Diseases due to ecology. What diseases cause environmental pollution

The ecological situation in our country remains extremely anxious and accompanied by a deterioration in the main indicators of public health, including the health of young children, the increase in mortality and decrease in the average life expectancy. It is enough to say that at present, more than 100 major cities and regions of the country are characterized by an ecological situation unfavorable to human health. The population living in the middle and small cities of Russia, distinguished by equally backward production technologies and urban-planning policies, and the population of agricultural territories, where the uncontrolled use of various eradicates and feed additives has gained threatening dimensions. Nevertheless, in the development of policies and plans for the economic development of regions, there is still insufficient attention to issues of environmental impact on people's health.

The life of a person is only fully full when he gets joy from staying on earth. The sick person concentrates only on the problems of his body and absolutely loses interest in the world around. Currently, in the conditions of an unstable economic situation, health becomes also the main economic force. The sick person can not work and earn normally. In our country, there was currently a very complex demographic situation, which is close to critical:

· Increased child mortality (it is 3 times higher than European);

· The life expectancy decreased, including men to 57-58 years, which is 15 years less than in Europe.

The life of modern human society is constantly accompanied by obvious, and most often - hidden impacts of various potentially harmful factors, including numerous chemicals. The threat of man's health and his well-being associated with such an adverse effects, it raises a growing concern today in both the medical community and in the wide segments of the population and the government who, in turn, appeal for help from scientists and specialists, increases the responsibility of the latter When distributing information about true scales and levels of environmental hazards.

The technogenic urban environment has a profound impact on the main social quality of a person - his health in the broad sense of the word. Factors such as pollution of the atmosphere and water emissions of industry and transport, electromagnetic fields, vibration and noise, chemical quality, as well as excessive information streams, excessive number of social problems, time deficit, hypodynamine, emotional overloads, disadvantages in nutrition, harmful habits, - In the same extent, both in various combinations become somatotropic and psychotropic factors of the etiology of numerous accuracy states, and then diseases.

The high concentrations of pollutants in different components of the environment led to the emergence of so-called "environmental diseases". Among them are described:

Chemical asthma;

Kirishsky syndrome (heavy allergies associated with emissions from the production of protein-vitamin concentrates);

Ticker syndrome, which develops in children in areas of oil refineries;

General immune depression for intoxication by heavy metals, dioxides, etc.;

Yushko's disease associated with the effect on the body of a child polychlorinated biphenyls;

In the Urals there was a disease that was called "potato disease" (symptom of the "crushing foot");

A disease was found in the Altai Territory, which called "Yellow Children".

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the quality of the habitat determines the 20% risk of diseases of the population. However, this is a digit, very conditional and even more so does not reflect the risk assessment of the incidence in administrative districts. For this assessment, the concept of socio-hygienic monitoring should be developed, including the climatic features of the territory. Analysis of the impact of the environmental situation within the entire city on the incidence of the population requires a separate development with the participation of specialists of the NII, sanitary and epidemiological services and organizations carrying out control over the state of the environment.

The implementation of sustainable development principles as a priority task implies the provision of constitutional rights of citizens to a healthy and favorable environment, as well as providing the population with the necessary environmental information.

Biologists and economists recently began to use a new term - "ecosystem services", under which the many ways are understood that nature supports human activity. Forests filter our drinking water, birds and bees pollinistive crops, and both "services" are highly both economic and biological, value.

If we do not understand the patterns of the natural ecosystem and do not take care of it, the system will cease to provide the "service" you need and will even begin to pursue us in the forms that we have so far have a very weak presentation. An example is the model of the emergence of new infectious diseases, in which most epidemics - AIDS, hemorrhagic ebola fever, Western Nile fever, acute respiratory syndrome (atypical pneumonia), Lyme disease and hundreds of others, which happened in recent decades, did not happen by themselves.

As it turns out, the disease is largely environmentally conditioned. 60% of human infectious diseases are zoonous, that is, occur from animals. And more than two thirds of them take their origin in the wild.

Several teams of veterinarians and environmental protection professionals together with medical scientists and epidemiologists make efforts at the global level in order to understand the "ecology of the disease". Their work is part of the project called "Forecast" (Predict), which is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USA AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT). Experts are trying to understand how on the basis of knowledge about the man-made changes in the landscape, for example, the construction of a new farm or road, can be predicted, in what place the disease is penetrated to us, and how to detect them on time, that is, before they managed spread Researchers take blood samples, saliva and other biomaterials in animals of those species that carry the greatest threat to the spread of infection, in order to compile a kind of virus catalog: having it, it will be possible to quickly identify the virus in the case of infected by the person. Experts are looking for such ways to deal with forests, their fauna and pets, which would allow you to stop the exit of diseases from forests and growing them to new pandemics.

It is not only about health protection, but also about the economy. The global bank estimated that the heating epidemic of influenza, for example, can cost the global economy in 3 trillion dollars.

The problem is exacerbated by unsatisfactory conditions for the content of livestock in poor countries: this factor can significantly increase the threat of the spread of infections carrying wild animals. Recently, the International Institute for Livestock Research published information that annually more than 2 million people die from diseases transferred to man from wild and domestic animals.

The Nipach Virus in South Africa and the Hendra virus close to him in Australia (both of the genus Henipah) are the most relevant examples of how the ecosystem impairment can lead to the spread of the disease. The source of these viruses are volatile foxes (Pteropus Vampyrus), also known as fruit bats. They eat very inactively, and this is an important factor in infection transfer scenarios. Recalling his kind Dracula, tightly covered in a membered cloak, they are often hanging down their heads and eat fruits: the flesh is chewed, and the juice and seeds spooled.

The volatile foxes and Henipah viruses arose together millions of years ago and passed a joint evolution, as a result of which the host's body was rarely seriously ill under the influence of the virus, except that the volatile equivalent of our cold. When the virus breaks through the species that are not its traditional symbiont, something similar to the scenario of horror film, as happened in rural areas of Malaysia in 1999. Apparently, a piece of fret of the fetal pulp Flut Ferrass dropped into a pigsty, located in the forest. Pigs have become infected with a virus, strengthened it, after which he switched to people. His deadly force turned out to be striking: out of 276 people infected in Malaysia, 106 were killed, and many of the survivors remained lifelong disabled people with neurological complications. There is no vaccine or medicine from Henipah infection. Since the first outbreak of the disease, another 12 has happened in South Asia, the truth is smaller on the scale.

In Australia, where 4 people and several dozen horses died from the Hendra virus, the scenario was different: the expansion of the suburbs led to the fact that infected bats, which were always inhabited solely forests, chopped yards and pastures. If Henipah viruses evolved until ready to be transmitted through accidental contact, it is necessary to worry about whether he cannot leave the jungle and spread over Asia first, and then the world. "The Nipakh is seeping, and we are seeing small clusters of cases, but this is only a matter of time: sooner or later a strain will appear, which will be able to quite effectively spread among people," says Jonathan Ephelth, a veterinarian working in Ecohelts Alliance (Ecohealth Alliance), New -Oork organization studying the environmental causes of diseases.

Newly emerging infectious diseases are new types of pathogens, or long-standing, but mutated, as it happens annually with the influenza. For example, AIDS man acquired in chimpanzees in the 1920s, when African wild animal hunters killed them and eaten.

Throughout the history of the disease, there was a forest and wild fauna, punching their way to human populations: plague and malaria - only two examples of such infections. Over the past 50 years, however, the number of newly emerging diseases, according to experts, has increased fourly, mainly due to the increasingly deep penetration of the person on the territory of the wildlife, especially in the infectious "hot spots" of the planet, most of which are located in the tropical regions . Thanks to the possibilities of modern air transport and stable demand for wild animals, the probability of a large-scale outbreak of any infectious disease in large settlements is sufficiently high.

The key to predicting and preventing the future pandemic, experts are considered to be an understanding of the so-called "protective effect" of nature, not disturbed by human intervention. For example, it follows from scientific analysis that on the Amazon deforestation of only 4% of the forests led to an increase in the incidence of malaria by 50%, because the mosquitoes transmitting the infection will multiply much more actively with a combination of sunlight and water, that is, in conditions created in the territories of cutting . Making ill-conceived actions against forests, a person opens the Pandora drawer - and this kind of cause and investigation studies the newly created team of specialists.

Health experts begin to include an environmental factor in their population health models. Australia, for example, launches a large-scale project to study the ecology of the Hendra virus and manochable, to which several million dollars will be highlighted.

However, the introduction of human civilization in the tropical landscape is not the only factor contributing to the emergence of new infectious diseases. The West Nile virus came to the United States from Africa, but spread due to the fact that one of his favorite owners is a raspberry that flourishes in America, in the edge of the pollasts and agricultural fields. Mosquitoes, spreading disease, find raspberries especially attractive. "The influence of the virus on the health of the population in the United States turned out to be so significant, because it uses those biological species that are good to get along with people," says Marm Kilpatrick, the biologist of the University of California in Santa Cruz. Due to the leading role in the spread of this disease, the raspberry is called "super-carrier".

The Eastern Coast of America, Lyme's disease, is also largely a human intervention product into the environment, namely, the result of the reduction and fragmentation of extended forest arrays. The invasion of a person moved natural predators - wolves, foxes, owls and hawks. This led to a fivefold increase in the number of white hamsters, which are an excellent "reservoir" for Lyme bacteria, maybe because they have a very weak immune system. In addition, they are very bad care for their fur. Opossums and gray proteins are combined with 90% larvae of a tick spreading virus, and hamsters destroy only 50%. "Thus, hamsters produce a huge number of infected pupae," says Richard Sosfeld, Lyme Disease Specialist.

"When our actions in the ecosystem - for example, the rupture of a single forest massif on the part and smashes the released territory on agricultural products - damage the variety of biological species, we get rid of those species that perform a protective function," says Dr. Ostfeld. "There are several species that are infection tanks, and quite a lot of those that are not them. We encourage our intervention to the reproduction of those who play the role of tanks. "

Dr. Ostfeld observed the emergence of two infectious diseases carried by ticks: it is piroplasmosis (babesia) and anaplasmosis, and he first raised the alarm due to the possibility of their distribution.

The best way to prevent new outbreaks of diseases, experts are considered, this is a global program, which they called the "Unified Health Initiative", which includes more than 600 scientists and other professionals, and promoting the idea that the health of people, animals and ecosystems is generally inextricably linked , and when planning certain innovations affecting nature, they need to be approached as a whole.

"This does not mean that you need to leave the virgin forests with virgin and not to let people go there," explains Simon Anthony, a molecular virologist from the Center for the Study of Infections and Immunity of Columbia University: - But it is necessary to understand how to do it without prejudice. If we can find a mechanism that launching the occurrence of the disease, we will be able to make changes to the environment without negative consequences. "

This is a task of a huge scale and complexity. According to experts, approximately 1% of all viruses living in wildlife studied today. Another complicating circumstance is that the immunology of wild animals as science is only beginning to develop. Raina K. Plantuyt, the biologist of the Pennsylvanian State University, which studies the ecology of the disease, found that the outbreaks of the hendra virus in flying foxes in rural areas is quite rare and much more than their number of urban and suburban animals. She puts forward a hypothesis that urbanized manochable becomes saddled and less faced with a virus than wild, and therefore it's easier to ill. This means that an increasing amount of volatile foxes - whether as a result of bad nutrition, the loss of the natural environment either for other reasons - they infect themselves and bring the virus into the yard to man.

The fate of the future pandemic may depend on the work of the forecast project. Ecohels and his partners, University of California in Davis, Society for the protection of wild animals and the Smithsonian Institute of Global Forecasts in Virology, study viruses that infect wild animal tropical zones, and make up a catalog of viruses. The focus is primates, rats and manochable, which are the most likely candidates in the carriers of diseases affecting people.

The prediction project researchers are observed for those sites where the existence of deadly viruses is an established fact and at the same time a person breaks into the forest zone, as it occurs along the new highway connecting the Atlantic coast with the Pacific Coast through the Andes in Brazil and Peru. "Applying an invasion of the invasion in the forest array on a map, you can predict where the next flash of the disease can occur," says Dr. Dazak, President Ecohels: - We are going to the village bordering on the forests, we are going to those places where the mines have just been drunk, where Roads are built. We speak with people living in these zones and explain to them that their activities are very risky. "

Perhaps you will have to talk with traditional wild animals, as well as those who build farms in areas that are natural habitat. In Bangladesh, where the virus of the Nipakh brought several times to flashes of the disease, it was possible to establish that the volatile foxes were visited into the depicting juice containers, which people drank. The containers were closed with bamboo mats (cost 8 cents per piece) and the source of the disease was eliminated.

ECOHELS specialists also organized baggage scanning at airports in order to verify the imported exotic animals, which are highly likely to be mortal carriers for a person viruses. Ecohels has a special Petwatch program (Petwatch), designed to warn lovers to keep the houses of exotic pets delivered to the market from wild forests in the infectious hot spot points.

Dr. Epstein, Veterinarian Ecohels, believes that the knowledge gained over the past few years of diseases for the ecology allows us to worry about the future a little less. "For the first time in history, we are making coordinated actions of 20 countries of the world for the development of a system of timely caution about the potential threat of outbreaks of zoonotic infections," he says.

Jim Robbins

Ecologically dependent diseases - These are diseases for which the environment of the environment makes a contribution to their prevalence, the features of their flow, but is the only and most important reason for their occurrence.

Environmentally conditioned diseases - This is a stronger term refers to a narrow circle of diseases caused by the occurrence of which is quite obviously associated with the environment.

EcotoxyGology is detected by the spectrum of anthropogenic chemicals affecting human health to their standardization and identification of extremely permissible concentration.

Basic sources of access to the environment:

1. Road toxicants: wind dust, volcanic eruptions, sea salt.

2. Arabic, associated with motor vehicles, industrial production, landfills, wastewater.

The concentration of toxicants in the human body stimulates a mutagenic effect, i.e. Change at the Gennel. The main toxicants that generate mutation are pesticides. - These are organic chemical compounds resulting from the interaction of chemical fertilizers with soil microorganisms, these are gennomified products, alien chemicals. They adversely affect the digestion and the absorption of food substances, lower the intrinsic forces of the body.

Carcinogenic substances- These are chemical compounds that can cause malignant and benign formations in the body when exposed to it.

Lead: damages the liver, kidneys, causes chronic brain disease, mental backwardness.

Chronic mercury poisoning: the defeat of the central and vegetative nervous system, liver, excretory organs, kidneys, digestive organs.

Cadmium: bone disease, fragility and bone fragility, has carcinogenic properties and stimulates the development of all forms of cancer and acute respiratory diseases.

Phenol: causes irritation of mucous membranes, phenol constant poisoning destroys kidneys and liver. Purchase sources: Construction and finishing materials, furniture from chipboard.

Formaldehyde (preservative in various products): is a carcinogen; It causes severe eye irritation, throat, skin, respiratory tract and lungs.

Ecoatology - causes a violation of the process of pigmentation, skin rashes, deterioration of well-being.

Xenobiotics - These are chemical compounds that are synthesized by the person themselves and have strong toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic effects.

Chronic fatigue syndrome: Sleep disorder, depressive condition, fast mood change.

Electromagnetic fields Cause a violation of the central nervous system, cardiovascular. Endocrine and immune system can cause cancer cell growth.

Ionizing radiation cause radiation disease, radial dermatitis, malignant tumors, leukemia, hereditary diseases.

Anthropecological fatigue - This is the voltage of all organism systems, aimed at restoring the disturbed homeostasis caused by factors modified by a human medium.

Biological types of pollution - These are the pathogens of micro-organisms viruses, helminths, the simplest, they can be in the atmosphere, water, soil, in the body of other living organisms. The peculiarity of natural focal diseases is that their pathogens exist in nature within a certain area, out of connection with people or pets (Plague, Tiff, tick-free incidence, malaria)

The sounds and noise of high power are striking the auditory apparys, nervous centers, can cause pain and shock.

Yatrogenic diseases - These are mental disorders that arise as a consequence of dioptological errors of medical workers (these are wrong statements or actions). Treatment coincides with the treatment of neurosis.

Video Ecology - This is an area of \u200b\u200bknowledge about the relationship between a person with the surrounding visible environment.

Sections: Geography Ecology

Theme lesson: Environmental diseases.

Objectives lesson:

• The concept of global environmental pollution, influence on human health of heavy metals, radiation, biphenyls and emerging environmental diseases. Show ways to solve the problem of global environmental pollution. Give the concept of environmental safety of the population.
• Continue the development of skills to prepare messages, analyze, compare, draw conclusions.
• Education to health care, nature.

Equipment:photo, slides, tables.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Orgmoment

a) Announcement of the topic of the lesson. ( application . Slide 1)
b) familiarization with the lesson plan. ( application . Slide 2)

II. Statement of new material

1. Global environmental pollution.

Teacher:At the beginning of the XXI century, humanity fully felt a global environmental crisis, which unequivocally indicates the anthropogenic pollution of our planet. Many inorganic and organic substances include the most dangerous environmental pollutants: radionuclides, heavy metals (such as mercury, cadmium, lead, zinc), radioactive metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Their constant impact causes serious violations of the activities of the basic vital functions of the body. Probably, a person moved the permissible environmental limits of exposure to all components of the biosphere, which ultimately crossed the existence of modern civilization. It can be said that a person approached the limit that cannot be crossed under any circumstances. One careless step and humanity will "break" in the abyss. One thoughtless movement, and humanity may disappear from the face of the earth.
(application . Slide 3)
Global environmental pollution occurred mainly for two reasons:
1) the steady growth of the world's population.
2) a sharp increase in the scientific and technical revolution of consumption of various energy sources.

Consider the first case: ( application . Slide 4)

So, if the population in 1900 was 1.7 billion people, then by the end of the twentieth century reached 6.2 billion people. 1950 g - the share of the urban population - 29%, 2000 years - 47.5%. Urbanization in Russia - 73%.
(application . Slide 5) Every year 145 million people are born in the world. 3 people appear every second. Every minute - 175 people. Every hour - 10.5 thousand people. Every day - 250 thousand people.

(application . Slide 5) The largest urban agglomerations are: Tokyo - 26.4 million people. Mexico City - 17 million people New York - 16.6 million people. Moscow - 13.4 million people.

Urbanization touched Russia, where the share of urban population is about 73%. In large cities, the situation with environmental pollution has become threatening (especially from vehicle emissions, radioactive contamination due to accidents at nuclear power plants).

(application . Slide 6) The city with a population of 1 million people spends 2,000 tons of food, 625,000 tons of water, thousands of tons of stone coal, oil, gas and producing their products.
For one day, the millionth city throws 500,000 tons of wastewater, 2,000 tons of garbage and hundreds of tons of gaseous substances. All cities in the world emit annually into the environment to 3 billion tons of solid industrial and household waste and about 1 billion tons of various aerosols, over 500 cubic meters. km, industrial and domestic wastewater. (Write to the notebook)

Teacher.Consider a second case.
From the middle of the XIX century as a result of industrial, and then the scientific and technical revolution, humanity in tens of times increased the consumption of fossil fuels. With the advent of new means of movement (steam locomotives, steamats, cars, diesel engines) and the development of thermal power engineering, the rate of oil and natural gas consumption has significantly increased.
(application . Slide 7)
Over the past 50 years, the consumption of fossil fuels in the world has increased: coal 2 times, oil 8 times, gas 12 times. So, if oil consumption in the world in 1910 amounted to 22 million tons, then in 1998 reached 3.5 billion tons.
The basis of the socio-economic development of modern civilization is mainly the production of energy, based mainly on fossil types of fuel.
On the one hand, oil and gas turned into the foundation of the well-being of many countries, and on the other hand in a powerful source of global pollution of our planet. Each year in the world more than 9mld. Ton of conditional fuel, which leads to an emission of more than 20 MLN. Tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and more than 700 million tons of various connections. Currently, about 2 billion tons of petroleum products are burned in cars.
In Russia, the total number of emissions of pollutants from all types of transport is about 17 million tons per year, more than 80% of all emissions fall on motor vehicles. In car emissions except carbon oxide, heavy metals are contained, they enter the air and the soil.
Basically, carbon monoxide (CO) is emitted from motor vehicles to the environment of approximately 84%. Carbon oxide prevents blood absorbing oxygen, which weakens the thoughtful abilities of a person, slows down reflexes, may be the cause of loss of consciousness and death.
Teacher.We turn to the examination of the following question.

2. Impact of heavy metals on the human body

A significant amount of heavy metals falls into the air and the soil not only from car emissions, but also in abrasion of the brake pads and with the wear of the auto strokes. Special danger from these emissions is that they contain soot contributing to the deep penetration of heavy metals into the human body. In addition to motor vehicles, metallurgical enterprises, CHP, NPP, and the production of fertilizers and cement are served sources of enforcement environment.
All heavy metals can be divided into three classes of danger: write to the notebook. ( application . Slide 8)

I class - arsenic, cadmium mercury, beryllium, selenium, lead, zinc, as well as all radioactive metals;
Class II - cobalt, chrome, copper, molybdenum, nickel, antimony;
III class - Vanadium, Barium, Tungsten, Manganese, Strontsia.

The effects of heavy metals on human health

Elements	Consequences of the effects of elements	Sources
	Increased concentrations
	Nervous disorders (minamate disease). Violation of the functions of the gastrointestinal tract, changes in chromosomes.	Pollution of soil, surface and groundwater.
	Cancer skin diseases, inton-monitoring, Peripheral neurites.	Soil pollution. Treated grain.
	Destruction of bone tissues, delayed protein synthesis in the blood, impaired nervous system and kidneys.	Polluted soils, surface and underground water.
	Organic changes in tissues, decay of bone tissue, hepatitis	Pollution of soils, surface and groundwater.
	Cirrhosis of the liver, disruption of kidney functions, Proteinuria.	Soil pollution.

Conclusions on the table do accounting. ( application . Slide 10)

Conclusions:Heavy metals are quite dangerous, they have the ability to accumulate in living organisms, increasing their food chains concentrations, which ultimately represents a huge danger to a person. Highly toxic and radioactive metals, falling into the human body, cause so-called environmental diseases.

3. Environmental diseases- The next our question.

Teacher:Guys, you prepared material on this issue, now we heard you. In the course of the message, you must fill in the table.

Environmental diseases.(application . Slide 11)

Message of the first student. ( application . Slides 12, 13, 14 (photos of species of Japan)

In 1953, more than one hundred inhabitants of the town of Minamat in the south of Japan became a strange disease
They quickly deteriorated vision and rumor, the coordination of movements, convulsions and convulsions were distinguished, the muscles were disturbed, serious mental deviations appeared.
The most difficult cases ended with full blindness, paralysis, madness, death ... 50 people died in Minamata. Not only people suffered from this disease, but also pets - half of cats died in three years. They began to find out the cause of the disease, it turned out that all the victims used in food by sea, caught off at the coast, where the industrial waste of enterprises of the Chemical Concern "TISO" was receded,
Containing mercury (Minaamata's disease). ( application . Slide 15)
Minaamata's disease - Human and animal disease caused by mercury compounds. It has been established that some aquatic microorganisms are able to translate mercury into high-tech methyl processing, which in food chains increases its concentration and accumulates in significant quantities in the organisms of predatory fish.
In the human body, mercury falls with fish products in which the content of mercury may exceed the norm. So, such a fish may contain 50 mg / kg of mercury; Moreover, when using such fish in food, it causes mercury poisoning when 10 mg / kg is contained in raw fish.
The disease is manifested in the form of neuro-paralytic disorders, headaches, paralysis, weakness, loss of vision and can even lead to death.

Message of the second student. ( application . Slide 16 - Photo of Japan, Slide 17 - ITAY-ITAY Disease).

Disease "ITAY-TY" -poisoning of people caused by eating rice containing cadmium compounds. This disease is known since 1955, when the wastewater of the Mitsui concern containing cadmiums fell into an irrigation system of rice fields. Cadmium poisoning can cause people apathy, kidney damage, softening bones and even death.
In the human body, cadmium is mainly accumulated in the kidneys and liver, and its damaging effect comes when the concentration of this chemical element in the kidneys will reach 200 μg / g. Signs of this disease are recorded in many regions of the globe, a significant number of cadmium compounds come into the environment. Sources are: burning fossil fuels on TPPs, gas emissions of industrial enterprises, production of mineral fertilizers, dyes, catalysts, etc. The assimilation is the absorption of water-food cadmium is at the level of 5%, and the air to 80%. According to this reason, the cadmium content in the body of large cities with their polluted atmosphere can be ten times more than the residents of the countryside. The characteristic "cadmium" diseases of citizens include: hypertension, ischemic heart disease, renal failure. For smokers (tobacco greatly accumulates cadmium salts from the soil) or occupied in production using cadmium to the lung cancer add emphysema of the lungs., And for
Non-smoking - bronchitis, pharyngitis and other respiratory diseases.

Message of the third student. ( application . Slide 18 - photo about Japan, Slide 19 - Survey "Yusho").

Disease "Yusho" -poisoning of people with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) is known since 1968. In Japan, the production of rice oil was in the product of refrigerators from refrigeration units. Then the poisoned oil went on sale as a food product and animal feed. At first, about 100 thousand chickens died, and soon people had the first symptoms of poisoning. This was expressed in changing the color of the skin, in particular the darkening of the skin in children born from mothers who were injured from PCB poisoning. Late the heavy lesions of the internal organs (liver, kidneys, spleen) and the development of malignant tumors were discovered.
The use of certain types of PCBs in agriculture and health care in some countries to combat carriers of infectious diseases led to their accumulation in many types of agricultural products, such as rice, cotton, vegetables.
A certain amount of PCB enters the environment with emissions of incineration plants, which is a danger to the health of urban residents. Therefore, in many countries, limit the use of PCB or is used only in closed systems.

Message 4 student. ( application . Slides 20-21 - Photo about Altai)

Disease "Yellow Children" - The disease appeared as a result of the destruction of intercontinental ballistic missiles, which led to the release into the surrounding medium toxic components of rocket fuel: NDMG (asymmetric dimethylhydrazine or gente) is the main component of rocket fuel, as well as nitrogen tetraoxide (both belong to the first hazard class). These compounds are very toxic, fall into the human body through the skin, mucous, upper respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, kids have begun to be born
pronounced signs of jaundice. In the incidence of newborns increased 2-3 times. The number of newborn children in the defeat of the central nervous system has increased. Children's mortality increased. Because of the emission of these substances, skin "burns" appeared - minecraft diseases that may appear after bathing in local rivers, hike in the forest, direct contact of the naked parts of the body with soil, etc. ( application . Slide 23 - Disease "Yellow Children").

Post 5 student. ( application . Slide 23 - drawing of the Chernobyl accident).

"Chernobyl disease"(application . Slide 24 - "Chernobyl disease")

April 26, 1986.an explosion occurred on the 4 power unit of the Chernobyl NPP. The emission of radionuclides was 77kg. (Hiroshima - 740 gr.). 6 million people suffered. The pollution area amounted to 160 thousand km. KV .. In the composition of radioactive precipitation included about 30 radionuclides such as: Crypton - 85, iodine - 131, cesium - 317, plutonium - 239. It turned out to be more dangerous of them - 131, with a small half-life. This element enters the human body through the respiratory tract, concentrating in the thyroid gland. The local population has noted the symptoms of "Chernobyl Disease": headache, dryness in the mouth, an increase in lymph nodes, oncological tumors of the larynx and the thyroid gland. Also in areas of victims of the accident at the Chernobyl AE, the incidence of cardiovascular system increased, outbreaks of various infections increased, the fertility rates significantly decreased. The frequency of mutations among children increased 2.5 times, the anomalies met each fifth newborn, about a third of the children were born with impaired psyche. Footprints of the Chernobyl "Event"
In the genin apparatus of mankind, according to the testimony of physicians, they will disappear only after 40 generations.

(application . Slide 25)

Teacher. How can I reduce the impact of industrial pollution on the environment?

(application . Slide 26)

1. Use of sewage treatment facilities
2. Non-traditional energy sources.
3. Replacing old technologies to new ones.
4. rational organization of traffic movement.
5. Prevent accidents at nuclear power plants and other industrial enterprises.

Teacher.We turn to the consideration of the last question.

4. Environmental Safety of the Population

Teacher.The issue of ecological safety of the population worries each of us. What is environmental safety? We look at the slide, write down the definition and basic laws. ( application . Slide 27)

The environmental safety of the population is the state of the protection of the vital environmental interests of a person and above all its rights to a favorable environment.

Human health is currently dependent on the state of the environment. "For everything you need to pay" says one of Barry Commonor laws. And we pay our health for the ecological problems we create. In recent years, in many countries, due to the increase in the number of environmentally conditioned diseases, the legal importance of environmental issues began to empower. In our country, important federal environmental laws were adopted: "On the protection of the environment" (1991), Water Code of the Russian Federation (1995), "On the radiation safety of the population" (1996), "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" (1999). Developed a "concept of transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development" in 1996. In solving environmental problems, international cooperation is of great importance.

Conclusion (application . Slide 28)

Nature was and will always be stronger than a person. She is eternal and infinite. If you leave everything as it is, then soon only 20-50 years later, the earth will answer humanity with an irresistible blow to the destruction!

Reflection(application . Slides 29, 30 - Merry drawings).

III. Fastening material

(application . Slides 31-35). Checking the filling of the "Environmental Diseases" table.

IV. Homework

Learn material in the table .

Literature:

1. VKOV G.A. Ecology. Tutorial for accounting 10 cl . general educational institutions.
Blagoveshchensk: Publishing House of BGPU, 2000.
2. Vronsky V.A. Environmental diseases. Journal "Geography at School No. 3, 2003.
3. Korobkin V.I., Peredelsky L.V.Ecology. Rostov Nd: Publishing House "Phoenix", 2001.
4. Kuznetsov V.N. Ecology of Russia. Reader. M: MDS JSC, 1996.
5. Rosanov L.L. Geoecology. Tutorial 10 -11 CL. Elective courses. Drop, 2005.

Year -17 billion people 2000 year-6.2 billion people 1950 anniversary of the urban population-29% 2000 annual 47.5% urbanization in Russia-73%

Every year 145 million people are born in the world. Every second appears - 3 people. Every minute a person every hour is 10.4 thousand people every day - 250 thousand people. The largest urban agglomerations of Tokyo - 26.4 million people of Mexico City - 17.9 million people New York - 16.6 million people Moscow - 13.4 million people (examples in a notebook)

The impact of urbanization on the environment The city with a population of 1 million .. Selovek consumes a day of the South Kazakhstan. Thousands of tons of stone coal, oil, gas and their processing products. For one day, the millionth city throws t. Wastewater, T. garbage and hundreds of tons of gaseous substances. All cities in the world are emitted annually into the environment to 3 billion tons of solid industrial and household waste and about 1 billion tons. various aerosols, over 500 cubic meters. km of industrial and domestic wastewater. (Write to the notebook)

2. The cutting increase during the corner of the consumption of various sources of energy over the past 50 years, the consumption of fossil fuels in the world has increased: coal 2 times, oil 8 times, gas is 12 times annifle-22 million. T year-oil-3.5 billion tons. Every year in the world more than 9 billion tons of conditional fuel is burned and more than 20 million tons are emitted into the environment. Carbon dioxide, and more than 700 different compounds. About 2 billion tons of petroleum products are burned in cars. RF- emissions of pollutants from transport are-17 million tons. per year and 80% accounted for motor vehicles. In the emissions of cars, in addition to carbon oxide, heavy metals are contained, they enter the air and the soil also during the abrasion of the brake pads and with the wear of the auto strokes. In addition to vehicles, metallurgical enterprises, CHP, NPP, and the production of fertilizer and cement are served by sources of heavy metals.

Classification of heavy metals according to the degree of danger: I class-arsenic, cadmium, mercury, selenium, beryllium, lead, zinc, as well as all radioactive metals; Class II Cobalt, chrome, copper, molybdenum, nickel, antimony; III Class-Vanadium, Barium, Tungsten, Manganese, Strontsia. (Record in notebook)

Heavy metals are very dangerous, they have the ability to accumulate in living organisms, increasing their food chains concentrations, which, ultimately, is a huge danger to human health. Highly toxic and radioactive metals, falling into the human body, cause so-called environmental diseases.

The disease is known since 1955, when the wastewater of the Mitsui concern containing cadmiums fell into an irrigation system of rice fields. Hypertension, ischemic heart disease, renal failure, lung cancer in smokers (tobacco contains cadmium). Disease "ITAY-ITAY"

Disease "Yellow Children" As a result of the destruction of intercontinental ballistic missiles into the environment, the toxic components of the NDMG missile fuel (asymmetric dimethylhydrazine or gentyl) and nitrogen tetraoxide were obtained, both belong to the first hazard class. Children began to be born with signs of jaundice and the defeat of the central nervous system, the childhood mortality was taken. The adult population has developed a gangrene of the lower extremities. Runting skin diseases.

"Chernobyl disease" on April 26, 1986, an explosion on the 4 power unit of the Chernobyl NPP. The emission of radionuclides was-77 kg (Hiroshima-740 gr.). 9 million people suffered. Pollution area amounted to about 160 thousand km. sq. About 30 radionuclides are included in radioactive precipitation such as: Crypton-85, iodine-131, cesium-317, plutonium-239. The local population has noted the symptoms of the disease: headache, dry mouth, an increase in lymph nodes, oncological tumors of the larynx and the thyroid gland. An increase in the incidence of cardiovascular system was noted, outbreaks of various infections were frequent, the frequency of mutations among children increased 2.5 times, an anomalies for each fifth newborn, about a third of the children were born with impaired psyche. Traces of the Chernobyl "Event" in the genin apparatus of humanity, according to the testimony of physicians, will disappear only after 40 (forty) generations.

The environmental safety of the population is a state of the protection of the vital environmental interests of a person and above all its rights to a favorable environmental environment. Human health is currently dependent on the state of the environment. "For everything you need to pay" says one of Barry Commonor laws. And we pay our health for the ecological problems we create. In recent years, in many countries, in connection with the increase in the number of environmentally conditioned diseases, they began to empower the legal framework for environmental protection. In our country, important federal environmental laws were adopted: "On the protection of the environment" (1991), Water Code of the Russian Federation ( 1995), "On the radiation safety of the population" (1996), "On the sanitary epidemiological well-being of the population" (1999). The "concept of transition of the Russian Federation for sustainable development" (1996) in solving global environmental problems is of great importance to international cooperation.

Nature was and will always be stronger than a person. She is eternal and infinite. If you leave everything as it is, then soon only years later, the earth will answer humanity with an irresistible blow to the destruction!

Environmental Diseases Name of the disease The cause of the disease is manifested by the disease 3 Disease "Yusho" or "Black Baby" Poisoning of people with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Changing the color of the skin in humans; Heavy lesions of internal organs (liver, kidney, spleen); Development of malignant tumors.

Environmental Diseases Name Disease Cause of the disease Causes Disease 4 Disease "Yellow Children" Rocket fuel - NDMG (asymmetrical dimethylhydrazine or gente) and nitric tetraxide jaundice and damage to the central nervous system. The adult population has developed a gangrene of the lower extremities. Runting skin diseases.

Environmental Diseases Name Disease Cause of the disease Corresponding disease 5 "Chernobyl disease" Radiation Headache, dry mouth, an increase in lymph nodes, oncological tumors of larynx and thyroid gland. Anomalies in newborns, psyche disorders.