Iceland where. History of Iceland.

Iceland is located on the island of the same name, located about 300 km east of Greenland's state in the north of the Atlantic Ocean. From Iceland to Norway, a distance of about 1000 km. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe country is 103 thousand square meters. km. The state is divided into 8 territorial regions. The capital of Iceland is Reykjavik, with a population of more than 10 thousand. The largest cities of Iceland, except the capital, are considered to be cypan-Gur, Akureyri, Hafnafidur, Keflavik and Westmannayar.

Population of Iceland

The number of inhabitants of Iceland is approximately 270 thousand people, some of which is Icelanders. All of them, in the past, the descendants of the Celts and Scandinavians living here. Per quarter. km. It accounts for about 2 people, and from the total number of inhabitants - 91% live in cities.

Nature

The nature of Iceland affects the indiscretion of geysers, waterfalls and rivers. Otherwise, the nature of Iceland can be defined as follows: the frozen cold with the limb outside. Many acting volcanoes are covered with ice bark. Here is an incredible beauty of the Northern Lights - this is not met anywhere else in the world.

Climatic conditions

Climate in Iceland Sea, subarctic, cold winds. Summer is cool, with an average air temperature + 10 ° C. This is due to the fact that Golf Stream has a strong influence on the climate of Iceland. The cold season begins in October and lasts until April. The main amount of annual precipitation falls precisely at the autumn time. Polar ice are suitable close to Iceland in the winter and spring time.

Language

Official language - Icelandic.

Kitchen

Icelandic cuisine is peculiar and some of the national dishes can even upset the digestion of Europeans. Because of the not very favorable climatic conditions and the scarcity of the nature of the special diversity in the kitchen of Iceland. It is mainly fish and seafood: shrimp, salmon, sea scallops, shark meat and more. IN last years In the greenhouses began to grow vegetables. One of the popular delicacies is the pickled salmon with dill. Real exotic for tourists - Hakar - slightly fierce shark meat, ripening in the sand about six months.

Currency

The official currency of the state is the Icelandic Crown. Exchange coins are issued by the dignity of 5, 10 kroons, they are suitable for payment in urban telephone vehicles.

Time

Moscow time is ahead of Irish for 3 hours.

Religion

96% of the country's population support Lutheran religion, the remaining residents of the country are divided into Catholics and Protestants.

Holidays

On June 17, a national holiday is celebrated in the country - Independence Day. This holiday in Iceland is accompanied by dancing and music right on the streets of the country, and the solemn parades and various theatrical performances are very pleased with the locals.

The main resorts of Iceland.

Iceland is famous for the Blue Lagoon Geothermal Resort - Blue Lagoon. This resort can be called a country symbol and a visit site at least 100 thousand tourists per year. For lovers of ski variety near Reykjavik, there is a resort of Bulufedl.

Sights of Iceland.

Many landmarks of the country can be hard to reach for tourists, because they are in deserted, remote places. This is, first of all, Western fjords, otherwise called the Westirdir. These places are considered the most visited, most of the guests of Iceland seeks to get here. Landmarks Reykjavika: National Museum and Museum of Natural History. The monument to Ayuh Eric-Sonu dedicated to the millennium of the emergence of Alting (the oldest in the world of parliament) and the Church of Halgrim.

The subject of our review today will be Iceland. Country description interesting Facts, Attractions are all this in the material below.

general information

Iceland is an island and state. It is 103 thousand square meters. The KM, which lives about 322 thousand people. The capital is the city of Reykjavik, where the third part of the country's total population is concentrated, and with suburbs - more than half. The official language is Icelandic, and the currency is the Icelandic Crown, the course of which in 2016 was 122 crowns for 1 USD. Iceland is the Parliamentary Republic, at the head of which is the president, elected for 4 years. For entry into the country, Russian citizens need a passport and a Schengen visa.

Location

Iceland is a country of ice - located in the northern tip of the Atlantic Ocean, up to the north pole of large areas of sushi no more. Its northern part is near the polar circle.

The island has been removed from the rest of Europe: from the nearest Faroe Islands at 420 km, from the island of UK is 860 km away, and from the nearest point on the continental coast of Norway is 970 km. An interesting fact is that, despite this, Iceland refers to European countries, although it is much closer to the North American Island of Greenland - by 287 km.

Iceland: Interesting facts about the country

The opening of Iceland refers to the end of the 7th century by Irish monks, and after them, Norman Nadodod and Flocks got here. Following these events, at the end of the IX century, the active sequestment of the island of Vikingami - immigrants from Norway, which for the consoles managed to master almost all suitable for the residence and economic development of the Earth began.

In 1264, Iceland was attached to Norway, and in 1381, it is part of Denmark. The country received its independence only in 1944.

The inhabitants of the island are a courageous and proud people, with respect to their historical past and cultural traditions. In particular, the ancient Icelandic legends - sagas that tells about the generic stripping, exciting events, about elves, gnomes and other mysterious characters, in the existence of which some residents will still believe.

Iceland is that there is practically no crime - a prison is alone, and it contains no more than a dozen people. The police here go without weapons, the army is not at all.

The basis of the modern economy is only two industries - the processing of aluminum and fishing. By the way, it will be said that the annual volumes of Ulov Islanders are inferior from European countries only by Norway.

Iceland refers to the number of prosperous states. Thus, the average per capita annual income here is $ 39,000 (according to our ruble standards - here each resident, including a breast child, is a millionaire).

Nature

Country of Iceland, with all its modest value, is the world's largest island having volcanic origin. The relief of the island is predominantly mountain, the peaks are a taper of extinct and acting volcanoes. The highest of them is the peak of Hwwanadalcnukur (2110 m), located on the southwest coast. The lowest point is quite nearby - this is the lagoon of the glacial lake (0 meters above sea level).

Many of the existing volcanoes from time to time declare themselves with powerful eruptions. The most large volcano of the island is the famous Gekla (1488 meters), located near the "Big Reykjavik" and frightened the locals with their eruption in 2000.

The longest river island is Toursaau (237 km). From other water bodies, glaciers and glacier lakes are replete with and in innumerable quantities.

Iceland is unique in the variety of natural landscapes. In addition to glaciers, the surface of the country in many places is covered with lavam fields. In these areas, geysers and hot springs are often found. The island is common, stony msypi, covered with thick ms and lichens, islands of birch forests and meadows from the cereal disinfect. Special painting of the terrain in different parts Islands give waterfalls. On the west coast, numerous fjords are affected by its beauty. National parks have been created for the protection of stunning nature in the country.

Climate and typical weather

Iceland is a northern country that does not quite justify his ice name. Washing it especially from the south Gulf Stream, do not give it to become cold, harsh desert.

Winter here is relatively warm, with the average monthly temperature -1 ° C, which many south of Russia can envy. However, in some periods of this season, cold winds are frequent, which, together with the accumulations of drifting arctic ice, especially in the southeast, cause sharp decreases of temperature to -30 ° C. The duration of the daylight - no more than five hours.

Summer is not roast here. The average temperatures of July constitute only +12 ° C. The warmer is only on the south coast - up to +20 ° C, with highs up to + 30 ° C. In the summer, the entire island is illuminated around the clock with the sun, and here are characteristic of polar latitudes White nights.

The sediments on the territory of the island are unevenly distributed. For example, on the west coast, their number ranges from 1300 to 2000 mm per year, on the northeast, their norm is up to 750 mm, and in the mountainous part of the southern regions may have values \u200b\u200bup to 4000 mm.

The weather here is very volatile, and without exaggeration we can say that it is capable of changing literally in a few minutes. It was just warm and sunny, as suddenly the sky is clouded, and a cold bloom, a damp wind. Residents of the country with a joke tell their visit to guests and tourists: "If suddenly you didn't like something in the weather, then do not despair, wait from half an hour, and it will change."

Attractions Reykjavika

Reykjavik - the main city, the capital of Iceland. What country does not boast of a huge number of attractions? So and Iceland have something to show tourists. In particular, historical and main city are placed in its main city. architectural monumentsMuseums and modern institutions. Among them, tourists are attracted:

• The Khatlgrimskire Temple is the cult luteran building of the middle of the 20th century, in the form of a volcanic eruption. Inside there is a large organ. Before the church is a statue of happy.
• The cathedral, which is the main temple, built at the end of the 18th century.
• The building of Alting (Parliament) in the style of classicism was elevated in the XIX century.
• Person, or pearl, externally resembles a chamomile with a blue dome. It is located on a high hill and has a rotating platform for viewing the panorama of the city. Inside the structure, the Sagi Museum, winter garden, artificial geyser, shopping pavilions and restaurants are located.
• "Raisy Reykjavik" - this bar is unusual in that it consists of solid ice blocks, and drinks will certainly be served in ice glasses.
• Concert hall "Harp". Its facades consist of multi-colored glass cells, which with the help of built-in LEDs, impressive visitors to the game of paints.

Blue Lagoon

Laguna is a geothermal source and a resort with all proper infrastructure. This is perhaps the most famous and visited place for hundreds of thousands of tourists. The lagoon is artificially created by water with a constant temperature at 40 ° C. This is the only place on the planet place of this kind, which is filled with visitors all year round. It has been established that bathing in the waters of the lake rich in minerals helps healing from skin diseases.

Valley of Geysers

Originated in the XIII century after a strong earthquake. The main of the sources called the Great Geysir, throws the water stream very high temperatures To the height of up to 70 meters from the depth of more than two thousand meters. Contemplation of this majestic spectacle leaves a strong impression. There are also equipped places for swimming in less hot springs. Residents use natural heat of geysers for heating their homes.

Waterfall SellialyaSfoss

The waterfall is located in the south of the island and very popular with tourists. Water is lowered from a height of 60 meters. She flows from the rocks that were before the coastline, but now the pictorial valley has been formed in this place. On the beauty of the waterfall (in combination with the surrounding landscape) there are no equal. That is why his photos are placed on calendars and postcards.

Colored mountains

In the warm season of the year in the LandmannaLaugar National Park, you can see the striking spectacle - multicolored mountains. The slopes of the mountains are derived by unusual stripes - brown, yellow, pink, blue, purple, green, white and black. The reason for this phenomenon is associated with volcanic origin of rocks. The location of the park near the Hekla volcano makes it one of the popular tourist centers of the country.

Vatnayekyudl National Park

What else can I tell about Iceland? Facts about the country, all of its attractions simply not to list under the same article. But still, I would like to mention this park. It was created in 2008. Its area is almost 12% of the territory of Iceland, and it is the largest in Europe. The main raisin of the park is the same glacier area up to 8100 square meters. km and ice thickness up to 500 meters. Under its shell, there are beautiful ice caves, as well as seven acting volcanoes.

As an entertainment, Vatnaiyuküdl tourists can take walks in beautiful places, engage in winter sports, but swimming in hot springs located inside the ice caves use special demand.

Undoubtedly, this is only a small part of the natural attractions of the country of Iceland, there are still many interesting and mysterious tourists on its expanses.

The content of the article

ICELAND,Republic of Iceland, the state in the north of Europe. Located on the island of the same name, the second largest in Europe. The northern point of Iceland reaches the Northern Polar Circle, and South, 306 km. From it, located on a latitude of 63 degrees 24 minutes S.Sh. The length of the island from the West (13 degrees 28 minutes ZD) to the east (24 degrees 32 minutes ZD) 480 km. The area of \u200b\u200bthe country is 103 thousand square meters. km. According to 2013, the population of the country amounted to 315,281 thousand people. The capital is the city of Reykjavik (198 thousand people in 2009).

NATURE

Relief area.

In geological terms Iceland is a young country formed by volcanic eruptions for the last 60 million years (which corresponds to Paleogenic, non -ogenic and quaternary periods in the history of the Earth). The most ancient parts of the country are located in the West, north and east. It is predominantly plateau folded by ancient basalt lava. The plateful nature of the surface is best preserved in the north-west, while in the east and in the north of the central part of the island the terrain acquires the Alpine appearance. Throughout the country from the north to south-west, an extensive zone extends, mainly made by palagonite tuffs and breccias, which were formed as a result of underwater volcanic eruptions.

To this zone, as well as a large number of volcanoes are timed to the snifed honey area in the West, of which 20 were erupted after the country's settlement. In Iceland, almost all types of volcanoes occurring on Earth are presented. The most characteristic chains of crater arisen as a result of eruptions along cracks and faults. In 1783, during the eruption of a volcano of this type of varnishes, which is the largest lava flow in historical time, the largest lava flow has been formed, formed in the eruption of Vatnayekyud. It covered an area of \u200b\u200b570 square meters. km. To the southwest of Vatnayekyudle, the Volcano Gekla, who everacted in 1947 and 1970. As a result of underwater eruptions, the south-west coast of Iceland appeared in 1963 a small island of Suourtsi. In 1973, during the eruption of the volcano on O. Haimay, the population of the city of Westmannaeyar had to evacuate.

With volcanic activity, hot springs dispersed throughout the country are closely connected (there are more than 250). Fields of sulfur fumarols (solfatars) are confined only to areas of young volcanism. Of the fountaining sources, a large geyser is most famous, whose name has become nominative for all such formations. The energy of thermal sources is widely used in Iceland. 85% of the population lives in their waters heated. In addition, warm water is supplied to numerous greenhouses and swimming pools.

Iceland coastline has an approx. 5 thousand km. In the north-west, north and east, rocky shores are dissected by numerous bays, fjords and islands. Hooked in the inner parts of many fjords, which protect the natural harbor from the storms blowing from the Atlantic Ocean. On such braids, coastal cities and villages are often located. South-Western and southern shores of Iceland - sandy, aligned; Natural harbors are missing there.

Glacial hats and other glaciers occupy an area of \u200b\u200b11,900 square meters. km. The largest of the glacial hats, the Watnaya -Cudle of 8300 square meters. km, is located in southeast of Iceland. Here is the highest point of the country of Hwwanadalshnukür (2119), which is a raised edge of the Calders of the Erayevyukyudl volcano. Other large glacial hats - Hofsyökudl and Laongyukyudle in the inside of the island and Eyafyadlayukjudl and Mirdalsyökudl in the south (covering the active volcanoes).

Thanks to the abundance of precipitation in Iceland, many rather large rivers, but they are uncomfortable. South of the Vatnayekyud, the rivers are branched on sleeves that often change their position. This is a serious obstacle to transport. During the priest volcanic eruptions and during the breakthrough of ice dams on the rating lakes, the tremendous floods on rivers cause huge masses. The largest lakes of Iceland are Tingwadlavatn and Turisvatn.

Climate.

Contrary to its name and the presence of Iceland glaciers - by no means an arctic country. The warm water of the north-Atlantic flow (continuation of the Golfstream), whose branch goes along the southern and western shores of the island is provided with a mitigating effect on its climate. The average annual temperature on the south-west coast in Reykjavik 4 ° C, the average temperature of January -1 ° C, July 11 ° C. Relevant indicators on the northern coast in Akureyri 3 ° C, -2 ° C and 11 ° C. Coastal waters are free From ice throughout the year. The exceptions are situations associated with the removal of polar ice in the north and east. Due to the significant improvement in the climate since the beginning of the 1920s, the removal of polar ice to the shores of Iceland occurred only once in 1965. The weather in this country changes dramatically, sometimes during the day, which depends on the passage of cyclones in the eastern direction through the Atlantic Ocean. The average annual precipitation is 1300-2000 mm on the southern coast, 500-750 mm on the northern and over 3,800 mm on the south of Vatnayajudle and Middalsyukyudla open.

Soil and vegetation world.

The soil of Iceland is partly mineral, loss, partly marsh, enriched with mineral material, derived from volcanic ash, and partly eolic dust and sandy. Less than 1/4 of the country is covered with vegetation (against 2/3 during the settlement of the country 1100 years ago). Extensive internal plateau is almost entirely devoid of vegetable cover. Mossi and herbs prevail in vegetation. Wood plants have recently occupied only 1% of the area. This is mostly birch, usually having twisted trunks due to strong winds. In recent years, there have been significant places of coniferous rocks.

Animal world.

The species composition of the fauna of Iceland is poor. During the country's settlement, there was only one type of ground mammals - sandy. At the end of the 18th century Northern deer were introduced. In addition, mice, rats and mink were accidentally delivered to the island. In Iceland nests approx. 80 species of birds. A lot of swans, ducks and geese live on mountain lakes and rivers, and seagulls, paint, etc. are common on the sea coast. In the lakes there are trout, and in the rivers - salmon. In coastal waters there are two types of seals and some types of whales. There are places of feeding and spawning of fish (up to 66 species). The most important is the cod, sea bass, pike, halibut, as well as shrimp.

POPULATION

Demography.

Iceland was settled in 9-10 centuries. and since then they were inhabited mainly the descendants of the first settlers; Late immigration to the island was limited. Until the middle of the 20th century Most of the population lived on isolated farms. In the history of the country, there were repeated reductions in the number of residents due to epidemics, eruptions of volcanoes, earthquakes and hunger. In the 20th century There was a permanent increase in the population (by 1.5% per year) and the migration of rural residents in the city. Currently, 95% of the inhabitants live in cities and towns, and 40% is concentrated in Reykjavik. In the northern part of the country, settlements are concentrated along the coast and in the valleys of rivers. 20% of the country's territory is not populated.

The average age of the population is 36 years old. The age composition: younger than 15 years old - 19.8%; 15-64 years - 67%; Over 65 years old - 13.2%.

The annual growth of the population in 2003 amounted to 0.66%. Birth rate - 13.13 per 1000; mortality rate - 7.07 per 1000; Pediatric mortality - 3.17 per 1000. The average life expectancy is 81.11 years old (all data for 2013).

More than 80.7% of the population belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church, more than 4% - to other Protestant confessions (first of all, Seventh-day Adventists), about 2.5% - to the Roman Catholic Church, 7% - to other religious confessions (2006 ).

Ethnogenesis and language.

Icelanders have predominantly Scandinavian origin, being mainly descendants of the Vikings that moved to the island in the early Middle Ages. Part of the population - descendants of Celts from Ireland and Scotland. Icelandic, which is essentially a dialect of ancient Years, has changed little in 1000 years, and modern Icelanders easily read the ancient texts. We are 6% of the population -litsa of foreign origin.

Cities.

The capital of the country - Reykjavik, the residence of parliament and government, financial, cultural and business center of Iceland. Other major cities - Copavoguir (approx. 30 thousand inhabitants), a little inferior to him in the number of hubnarfyardur, and the fourth city - Akureyri (approx. 17 thousand).

State Device and Politics

The Constitution of the Republic of Iceland was adopted in 1944. Significant changes were made in 1991. The country is a republic. The head of state and the parliament are elected by universal voting, and all citizens of the country, men and women over 18 years old, living in Iceland, have the right to vote, living in Iceland at least 5 years before elections.

President and government.

The head of state is the president, elected for four years with universal direct and secret ballot. When only one candidate is exhibited for the presidency, the vote is not conducted and the candidate automatically becomes president. The President of Iceland is the head of the highest executive, but in reality its powers are limited and are largely formal. From August 1, 1996, President of Iceland - Olafur Ragnar Grimsson. Born in 1943, he studied the economy and political sciences in Manchester (United Kingdom), in 1973-1991 he worked as a professor of political sciences in Iceland. In 1978 he was first elected a deputy of Parliament from the People's Union, in 1987-1995 he was the chairman of this party. In 1988-1991 he served as Minister of Finance; Taking this position, managed to achieve a significant reduction in inflation and is considered the "father of economic stabilization". In 1996, he won the presidential election, receiving more than 41% of the votes. In 2000, due to the lack of other candidates, the Parliament of Iceland declared it by the President of the country for a new term.

The latest elections held on June 30, 2012 were again given by President Olafur Ragnar Grimsson.

With the consent of Parliament, the President instructs the leader of the parliamentary majority to form the government and approves its composition. He chairs the State Council.

The executive authority belongs to the government led by the Prime Minister. Ministers are responsible for parliament.

Parliament.

The legislative government under the Constitution belongs to the President and Parliament. The Parlament of Iceland is an algeant is considered ancient of the world. He is elected by a general voting for a period of four years. Until 1991, the altint consisted of two chambers: Selected deputies were chosen from their composition 1/3 to the upper ward, the rest were formed by the lower chamber. Since 1991, one-palated altting. Currently, it consists of 63 deputies, which are elected on the basis of a proportional representation on national and local districts. The allest claims the state budget, discusses and accepts laws, changes and complements the Constitution, provides consent to the President to conclude contracts and agreements with other states, controls the financial activities of the executive authorities. Parliament can make a vote distrust to the government, has a great influence on external and trade and economic policy.

Political parties.

Party of Independence(PN) is the largest political party of the country. Founded in May 1929 as a result of combining parties of conservatives and liberals. PN dominates in the political life of Iceland and participated in most Icelandic governments. In the field of economy, Mona has always advocated the restriction of the role of the state in the issues of the economy and benefits to entrepreneurs. In her opinion, the main function of the state in the economy is not direct intervention, but the creation of favorable conditions for economic activity, research and land development, etc. According to the pre-election manifesto 2003, Mona is achieving reducing taxes and public debt, strengthening entrepreneurial activity, strengthening the competitiveness and diversification of the Icelandic economy. It intends to "simplify" a social insurance system and maintain the effectiveness of the pension system. Declares its intention to increase benefits for children, pensions and help disabled. Calls to strengthening competition in the field of education and to the development of private medicine.

The safety area focuses on the fortification of the police. In foreign policy, the party defended the entry into NATO and the preservation of American troops in Icelandic territory. She currently stands out for strengthening cooperation with NATO and the United States, which she recognizes the "leading power" of the block. He considers it necessary to develop relations with the EU, but speaks against joining it.

In the parliamentary elections, 2003 collected 33.7% of the vote and won 22 of 63 seats in Alting. The leader of the party David Oddson since 1991 is the Prime Minister.

Progressive Party (PP) -centristian, founded in 1916 by the heads of the cooperative movement and enjoys the greatest influence among the farmers of the country. He advocated the development of the national economy, controlled by attracting foreign investments and subsidies to farmers. Supports the membership of the country in NATO, although in its ranks there were forces that achieved greater foreign policy independence.

Until 1995, the PN opponent was most often at the political arena of the country. However, since 1995, it is included in the Coalition Government as a junior partner of Mon. In the 2003 elections, the party gathered 17.7% of the vote and received 12 seats in Alting. Leader of PP - Halldor Asgrimsson.

Social Democratic Alliance (Pass) Educated in 2001 as a result of the unification of the Social Democratic Party of Iceland (founded in 1916), the People's Union (created in 1968 on the basis of the Communist Unified Socialist Party) and the Women's List. Declares its commitment to the goals and methods of social democratic movement, the principles of freedom and democracy, the liberation of women, equality and social responsibility. According to Manifesto 2001, the Alliance stands for the "society that gives each individual the opportunity to use all the variety of living opportunities and at the same time learn to provide the same opportunities to others." It seeks the expansion of democracy and the participation of the population in government management. Social Democrats call for "equality through mutual assistance", to ensure that all members of the Society are the right to health care, education and other social services, for a decent life, regardless of their financial situation. In the foreign policy area, the transformation of Iceland in the "window open to the world", for the development of international cooperation and the assistance of less developed countries.

Leo-Green Alliance (Lza) - Association of independent leftists, trade union activists of public services, teachers, students, former members Trotskyist and Maoist groups, participants of the environmental movement, various non-governmental organizations and civil initiatives. Created in the late 1990s. He opposes the neoliberal government policies, against the privatization and commercialization of social services, in environmental protection and human rights, for justice, equality and social security. In the 2003 elections, he received 8.8% of the vote and won 5 seats in alhinga. Located in opposition. Leader - Steinrimary Sigfusson.

Liberal Party (LP)educated in 1998 former Minister of Minister Surretary Hermansson. He defends the system of the free market and rejects the centralization and state intervention in the economy. Calls to promoting free competition, and entrepreneurship, to reduce government spending and taxes, to eliminate income tax and increasing consumption taxes. At the same time, declares the condemnation of neoliberal policies of the Government of Iceland and intent to continue the help of old men, sick and disabled, withstand the coagulation of medical programs, to invest in the development of education. He advocated the preservation of NATO role and strengthening cooperation with Europe. In the 2003 elections, the liberals received 7.4% of the vote and 4 places in alhinga. Are in opposition. Chairman - Gudon Cryaniansson.

Local control.

Iceland is divided into 23 districts (SUSLUR) and 14 urban districts (Köupstadir). Each of them is managed by the advice of representatives from parishes. Parisses have their own advice. All tips are elected by general voting.

Judicial system

There are 8 district courts and the Supreme Court in the country, whose members are appointed for life Minister of Justice. In addition, there are special courts on maritime, labor and religious affairs.

Armed forces.

Iceland has no own armed forces, but the US Air Force (Cablanvik base) is posted on its territory. The country has a police and coast guard.

Foreign policy.

Iceland is a member of NATO, North Council, Council of Europe, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the European Commercial Association, the UN and its specialized organizations, as well as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

Iceland has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established from the USSR in October 1943).

ECONOMY

Iceland has a Scandinavian type of socio-market economy, combining the capitalist structure and principles of the free market and a highly developed social security system.

For most of the history of the country, the basis of its economy was fishing and agriculture. After World War II, the value of fisheries and the fishing processing industry increased. Currently, the fishing industry provides 40% of the country's export revenues, more than 12% of GDP, it employs about 5% of the workforce.

Economic growth in 1996-2001 was 3-5% per year. In 2002, the country suffered from the global economic downturn, industrial growth was only 0.2%, and GDP decreased by 0.6%.

GDP amounted to more than $ 8.4 billion (US $ 30,200 per capita). Unemployment rate in 2002 - 2.8%.

In 2003, economic roses resumed, inflation was reduced from 5% to 2% and before the crisis of 2008, economic indicators grew against the background of lowering unemployment and enhancing social security.

The deterioration of the global financial situation throughout 2008 led to a sharp drop in the crown course in relation to other major currencies. Foreign positions of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets more than 10 times exceeded the country's GDP, became unstable. The three largest bank of Iceland collapsed at the end of 2008.

The country took more than $ 10 billion credits from the IMF and other countries to stabilize their currency and the financial sector.

GDP fell by 6.8% in 2009, and the unemployment rate reached a maximum at 9.4% in February 2009.

GDP increased by 2.7% in 2012, and unemployment rate decreased to 5.6%.

Since the collapse of the financial sector of Iceland, steel economic priorities were: stabilization of the crown, the implementation of control over the movement of capital, reducing the budget deficit, restructing inflation, restructuring the financial sector and diversifying the economy.

Iceland began negotiations on EU joining in July 2010.

Agriculture.

The processed lands occupy less than 1% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe country in agriculture are occupied by only 5% of the amateur population. There is OK in the country. 6 thousand farms, 80% from them belong to individuals. The main branch of animal husbandry is sheep (450 thousand in 1996); Maranina is the main meat food in Iceland, as well as the export subject, along with the wool and sheep skins. There are also significant cattle livestocks (73 thousand) and poultry (350 thousand), diluted goats, pigs, black and brown foxes, mink and pony.

On farms are manufactured by hay, grow potatoes, turnips, cabbage and other vegetables. On the basis of geothermal sources, greenhouse economy is developing (cucumbers, tomatoes, other vegetables, flowers, bananas, etc.). The state pays significant subsidies to farmers.

Fisheries and fish processing.

This industry provides a job of 12% of the population and 70% of the export receipts of the country. The main fishing facilities are a cod (in the waters of the southwestern coast from January to May), herring (near the northern coast from June to September), etc. In connection with the decrease in the catch of herring and cod and the reduction of fish resources of the North Atlantic in recent years, the meaning of the washing and sides increased. Fish catch in 1996 amounted to 2 thousand tons.

Motor boats with trawl are widely used in fishing. Cod is processed, first of all, in Reykjavik; Herring is solid and processed in fish oil and fish flour in Siglufydure and other cities on the northern coast.

In 1989, under pressure from the international community and, under the threat of a boycott of Icelandic goods, Iceland agreed to join the moratorium on the whale fishery. In the mid-1990s, the government approved the resumption of whaling fishery in a limited scale.

Manufacturing industry.

The industry began to develop only after World War II. Currently, it employs about a third of the population. The mining industry is practically absent (not counting the small development of brown coal, pumice and Icelandic spam). Since the late 1960s, aluminum is carried out from imported raw materials (aluminum dioxide); The resulting metal is exported. The main industrial industry is the processing of fish, the manufacture of fillet and fresh frozen fish. There are shipyards and ship repair companies serving fishing fleet. Prepared dress, shoes, metal products, electrical equipment, furniture and building materials. Mineral fertilizer factory (near Reykjavik), cement plant (in Akranes). Since 1979, the production of ferocremia (iron and silicon alloy) has been established.

International trade.

For foreign trade, a negative balance was characterized to recently, since Iceland did not have significant natural resources and depended on the importation of petroleum products and food. Currently, this trend was reversed. In 2002, the cost of exports reached $ 2.3 billion, and imports - $ 2.1 billion.

The main export product is fish and fish products (70%). Agricultural products, aluminum, diatomitis, ferocremines are also exported. Main Partners: Germany (18%), United Kingdom (17.5%), Netherlands (11%), USA (11%), Spain (5%), Denmark (5%), Portugal (4%), Norway (4 %).

In Iceland, machines and equipment, petroleum products, food, textiles, etc. are imported. Main partners: USA (11%), Germany (11%), Denmark (8.5%), Norway (85), United Kingdom (7.5%), Netherlands (6%), Sweden (6%).

Energy.

Iceland has great hydroenergy reserves. Potential hydropower generation is estimated at 80 billion kWh per year. Currently, only 6% of hydroenenergoresours are used. In addition, there is a huge geothermal energy potential, which is widely used in public utilities and greenhouse farms. Over half of the needs of Iceland in energy satisfied due to the import of oil. Previously, oil came from the USSR, now mainly from Great Britain and Norway. Of the total reserves of technologically available resources, only 70% is advisable to exploit financial considerations. Energy production in 1994 amounted to 5 billion kW, of which hydropower accounted for 95%. At the end of the 20th century Energy consumption in Iceland increased annually by an average of 7%. Approximately half of the generated energy consumed energy-intensive industries. A third of the power consumption was satisfied due to imported fuel. Even with a higher level of development of the country's energy, the fishing fleet will remain the main consumer of imported oil.

Transport.

Motor transport.

There are no railways in Iceland, but there is an extensive network of roads with a total length of 12,955 km. There is a regular bus service between many cities and towns. Many families have cars. Already 1996 there were 125 thousand cars in the country, that is, one on every two inhabitants.

Sea transport.

The total displacement of commercial ships is 192 thousand tons. There are three large companies in the country - Icelandic shipping, state shipping and cooperative shipping. Steamboats and motor vessels regularly run between coastal cities and towns. A marine message is supported with USA, Great Britain, Germany, Denmark and Norway.

Air Transport.

For modern Iceland, the rapid development of the air traffic is characteristic. There were two main airlines in the country. "Fugugfelag Icelands" served internal flights and tied Iceland with the UK, Scandinavian countries and mainland Europe. Loftladir made flights to the United States, Scandinavian countries, Great Britain and Luxembourg. In 1979, both companies merged, forming the company "Flyugleydir", or "Icelander". There are two international airports - Reykjavik and Keblama. The latter is used jointly in Iceland and the United States.

In the country in 2012 there were 99 airfields, in. TCD On 6 of them, running strips with solid coating.

Banking and finance.

The monetary unit of Iceland is krone, equal to 100 Eiriram. After the Second World War, the gradual devaluation of the crown took place, which was accompanied by a rapid increase in inflation. In 1967, after the devaluation of the English pound of sterling, a rate of 57 kroons was set to $ 1. In 1979, the course of the Icelandic Crown fell strongly - up to 352 crowns to the dollar. In the late 1990s, he stabilized at 70 crowns to the dollar.

The banking crisis in Iceland acted eight large commercial banks - national, central, fishing, agricultural, industrial, shopping, cooperative and folk. Their main offices are in Reykjavik, but numerous departments are dispersed throughout the country. In addition, in all districts there are savings banks.

The state budget.

The main sources of government revenues are taxes, customs duties and other payments. The state receives significant income from commercial enterprises with which it disposes, for example, from postal, telephone and telegraph communications, coastal shipping, as well as a number of monopolies (selling alcoholic beverages and tobacco products). In addition to ordinary government spending, the Government of Iceland spends funds for the content of artists and writers and subsidizing agriculture and various industrial industries. Revenues in 2002 amounted to $ 3.5 billion, costs - $ 3.3 billion. External debt amounted to $ 2.6 billion in 1999.

Standard of living.

After independence, Iceland's economy has increased significantly, the lifetime of the population increased. In this regard, Iceland was ahead of other Scandinavian countries and became one of the richest countries of the world. In 2001, 197 thousand telephone lines operated in the country, the number of mobile phones exceeded 248 thousand in 2002 more than 220 thousand Icelanders used the Internet.

Housing construction.

Modern Icelanders live in strong spacious houses with a well-established heating system that are the best in the world. In ancient times, farm and some city houses were built from peat, but they were actually left. Until recently the main building material It was a tree, and now it is usually a stone and concrete. Due to the rapid growth of the population, especially in the Reykjavik area, there was a need to introduce state housing programs, and many new houses were built in the capital and its surrounding area.

Health.

In Iceland, great attention is paid to health care. There are a large lifespan (76 years for men and 81 years old for women in early 1997) and a very low baby mortality (approx. 5.3 per 1000 newborns). The country is divided into 50 medical districts. 25 hospitals are functioning, which provide medical care, including operational, at the highest level. There was a tuberculosis with a genuine beach in Iceland, he is currently practically eradicated. There are two sanatorium and one superbly equipped rehabilitation center, which previously intended for patients with tuberculosis, and then were reprocessed. In Reykjavik there is a psychiatric clinic.

SOCIETY

The structure of society.

There are practically no poor and class bundle in the country less pronounced than in many other countries. Increased welfare was accompanied by an increase in economic and social security and equality.

Icelanders almost always appeal to each other only by name. Accordingly, in all telephone and other reference books indicate names in alphabetical order. The reason is that very few in Iceland have surnames. Children's middle name is given by the name of the Father with the end of -Son (Son) for boys and -dóttir (daughter) for girls. Thus, the father and son may have the same patience, if the father and grandfather had the same name.

Icelanders show great interest in genealogy. According to sagas and old documents, it is possible to trace the pedigree many residents up to the time of the country's initial settlement, as well as to establish complex related links.

Working movement.

Trade unions play an important role in the economic life of Iceland. The first trade union was organized in 1887, and the Association of Trade Unions in 1916. Radical Parties received great support from trade union members. The Employers Association was created in 1934.

Cooperative movement.

In Iceland, as well as in other Scandinavian countries, a cooperative movement is strongly developed, ascending to 1882. In all communities, cooperatives were created, which covered 1/5 of the population. However, due to economic difficulties, the cooperative movement went on declining and in the 1990s, essentially broke up.

Religion.

In Iceland, the dominant Gospel Lutheran Church is supported by the state. At the same time, freedom of religion is provided. Iceland is one major diocese with a bishop residence in Reykjavik, consisting of about 300 parishes.

Social Security.

Iceland is a state of universal well-being in which social programs are widely apply. Disease insurance events and in disability, and in 1936, an expanded social insurance program for illness and accidents, unemployment benefits, for children, elderly and disabled, was approved in 1936. The program applies to all Iceland citizens.

Culture

Iceland is different high levels development of culture due to long-standing literary traditions, high standard Education and the great interest of the entire population of the country to books and reading.

Popular education.

The very first schools in Iceland were organized in the residences of the bishops in Scaul Cholte and Howelare. From Scaulcholt, the school was translated into Reykjavik in 1784. Monasteries were also engaged in the Middle Ages, and at a later time, priests during visits to houses and peasant farms. Presumably already by 1800 all Icelanders were able to read and write.

Training in public schools is mandatory and free for all children aged 6 to 15 years. High school graduated from high school is provided to continue four-year college training or professional school. The oldest college was established in Reykjavik in 1846.

After graduating from colleges and some schools, you can enter the Icelandic University, founded in 1911. However, before that, in Reykjavik, there were separate faculties - theological (from 1847), medical (since 1876) and legal (from 1908). In addition to these specialties, at the university you can get an education in the field of economics and management, on humanitarian sciences (literature, literary criticism, history and philosophy), polytechnic, in natural and social sciences. The term of study in most cases is from 3 to 5 years. In Akureyri opened new University; In addition, there are several small colleges that give education at the university level.

According to some specialties, Icelandic students have to continue learning abroad, and the government allocates significant funds for this. 5.7 thousand students study at Iceland University; Another 2.2 thousand is completed in other countries.

Professional schools.

In Iceland there are a number professional schools, for example, pedagogical, commercial, nautical (prepares captains of the merchant fleet), artistic and craft, polytechnic and medical in Reykjavik. In other parts of the country, a network of technical, agricultural and music schools is developed, as well as schools of housekeeping. All educational institutions receive subsidies from federal and municipal authorities; Training is mostly free.

Libraries.

The National Library in Reykjavik, the largest in the country, has a foundation in about 340 thousand units, in addition to 13 thousand ancient Icelandic manuscripts. According to the size of the funds, the library of Icelandic University and the municipal library in Reykjavik are also highlighted. In all other other cities and villages there are public libraries, and in rural areas - small libraries and reading. All libraries are usually subsidized by the state.

The science.

In Iceland, studies are developed in humanitarian areas - stories, linguistics and literary criticism. Among historians of the 19th century The State Worker of Justa Sigurdsson (1811-1879) should be noted (1811-1879), then Bjarne M. Tolsen (1850-1919) and many others. From literary crituals 20 V. Sigurdur Nordal (1886-1974) and Just Nelgason (1899-1986) are distinguished. Natural science observations were conducted for many centuries, but studies widely unfolded only in the second half of the 20th century. Bjørn Gunnleugsson (1788-1876) was the first accurate cards of Iceland, having a geodesic rationale. In the second half of the 19th century. Torvaldur Toroddsen (1855-1921) studied and scholarsted deserted inland areas of the country. Currently, Iceland University has several outstanding scientists who enjoy international recognition.

Literature.

The bright literary traditions of Icelanders are torn to the first centuries after the country's settlement in the early Middle Ages. The initial stage was characterized by the poetry of scaldov, the poetic works were composed of Icelandic poets, many of which they consisted of the courtyards of the Kings of Norway. At that time it was written Older(or Song) Edda(1222-1225), collection of ancient and heroic songs. At the end of the 12th century And for 13 V. Most of the Icelandic Saga was created. It was the golden age of Icelandic literature. Writings Samunda Sigfusson on nicknamed wise (1056-1133), in particular his Book about Icelandian, served as an incentive for the activities of the famous Icelandic historian and poet Snorry Sturlson (1178-1241), author Sague about the Norwegian kings. He was also compiler Junior (or Prosaic) EDDA which was a guide for scaldes (i.e. poetry textbook) and the treatise on the pagan mythology of Icelanders.

After the 1300, the most popular literary genre becomes the ballad, and the essay of narrative poems (Rímur) continued to our days. Icelandic literature has experienced a long decline and then the next rise when the author of Hydlgrimur Pietursson hymnov (1614-1674) and the poet Naturalist Eggert Olafsson (1726-1768). At 19 in. She passed through the romantic and realistic periods. Among romantics, the poets of Baryni Torarensen are allocated (1786-1841), Jounas Hadlgrimsson (1807-1845) and Matthias Johhumsson (1835-1920), and among realists who appeared in the second half of the century, the most famous Einar H. Kvararan (1850-1938).

From the beginning of the 20th century The number of recognized poets, playwrights and prosaikov increased. Einar Benedictson (1864-1940), Torstain Erlingsson (1859-1914) and Hannes Hafstein (1861-1922) were the leading poets of the beginning of the century and a little more early period. David Stefhantsson (1895-1964) and Tumasov Gudmundsson appeared later (1901-1983). Gunnar Gunnarson (1889-1975), one of the most famous modern Icelandic writers, has lived in Denmark for many years, and a number of his best novels was written and first published in Danish. Similarly, another prominent writer Kristman Gudmundsson (1901-1983) lived in Norway for a long time and issued a number of his works in Norwegian. Jojan Siguriousson's playwright (1880-1919) created his works not only in Icelandic, but also in Danish. One of the greatest Icelandic poets Stephen G. Sustafenson (1853-1927) spent almost all his life in Canada, but wrote in Icelandic. His poems are considered unsurpassed masterpieces of Icelandic poetry.

From Writers 20 V. Three deserve special mention. Goodmundur G. Gagalin (1898-1985) is a well-known author of novels and leads. Turbergur Turdarson (1889-1974) is a poet and sketch, who possessed a satirical gift. An outstanding place in modern Icelandic literature occupies Hadldora Kilian Lakesnes (1902-1998), author of novels, leads, essays and poems, laureate of the Nobel Prize in literature 1955.

Art.

In medieval Iceland, the most common types of art were wood carving, the manufacture of silver jewelry and stone sculptures for decorating churches. Folk creativity has received an expression in wooden carvings, decorative fabrics and silver jewelry.

Painting.

The first modern Icelandic artists were Sigurdour Gudmundsson (1833-1874) and Toraine Torlaux (1867-1924). Sigurdour Gudmundsson in 1863 founded the National Museum in Reykjavik. The first outstanding and widely recognized Icelandic painter was Ausegrimur Junsson (1876-1958), who experienced the influence of impressionism. The best expressionist artists - Just Stefunsson (1881-1962), also stands out, Johunness S. Cyarwal (1885-1972). Among other well-known painters - Gunnleugur Scheverg (1904-1972), Torvaldur Skulason (1906-1984) and Swarva Gudnason (1909-1988).

Sculpture.

Einar Younsson (1874-1954) was the first Icelandic sculptor who received international recognition. His works are decorated with streets and Reykjavik Square. Created Museum of Einar Jounson, which has a collection of originals and copies of his work. Among the sculptors of the 20th century. Ausemundur Svainsson (1893-1982) and Siguriown Olafsson (1908-1982). Ricardur Jounson (1888-1972) became famous for his wooden carved sculptures and portraits.

Architecture

– relatively new kind of art in Iceland. Over the past decades of the 20th century. A variety of modern structures were created, mainly from reinforced concrete. A significant part of monumental buildings and churches in the capital and other localities designed architect Guliown Samuelsson (1887-1950).

Music.

Folk music in Iceland has an old tradition, song tvísöngur melodies go back to 1000. Subsequently folk art Basically manifested in church choral music. At 19 in. The leading composer was Sneinbørn Schunbjörnson (1847-1927), author of the national anthem. Sigfus Einerson (1877-1939) was one of the prominent figures of the Icelandic musical culture of the beginning of the 20th century. Among the later composers, Paul Isolfson (1897-1974) and especially Joune Leifs (1899-1968), who tried to create special Icelandic national music based on old folk melodies. In 1925, Reykjavik orchestra was organized. Operas appear in the repertoire of the National Theater from time to time, and a number of Icelandic opera singers are greatly successful abroad. In 1980, Icelandic opera was created.

Theatre.

The very first theatrical performances in Iceland were executed by Latin school students in Reykjavik at the 18th century. At 19 in. Interest in the theater stimulated Ingridi Einerson (1851-1939), who wrote a series of plays. Reykjavik theater society, founded in 1897, for many years was the center of dramatic art in Iceland. At the beginning of the 20th century The plays for the Icelandic Theater were composed of two talented playwrights - Johuan Sigurensson and Goodmundur Camban (1888-1945), the works of the latter were translated and put on theatrical scenes in other Scandinavian countries. The Icelandic Theater entered into a new era of development in 1950, when the National Theater was opened in Reykjavik. On the scenes of national and urban theaters each year they put new performances. Small theaters are available in Akureyri and some other cities.

Media.

In Iceland, there are many publishers who annually produce approx. 400 books and magazines. The first magazines appeared at the end of the 18th century, and the first newspaper - in 1848. 35 newspapers are published in the country, most of them come out once - twice a week. Of the five daily newspapers, Morgunbladdid has the greatest circulation, a batch of independence.

In Iceland, only one radio station, in Reykjavik, and three relay stations. Radio receivers are available in every home. The television has begun since 1966. In addition to state television, the transfer leads a television station on the American military base in Keblamka.

Sport.

Traditional sport - National struggle Glíma . Each of the two stuck wrestlers holds over the rival belt and seeks to raise and sow the other, while allowed to apply intricate steps and other techniques. Swimming has always been a popular sport, a network of swimming pools has been created in the country, where water is supplied from thermal sources. Often are arranged contests in horseback riding. Football is very popular, competitions are regularly held from spring to autumn. Handball and basketball are very popular, recently develop orienteering and tourism. In winter, almost the entire population of the country is engaged in skiing and skating.

Special mention deserve bridge and chess. Icelandic players succeed in these games at international competitions.

HISTORY

Settlement of Iceland.

When the first people joined the land of Iceland, unknown. It is believed that the inhabitants of Scotland and Ireland visited the island for another 3 century. AD Later here were and at times Irish monks lived. In the middle of the 8th century Norwegian Viking Nadon, floating on the Faroe Islands, was carried out by storm to the Icelandic shores, landed on them and spent the summer on Earth, named after him, "Snow Earth"). Abundant winter snowfalls forced Nadon to leave the island. At about the same time, the Swedish navigator Gardar Welshon was visited in Iceland, whose ship went to Hebrid Islands. After overlooking the island, he called him his name - Garsarsholmen. News on these first discoveries spread among the Vikings. In 865 in Iceland, Norwegian Flüca Wilheldarssson, who liked the juicy meadows and a river rich in fish was landed. However, cold winter and spring disappointed him. Viking gave the island name Iceland ("Ice Earth"). Having spent another harsh winter on it, Fluki returned to Norway.

In the 870s from Norway, the flight of residents, dissatisfied with the creation of one royal power Head of Harald Beautiful (872-933). Full families left the heavy hand of the king in Sweden, Denmark, the Faroe and Shetland Islands. Refugees remembered Iceland.

Summer brothers Ingoulvyur Arnarson and Herlev Holdmarson sailed in Iceland alone. The island liked it. Returning to Norway, they took the necessary number of people to organize settlements and went again to Iceland. On the way they were divided. Ingoulvyur landed in the area of \u200b\u200bCape, who received his name, and about 874 founded in Reykjavik ("Gulf of Smoky") a village, which later became the capital of the island. Hyerlav landed in another place on the southern coast. Soon he was killed by the Irish slaves, then fled to the island south of Iceland.

An example of ingoulvyra followed thousands of people throughout Norway. Many wealthy and influential childbirth went to Iceland with families, slaves and pets. It is believed that the total number of arrives at the island reached 20-30 thousand people. About 85% of the immigrants made up of immigrants from Norway, the rest arrived from Sweden, Denmark, Faroe, Shetland and Orkney, Britain and Ireland. Suites from the British Islands brought with them a Celtic ethnic element; The type of high brunettes is still found among the Irish.

Arrived, as described in ancient Book of Zaimki Land (12th century), captured large areas of the Earth and distributed them to their associates. By 930, the resettlement was mainly over.

Ancient Society.

Icelanders were mainly engaged in fishing and cattle breeding, the land was small for agriculture. The life of immigrants was organized on the basis of the generic community, the state power on the island was absent. The main form of the settlement was the farm or the yard-manor, from where the land was distributed in exchange for oath to other peasants. The owners of the estates - "suitable" - the local court peaked, headed the militia and performed religious functions. At 10 c. We gradually formed territorial communities, which decided all the issues on the total sessions - Tingles. In Iceland, there were 36, then 39 territorial-generic communities. In an effort to coordinate life on the island, the inhabitants decided to use the experience of neighboring countries. In Norway, Ulfyöter was sent to the study of its laws. Another Icelandets Grimur was sent for searching for the venue of the All-Excore Assembly - "Universal Ting", or Alting. This body was called upon to resolve conflicts, to endure sentences and publish laws. Approximately 40 km from Reykjavik Grimur found a comfortable lava valley, which was given by the name of Tingvell. Here at 930 gathered the first Icelandic alttention.

Alting meetings used great authority among Icelanders, and Tingvelli was considered a sacred place. At the end of June, almost all adult population of the island was glazed there. Wealthy "suitable" rode accompanied by a suite; They were the greatest impact on the outline. Every community leader, speaking on Alting, had two advisers from their representatives. The departments of the departure was a speaker who was confronted for a three-year term. He had to know the laws, follow their observance, as well as if necessary to interpret them. With the analysis of conflicts, the court of Alting established the guilt, but the sentence ended the speaker. In 1005, a special supreme court system was introduced.

During the periods of the meetings of Alting, the Dolina also became a place of popular entertainment, sports competitions (races, struggle, etc.), speeches of scalding poets. On the island there was a kind of peasant republic. According to Alting, Christianity was introduced in 1,000 in Iceland, but the church could not have been able to acquire the same influence as in other European countries. The churches were constructed by community leaders and depended on them, dependence on Rome was minimal. Only in 1096, Iceland's bishops were able to introduce tithing. But even the 13th century. And later Icelanders continued to sing and record the heroic pagan saga ( EDDU etc.).

Residents of Iceland made swimming west. In 986 Icelander, Eica Redhead reached Greenland, where the Viking settlement was founded. In 1000 Leif Ericsson landed in North America.

Under the rule of the Norwegian kings.

At 12 in. The concentration of power and property in the hands of leading childbirth (3 families) and the church were distinguished. Began civilians. Representatives of the clan of Sturlung were an active role in political struggle - the Sigbacht Brothers, Toradur and Sonya Sturlson and the nephews of Sturla Sigweatsson and Sturla Tundarson. Iceland Iceland became weakened from the supply of bread from Norway in 1262-1264 easy mining of the Norwegian king. It was included in the Kingdom of Norway and was supposed to pay Casta. The monarchs of Hokon Hokonsson (1217-1263) and Magnus promised to comply with Icelandic laws and ensure delivery to the island of foreign goods annually on six merchant ships. However, these promises were shortly forgotten. The altting has lost its meaning. In 1271-1281 a new set of laws was adopted, and local leaders were replaced by royal officials. After in 1294, the Norwegian Crown banned trade relations with abroad, trade in the first half of the 14th century. Fully passed into the hands of Norwegians. In 1387-1390 Iceland passed along with Norway under the authority of Denmark.

Period of Danish domination.

Danish authorities have canceled the last remnants of the real self-government of the island, and the officials sent from Copenhagen taxed the population with heavy serves and insights. The best lands were announced by the property of the Danish king. The altting has retained only the deliberative features.

In 14-15 centuries. The position of the country has significantly complicated due to volcanic eruptions and climate cooling. The number of suitable pastures and the livestock of sheep decreased. In 1402-1404, two thirds of the population of Iceland died from epidemics of plague and other diseases.

To the middle of the 14th century. Iceland began to export fishery and fish oil in large volumes. At 15 in. Farmers began to move from the inland areas to the coasts and engage in fisheries. Fish bought British and German merchants. But the Danish Crown viewed them as dangerous competitors and from the 16th century. I reinforced all sorts of obstacles. From 1542 merchants forbade wintering in Iceland, and in 1602 the royal decree appeared, which completely forbidden foreigners to trade with an island. The monopoly on it passed to the Danish king, who passed the right to conduct operations to the merchants of Copenhagen, Malmo and Helsingør.

Danish merchants divided Iceland to shopping districts, did not allow residents to sell or buy goods outside their districts. For violation, a prison opinion or a large fine was relying. Danish merchants dictated to the population of overwhelmed, monopoly prices and often imported alcoholic beverages instead of bread, condemned Iceland for hunger. Fisheries came into decline. Later, the king generally banned Icelanders to catch fish. He began to universal decline.

The Icelandic Church remained the last hearth resistance to the royal arbitrariness. But it was finished with her during the reformation. In 1550, the last Catholic bishop Joune Arason was shifted, and Iceland passed under the control of the Danish Lutheran church led by the king.

Especially catastrophic for Icelandians were 17 and 18 centuries. The island suffered from natural disasters, long and frosty winters, raids of the Dutch and Algerian pirates. Lacked bread and potatoes. Many died of hunger, whole parishes became poor. In 1707 and 1709, a third of the population died from black smallpox. In 1760 and 1769, an epidemic of sheep broke out. Finally, in 1783-1784, the catastrophic eruption of the volcano varnish and earthquake followed: the fifth of the population was killed, almost all horses, sheep and cattle. Even a plan for the relocation of the inhabitants of the island in Jutandia was put forward, but Icelanders refused.

The hardest position of the island forced the Danish authorities to spend some reforms. The governor was first appointed Icelandes Skula Magnussen, who contributed to the economic development of the country and organized a number of fisheries in Iceland. From the middle of the 18th century There were trends towards improving the state of the wool industry, agriculture and fisheries. In 1770, several mills for grinding grain were built on the island. In 1786, all subjects of the Danish-Norwegian kingdom have received the right to trade in Iceland, and this weakening of the trading monopoly has favorably affected the further economic development. The standard of living of the population and its number began to grow.

The struggle for the independence of Iceland.

The participation of Denmark in Napoleonic wars caused toughening her relationship to his overseas ownership. Against the background of the weakening of trade relations with the metropolis and lack of goods, the Danish authorities in 1800 finally abolished the alttention, replacing it with the Supreme Court in Reykjavik. In 1808, they eliminated the right of Icelandic rural communities on self-government. In 1809, an uprising occurred on the island: Georg Yurgensen declared himself with the "defender and ruler of Iceland", but was arrested by the British. The Kiel Treatment 1814 and the decisions of the Vienna Congress 1815 approved the Department of Norway from Denmark while maintaining Iceland under Danish dominion. The discontent of Icelanders caused high customs duties that prevented foreigners to import goods to Iceland. Independence slogans appeared, which spread among the intelligentsia - immigrants from the farm layers.

After the revolution, 1830 in France there was a movement for the restoration of Icelandic alternation. He was headed by Balvin Einerson, Thomas Semundsson and a prominent poet Jonas Khatlgrimsson. Around 1840, Jon Sigurdsson, who demanded the provision of full legislative authorities and control over Icelandic finances, the full elimination of all trade restrictions and improvement of the education system. He headed the movement of Icelanders for independence.

In 1843, the alternation was restored. In 1845 he was able to finally gather at the meeting, but received only advisory rights. Sigurdsson demanded the adoption of a separate Constitution for Iceland, which, according to the Danish Constitution 1851, was officially announced part of Denmark. In 1855, the authorities introduced freedom of printing in Iceland, and from 1859 they began to issue laws relating to the island in Icelandic.

In the 1870s, a series of political reforms was followed. From 1872 local self-government issues were transferred by elected communities. In 1874, on the occasion of the 1000th anniversary of the settlement, Iceland visited the Danish king. He provided its constitution to the island. From now on, the altint has received legislative rights that he had to share with the monarch that preserves the right of veto, as well as control over finance. The post of Minister for Icelandic Affairs was introduced, but he was a Dane, was in Copenhagen and carried out responsibility to the Danish Parliament.

In 1854, a trade monopoly was finally abolished. In the second half of the 19th century. The process of creating a large cattle breeding farms and fishing enterprises has unfolded. The eruption of the Askya volcano in 1875 caused a heavy blow to the country's economy and caused strong hunger. In the next quarter of a century, 20% of the population of the island emigrated, mainly to Canada and the United States.

After occurrence in 1882 the first cooperative, numerous fishing cooperatives and sales cooperatives appeared. In 1885, the State Bank of Iceland was established. Economic gain contributed to the growth of political claims of Icelandic leaders. At the end of the 19th century The country appeared in the country - the domestic union. There were also the first trade unions (the Union of Protnikov in 1896).

In 1904 Icelandic bank was founded. In 1905, a commercial school has opened. In 1906, a telephone and telegraph message was established between Reykjavik and Copenhagen, and killed 1912 in the country. In 1914, Icelandic shipping company was founded. Fast rates developed foreign trade. In 1911, a university was created in the country.

In 1903, the Liberal Government of Denmark expanded the autonomy of Iceland. The post of Minister for Icelandic Affairs was introduced. He had to own Icelandic, live in Reykjavik and be responsible for the alttention. The first minister became Hafe Hafstein. A great impression on Icelanders produced a 1905 revolution in Russia and the termination of Swedish-Norwegian Ulya in 1907. In 1907, the participants demanded to turn the Danish-Icelandic relations at the Narland Assembly in Tingvedal. The Danish king was forced to publish a decree on creating a bilateral parliamentary commission to develop proposals for the constitutional status of Iceland. The Commission has developed a project to turn both countries into independent states. But he did not give full clarity regarding the independence of Iceland and in 1909 was rejected by the Icelandic side. The altint demanded that relations with Denmark were built on the basis of personal union: the Danish monarch remained the head of the Icelandic state, in the rest of Iceland became completely independent. In 1913, the Icelandic flag was adopted. During the First World War, a port was built in Reykjavik. In 1917, instead of one Minister Iceland received the actual government as part of three ministers.

Independent state.

In 1918, Denmark went to the creation of a new joint commission for negotiations on the relationship between countries. In accordance with the prisoners, as a result of the Union Agreement, which received the approval of Alting and on a nationwide referendum, December 1, 1918 Iceland became an independent state in Personal Union with Denmark. Both countries had a common king. The Danish government received the right to lead foreign affairs of Iceland, although the Icelandic side could send abroad and its own diplomatic representatives. Iceland began typing my own money. After 1940, the parliaments of both countries could require a revision of the Union Treaty at any time and in the event that within three years it will not be possible to conclude a new agreement to abolish the Ulya. Iceland proclaimed himself by a constantly neutral state, which in 1919 was notified by the League of Nations.

In 1920, a constitution was adopted, according to which the legislature belonged to two-challenged alternation. The Government of Iceland was prescribed by the king, but was fully responsible before the alttention. International treaties required the mandatory preliminary approval of the Icelandic Parliament.

On the political scene of independent Iceland, several main parties fought. Conservative circles united in the domestic batch, and Liberals - in the 1907 Party of Independence, called the Liberal Party, created in 1907. In 1929, liberals and conservatives merged into a single batch of independence (PN). These forces were in power until 1927 (the government of Y. Magnusson, S.GGGGERS, Y.Torlakson). In 1916, a progressive party (PP) was created on the initiative of leaders of the cooperative and farm movement. She headed government offices in 1927-1942 (Governments T.Torkalsson, A. Ausheirssson, H. Jowansson and Y. Rownasson). On the basis of the union of trade unions in 1916, the Social Democratic Party (SDP) originated, which in 1934-1938 entered the coalition led by PP. In 1930, the SDP separated the Communist Party, which in 1938 united with the left Social Democrats into the Unified Socialist Party of Iceland (EUI).

During the First World War and immediately after it there was a rapid growth of exports of fish and fish products. Permanent trade connections of Iceland with other countries were established. New industries developed, built at home, roads. There was a flourishing of culture. The entire appearance of the country has changed. The global economic crisis of the early 1930s slowed down the development of the economy of Iceland. Foreign trade was seriously injured, unemployment increased. But by the end of the 1930s, the country recovered from financial and economic shocks. The fleet has grown, the foundations of the large industry were created.

In 1939-1942, Iceland managed a "big coalition" led by Hermann Iounasson. The government included representatives of PP, PN and SPPI. After in April 1940, Denmark was occupied by Germanic troops, Iceland turned out to be actually cut from the continent. The king could not fulfill the responsibilities of the head of the Icelandic state and these functions were assigned to the regent of Swinsson.

May 10, 1940 in Iceland, who did not have its own army, landed British troops. Officially, this step was motivated by the desire to prevent the German Occupation; The United Kingdom promised to respect the sovereignty of Iceland and bring troops at the end of the war. Neutral Iceland protested in connection with British actions, but was forced to take the real state of affairs .. Located in Northern Atlantic, on the way between England and America, the island was important to ensure the safety of communications between these countries, including the transport of military cargo. In July 1941, with the consent of Great Britain and the Icelandic government, the British parts were replaced by American. US President Franklin Roosevelt in his appeal to the government and the people of Iceland described the country's occupation as "temporary" and gave assurance that immediately at the end of the war all American forces will be withdrawn. The United States also guaranteed non-interference in the internal affairs of Iceland.

During World War II, Icelandic exports to the European continent almost ceased, not counting the small export of salt fish to Spain and Portugal. Up to 90% of the export of exports of the country's fish products was now on the UK.

Politically, Iceland quickly went to complete independence. In 1941, the allest decided to refuse to extend the contract with Denmark. In 1942, the government came to power headed by the leader of Mon Olafur Torso, and then - the "government of officials" B.Turnarson. In December 1943, the term of the Danish-Icelandic Treaty of Unia has expired. Only APPI acted for negotiations with Denmark at the end of the war, the remaining political parties of the country spoke for the gap of Ulya and the establishment of the republican system. On May 20-23, 1944, a nationwide referendum was held, and 97% of participants voted for termination of UNNI and the proclamation of the republic. June 17, 1944, on the birthday of Jona Sigurdsson, a mass rally took place in the Tingvell Valley. From the cliff laws was proclaimed Icelandic Republic.

Republic of Iceland.

The first president of the country was elected the former Regent S. Byurnson (he remained the head of the state until 1952, after which the presidency was held in 1952-1968 Ausheyr Ausheirson). The coalition government with the participation of Mon, SPPI and the Unified Socialist Party (EUI) was headed by Others. The basis of the unusual coalition was a common interest in industrialization and peaceful foreign policy. During the war years, Iceland has accumulated significant stocks of foreign currency, but its industrial export opportunities remained limited, and the conjuncture is unstable. Post-war inflation led to the fact that the accumulated reserves began to raise quickly. Foreign currency leakage led to a number of rigid savings measures, including the temporary introduction of the card system. In the first post-war years, a significant number of Icelandic fish products bought the USSR (it accounted for more than half of Icelandic exports).

Despite the end of the Second World War, the United States offered Iceland to surrender three military bases into the long-term rental, including the airfield in Keblamka. Protest speeches, headed by EUI, prompted the government to reject this proposal. At the end of 1946, the country's leaders agreed with the United States to provide rental on Keblanvik for a period of 5 years in exchange for the conclusion from the island of all American military and sea forces. In protest against this concession, Iceland left this concession. The government of Stefan Johanna Stefunsson was coming to power as part of the SDPE, Mon and Progressive Party (1947-1949), which was replaced by the Cabinet of the Leader Mon O.Truce (1949-1950). In an attempt to solve economic problems, the country joined the Marshall Plan and entered into an economic agreement with the United States (1948). In 1949, Icelandic alttention ratified the accession of the country to NATO, although he promised that in peacetime, foreign troops would not be located on the island. March 30, 1949 in Reykjavik occurred fierce street clashes between NATO opponents and the police; There were wounded. Parliamentary elections 1949 brought some success to opponents of extending an agreement with the United States.

In 1950-1953, the coalition government of PP and PN led by the progressist Steinrimur Stajnatorsson was in power. With it, the Icelandic Crown was secondaryly devalued, the remains of normalization of scarce goods were canceled, the main restrictions on the trade in Iceland with others were removed. western countries. Farmers were granted benefits. But the financial situation of workers and employees has deteriorated due to the growth of the cost of life and high unemployment, which caused numerous strikes. The largest of them became a strike of 10 thousand workers in May 1951 and a three-week universal strike in the capital in December 1952.

In May 1951, an American landing of 5 thousand people was planted in Iceland. An agreement with the United States on the conditions of staying NATO forces on the island was made public. EUPI and a new batch of Nation Protection, which demanded the exit from NATO and the withdrawal of foreign troops. At the parliamentary elections of 1953, 22% of votes and 9 out of 52 seats received the parliamentary elections. However, the ruling coalition remained in power. The government headed the leader of Mon Others (1953-1956). It was forced to negotiate with the United States on the revision of the agreement 1951. The new agreement 1954 significantly limited the freedom of movement of American servicemen in Iceland and strengthened the control of the Icelandic authorities for the use of Icelanders in the American military base.

The loss ratio of imported and export prices at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s dramatically worsened the economic situation of Iceland. By the beginning of the 1950s, the origin of the "Cod Wars" between Iceland and other states belongs. In 1952, the Icelandic government banned foreign fishing vessels in Icelandic bays and bays; The border of the fishing area was moved from 4.8 to 6.4 km. from the shore. In response, United Kingdom banned for several years sales of Icelandic fresh fish. In 1952-1956, Icelandic fish farms were forbidden to enter British ports. In 1953, the USSR concluded an agreement with Iceland on trade and payments, and in 1955 he became the largest buyer of Icelandic goods, bypassing the United States (30% of Icelandic fish exports went to the USSR). By the mid-1950s, the country managed to achieve the economic level of 1947 again, and then surpass it. In 1955-1962, the national product grew to more than 4% per year. By 1960, 35% of the working-age population was employed in industry and construction, and in fisheries and agriculture - 23%.

In the 1956 elections, the opponents of the stay of foreign troops on the territory of Iceland were defeated. The Left Centerrist Government of H.Ionasson was coming to power with the participation of PP, SPPI and the Poland Union, headed by EUI (1956-1958). The new office introduced state control over the activities of the largest exporters of fish products, introduced representatives of political parties to the Board of private banks, established a large property tax that accounted for up to 25%, and also adopted a plan for the development of peripheral regions. The government called on NATO to revise the 1951 Agreement, but a new agreement with the United States 1956 provided a deferment of negotiations on the withdrawal of troops and the creation of a mixed "group of advisers". The United States provided Iceland two loans.

Fish catch in 1957 was low, and it worsened the currency position of the country. In the spring of 1958, the government introduced high taxation of imports (up to 55% of the cost), which caused a significant increase in prices and a protest strike. In the context of inflation and reduction of foreign currency reserves, trade unions demanded a significant increase in salary. In an effort to increase fish catch, the government in 1958 announced the expansion of national waters from 4 to 12 miles (19.3 km.), Banning foreign courts in this fishing zone. The United Kingdom refused to recognize this decision and sent their military courts to the area to protect British fishermen.

In 1959, the Single-Party Social Democratic Government of Emil Jonsson (1958-1959) held parliamentary elections on a new electoral system. After them, a study was formed from representatives of Mon and SPPI, headed by Others (1959-1963). He began to hold a tough economic course, which led to a new growth of the strike movement. In 1961 there was a strike of 12 thousand construction and port workers, in 1962 - a strike of the fishermen of trawlers, in 1963 - a universal strike that covered 2/3 of the workers and ended with partial success. In foreign policy, the Government of the torso sought to resolve relations with the UK and expand cooperation with the United States. In 1961, a compromise agreement was signed with the United Kingdom: that actually recognized the Icelandic 12-mile zone, having received the right in return for 3 years to catch fish outside the 6-mile coastal strip. But by the end of the 1960s, the question again aggravated. In 1969, the allest approved the draft law on expanding the boundaries of the continental shelf at a distance, on which depth of the coating waters allows its natural wealth.

In 1963, the government coalition was headed by Bjarni Benedikson (1963-1970). His office was trying to improve the economy by the liberalization of imports, reduce subsidies to farmers, containment of wage growth and obtaining foreign loans. With the help of foreign investment, the development of hydroresours increased, an aluminum plant began to be built. However, economic development remained very uneven. High conjuncture 1962-1966 was accompanied by large inflation, in subsequent years, the growth of the GNP slowed down, and the cost of exports declined, which prompted the government in 1967 and 1968 to go to the devaluation of the Icelandic crown. In 1968, trade unions held a new universal strike with the participation of 25 thousand people.

In 1964, the United States, despite the protests, began to build the Navy station in Bay Bolhadord, and in 1969 it was commissioned.

Parliamentary elections 1963 and 1967 brought the success of the ruling coalition of PN and SPPI. In 1970, Johun Hafstein became the new prime minister of the coalition government. The opposition to the government was PP and the Party of the People's Union formed in 1968 as a result of the official merger of the EUI and the left Social Democrats. The presidential post in 1968-1980 held Christian Eldaryurn.

Despite the improvement of economic conjuncture, the social situation remained difficult; Reserved unemployment. In 1970, a strike was held 20 thousand workers who achieved a salary increase by 15%. At the request of farmers, the alttention approved the creation of a special assistance fund. On March 1, 1970, Iceland joined the European Free Trade Association, and the decline in customs duties caused price raising. The alternation decided to freeze the main prices until the autumn of 1971, but at the same time canceled compensation for the high cost.

Parliamentary elections in June 1971 led to the change of power in the country. The leader of the PP Olafur Johanneson shaped the left-center government, which also included representatives of the People's Union and the organization of free-sisted and left.

The government announced its intention to revise the Defense Agreement with the United States of 1951 and to make the withdrawal of American troops. The corresponding requirement was put forward to Iceland at negotiations with the United States in 1973. The problem of fishing borders again aggravated. In 1972, the alternation decided to expand the fishing zone of Iceland from 12 to 50 miles (93 km.), Which led to the deterioration of the country's relations with the United Kingdom and Germany. Iceland did not recognize the verdict of the International Court. The next "crackle war" broke out: the ships of the Icelandic watchman prevented the trawlers from the UK and the Western Germany to fish in the 50-mile zone. The opposition did not allow the opportunity to introduce an agreement on trade and customs benefits between the Iceland and the European Economic Community, concluded in 1972. Negotiations with the UK did not give results, and Icelandic vessels began to cut trains from British fishermen. In May 1973, the United Kingdom sent military vessels to the conflict area. Iceland in response banned the British Air Force to use Icelandic airfields, recalled the ambassador in London and complained to British Agression to the UN Security Council. In August 1973, the British frigate tried to sink the ship of Icelandic Coast Guard, one of the sailors died. Under the threat of rupture of the diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom in October, the court has recalled from the 50-mile zone. The result of the negotiations between the Prime Ministers of the two countries was the signing of an agreement, which stipulated the introduction of a fishing quota to the British side in the Icelandic 50-mile zone.

The left center of the Cabinet promised to stop the rise in prices and inflation, reduce the working week, increase wages and income of farmers, accelerate the development of industry and fisheries, as well as take control of foreign investment. Social benefits have been increased, prices are reduced, the allowance for the high cost is restored. But inflation continued to grow; Significantly increased prices for goods and services, which prompted the authorities to resume freezing prices and salaries. Purchase prices for fish and agricultural products were increased. In 1973, the authorities went to raise the salary. Economic difficulties aggravated by the eruption of the Hayimay volcano in 1973, which was destroyed by the second largest port and the Westmannaaiir fish processing center. Scandinavian countries provided Iceland of China in eliminating the effects of eruption. However, in 1974, economic problems led to the disintegration of the left-center coalition. At early elections, the former ruling parties and the opposition received an equal number of places in alhinga. Later, the CenterRo Government Mon and PP was formed, which was headed by the leader of Mon Gair Hatllgrimsson.

With the United States, an agreement was reached on the maintenance of the base in Keblamka. According to a new defense agreement (1974), the number of US troops was subject to reduction. Agreement with UES entered into force. But in 1975, relations with the United Kingdom and Germany again deteriorated after the introduction of the 200-mile fishing zone (370 km). The Icelandic Government agreed on LOVA sites with Germany, but the negotiations with the UK failed, and the British side once again sent military courts to the conflict area, to which Iceland answered the ban to use his airfields and the closure of ports. In February 1976, Iceland ruined diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom. In the result of the US mediation and NATO, the parties agreed to reduce the quota of the British fish catch. In June 1976, diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom were restored, and in December, British trawls left the Icelandic zone. Iceland refused to provide the EEC any rights to fish catching.

The center-seat government froze the salary, raised prices and began to intensively attract foreign capital. In protest against the growth of inflation, trade unions spent in 1975 a universal strike. Entrepreneurs agreed to increasing the salary, but the tax Introduced by the Government for the goods of the first need to practically reduce this increase. As a result of the new, largest in the history of the country of the Universal strike in 1976 and the stackers of state and municipal employees in 1977, the salary was raised again. In February 1978, the government conducted a law on the restriction of wage growth, which caused new strikes and protests.

In the 1978 elections, the right PN was defeated, and the authorities moved to the left-center coalition as part of the PP, the People's Union and the EMP. The government topped the leader of the progressists of O.jokhanneson (1978-1979). It has canceled a number of economic and social laws of the previous Cabinet, resumed the action of collective agreements in the economy, reduced or frozen prices, increased the salary of low-paid categories and redesigned taxes in the interests of the poor. It was possible to ensure almost complete employment of the population. The altint adopted the laws on the gradual transition to the 40-hour working week and reducing the age qualification to 18 years. But between the parties of the coalition, disagreements on socio-economic issues were preserved. In 1979, SPPI came out of the ruling coalition, and the Cabinet Johanneson resigned. The Temporary Government of the Leader of the SPPE Benedict Grödal has conducted early parliamentary elections. In 1980, the Cabinet of Gunnar Torodsen was formed, which includes members of Mon, PP and the People's Union (1980-1983). He adopted the laws to increase allocations for housing, benefits and benefits to mothers. A new collective agreement provided for the increase in salary. In 1981, the Cabinet began to implement the crown stabilization program and inflation reduction. He temporarily frozen prices, reduced taxes on the low-paid categories of workers in reducing the allowances to the salary. The office introduced state insurance of pensions from inflation, reduced the retirement age of sailors and fishermen to 60 years, improved the unemployment insurance system. In 1981-1982 was a few times devalued by Icelandic Crown. In 1982, the government adopted an economic program that envisaged a change in the pricing system in fishing and agriculture, the protection of the purchasing power of the population and the leveling of the living stand. However, the economic difficulties of 1982 prompted the authorities to re-restrict the incomes of the population: devalue the crown, increase taxes and cut the salary allowance due to the high cost. At the same time, the costs of social needs, vacation, material aid Elderly, compensation to low-paid categories, loans and scholarships by students, etc.

In 1980, the President of Iceland was first elected Woman - Vigdis Finnbogadottir (1980-1996).

The inability of the Cabinet Torodsena cope with economic problems once again led to early parliamentary elections. After them, a new centered centered ruling coalition was formed as part of Mon and PPs headed by the progressist Steinrimary Hermansson (1983-1987). His economic policy turned sharply "to the right." The authorities froze the right of trade unions to conclude collective agreements, suspended the action of a wage raising system due to the growth value of life, walked the growth of salary, social security costs, health and subsidies to agriculture. The allest approved the privatization of a number of state-owned enterprises and tax benefits by the course of the population. After the next devaluation of the crown, the trade unions held in the fall of 1984 the strike of employees of state and municipal enterprises, which lasted 4 weeks. But it did not lead to a real increase in wages and seriously exhausted trade union funds. In the field of foreign policy, the Hermansson government has developed connections with NATO: it agreed to the construction of new objects serving the base in Keblamka, the construction of new radar stations, etc. The construction of a new international airport was started, which could be used by NATO. At the same time, it in 1985 banned the entrance to Icelandic ports and water of ships with nuclear weapon On board. Alttention unanimously declared Iceland "Non-Daded Zone", in which nuclear weapons are not allowed.

The rigid economic policy of the government allowed somewhat improving the conjuncture and achieve a reduction in inflation. After elections 1987, which led to the weakening of the PN positions, the ruling coalition was expanded by incorporating the social democrats into its composition. Prime Minister became a member of Mon Torsten Poulsson (1987-1988). The government has focused on the fight against inflation and the improvement of public finances, in order to achieve the elimination of the deficit of the payment and foreign trade balance. But in 1988 the coalition broke up. The progressist S. Hemansson was headed by the Left Centerrist Government with the participation of PP, SPPI and the People's Union (1988-1991). It stated its intention to increase taxes on large income, increase pensions, benefits and subsidies, as well as assistance to fishing enterprises. The post of Finance Minister in the office took the leader of the People's Union Olafur Ragnar Grimsson. As a result of the plan implemented by him, the inflation rate was reduced from 27% to 15%. Subsequently, she managed to reduce even more.

In the 1991 elections, the opposition mon. Her leader David Oddon shaped the government from representatives of his party and Social Democrats, and after the 1995 elections - Mon and PP. It resisted in power and after the elections to the altint in 1999. The Icelandic Stability Father, O. Grimsson, was elected President of Iceland.

In the 1990s, Iceland allowed some disputes about their territorial waters during the negotiations between the European Free Trade Association and the European Union. In 1994, the fishing zone established by Iceland was recognized, but Iceland canceled duties for importing fish products from EU countries and allowed the courts of these countries to catch up to 3 thousand tons of fish per year. At the same time, Iceland continued to challenge the right of courts of Norway, Denmark and Canada to retail fishing on his shelf.

Iceland took measures to prevent fish transfer, which contributed to the reduction in country's fish resources. The country reduced its fishing fleet, which is estimated by 25% higher than the maximum permissible catch.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, there was a continuous growth of economic conjuncture; GDP increased by an average of 4.5% per year. The accounting rate in 1997-2000 was raised from 6.9 to 9%. The government has reduced taxes (including income - by 4%, and corporate tax from 24.5 to 14%). The authorities weakened state control over economic activities through government funds and emphasized the development of free market mechanisms. Privatization of state-owned companies continued and their sale of the private sector.

In 2000, signs of "overheating" of the Icelandic economy appeared: growth decreased, unemployment reached 2%, and inflation - 5%. In 2001, the growth resumed, but in 2002 the country was again injured from the world recession. In 2003, Iceland's economy recovered, inflation was reduced to 2%.

On the general election 2003 Mona suffered failure. She received 22 places (4 less than in 1999). Nevertheless, she managed to keep power in coalition with PP (12 seats).

In 2009, as a result of the global financial crisis, the country's economy fell to very low indicators. There were dissatisfaction among the population. The government was forced to resign, thereby they assumed responsibility for the situation. Early parliamentary elections were appointed, which took place on April 25, 2009. The Party of Independence Many years has a majority in parliament, failed. Most votes received the coalition of Social Democrats and "Leo-Green". The country's prime minister became Johanna Sigurdardottir.

The government had to decide financial difficultiesresulting from bankruptcy banks. Foreign depositors demanded the return of their funds. The population refused to make obligations of banks. And although it was possible to carry out the restructuring of debt, nevertheless, a rigid economy regimen was introduced. The government also supported the idea of \u200b\u200bjoining the European Union. But this idea was not too popular in connection with the difficult economic situation in the eurozone. Therefore, the popularity of the ruling party fell and inheritance elections, which took place on April 27, 2013, the majority of votes received the right-centuristic parties: the Independence Party (24.9% of the votes) and the progressive party (20% of the votes). These parties have formed a coalition. Prime Minister became Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson, the leader of the progressive party.

June 13, 2013 was made an official application for the revocation of an application for accession to the European Union.

Literature:

Andreson K.E. Modern Icelandic Literature 1918-1948. M., 1957.
Olgeirson E. From the past Icelandic people. Generic system I. state in Iceland.. M., 1957.
Benedictson G. Iceland in the struggle for independence 1940-1955. M., 1958.
Silver L.R. Iceland: Country - People - Management. M., 1974.
Olgeirsson E. Iceland in the shadow of imperialist policies. M., 1984.



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