometry). Hematological, biochemical and other surveys are also underway.

Belonging to this or that racial division is determined on men 20-60 years old on a complex of genetically persistent and sufficient characteristic signs of physical structure.

Further descriptive signs of racial complex: the presence of beard and mustache, the rigidity of the head of the head, the degree of development of the upper eyelid and its folds - the epicatus, the slope of the forehead, the form of the head, the development of the abnormal arc, face form, the hair growth on the body, the type of addition (see Habitus) and proportions of the body (see the Constitution).

Options for shape of the skull: 1 - Dolichoral Ellipsoid; 2 and 3 - brachistricular (2 - rounded, or spheroid, 3 - wedge, or sphenoid); 4 - mesocan pentagonal, or pentagonoid.

Unified anthropometric examination on a living person, as well as on a skeleton, mostly on the skull (Fig.), Allows you to clarify somatoscopic observations and make a more correct comparison of the racial composition of tribes, peoples, individual populations (see) and isolates. Racial signs vary and subject to sexual, age, geographical and evolutionary variability.

The racial composition of mankind is very complicated, which is largely depends on the mixture of the population of many countries in connection with the ancient migrations and modern mass relocations. Therefore, in the area populated by humanity, contact and intermediate racial groups are found, formed from the interpenetration of two to three or more racial features in the metimation of anthropological types.

The process of methying races increased in the era of capitalist expansion after the opening of America. As a result, for example, Mexicans consist half of the methots between the Indians and Europeans.

A noticeable increase in interracial mixing is observed in the USSR and other countries of socialism. This is the result of the elimination of all sorts of racial barriers based on the right scientifically based national and international policies.

Roses are biologically equivalent and blood is relative. The basis for this conclusion is developed by C. Darwin the doctrine of monogenism, that is, on the origin of a person from one species of the ancient two-legged monkeys, and not from several (the concept of polygenism). Monogenisism is confirmed by the anatomical similarity of all races, which could not, as the Ch. Darwin emphasized, arose by convergence, or the convergence of signs of different ancestor species. The view of the monkeys, who served as an ancestor to a person, was likely to be in South Asia, from where the oldest people were detained on the ground. Ancient people, the so-called Neanderthalensis (Homo Neanderthalensis), gave the beginning of the "man reasonable". But modern races arose not from Neanderthal, and formed anew under the influence of the aggregate of natural (including biological) and social factors.

The formation of races (sampling) is closely associated with anthropogenesis; Both processes are the result of historical development. Modern man arose on an extensive territory, from about the Mediterranean to Industan or a little more. From here, Mongoloids could be formed in the northeast direction, in the north-western - Europeanoids, in the southern directions - Negorids and Australia. However, the problem of the pranodine of a modern person is still far from complete permission.

In more ancient epochs in the resettlement of people on Earth, their groups inevitably fell into conditions of geographical, consequently, and social isolation, which contributed to their racial differentiation in the process of interaction of variability factors (see), heredity (see) and selection. With an increase in the number of isolate, a new resettlement occurred and contacts with neighboring groups, which caused mohethisation occurred. In the formation of a racial role, natural selection was played, whose influence as the social environment develops noticeably weakened. In this regard, the signs of modern races are of secondary importance. Some role in the formation of races was also played aesthetic, or sex, selection; Sometimes racial signs could acquire the value of identification features for representatives of a local racial group.

As the number of humanity is heard, both the specific value and the direction of the action of individual factors of omegenesis, but the role of social influences increased. If for primary races a factor was a differentiating factor (when the meticated groups came again in the insulation conditions), now the mixing levels racial differences. Currently, about half of humanity represents the result of mohethisation. Racial differences, naturally arising over long millennia, should be and will be as indicated by K. Marx, eliminated by historical development. But racial signs will manifest themselves for a long time in certain combinations, mainly in individuals. Metisation often determines the emergence of new positive features of the physical warehouse and intellectual development.

The racial affiliation of the patient should be taken into account when evaluating some medical examination data. This applies mainly to the features of the coloring of the covers. The skin color, which is peculiar to the representative of the "black" or "yellow" race, in the "White" will be a symptom of Addison disease or image; Purple shade of the painting of the lips, bluish nails in the Europeanoid doctor will appreciate as cyanosis, near the negro - as a racial feature. On the other hand, changes in the color of the "bronze disease", jaundice, cardiovascular insufficiency, distinct among the Europeanoids, can hardly be determined from representatives of the Mongoloid or Negroid-Australide race. Much less practical importance and less often be required to be corrected to racial features in assessing the physique, growth, shape of the skull, etc. These features, as a rule, do not have a "racial" nature, but are associated with social, cultural and domestic and other habitat, the proximity of natural foci of infection, the degree of acclimatization during resettlement, etc.

The Soviet scientist Valery Pavlovich Alekseev (1929-1991) was a great contribution to the description of human races. In principle, we are now guided by its calculations in this interesting anthropological matter. So what is Race?

This is a relatively stable biological characteristics of the species of people. Combines their overall appearance and psychophysical features. At the same time, it is important to understand that this unity does not affect the shape of the dormitory and for ways of living together. General features are purely external, anatomical, but it is impossible to judge the intelligence of people, about their ability to work, live, engage in science, art and other mental activity. That is, representatives of different races in their mental development are absolutely the same. They also have absolutely identical rights, and, therefore, the duties.

The ancestors of the modern man are Cryanonians. It is assumed that their first representatives appeared on Earth 300 thousand years ago in Southeast Africa. After the Millennium, our distant ancestors spread throughout the world. They lived in different climatic conditions, and therefore, they acquired strictly specific biological signs. The united habitat has created a common culture. And within this culture, ethnic groups were formed. For example, Roman ethnos, Greek ethnic, Carthaginian ethnos and others.

Human races are divided into European views, innoors, mongoloids, Australoids, Americanoids. There are also a subrace or small races. Their representatives have their own certain biological features that are absent from other people.

1 - Negroid, 2 - Core Winderoid, 3 - Mongoloid, 4 - Australoid, 5 - americanoid

Currents - White Race

The first European views appeared in Southern Europe and North Africa. From there they spread throughout the European mainland, got into Central, Central Asia and Northern Tibet. They switched through Hindukush and found themselves in India. Here they settled the entire northern part of Industan. The Arabian Peninsula and the Northern Areas of Africa also mastered. In the XVI century, they crossed the Atlantic and settled almost all of North America and most of South America. Then the turn of Australia and South Africa.

Nephoroids - Black Race

Negroids or blacks are considered indigenous inhabitants of the tropical belt. This explanation is based on melanin that gives the skin black. It protects the skin from burning burning tropical sun. There is no controversy, it hinders burns. But what clothes do people wear on a hot sunny day - white or black? Of course white, because it reflects the sun's rays well. Therefore, with a strong heat, it is unprofitable to have black skin, especially with great insolation. From here it can be assumed that negros appeared in those climatic conditions where clouds prevailed.

Indeed, the most ancient finds of Grimaldi (Negroids) belonging to the upper Paleolithic were found on the territory of Southern France (Nice) in Grimaldi Cave. In the upper Palayolitis, all this territory was populated by people with black leather, woolly hair and large lips. They were high, slender, long-legged hunters on large herbivores. But how did they find themselves in Africa? In the same way as the Europeans got into America, that is, they moved there, sweating the indigenous population.

Interestingly, South Africa was settled by neurodes - blacks of a bow (classic blacks, which we know) in the first century BC. e. That is, the pioneers were contemporaries Julia Caesar. It was at that time that they settled in the forests of the Congo, Savannah East Africa, reached the southern regions of the Zambezi River and found themselves on the shores of the muddy river Limpopo.

And who outed these European conquerors with black leather? After all, someone lived to them on these lands. This is a special southern race, which is conventionally called " koisanskaya".

Koisan Race

Gottentotics and bushmen are included in her. From blacks, they are distinguished by brown skin and the mongoloid features of the face. They otherwise have a throat. They utter words not in exhalation, like all of us, but on the breath. They are considered to be the remnants of some oldest race that inhabited a very long time southern hemisphere. It remains very little of these people, and in the ethnic sense they are nothing entirely represent.

Bushmen - Quiet and calm hunters. They were pushed out Negros Bichuani to the Kalahari desert. Here they live, forgetting their ancient and rich culture. They have art, but it is in a rudimentary state, since life in the desert is very heavy and have to think not about art, but about how to get food.

Gottentotes (Dutch name tribes), who lived in the Cape Province (South Africa), became famous for the fact that they were real robbers. They kidnapped cattle. With the Dutch, they quickly became friends and became their conductor, translators and workers on farms. When the Casting Colonia captured the British, then Gottentotes became friends with them. They live on these lands and now.

Australoids

Australoids are also called Australians. As they got on the land of Australia - it is unknown. But they turned out to be there a long time ago. It was a huge amount of small tribes with different customs, rites and culture. They did not love each other and practically did not communicate.

Australoids are not similar to European winds, innoors and mongoloids. They are just like themselves. They have a very dark skin, almost black. Hair wavy shoulders wide, and the reaction is extremely fast. Relatives of these people live in South India on the decan plateau. Maybe from there they sailed to Australia, and also settled the island all the nearby.

Mongoloids - Yellow Race

Mongoloids are the most numerous. They are divided into a large number of subras or small races. There are Siberian Mongoloids, Northskaya, South-China, Malay, Tibetan. They have a narrow eye cut. Straight hair, black and rigid. Dark eyes. The skin is dark, has a slight yellowish tint. The face is wide and flattened, cheekbones perform.

Americanoids

Americanoides populate America from the tundra to the fiery land. Eskimos to this race do not belong. They are the emerging people. American-shaped hair black and straight, dark skin. Black eyes and already than in the European one. These people have a huge number of languages. Among them, it is even impossible to conduct any classification. Now there are many dead languages, since their media are extinct, but the languages \u200b\u200bare recorded.

Pygmy and a representative of the Europeanid race

Pygmy

Pygmeni belong to the Negroid race. They live in the forests of Equatorial Africa. Noteworthy small growth. It is 1.45-1.5 meters. The skin has a brown, lips are relatively thin, dark and curly hair. The conditions of living are bad, from here and small growth, which is a consequence of a small number of vitamins and proteins, the necessary organism for normal development. Currently, low growth has become genetic heredity. Therefore, even if the babies of pygmeys fively feed, they will not be high.

Thus, we considered the basic human races existing on Earth. But it should be noted that the racial personality never had the determining value for the formation of a culture. It is also noteworthy that in the last 15 thousand years, no new biological types of people appeared, and the old did not disappear. Everything is still holding at a stable level. The only thing is mixed by people of different biological types. Mesences, Mulati, Sambo appear. But these are not biological and anthropological, but social factors caused by the achievements of civilization.