Samuel richardson. Richardson Samuel - Biography

Samuel Richardson was born in 1689. He spent his childhood in a small village located in the English county of Deribshire. Samuel's family was quite large. In addition to him, his parents had eight more children. Father - Samuel - was not rich. He came from a middle-class family. The elder Richardson was a very honest man, his family always had a lot of children. Mother - Elizabeth - was a very beautiful woman, according to Samuel, her parents died in London when she was still a baby. Samuel Richardson did not like to talk about where he was born and about his family, for this reason it is not known exactly where the writer was born, although data about his parents was still found. Nevertheless, the family had to move to the capital and leave their little village.

Samuel was educated in London at Christ's Hospital School. The parents were convinced that their son should be an educated person. Unfortunately, the school, which produced quite a lot of students with excellent knowledge, was far from ideal at that time. The whole problem was Samuel's father wanted him to become a merchant after graduation, as was the custom in his family. Therefore, Samuel was taught exclusively to read and write. This was the reason that after graduation he had only a superficial knowledge of literature, art, history ...

Little is known about the writer's childhood and school life, since nothing happened during this period of his life. Richardson liked to talk more about his writing career. Yet he once tried to describe how he started writing. He said that almost from childhood he liked to compose letters, read them to his friends, entertain them. Perhaps this is what prompted Richardson to further develop his talent, and soon, to think about the career of a writer.

The writers were able to find some of the letters he wrote. One, possibly the very first, was written by Samuel at age 11. It was addressed to a woman, about 50 years old, who walked and criticized all the people around her. He tried in his letter to write like an adult, using certain phrases and a rather complex sentence structure. Samuel was able to write a letter in the style that an adult would have done, reproaching the lady for such inappropriate behavior towards the people around her. But the handwriting gave him away. Unfortunately, the lady instantly realized that the letter was not written by an adult, but rather a child. The police found Samuel and told his parents about his antics. The writer's mother punished him, but still after that she praised him for the fact that her son already at such an early age has his own principles that he is not afraid to express. But she also told him that one should not speak so harshly about the elders, since it is necessary, rather, to show respect to them, even if they do not behave quite tactfully. After this incident, many from his small town began to come to him with a request to write a letter to friends and relatives.

At the full 13 years of age, he was already Richardson could sit and write for hours. Many girls also asked to help them compose an answer to a letter from a lover, since he did it much better than theirs. Samuel chose his own profession. But this only happened because the father was at that time unable to pay for his son's education as a priest. So, Richardson began working in a printing house. The writer himself said that in this way he wanted to once and for all satisfy his desire to read books and write, but over time, he still abandoned his words.

1706 Richardson begins his studies under John Wilde, a rather tough man. He was very fond of punishing his students, believing that they should do their work every second, only in this way they can become masters of their craft, which he was. So the students had to work for about seven years in order to subsequently be able to independently manage the printing house.

The writer married in 1721 a young girl named Martha Wilde, the daughter of John Wilde. He did this solely for financial reasons. Yet Richardson claimed that he loved his wife immensely. Soon after the wedding, the newlyweds settled in Samuel's printing shop. Married to Martha, he will spend 10 long years, during which his wife will give birth to five sons and a daughter. Unfortunately, his children died immediately after birth. Martha herself died in 1731, after the death of one of her sons.

Soon after the death of his wife, Richardson marries a second time to a woman named Elizabeth Leek, who will give birth to six children, of whom five will be girls, and the youngest a boy. In addition, Richardson also sheltered his students, believing that this way they would better understand the craft.

Unfortunately, Richardson had no heirs. The son, whom his second wife gave him, also died after his birth. The last hope died after the writer learned of the death of his only nephew. Now he has not a single male blood relative to whom he could give his business with a clear conscience, in the hope that he will continue it. So, he had only daughters, to whom he could not convey anything, just help them get married and get well in life. All of his daughters have lived quite a long life. Sarah even survived his death.

Samuel barely had enough money to support his family and print shop. But in 1733, everything changed. This year he was offered a very lucrative contract. Now he had to publish Journals Of the House. He was to print about twenty-six volumes, which, of course, would improve his financial situation. In the same year, Samuel writes The Journeyman's Handbook. In his work, he rather tried to explain to his students that it is simply impossible without labor in typography. You need to be a very patient person. Richardson wanted the students to understand how time-consuming the work is and how much return it requires from the assistant foreman. He would like to create the perfect mate. Samuel himself had about seven assistants.

After the appearance of his first assistants, in 1723, Richardson also signed an agreement to publish The True Briton. This pamphlet was issued by order of the Duke of Wharton, Philip Wharton, who was an ardent opponent of the government and its regime as a whole. After just a few days, Richardson had to break off his treaty, as the government forbade him to print pamphlets that told people about how the state should be. They criticized all the actions of the government. Perhaps this is why Richardson did not have good orders until 1733, and he was practically out of money.

Samuel wrote his first novel when he was 51 years old. Shortly after his first novel, Richardson became very popular. His works were recognized during the life of the author. His most famous work was Clarissa, or the Story of a Young Lady, which he wrote in 1748. It is in this work that there is a hero who is very similar to the Duke of Philip Wharton. This hero's name is Robert Lovelace. Its main feature is free-thinking and a critical attitude towards the state and government. Samuel Richardson is considered to be the ancestor of "sensitive" literature.

The story of Lovelace and his women, or rather his victims, was especially interesting for the reader of that time. Soon after that, novels, very similar in plot, and also parodies, began to be published.

At the beginning of his career, Richardson was known only in England, but soon his fame spread and his sentimentality in his works became something of a fashion trend of that time. Many writers were now ready to incorporate sentimentality into their work. Richardson has been popular for quite some time, unlike many others. Alfred Musset called one of his novels the best of all those that he has read. Samuel is not only the founder of sentimentalism, but also the creator of the modern novel. In addition to Clarissa, or the Story of a Young Lady, he also wrote such works as The Story of Sir Charles Grandison (written by Richardson in 1753). “Pamela, or the Rewarded Virtue” was written in 1740.

Richardson was a very progressive person and tried to communicate only with those who understood him. He often got into skirmishes with Henry Fielding. They can be called rivals in the literary field. Yet Richardson was one of the elite. He was acquainted with Sarah Fielding, who was a progressive Englishwoman. Richardson always strove to improve his literary knowledge, as his friends, when communicating with him, understood how little knowledge he had in some areas, for example, in history. Now it is rather difficult to assume that such a person was poorly educated, but nevertheless, the presence of his own printing house suggests that Samuel felt confident in the literary field.

At the end of his life he was a very famous writer. He was able to escape the fate of many others, whose works were recognized by contemporaries only after their death. This suggests that Richardson understood the mentality of his readers. But even his contemporaries admire the contribution he made to the development of not only English, but also world literature.

Sentimentalism was able not only to develop, but also to change over time, adjusting to the character of each national literature. But all this trend appeared only thanks to the English writer Samuel Richardson.

We draw your attention to the fact that the biography of Richardson Samuel presents the most important moments from life. Some minor life events may be overlooked in this biography.

Famous, the founder of the so-called "sensitive". Samuel was born in 1689 in the village of McWorth, Derbshire. He was one of nine children in the family. From his youth, the boy showed an aptitude for literature, constantly entertaining his friends with various stories and wrote many different letters. As a little older, he began to help write letters to others; in particular, at the age of 13, he often happened to help young ladies he knew, to answer love letters. Richarsdon Sr. dreamed of seeing his son as a priest, but, being unable to provide him with a decent education, he gave Samuel the freedom of choice.

He chose the printing business, and in 1706, at the age of 17, was given to John Wilde for an apprenticeship as a printer for a seven-year term. In 1713, Richardson, leaving Wilde, opened his own printing shop. In 1721, Samuel married the daughter of his former boss, Martha Wilde. They have been married for 10 years, during which time they had five sons and a daughter, but all the children died within several years after birth.

Martha herself died in 1731, shortly after the death of their fourth son. Richardson married again to a woman named Elizabeth Lick, who bore him six children - five girls and a boy. Four daughters not only came of age, but also survived their own father, but the only son died, like his predecessors. In 1733, Richardson wrote The Journeyman's Handbook, which contained many tips for young people, aimed at "making the perfect helper." At the same time, the death of Richardson's nephew, Verena, killed the last hope that Samuel would have an heir. Then Richardson created three of his famous novels, thanks to which his name is still known today. In 1740, the novel "Pamela" was published, more precisely, a novel under the title "Pamela or Rewarded Virtue, a series of letters from a beautiful girl to her parents, for the edification of young men and women, etc." In the years 1747-1748, the novel Clarissa, or The Story of a Young Lady, was written, embodying the most important issues of private life and showing, in particular, the disasters that can arise from the wrong behavior of both parents and children in relation to marriage. and in 1754 - "The Story of Sir Charles Grandison".

Richardson's novels are not particularly dynamic, the author pays significant attention to the moral assessment of the heroes' actions, the analysis of their feelings, a lengthy analysis of what happened to them. In "Pamela" the main character is a virtuous servant, in "Clarissa" the unfortunate fate of the heroine is described, seduced by the socialite Robert Lovelace, whose name has become a household name. The hero of "Charles Grandison" is an ideal gentleman, intelligent, handsome, virtuous, not sharing philistine morality and convictions.

Samuel Richardson (eng. Samuel Richardson; August 19, 1689, Derbyshire - July 4, 1761, Parsons Green) - English writer, the founder of "sensitive" literature of the XVIII and early XIX centuries.

Richardson was born to Samuel and Elizabeth Richardson and was one of nine children. His father was a carpenter, and a good designer, versed in architecture.

Save time: this is the fabric from which life is woven.

Richardson Samuel

Young Richardson attended Christ's Hospital School. Even as a child, Richardson was famous for his ability to write letters, and, by his own admission, already at the age of 13, he helped the neighboring girls to correspond with fans.

At the age of 17, he entered a printing house as an apprentice, and in 1719 he opened his own business. In 1721, Richardson married the daughter of his former master, Martha Wilde. In ten years of marriage, the Richardsons had six children, but only one daughter survived.

After Martha's death in 1731, Richardson married Elizabeth Leek; of their six children, four daughters survived to adulthood.

The printing business flourished, but Richardson never had an heir to inherit the business: his nephew Thomas Verren also died young. Richardson has published over 500 books at his printing house.

It wasn't until the age of 50 that Richardson turned to literature. He carried on extensive correspondence with women of different classes, distinguished by a deep understanding of female psychology, which is reflected in his novels.

Friends - Charles Rivington and John Osborne - asked him to write several letters for the planned writer "Guide to Writing Gallant Letters": Richardson was instructed to write letters that "would warn beautiful girls ... about the dangers that may threaten their virtue."

Richardson decided to write a book that would teach people to "think and act in ordinary and extraordinary cases." Richardson's goal was primarily preachy; in a letter to one of his friends, he says he hopes "to distract young people from the fascination with the fabulous and wonderful in poetry and to arouse interest in what contributes to the development of morality and religion." Richardson's novels were conceived and written in the epistolary genre.

Richardson's first novel "Pamela" was published in 1740 under the lengthy title: "Pamela, or a rewarded virtue, a series of letters from a beautiful maiden to her parents, for the edification of young men and maidens, etc." ("Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded", continued 1741) "Pamela" caused a storm of imitations and parodies, including Fielding's "Shamela".

It was followed by "Clarissa, or The Story of a Young Lady, which contains the most important questions of private life and shows, in particular, the calamities that can arise from the wrong behavior of both parents and children in relation to marriage" ("Clarissa; or, the History of a Young Lady: comprehending the most important concerns of private life; and particularly shewing the distresses that may attend the misconduct both of parents and children, in relation to marriage, 1747–1748) and The History of Sir Charles Grandison ( The History of Sir Charles Grandison, 1754).

Richardson's novels are not rife with action. Eight parts of Clarissa describe the events of eleven months; in "Grandisson" the action is constantly interrupted so that the author has the opportunity to give a lengthy analysis of what is happening, he comes back, once again describes the events, comments on them.

Richardson's three novels consistently describe the life of the lower, middle and upper class of society. Pamela, the heroine of the first novel, is a servant who staunchly resists the attempts of the young owner to seduce her, and later marries him. Contemporaries rightly reproached Richardson for the practical nature of his heroine's virtue.

Richardson's Best Novel - Clarissa or The Story of a Young Lady; it is not as stretched as the Grandison. The heroine, dishonored by the socialite Robert Lovelace, dies in suffering. Clarissa's friends stand up for a virtuous girl who has become a victim of family ambitions, passions and deceit. One of them fulfills the last will of the deceased, the other, Colonel Morden, kills the offender in a duel.

The novel caused a mixed reaction from the public, many readers demanded a reworking of the ending and a happy ending. Richardson believed that this would be an excuse for the immoral behavior of the protagonist. The main historical value of the novel lies in the exemplary antihero created by Richardson, a typical seducer, whose name is still a household name.

As a counterbalance to Lovelace, "Charles Grandison" is written. Readers reproached Richardson for slandering men by creating ideal female types: in response to this, he created the image of an ideal gentleman. Grandison is smart, handsome, virtuous, philistine morality is alien to him. Grandison rescues the young provincial Harriet Byron, who has been kidnapped by Sir Hargrave Pollixfen, who looks like Lovelace.

Harriet falls in love with her savior, but Grandison is bound by a promise to marry the Italian aristocrat Clementine della Porretta. Eventually, Clementine decides she doesn't want to marry a Protestant, and Grandison returns to Harriet.

The main feature of Richardson's novels, which made them popular, and Richardson himself, the founder of a new school of novelists, is "sensitivity." The story of Lovelace and his victims was a huge success in England and caused a wave of imitation in literature, as well as many parodies, the most famous of which is "The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and His Friend Mr . Adams ", 1742) Henry Fielding) and" Grandison II "(" Grandison der Zweite, oder Geschichte des Herrn von N *** ", 1760-1762) by the German writer Museus.

Outside of England, Richardson's sentimentality has also become the watchword of the wider literary movement. Richardson's imitators are Goldoni in two comedies (Pamela Nubile and Pamela maritata), Wieland in the tragedy Clementine von Paretta, François de Neufchateau in the comedy Pamela ou la vertu recompensee and others. Richardson's influence is also noticeable in Rousseau's New Eloise, Diderot's The Nun, and the works of J. F. Marmontel and Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (for the Russian imitations of Richardson, see Sentimentalism and Russian Literature).

Samuel Richardson is an English writer, the founder of "sensitive" literature in the 18th and early 19th centuries. - born August 19, 1689 in the village of McWorth in the English county of Derbyshire in the family of Samuel and Elizabeth Richardson and was one of nine children. Information about where exactly Richardson was born is not entirely reliable, since the writer himself constantly hid it.

The elder Richardson, according to the younger's description, was “a very honest man, from a middle-class family in the province of Surrey, but which for many generations had a large number of children, and the modest estates were divided into parts, so that he and his brothers had to deal with trade, and the sisters were married to merchants. " His mother, according to Richardson, "was also a beautiful woman, although not of aristocratic blood, whose father and mother died when she was an infant, half an hour apart, during the plague of 1665 in London."

What his father was doing was akin to the craft of a carpenter (a type of carpentry, but Richardson explained that "it was something different then than it is now"). Describing his father's business, Richardson claimed that "he was an excellent draftsman and knew about architecture," and Samuel Richardson's adopted son suggested that the younger Richardson become a cabinetmaker and export mahogany while working on Aldersgate Street. His father's opportunities and position brought him to the attention of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth. But, according to Richardson himself, this was to the detriment of Richardson Jr., since the Monmouth Rebellion was suppressed and ended with the death of Scott in 1685. After Scott's death, Richardson Sr. had to leave his business and return to a humble life in Derbyshire.

Richardson's family was not permanently cut off from London, and they eventually returned so Richardson Jr. could attend Christ's Hospital High School.

When his writing skills gained public recognition, he began to help those around him write letters. In particular, at the age of 13, he often helped girls he knew respond to love letters they received. And although this contributed to the development of his abilities, in 1753 he asked the Dutch minister Steenstra not to jump to conclusions from his early work: “You believe, Sir, that my secretary with the young ladies in my father’s district gave me the basis to create images of my three works. But it gave me a little more, rather at such a tender age, than a question, I must say, my research over time allowed me to study a woman's heart.

He went on to explain that he did not fully experience the feminine essence until he started writing Clarissa, and these letters were just a humble beginning.

Initially, Richardson Sr. wanted his son to become a priest, but he could not afford the education that Richardson Jr. was worthy, so he allowed him to choose a profession. Samuel settled on printing. At the age of seventeen in 1706, Richardson was apprenticed to John Wilde as a printer for seven years.

While working for Wilde, he met a very wealthy man who became interested in Richardson's literary talent, and they began a correspondence. When he died a few years later, Richardson lost his patron, due to which he had to postpone the intention to begin his own writing career. He decided to devote himself entirely to apprenticeship and rose to the position of compiler and editor of the press published in a printing shop. In 1713 Richardson left Wilde and became the "Inspector and Editor of the Printing House" This meant that Richardson was able to open his own printing shop.

November 23, 1721 Richardson married Martha Wilde, the daughter of his former employer, solely for financial reasons, although Richardson claimed that there was an ardent feeling between him and Martha. He soon moved her to his printing shop, which also served as his home.

The Richardson affair flourished especially when he took on his first students: Thomas Gover, George Mitchell and Joseph Chrichley. They were later joined by William Prince (May 2, 1727), Samuel Jolie (September 5, 1727), Bethel Wellington (September 2, 1729), and Halhead Garland (May 5, 1730). Richardson's first major orders in June 1723when he began to print the two-week edition of The True Briton for the Duke of Wharton, Philip Wharton. It was a Jacobin political pamphlet that harshly criticized the government, and was soon closed for "regular libel." However, Richardson's name was not mentioned in the publication, and he managed to avoid adverse consequences, although it is possible that Richardson was involved in writing them. In 1724 Richardson became friends with Thomas Ghent, Henry Woodfall and Arthur Onslow, the latter of whom later became Speaker of the House of Commons.

For ten years of marriage, the Richardsons had five sons and one daughter, three sons were named after his father Samuel, but they all died literally a few years after birth. Wife Martha Dies January 25, 1731 of the year, almost immediately after the death of their fourth child, son William. Their youngest son Samuel lived a year after the death of his mother, but fell ill from illness and died in 1732... After that, Richardson decided to move forward; he married Elizabeth Lick, and they moved to another house. However, Elizabeth and his daughter were not the only ones who lived in it, since Richardson allowed his students to live with them. He also had six children with his second wife (5 girls and a boy). Four daughters - Mary, Martha, Anna and Sarah - came of age and even survived their father. Son, also Samuel, was born in 1739 and soon died.

In 1733 Richardson, at Onslow's suggestion, was offered a contract with the House of Commons to publish Journals Of the House. Twenty-six volumes quickly corrected Richardson's case. Later in 1733 he wrote The Journeyman Handbook, instructing young people to follow his example and be diligent and selfless. The work was aimed at "creating the perfect helper." Richardson hired five more guys. By the thirties of the eighteenth century, its staff was 7 people, since the first three completed their apprenticeship by 1728, and two more died soon after they came to Richardson. The loss of Verenus, his nephew, destroyed the last hope that someone would inherit his printing house.

Richardson's first novel "Pamela" is out in 1740 under a lengthy title: "Pamela, or Rewarded Virtue, a series of letters from a beautiful girl to her parents, for the edification of young men and women, etc." (“Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded“, continued 1741 ) "Pamela" caused a storm of imitations and parodies, including Fielding's "Shamela".

This was followed by "Clarissa, or the Story of a Young Lady", which contains the most important issues of private life and shows, in particular, the disasters that can arise from the misconduct of both parents and children in relation to marriage "(" Clarissa; or, the History of a Young Lady: comprehending the most important concerns of private life; and particularly shewing the distresses that may attend the misconduct both of parents and children, in relation to marriage “, 1747-1748 ) and “The History of Sir Charles Grandison”, 1754 ).

Due to the length of his novels, abridged editions of Clarissa ( 1868 ) Dallas, "Grandison" - by Professor Sensbury ( 1895 ) Collected works of Richardson published in London in 1783 and 1811... Translated into Russian: “English letters, or the history of Cavalier Grandisson” (St. Petersburg, 1793-1794 ), "The Memorable Life of the Maiden Clarissa Garlov" (St. Petersburg, 1791-1792 ), "Indians" (Moscow, 1806 ), “Pamela, or the awarded virtue” (St. Petersburg, 1787 ; another translation 1796 ), "Clarissa or the story of a young lady" ("Library for reading", 1848 , h. 87-89) in the retelling of A.V. Druzhinina.

Biography

It was followed by "Clarissa, or The Story of a Young Lady, embodying the most important issues of private life and showing, in particular, the calamities that can arise from the misconduct of both parents and children in relation to marriage" ( „Clarissa; or, the History of a Young Lady: comprehending the most important concerns of private life; and particularly shewing the distresses that may attend the misconduct both of parents and children, in relation to marriage “, -) and "The Story of Sir Charles Grandison" ( "The History of Sir Charles Grandison", ).

There are few events in Richardson's novels. Eight parts of Clarice describe incidents over 11 months; in "Grandisson" action stops at every step to analyze thoughts and feelings. The author constantly comes back. One letter describes what happened; then another person in a letter to the third comments on what happened, etc. According to Johnson, if you read Richardson’s novels, taking an interest in the plot, you can hang yourself with impatience. But the interest of these novels is not in the plot, but in the analysis of feelings and in moralizing.

Richardson's three novels consistently describe the life of the lower, middle and upper class of society. Pamela, the heroine of the first novel, emerges victorious from temptation and becomes the wife of the one who wanted to seduce her. Contemporaries rightly reproached Richardson for the practical nature of his heroine's virtue. Richardson's Best Novel - Clarissa or The Story of a Young Lady; it is not as stretched as the Grandison. The heroine, seduced by Lovelace, dies in the midst of suffering, surrounded by a halo of an innocently oppressed, virtuous victim of fate; Lovelace is killed in a duel by the avenger of Clarissa, Colonel Morden. Many readers demanded to give the novel a happy ending, but Richardson believed that this would be an excuse for the hero's immoral behavior. The novel's interest lies in two main characters: Clarissa, whose meek charm is increased by her weakness, and Lovelace, a typical shameless seducer, depicted in the novel as a "villain" with a captivating appearance. Despite the exaggeration and almost caricature, a type was created in Lovelace, which remained forever in literature and became a household name in life.

As a counterweight to Lovelace, "Charles Grandison" is written. Readers reproached Richardson for slandering men by creating ideal female types: in response to this, he created the image of the ideal Grandison. His prowess is conditional: these are common places of philistine morality; Grandison is smarter, prettier, braver than everyone and equips his exploits with discussions of duty and virtue. Despite the extraordinary length, the excess of introductory episodes, the novel feels a great power of analysis and there are dramatic situations. Grandison rescues the young provincial Harriet Byron, who was kidnapped by a socialite reverent similar to Lovelace, Sir Hargrave Pollyksfen. Harriet falls in love with him, but Grandison made a promise to marry the Italian aristocrat Clementine della Porretta. Eventually, Clementine decides she doesn't want to marry a Protestant, and Grandison returns to Harriet.

Influence

Illustration for the publication of Pamela 1742

The main feature of Richardson's novels, which made them popular, and Richardson himself, the founder of a new school of novelists, is "sensitivity." The story of Lovelace and his victims was a huge success in England and caused great imitative literature, as well as many parodies, the most famous of which are “The Story of Joseph Endrus and his friend Abraham Adams” ( „The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and His Friend Mr. Adams “,) Henry Fielding) and "Grandison the Second" ( "Grandison der Zweite, oder Geschichte des Herrn von N ***", -) by the German writer Museus.

Outside of England, Richardson's sentimentality has also become the watchword of the wider literary movement. Richardson's imitators are Goldoni in two comedies (Pamela Nubile and Pamela maritata), Wieland in the tragedy Clementine von Paretta, Francois de Nöfshato in the comedy Pamela ou la vertu recompensée and others. Richardson's influence is also noticeable in Rousseau's New Eloise, Diderot's The Nun, and the works of J. F. Marmontel and Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (for the Russian imitations of Richardson, see Sentimentalism and Russian Literature).

Richardson's popularity lasted so long that Alfred Musset called Clarissa "the best novel in the world." Richardson can be called not only the founder of a modern novel in England, but also the forerunner of the entire sentimental school in Europe.

Due to the length of his novels, abridged editions of "Clarissa" () were made by Dallas, "Grandisson" - by Professor Sensbury (). The collected works of Richardson published in London in and years. Translated into Russian: “English letters, or the story of Cavalier Grandisson” (St. Petersburg, -), “The memorable life of the girl Clarissa Garlov” (St. Petersburg, -), “Indians” (Moscow,), “Pamela, or virtue "(St. Petersburg,; another translation)," Clarissa or the story of a young lady "(" Library for reading ", parts 87-89) in the retelling of A.V. Druzhinina.

Literature

• Barbauld A.L. Correspondence of Samuel Richardson. London, 1804.
• Braudy L. “Penetration and Impenetrability in Clarissa,» New Approaches to Eighteenth-Century Literature: Selected Papers from the English Institute edited by Philip Harth. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974.
• Dobson A. Samuel richardson... Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2003.
• Flynn C. Samuel Richardson: A Man of Letters... Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.
• Gassmeyer G. M. Richardsons Pamela: ihre Quellen und ihre Einfluss auf die engl. Litteratur. Diss., Leipzig, 1891.
• Rizzo B. Companions Without Vows: Relationships Among Eighteenth-Century British Women... Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1994.439 pp.
• Sale W.M. Samuel Richardson: Master Printer... Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1950.
• Sabor P. "Richardson, Henry Fielding, and Sarah Fielding" // The Cambridge companion to English literature from 1740 to 1830 edited by Thomas Keymer and Jon Mee, 139-156. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
• Schmidt E. Richardson, Rousseau und Goethe, Jena, 1875