What is immunity synopsis. Abstract of a biology lesson on the topic "Immunity

1. General concepts about intrinsic motivation Positive motivation - activates a person's abilities. Negative motivation - inhibits the manifestation of a person's abilities. Need is the inner state of a person. Incentive - external factors affecting motivation.

Reasons for violations of labor protection requirements The employee is in a hurry to fulfill the "norm", to do the assigned work as easily and quickly as possible; The employee works as always, not suspecting that these methods and methods of specific work established in the team are not safe;

Working conditions have changed significantly, but the employee, due to poor THEORETICAL training, does not know about it, does not see and does not “feel” it, works “as always”; While working, the employee thinks about his own and becomes inattentive, indistinct even in the usual movements; The employee does not feel well (gets sick or on the eve "took on the breast" too much ...), and therefore poorly coordinates all his actions;

2. The human factor in ensuring safety As you know, numerous technical systems become interconnected only due to the presence of such a basic link as a person, and approximately 20-30% of equipment failures (incidents) are directly or indirectly related to human errors. Often, these failures pose a threat to human safety. It is known that 60 to 90% of injuries are caused by the victims themselves.

Cases of human error: 1. An employee deliberately strives to perform work by violating safety rules. 2. The employee does not know how to work safely. 3. The worker reacts slowly to the changing situation and is inactive at the very moment when his active actions are necessary.

The main reasons for human error: professional unsuitability for this type of work; unsatisfactory training or low qualifications; blindly following instructions with unsatisfactory safety procedures; poor working conditions in the workplace.

Conclusion: Taking into account the psychology of workers is an important link in the structure of measures to ensure labor protection. When organizing the management of labor protection, it is necessary to take into account mental processes, mental properties, and especially in detail to analyze various forms mental statesobserved in the course of work.

Professionally important qualities: vitality (physical condition, endurance, mobility, optimism); activity and dynamism (efficiency, rhythm of work, initiative); aggressiveness or suggestibility (a tendency towards self-affirmation or a tendency to seek help and protection);

The degree of development of the sensory sphere (sense organs); emotionality; sensitivity; sociability; allocentrism (the tendency to put oneself in the place of others in order to better understand them) or egocentrism (the tendency to consider others only in comparison with one's “I”).

Spontaneity or slowness of reactions; the level of mental energy (the ability to resist, self-control, coordination of various tendencies); large or small field of consciousness (the ability to simultaneously perceive many objects or to focus on one, isolating from the rest); practical mind, logical mind, creative mind.

Professional qualities for workers performing "delicate" work: hard work; equilibrium; ability to take into account circumstances; accuracy and cleanliness of work; self-control and correction of one's own mistakes; productivity and pace of work; insensitivity to monotonous work; initiative; the ability to get along with the team and superiors.

Conscious attitude to the use of materials and tools; ability to organize, coordinate, assess the situation; ability to use work experience and timely carry out restructuring; striving for knowledge replenishment; the ability to monitor the work and advise employees;

Personnel assessment: The purpose of the assessment, its main tasks - why are we assessing? Personnel appraisal, selection, placement, promotion to the reserve, assessment of new employees, forecast of employee promotion up the career ladder, promotion, change in wages and other goals Object of assessment - who are we evaluating? Managers of various levels, middle-level personnel, executors, administrative workers, maintenance and operating personnel, employees of various specializations

Assessment methods - how are we assessing? Quantitative, qualitative, combined. A set of methods is preferred. Subject of assessment - who is assessing? Experts (“bottom”, “top” at the level of category positions); group personality assessment; self-esteem of business, personal and professional qualities; assessment of personality parameters by a psychologist, sociologist. Time, place, procedure for assessing - where and how do we assess? Assessment in the morning; the presence of a specially prepared room; group or individual work; processing the results manually or on a computer.

Assessment Outcome - What is the ultimate goal of the assessment? Presentation of the results in the form of various psychograms intended for the management of the enterprise, the certification commission and for the person being assessed; drawing up socio-psychological characteristics of the studied units and groups; psychological opinion on the most complete use of specialists (drawn up by a specialist psychologist without the use of computer programs).

Conclusion: Such studies show that the safety of work of any technical systems and collectives directly depends on psycho-informational factors, on the quality of perception, information processing both by the person himself and by groups of people, and by man-machine systems.

4. Managing the motivation of workers' labor protection activities. Managing motivation to maintain high level labor safety is aimed at developing personal and group long-term interests and appropriate attitudes towards unconditional motivated compliance with labor protection requirements, as well as appropriate behavior in hazardous industrial situations. Managing motivation to maintain a high level of labor safety is aimed at developing personal and group long-term interests and appropriate attitudes towards unconditional motivation to comply with labor protection requirements, as well as appropriate behavior in hazardous industrial situations.

Establishing the personal responsibility of employees allows: together with other forms of preventive work, lead to unified system activities of managers and specialists, as well as supervisors to ensure safe working conditions; assess the level of preventive work in the field of labor protection;

Regularly receive information about the condition of machines, equipment, tools and workplaces in terms of their safety (safe operation) and take measures to eliminate deficiencies; receive data on employees' compliance with labor protection requirements, take disciplinary measures against violators.

4. The concept of "labor protection culture" Labor protection / safety culture is a conscious position of persons whose actions affect the state of labor protection / safety, convinced that ensuring labor protection / safety is a priority goal, who are aware of responsibility and control their actions.

Occupational health / safety culture is a set of values, attitudes, rules, management systems and methods, principles of participation in work regimes, leading to the creation of a safe and healthy working environment in which people can work with a high degree of quality and productivity.

Conclusion 1: The dynamic and evolving process of building a safety culture has much in common with the processes of effective organizational development. While it is widely recognized that there is no single recipe for creating and improving a health and safety culture, there is a growing perception of similarities in key characteristics and practices that organizations can implement to progress in this direction.

Motivation is a system of factors that includes: needs, goals, intentions, values, attitudes, attitude (towards oneself and others), interests, and others.
Motivation determines the direction and activity of human behavior as a whole. However, a specific action, a specific action occurs under the influence of a phenomenon called motive.
Motivation is not a human quality that has been formed once and for all. Motivation is constantly renewed and changed in the process of training, education and self-education, the accumulation of life experience. Accordingly, the motives of specific actions and deeds change.
An important component of motivation is psychological attitude (attitude) to meet safety requirements. That is, the safe activity of an employee is a consequence of the correct attitude to the requirements of labor protection, his attitude to work without accidents. Therefore, in order to achieve a favorable attitude of the employee to safety requirements, such an attitude must be created, first of all, in his manager, and it must "capture" the employee. The employee will believe in the possibility of safe work only to the extent that his immediate and higher supervisor will believe in it. Therefore, all links of production management must constantly show "visible" and "audible" by workers interest in ensuring safe working conditions. Moreover, the workers must constantly feel this on themselves.
In personnel business and management, the method of dividing motives into internal and external ones is successfully used. Accordingly, distinguish between internal and external motivation, which controls human activities.
Intrinsic motivation is called a complex of motives and aspirations generated by the personality itself. Applied to work: an internally motivated employee finds pleasure in the very fulfillment of the task before him, in getting a result or enjoying the process of solving. The most widespread and proven method of stimulating labor protection in Russia is the organization of the review competition “For Safe Labor” (conditional name). The review competition is regulated by the relevant Regulations. It is advisable to establish several so-called nominations and combine moral and material incentives. The strategic task of such a competition is to develop a system of incentive rewards (by methods of moral and material incentives) for employees who know and comply with the requirements and standards of labor protection, while maintaining a system of disciplinary actions on insufficiently trained and undisciplined employees.
The main goals of such a review competition are:
1) the formation of sustainable motivation of employees for knowledge and compliance with the rules and regulations on labor protection;
2) increasing the interest of employees in improving the state of conditions and labor protection at workplaces and in divisions;
3) increasing the efficiency of employees in compliance with labor protection requirements, instructions for the safe conduct of work;
4) strengthening the labor discipline of employees.
External motivation refers to factors that affect the employee from the outside: bonuses and salaries, incentives for management and the desire not to receive a reprimand.

Lesson topic: Immunity.

Developed by: Kust I.V. - teacher of biology and chemistry

MBOU Kolyudovskaya secondary school

Lesson Objectives: give a definition of immunity, name the organs of the immune system, explain the essence of the immune response and the function of cellular and humoral immunity; show the role of antibodies in the neutralization of antigens; explain the role of scientists in the disclosure of the essence of immunity, the invention of vaccines and medicinal sera;

Formation of understanding of the value of a healthy lifestyle, the ability to use speech means to argue their position.

During the classes.

Lesson stage

Teacher activity

Student activities

Methods and techniques

Updating knowledge on the topic "Internal environment of the body"

What topic did we learn in the last lesson?

Let's recall the basic concepts of this topic using the simulator card.

We work in pairs.

Answers questions.

Works in pairs: one asks a question and the other answers.

Reference circuit.

Learning new material.

Motivation.In one popular book on physiology, it was figuratively said: “Every second in the Red Sea, millions of ships crash and sink to the bottom. But millions of new ships are leaving the harbors to sail again. "

What are “ships” and “harbors”?

The concept of "Immunity".

Immunity is the body's ability to protect its own integrity and biological individuality. A particular manifestation of immunity is immunity to infectious diseases. The ability of the body to find foreign bodies and substances (antigens) and get rid of them.

In the course of evolution, the immune system has formed.

Organs of the immune system.

The organs of the immune system include: bone marrow, thymus, spleen, accumulations of lymphoid tissue. The immune system arose with the emergence of multicellular organisms and evolved as a factor contributing to their survival. Immunology- bioscience, which studies the body's defense reactions aimed at preserving its structural and functional integrity and biological individuality. Immunology emerged as a branch of medical microbiology in the 19th century.

The founders of immunology were E. Jenner, Louis Pasteur, I. I. Mechnikov. Later Bering, Landsteiner, Ermich and others.

The concept of antibodies.

Antibodies-protein synthesized in the body in response to the presence of an antigen.

Example: a toxin poison has appeared in the blood. An antitoxin is produced on it by an antibody, which neutralizes the toxin, forming an antigen-antibody complex.

Antibodies are specific for a certain type of protein

Antibodies can persist in the blood for a long time, and the body becomes immune to disease.

Types of immunity

Congenital: inherited by offspring from parents (people have antibodies in their blood from birth)

Acquired: produced after foreign proteins enter the bloodstream, for example, after suffering a disease (measles, chickenpox)

Artificial active: after vaccine administration (culture of weakened microbes or their poisons)

Artificial passive: after administration of therapeutic serum (preparation of ready-made antibodies)

Without anti-diphtheria serum, 60-70% of children with diphtheria died (with diphtheria, the mucous membrane of the throat is affected).

Anti-tetanus serum is used to prevent disease when it gets into the wound of the earth.

What vaccinations should teenagers get?

In our country, there is a National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations, approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. According to this calendar, girls are vaccinated against rubella at the age of 13. At the same age, previously unvaccinated adolescents are vaccinated against hepatitis. At the age of 14 - against diphtheria, tetanus, polymeelitis, tuberculosis. At the age of 15-16, revaccination against measles, mumps. After 17 years from diphtheria and tetanus.

AIDS is a disease caused by the HIV virus that affects T-lymphocytes, destroying cellular and humoral immunity.

They offer answer options.

(this refers to leukocytes).

What functions do they perform?

Student messages: 1) I. I. Mechnikov discovered phagocytosis.

Phagocytes absorb foreign substances and cause a local inflammatory reaction of the body, accompanied by edema, redness and pain.

New phagocytes are attracted to the inflammation focus

Consuming foreign bodies and damaged cells, phagocytes die in large numbers, turning into pus.

I.I. Mechnikov proposed the phagocytic theory of immunity in 1863. This is cellular immunity.

2)P. Ehrlich opened humoralimmunity.

Special leukocytes form special antibody proteins that are involved in the neutralization of foreign substances.

The cells that make antibodies are called lymphocytes.

A cell that recognizes a foreign body, a T-lymphocyte. It transmits information about a foreign protein to the B-lymphocyte, which produces antibodies (gamma globulins).

T lymphocytes that destroy foreign and cancer cells are called killer T cells.

Messages: Contribution of E. Genera and Louis Pasteur to the development of the doctrine of immunity.

Monologue speech

Based on the messages, students fill out the diagram:

Immunity mechanisms:

Cellular (phagocytosis)

Humoral (antibody formation)

Monologue speech.

The wording of the conclusion from the message.

Anchoring

IP Pavlov said: "The body has an" extraordinary reaction "in which the body sacrifices some part to save the whole." What is it about?

Questions to consolidate.