Guygens, Christians. Guygens, Christian Christian Guigens Opening
Great Soviet Encyclopedia: Huygens, Heygens (Huygens) Christians (14.4.1629, Hague, - 8.7.1695, ibid.), Netherlands mechanic, physicist and mathematician, creator of wave theory of light. The first foreign member of the Royal Society London (from 1663). G. studied at Universities Leiden and Breda, where he studied legal sciences and mathematics. At 22, he published a job on determining the circumference of circumference, ellipses and hyperboles. In 1654, his work "On determining the value of the circle" appeared, which was the most important contribution to the theory of determining the circumference ratio to the diameter (calculation of the number P). Then there were other significant mathematical treatises for the study of cycloids, a logarithmic and chain line, etc. His treatise "On calculations when playing a bone" (1657) is one of the first studies in the field of probability theory. G. Together with R. Doodle set the constant points of the thermometer - the point of melting of ice and the water boiling point. At the same years, it works on the improvement of the lenses of astronomical pipes, seeking to increase their lights and eliminate chromatic aberration. With their help, G. opened in 1655 satellite of the planet Saturn (Titan), determined the period of his appeal and found that Saturn is surrounded by a thin ring, which has not been adjacent to it and inclined to the ecliptic. All observations are given in classical work "Saturn System" (1659). In the same work, G. gave the first description of the nebula in the constellation of Orion and reported on the bands on the surfaces of Jupiter and Mars.
Astronomical observations required an accurate and convenient time measurement. In 1657, invented the first pendulum watches equipped with a trigger; The G. described his invention in the work "Pendulum Watch" (1658). The second, the extended edition of this work was published in 1673 in Paris. In the first 4 parts of Her G. explored a number of problems associated with the movement of the pendulum. He made a solution to the task of finding the center of swing a physical pendulum - the first in the history of the mechanics of the problem of the movement of the system of associated material points in a given power field. In the same work, G. established tautochronism of the cyclotide movement and, developing the theory of wasting flat curves, proved that the evolution of cycloids is also cycloid, but in a different way located relative to the axes.
In 1665, at the base of the French en, G. was invited to Paris as her chairman, where he lived almost unconditioned 16 years (1665-81). In 1680, he worked on the creation of a "planetary machine" - a prototype of a modern planetarium, - for the design of which developed a fairly complete theory of chain, or continuous, fractions. This is the last work performed by him in Paris.
In 1681, returning to his homeland, G. again took up optical work. In 1681-87, he grinding lenses with huge focal lengths of 37, 54.63 meters. At the same time, the city was constructed by the eyepiece, which brings his name, which is still applied (see eyepiece). The whole cycle of optical work is completed by the famous "light treatise" (1690). In it, for the first time in a completely distinct form sets out and applies to the explanation of the optical phenomena of the wave theory of light. In Chapter 5 "Treatise on the World" G. gave an explanation of the phenomenon of double beam beam, opened in the crystals of Icelandic Plum; The classical refractive theory in optically uniaxial crystals is still set out based on this chapter.
To the "Treatise on the World" added in the form of an application reasoning "On the reasons for gravity", in which he closely approached the discovery of the law of the world. In his last treatise, "Kozmomphetory" (1698), published posthumously, is based on the theory of multiplicity of worlds and their inhabitants. In 1717, the treatise was translated into Rus. Language by order Peter I.
Dutch physicist, mechanic, mathematician and astronomer.
"The largest mathematical discovery Guygens - The oscillation equation of the pendulum. This was the first differential equation in the history of mathematics and the first equation of mechanics whose solutions were trigonometric functions.
Based on the obtained Guigens equation, a fine clock was built with a pendulum and proved that the period of oscillations of the pendulum depends only on its length and from accelerating the free fall G at this point - on Earth or on another planet.
This property in the XVII century allowed physicists to experimentally figure out the deviation of the shape of the earth from the ball, and later applied during the exploration of metal ores (they have an increased density, therefore, near the deposit, the acceleration of free fall increases).
Smirnov S.G., the problem book on the history of science. From Falez to Newton, M., "Miros", 2001, p. 280.
In 1657. Christians Guiggens I invented the pendulum watch with a descent mechanism, thanks to which the oscillations of the pendulum were not faded. In the same year, he wrote a treatise: about calculations at gambling / de Ratiociniis in Ludo aleae - one of the first works on probability theory. His clock design carried out the movement of the center of gravity of the pendulum along the cycloid - so that the time of its swing not depended on the magnitude of the scope.
Guigens Christians (1629-1695), Netherlands Physicist, Mathematics, Mechanic, Astronomer.
Born on April 14, 1629 in the Hague. At the age of 16, he entered the University of Leiden, two years later he continued his studies at the University of Breda. Basically lived in Paris; He was a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences.
Guygens became known as a brilliant mathematician. However, fate ordered so that he was a contemporary I. Newton, which means he always was in the shadow of someone else's talent. Guygens was one of the developers of mechanics after Galilee and Descartes. He belongs to the championship in creating pendulum watches with a trigger. He managed to solve the task of determining the center of fluctuations in the physical pendulum, establish laws that determine the centripetal force. He also investigated and led the patterns of collision of elastic bodies.
Previously, Newton Guigens has developed a wave theory of light. The principle of Guiggens (1678) is the opening mechanism of the light - applicable in our day. Based on his theory of light, Guigens explained a number of optical phenomena, with great accuracy measured the geometric characteristics of the Icelandic Plum, and found a double bulb, then he saw the same phenomenon in quartz crystals. Guygens introduced the concept of "axis of crystal", discovered the polarization of light. He worked with great success in the field of optics: a telescope has greatly improved significantly, the eyepiece was constructed, introduced the diaphragm.
As one of the creators of the Paris Observatory, a significant contribution to Astronomy was made - opened 8 Ring Saturn and Titan, one of the largest satellites in the solar system, distinguished the polar caps on Mars and the stripes on Jupiter. A scientist designed with great interest designed the so-called planetary machine (planetarium) and created the theory of the Earth's figure. The first came to the conclusion that the earth is compressed near the poles, and expressed the idea to measure gravity with a second pendulum. Guigens came to the discovery of the world of world. Its mathematical methods in science are used today.
The founder of modern teaching about theoretical mechanics of Christians Guigens appeared on April 14, 1629 in the Hague. The foundations of mathematics and mechanics Guigens received at the lectures of Professor France Van Schoten in Leiden University. The first scientific work of a young scientist came out of the press in 1651 and was called "reasoning about the quadrature of hyperboles, ellipses and a circle." The work of the Guygens in the sphere of exact sciences was great practical importance - a description of the foundations of probability theory, mathematical theory of numbers and various curves, wave theory of light. The first in Holland he got a patent for a pendulum watch. This shows the breadth of the scientific worldview of Christian Guigens.
If your mentor is Descartes, you are destined to become a genius
The latitude of the interests of the Guygens amazes. During the scientific activity, he wrote dozens of serious scientific papers in mechanics and mathematics and physics. Recognizing the merits of the Great Dutch in the knowledge of the surrounding world and setting the views of the scientific foundations that existed at the time, the royal scientific community had a Huygens Christian, choosing him in 1663 by his member - the first of foreign scientists. In 1666, they founded their Academy of Sciences of the French. The first president of the French scientific community became Guigens.
Astronomy became one of the numerous branches of science enriched with the works of the Dutch naturalist. A great influence on the views of the young Christian was the friendship of his father, Konstantin Guiggens, with the founder of the philosophical theory of Cartesianism René Descartes. Guygens fucked by astronomical studies. With the help of his brother, he redid a home telescope in such a way as to achieve the maximum possible increase - 92x.
Mars, Saturn, and on, on ...
The first astronomical discovery of the Guigens became a scientific sensation. In 1655, observing Saturn's neighborhood telescope, astronomer noticed the same oddities to which Galileo Galileo indicated in his writings. But the Italian could not give a clear substantiation of this phenomenon. Guygens correctly determined that these are clusters of ice of various sizes surrounding the planet and not leaving the orbit of Saturn under the action of its giant attraction. He looked at the Guygens to his telescope and Saturn satellite, named after Titan. Four years later, the scientist systematized his openings of the rings in the Orbit of Saturn in scientific work.
1656th year. The sphere of astronomical interests of the Guygens first goes far beyond the solar system. The object of observations is becoming open in 45 years before the French Nebula in the constellation of Orion. Today, the Orion Nebula is classified in astronomical directories under the name Messi 42 (NGC1976). Guigens made the primary classification of nebulae objects and the calculation of astronomical coordinates, began calculations of the size of the nebula and distance to the Earth.
Fifteen years later, Dutchman returned to astronomical observations. The object of his attention was the red planet. Watching the South Pole of Mars into the telescope, Guigens found that it is covered with an ice cap. Already then, astronomers were confident that Mars could have certain conditions for the existence of living organisms. Astronomer quite accurately calculated the period of conversion of the planet around its own axis.
Mirror Guygens
The last scientific work in the field of astronomy was the article published after his death, in 1698 in the Hague. The treatise is a compilation of philosophy and astronomy in an attempt to understand the basic physical laws of the existence and device of the universe. Guigens one of the first European scientists nominated the integrity hypothesis by the intelligent beings of other objects outside the Earth. The posthumous scientific work of Guygens was translated into English, French, German and Swedish. The scientific will of Christian Guygens on the personal decree of Emperor Peter I in 1717 translated into Russian Yakov (James) Bruce. The Russian scientific community is known as "the book of the universe » .
Conducting perennial observations of various objects of the universe, Guigens made an attempt to bring the scientific basis for the existence of the Copernicus heliocentric system, as well as learn how to calculate the true distances to stars and nebulae on the basis of their visible brightness.
As with the other major scientists, the Middle Ages, Guiggens had talented students. The German Mathematics Gottfried Leibniz is most famous.
Christians Guygens died in the Hague on July 8, 1695 at the age of 66. Contemporaries highly appreciated the scientific achievements of the famous Dutch in astronomy. In 1997, a sum of the European Space Agency was launched to an open satellite Saturn Titan, called him named. The mission of the spacecraft was as lucky as long and rich scientific discoveries was the life of the Guigens Christian.
Christians Guigens - the Netherlands scientist, mathematician, astronomer and physicist, one of the founders of wave optics. In 1665-81 he worked in Paris. I invented (1657) pendulum clock with a trigger, gave them theory, established the laws of fluctuations in the physical pendulum, laid the foundations of the beast theory. Created (1678, published 1690) the wave theory of light, explained the double bulb. Together with Robert, the thick of the thermometer has installed constant points. Improved telescope; Designed the eyepiece called it named. He opened the ring at Saturn and his companion Titan. The author of one of the first works on probability theory (1657).
Early awakening talents
The ancestors of Christian Guygens occupied a prominent place in his history. His father Konstantin Guigens (1596-1687), in the house of which the future famous scientist was born, was a widely educated person, knew languages, was fond of music; After 1630, he became an adviser to Wilhelm II (later Wilhelm III). King Yakov I built him in the San Knight, and Louis XIII suggested the Order of St. Michael. His children are 4 Sons (the second - Christians) and one daughter - also left a kind mark in history.
Christian's giftedness manifested itself at an early age. At eight years he has already studied Latin and arithmetic, he studied singing, and ten years met with geography and astronomy. In 1641, his teacher wrote his father's father: "I see and almost envy the wonderful memory of Christian," and two years later: "I confess that Christian needs to be called a miracle among the boys."
And the Christians at this time, having studied Greek, French and Italian and having mastered the game on the Clavesis, became interested in mechanics. But not only by this: he is eagerly engaged in both swimming, dancing and horse riding. In sixteen years, Guigens Christians, together with the elder brother Konstantin, enters the University of Leiden to prepare on the right and mathematics (the latter and more successful; one of his works teacher decides to send René Descarten).
After 2 years, the elder brother begins to work at Prince Frederick Henrik, and Christians with the younger brother moves to delight, to the "Orange College". The Father prepared Christian to the public service, but that there were other aspirations, in 1650 he returned to Hague, where his scientific activities were prevented by headaches for some time.
First scientific works
The circle of scientific interests of Christian Guygens continued to expand. He is interested in the works of Archimedes on Mechanics and Descartes (and later and other authors, including the British Newton and a Thick) on optics, but never ceases to engage in mathematics. In mechanics, its main studies belong to the theory of impact and to the problem of the design of the clock, which had an exceptionally important applied value at that time, and always in the work of Guigenis, one of the central places.
Its first achievements in optics can also be called "applied". Together with the brother Konstantin Christians, Guigens enhanced optical instruments and reaches significant success in this area (this activity does not stop for many years; in 1682, he invents the three-lodge eyepiece, which is so much his name. By improving the telescopes, Guigens, however, in "Dioptric "Posted:" ... a person: who could invent a pylon tube, based only on the theory, without the intervention of the case, would have to have a superhuman mind ").
New tools allow you to do important observations: On March 25, 1655, Guigens opens Titan - the largest satellite Saturn (which he was interested in the rings for a long time). In 1657, another work of Guigens "On the calculations when playing a bone" appears - one of the first works on probability theory. Another essay "On the blow of the bodies" he writes for his brother.
In general, the fifties of the 17th century were the time of the greatest activity of the Guigens. He acquires fame in the scientific world. In 1665, he is elected by a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences.
"Guiggens principle"
H. Guygens with unrelentful interest studied the optical works of Newton, but did not accept his corpuscular theory of light. It was much closer to him were the views of Robert Guka and Francesco Grimaldi, who believed that the light had a wave nature.
But the idea of \u200b\u200bthe light wave immediately gave rise to many questions: how to explain the rectilinear spread of light, its reflection and refraction? Newton gave them convincing, it would seem answers. Straightness is a manifestation of the first law of dynamics: light corpuscles are moving evenly and straightly, if they do not affect any forces. The reflection also explained as an elastic bouncing of the corpuscles from the surfaces of the tel. Several more difficult was the case with refraction, but here Newton offered an explanation. He believed that when the light corpus was pumped to the border of the body, the force of attraction from the substance informing the vocabulary is beginning to act. This leads to a change in the direction of the velocity of the corpuscular (refraction) and its magnitude; Consequently, on Newton, the speed of light in the glass, for example, is greater than in vacuum. This conclusion is important at least the fact that it allows experimental verification (later the experience has denied the opinion of Newton).
Christians Guygens, as well as his predecessors mentioned above, believed that all the space was filled with a special environment - ether, and that the light is waves in this ether. Taking advantage of the analogy with the waves on the surface of the water, Guygens came to such a picture: when the front (i.e. the front edge) of the wave reaches a certain point, that is, the oscillations reach this point, then these oscillations become centers of diverging in all sides of new waves , and the movement of the envelope of all these waves and gives a picture of the spread of the wave front, and the direction perpendicular to this front is the direction of the wave propagation. So, if the front of the wave in the void at some point is flat, then it always remains flat, which corresponds to the rectilinear spread of light. If the front of the light wave reaches the boundaries of the medium, each point at this border becomes the center of the new spherical wave, and, constructing the envelopes of these waves in space both above and below the border, it is not difficult to explain both the law of reflection and the law of refraction (but It has to accept that the speed of light in the environment in n times less than in vacuum, where it is N is the very refractive index of the environment, which is included in the recently open Carteline and Snellius the refraction law).
From the principle of Guiggens, it follows that the light, like any wave, can and go the obstacles. This representing fundamental interest is really exist, but Guigens found that the "side waves" arising from such an envelope do not deserve much attention.
The representations of the Guigens Christian about the world were far from modern. So, he believed that light waves were longitudinal, i.e. that the direction of oscillations coincide with the direction of wave propagation. This may seem to be all the more strange that the Guygens himself, apparently, had already had an idea of \u200b\u200bthe polarization phenomenon, which can only understand the transverse waves. But this is not the main thing. The principle of Guiggens had a decisive influence on our views not only about optics, but also about physics of any oscillations and waves, which now occupies one of the central places in our science. (V. I. Grigoriev)
More about the Christian Guigens:
Christians Guygens von Tsyulichen - the son of the Dutch nobleman Konstantin Guygens "Talents, nobility and wealth were, apparently, inherited in the family of Christian Gyugens," he wrote one of his biographers. His grandfather was a writer and Sanovnik, his father - the secret adviser of the princes of Orange, mathematician, the poet. The faithful service of his state trucks did not fix their talents, and, it seemed, the Christian was predetermined by the same, for many enviable fate. He studied arithmetic and Latin, music and poems. Heinrich Bruno, his teacher, could not rejoice at his fourteen pupil:
"I confess that Christian needs to be called a miracle among the boys ... He deploys his abilities in the field of mechanics and designs, makes the car amazing, but hardly necessary." The teacher became mistaken: the boy is all the time looking for the benefits of his activities. Its concrete, the practical mind will soon find the schemes just the very necessary people of cars.
However, he did not immediately devoted himself to mechanics and mathematics. The father decided to make his son a lawyer and, when Christians reached the sixteen-year-old age, sent him to study the right to the University of London. Pursuing at the university legal sciences, Guygens at the same time is fond of mathematics, mechanics, astronomy, practical optics. A skillful master, he independently grinds optical glasses and improves the pipe, with which it will later make its astronomical discoveries.
Guigens Christians were the immediate successor to Galileo-Galileo in science. According to Lagrange, Guygens "was destined to improve and develop the most important discoveries of Galilee." There is a story about how the first time Guygens got in touch with the ideas of Galilea. Seventeen-year-old Guigens was going to prove that abandoned body horizontally move through Parabolam, but, finding proof in the Galilean's book, did not want to "write" Ilida "after Homer."
After graduating from the university, Christians Guygens becomes the decoration of the Saupha of the Nassau Count, which with a diplomatic order holds the way to Denmark. The graph is not interested in that this beautiful young man is the author of curious mathematical works, and he, of course, does not know how Christians dream of getting from Copenhagen in Stockholm to see Descarte. So they will never meet: after a few months, Decartes will die.
At 22, Christians Guigens publishes "reasoning about the square of hyperboles, an ellipse and a circle." In 1655, he builds a telescope and opens one of Saturnians Saturn - Titan and publishes "new discoveries in the size of the circle." At 26, Christians writes notes on a dioptric. At the age of 28, his treatise "On the calculations when playing a bone", where the name of the first in the history of studies in the field of probability theory is hidden for frivolous.
One of the most important discoveries of Guignes was the invention of the clock with a pendulum. He patented his invention on July 16, 1657 and described it in a small essay, published in 1658. He wrote about his clock to the French king Louis XIV: "My automata set in your apartments not only amaze you every day with the right point of time, but they are suitable, as I was hoping from the very beginning, to determine the longitude of the place. The task of creating and improving the clock, primarily pendulum Christians Guigens, was engaged in almost forty years: from 1656 to 1693. A. Zommerfeld called Guygens "ingenious watchmaking of all time."
At thirty years, Christians Guigens reveals the secret of the rings of Saturn. Saturn's rings were first noticed by Galileem in the form of two side appendages, "supporting" Saturn. Then the rings were visible as a thin line, he did not notice them and no more about them mentioned. But the Galilee tube did not have the necessary resolution and sufficient increase. Watching the sky in a 92-fold telescope. Christians discovers that the Saturn Ring was taken for the side stars. Guygens solved the riddle of Saturn and first described his famous rings.
At that time, Guigens Christians were a very beautiful young man with big blue eyes and neatly trimmed beggars. Reddish, cool curled curled curls went to the shoulders at the then fashion, lurking on the snow-white Brabant lace of an expensive collar. He was friendly and calm. No one saw him a particularly excited or confused, in a hurried somewhere, or, on the contrary, immersed in slow thoughtfulness. He did not like to be in the "light" and rarely appeared there, although his origin opened him the doors of all the palaces of Europe. However, when he appears there, it did not look awkward or embarrassed, as often happened to other scientists.
But in vain charming Ningon de Lanclo is looking for his society, he invariably friendly, no more, this convinced bachelor. He can drink with friends, but a little bit. A little bit cry, slightly laugh. Total little, very little, to remain as much time as possible on the main thing - work. Work is a constant all-consuming passion - burned it constantly.
Christian Guigens was distinguished by an extraordinary self-dedication. He was aware of his abilities and sought to use them to fully. "The only entertainment that Guygens allowed himself into such abstract works," he wrote one of the contemporaries about him, "it was that he was engaged in physics. The fact that for an ordinary person was a tedious occupation, for Guigenis was entertainment. "
In 1663, Guigens was elected a member of the London Royal Society. In 1665, at the invitation of Kolbera, he settled in Paris and next year he became a member of just organized by the Paris Academy of Sciences.
In 1673, his writing of the "pendulum clock" is published, where the theoretical foundations of the invention of the Guigens are given. In this essay, Guygens establishes that cycloid has the property of isochronism, and the mathematical properties of cycloids takes place.
Exploring the curvilinear movement of the heavy point, Guigens, continuing to develop ideas expressed by another Galileem, shows that the body when falling from a certain height in various ways, it becomes the final speed, independent of the form of the path, and depending only on the height of the fall, and can rise to height equal to (in the absence of resistance) initial height. This situation expresses essentially the law of energy conservation for movement in the field of gravity, Guigens uses for the theory of physical pendulum. It finds an expression for the length of the pendulum, establishes the concept of the center of the swing and its properties. The formula of a mathematical pendulum for cycloid movement and small oscillations of a circular pendulum He expresses as follows:
"The time of one small oscillation of a circular pendulum refers to the fall time along the double-length of the pendulum, as the circle circumference refers to the diameter."
It is significant that at the end of its essay, the scientist gives a number of proposals (without output) about the centripetal strength and establishes that the centripetal acceleration is proportional to the square of the speed and inversely proportional to the circumference radius. This result prepared a Newtonian theory of motion of bodies under the action of central forces
From the mechanical studies of Christian Guygens, except the theory of the pendulum and the centripetal force, his theory of impact of elastic balls, presented by him on the competitive task declared by the London Royal Society in 1668. The theory of hitting the Guygens relies on the law of preserving the living strength, the amount of movement and the principle of the relativity of Galilee. She was published only after his death in 1703. Guygens traveled quite a lot, but never was a celebrating tourist. During the first trip to France, he was engaged in optics, and in London explained the secrets of manufacturing their telescopes. He worked for fifteen years at the court of Louis XIV, fifteen years of brilliant mathematical and physical research. And for fifteen years - only two short rides home to become
Christians Guygens lived in Paris until 1681, when, after the abolition of the Nange Edikta, he, as a protestant, returned to his homeland. Being in Paris, he knew the Roemer well and actively helped him in observations that led to the definition of the speed of light. Guigens first reported the results of the Rymer in his treatise.
At home, in Holland, again, not knowing fatigue, Guygens builds a mechanical planetarium, giant seventieth meter telescopes, describes the worlds of other planets.
There is an essay of the Guygens in the Latin language about the light, corrected by the author and re-delivered in French in 1690 "Treatise on the World" Guiggens entered the history of science as the first scientific essay on wave optics. In this "Treatise" formulated the principle of wave propagation, known now called the principle of Guiggens. Based on this principle, the laws of reflection and refraction of light are derived, the theory of double beamplanation is developed in Icelandic Plum. Since the speed of the propagation of light in a crystal in various directions is different, then the form of the wave surface will not be spherical, but ellipsoidal.
The theory of distribution and refraction of light in uniaxial crystals is the wonderful achievement of the optics of the Guigens. Christians Guygens also described the disappearance of one of the two rays when passing them through the second crystal with a certain orientation of it relative to the first. Thus, Guigens was the first physicist who had established the fact of polarization of light.
Guygens ideas very highly appreciated his Frenel's successor. He put them above all the discoveries in Newton's optics, arguing that the opening of the Guiggens, "perhaps it is harder to do, rather than the openings of Newton in the field of light phenomena."
Guigens colors in their treatise does not consider, as well as diffraction of light. Its treatise is dedicated only to the rationale for reflection and refraction (including double refraction) from a wave point of view. Probably, this circumstance was the reason that the Guygens theory, despite the support of it in the XVIII century Lomonosov and Euler, did not receive recognition until Frennel was not over the wave theory at the beginning of the XIX century.
Christians Guiggens died on June 8, 1695, when "Kozmomporos" printed in the printing house - his last book. (SAMIN D. K. 100 Great Scientists. - M.: Veva, 2000)
More about the Christian Guigens:
Guygens (Christians Huyghensvan Zuylichem), - mathematician, astronomer, and a physicist, whom Newton recognized the Great. His father, Signor Wang Zyulikhem, the secretary of the princes of Orange was a wonderful writer and scientifically formed.
The scientific activities of Christians Guygens began in the 1651th, the composition of the quadrature of hyperboles, ellipses and a circle; In 1654, he opened the theory of Evolut and Evolvent, in 1655, found a satellite Saturn and the kind of rings, in 1659 he described the Saturn system in the composition published. In 1665, Kolbera was invited, settled in Paris and was taken to the number of members of the Academy of Sciences.
The watches with wheels, driving in motion of the weights, were in use at a long time, but the regulation of such hours was unsatisfactory. The pendulum from the time of Galilee was used separately to accurately measure small periods of time, and it was necessary to analyze the number of swings. In the 1657th year, Christians Guigens issued a description of the device invented on them with a pendulum. Later, in 1673, in Paris, the famous essay of Horologium Oscillatorium, Sive de Mota Pendulorum An Horologia Aptato Demonstrationes Geometrica, which encloses the presentation of the most important discoveries on the dynamics, also includes a description of the clock device, but with adding Improvements in the method of lead pendulum making a pendulum cycloidal, which has a permanent swing time, regardless of the magnitude of the scope. To explain this property of the cycloidal pendulum, the author devotes the second part of the book with the conclusion of the laws of falling bodies of free and moving on inclined direct, and finally on cyclotide. Here for the first time it was clear that the independence of movements was clear: equivalent, due to the action of gravity, and uniform in the inertia.
Christians Guygens proves the laws of an equilibrium movement of freely falling bodies, based on the beginning that the action reported by the body strength of constant size and direction does not depend on the size and direction of the speed that the body has already possessed. Withdrawing the dependence between the height of the fall and the square of the time, Guigens makes a remark that the height of the falls belongs as the squares of the acquired speeds. Further, considering the free movement of the body abandoned up, it finds that the body rises to the greatest height, having lost all the speed-reported speed and acquires it again when returning back.
Galilee admitted without proof, which in the fall of differently inclined directly, equal speeds are acquired. Guigens Christians prove this as follows. Two straight different inclination and equal height are placed by the bottom ends of one to the other. If the body, lowered from the upper end, one of them acquires a greater rate than the other bruised from the top end, then it can be used on the first of such a point below the upper end so that the speed acquired at the bottom was sufficient to raise the body to the top end of the second straight, but Then it would be that the body rose to the height of the largest one with which it fell, and this could not.
From the movement of the body on the inclined straight line H. Guygens proceeds to the movement along the broken line and further to the movement on any curve, and proves that the speed acquired during the fall from any height of the curve is equal to the speed acquired when free falling The same height along the vertical line and that the same speed is necessary for lifting the same body to the same height, both vertical direct and curve.
Then turning to the cycloid and considering some geometric properties of it, the author proves the tautochronism of the movements of a heavy point in cycloid. In the third part of the essay, the theory of Evolut and Evolvent, opened by the author back in 1654; Here Christians find the form and position of the evolution of cycloids.
In the fourth part, the theory of a physical pendulum is set out, here Guigens Christians decide that the task that has not been given to so much modern geometers - the task of determining the center of swings. It is based on the following sentence: "If a complex pendulum, coming out of peace, made some part of his swing, a large half-heart disease and if the connection between all its particles is destroyed, then each of these particles will rise to such a height that the general center of gravity is at the same time It will be at that height on which it was when the pendulum was out of peace. This proposal not proven from Christian Guygens is he has as the main principle, meanwhile, as now it is an application to the pendulum of the law of conservation of energy. The theory of the pendulum of the physical date by Guigens is quite common and in the application to the bodies of various kinds. In the last, the fifth of its essay, the scientist gives thirteen theorems on centrifugal strength and considers the rotation of the conical pendulum.
Another wonderful essay of Christian Guigens is the theory of light, published in 1690, in which he sets out the theory of reflection and refraction and then double bulb irregularity in Icelandic putty in the form of it presents now in physics textbooks. From others opened H. Guigens we mention the following.
The discovery of the true type of Saturn rings and his two satellites made by the help of a ten-sing telescope, they are also arranged. Together with his brother, Huygens Christians engaged in the manufacture of optical glasses and significantly improved their production. Opened theoretical means of the ellipsoidal view of the Earth and the compression of it in the poles, as well as an explanation of the influence of centrifugal force on the direction of gravity and for the length of the second pendulum on different latitudes. Solving the issue of the impact of elastic bodies simultaneously with Vallyas and Brenno.
Huygens Christian belongs to the invention of the hourly spiral replacing the pendulum, the first hours with a spiral are arranged in Paris by the watch master of the Ture in 1674. He belongs to one of the decisions of the question of the form of a severe homogeneous chain in equilibrium.
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