The heroes in the story are Ionych. The path of spiritual degradation of the main character of the story by A.P.
Characteristics of the hero
When you read the late stories of A.P. Chekhov, you involuntarily pay attention to the fact that they are permeated with some kind of sadness; they contain a dream of unattainable harmony, sharply contrasting with a wretched and awkward life. This motif sounds with particular force in the wonderful story “Ionych”.
The plot of this little masterpiece is a sad story of a young zemstvo doctor who turned into a disgusting, evil and selfish creature. How and why does such a metamorphosis happen to the hero? The writer helps to find the answer to this question, as if placing milestones on Startsev’s life path: “more than a year has passed,” “four years have passed,” “several more years have passed.” Each period of time is perceived as a kind of milestone, showing the changes that occur in inner world hero. The environment into which this young doctor finds himself is of great importance in the spiritual degradation of Dmitry Startsev.
The beginning of Chekhov's story introduces the reader to the boring and monotonous setting of the provincial town of S., which, however, was brightened up by its attraction - the Turkin family, which all city inhabitants unanimously considered the most educated and cultured. Indeed, each member of this family has some kind of talent. Ivan Petrovich Turkin tirelessly entertains guests with his jokes and charades. His wife Vera Iosifovna writes novels, which she reads to guests, finding grateful listeners in them. The Turkins' daughter Katerina Ivanovna, according to others, is a talented pianist, so she firmly decides to study at the conservatory in order to achieve fame and glory. The list of talents of this gifted family is certainly impressive, but let us remember how Chekhov describes the Turkin family, showing it in the perception of a new person - Dmitry Ionych Startsev. Somewhat alarming is the phrase that through long exercises in wit, Ivan Petrovich developed his extraordinary language. In my opinion, wit is an innate quality of a person - it cannot be developed. This natural conclusion is immediately confirmed by typical examples of Turkin wit (“I’m sorry, thank you,” “hello, please,” etc.), which, moreover, are repeated a year later, and several years later, just like a phrase from Shakespeare’s “Othello.” , which is pronounced first by a servant boy, and then by a mature, stalwart young man. Everything convinces us that the Turkins, alas, are mediocre. This is evidenced by Vera Iosifovna’s soporific novel and by Kotik’s playing, which struck the keys with such force as if it wanted to drive them deep into the piano. In any case, this is exactly the impression her performance made on Dr. Startsev. But he, along with everyone else, admires Kotik’s talent, speaks approvingly of the mistress of the house’s romance, and laughs at Ivan Petrovich’s jokes. The internal state of a “fresh” person clearly contrasts with the unnatural, posturing “intelligence” of this very cultured family. If the most talented people in the city there are so mediocre, then what about the rest! Thus, depicting close up the Turkin family, the author thereby characterizes the low educational and cultural level of the urban intelligentsia. It becomes clear into what kind of environment the young, active doctor found himself, who at first differs favorably from the townsfolk with his honesty, hard work, dedication, and desire to do useful, noble work.
For a long time, ordinary people irritated him with their conversations, views on life, and even their appearance. He soon came to the conclusion that people like this you can only play cards, have a snack and talk about the most ordinary everyday things, without touching the spheres of politics or science. The emerging conflict between an intelligent, educated, hardworking person and a wretched philistine environment, however, does not find further development in the story. Perhaps this comes from the fact that for the first time in his life, Startsev falls ardently and passionately in love with Katerina Ivanovna Turkina. This feeling pushes all other problems into the background, forcing young man idealize this pretty, intelligent girl, fulfill all her whims and caprices. Although common sense tells Startsev that Kotik will not be a good assistant and friend for him, it is she who the hero wants to see as his wife. He has little doubt that his proposal will be accepted, wondering how his life will turn out after marriage. And here, in his dreams and thoughts, somewhat alarming thoughts clearly appear that they will probably give a lot of dowry, that he will have to move from Dyalizh to the city and engage in private practice.
This means that Doctor Startsev, passionate about working in the zemstvo hospital, receiving patients there on Sundays and holidays, in the event of marriage, is ready, without any doubts or regrets, to part with his life’s work. This dangerous symptom suggests that the popular ideas, under the influence of which the young intellectual goes to serve the people, have not become his convictions. Therefore, it cannot be said that Startsev changed his views: he simply did not have them. It is noteworthy that the hero very easily makes compromises and deals with his conscience. He is incapable of even experiencing real suffering. After all, after Kotik’s refusal, Startsev was worried and tormented for exactly three days, and then his life returned to its previous rut. Even memories of a beloved girl are limited to the lazy phrase: “How much trouble, however.”
Thus, Chekhov already here debunks his hero, revealing the amazing indifference and callousness of his soul, in which there is a clear tendency towards complete death. Therefore, in my opinion, there is nothing surprising or unexpected in the subsequent transformation of the hero. Having said goodbye to his only love and dream of noble service to people, Startsev narrows his circle of interests. The only real pleasure he gets is from playing vint and counting his daily wages. During a meeting with Kotik four years later, under the influence of her tenderness, care, and love, a light began to glimmer in Dmitry Ionych’s soul; he felt the need to talk about himself. Sincere bitterness can be heard in his words addressed to Katerina Ivanovna: “How are we doing here? No way. We are getting old, getting fatter, getting worse. Day and night - a day away, life passes dullly, without impressions, without thoughts... Profit during the day, and in the evening a club, a society of gamblers, alcoholics, wheezing people, whom I can’t stand. What’s good?” This means that Startsev understands perfectly well that he is sinking and degrading, but he has neither the desire nor the strength to fight the vulgar philistine environment. He passively obeys her, and a few years later, at the end of the story, we already see a plump, red, shortness of breath man, who unceremoniously throwing open the doors, inspects the house scheduled for sale, although he already has two houses in the city and an estate in Dyalizh. He is completely alone, nothing interests him. The hero's life journey is completed. His soul was completely deadened, everything had evaporated from it except his progressive possessive interest.
A person, initially opposed to the vulgar philistine environment, becomes its terrible symbol. With this story, the author wanted to say a lot: about the wretched, unspiritual atmosphere that kills high noble impulses in young people, and about those intellectuals who are devoid of will, perseverance, purposefulness, incapable of fighting and defending their life positions. But the main thing, in my opinion, is that Chekhov makes the reader think about what prevents people from living a full, rich life, working creatively, and loving sincerely and deeply. After all, the writer dreamed of just such a life, about the perfect, harmonious person, in which “everything should be perfect.” Therefore, Chekhov’s wonderful story remains relevant today, helping us to notice the traits of Ionych in ourselves and those around us and fight them.
Story by A.P. Chekhov's "Ionych" was published in the "Monthly Literary Supplements" to the magazine "Niva" in the same year, 1898, in which it was written. This work cannot be attributed to a specific topic. It simultaneously talks about the development of man and the degradation of his soul. On the one hand, Ionych becomes a significant person in the city, he is wealthy and has special authority, but, on the other hand, material wealth negatively affects the spiritual development of the hero. Depending on what question the reader asks himself when reading this story, it can be classified as social issue(what role did society play in the development of Ionych’s character?), psychology (can a person resist society?) or philosophy (why does the hero choose such life path, does not continue to fight?).
From notebooks and the author’s diaries, literary scholars were able to recreate the original intention of the writer, which had both differences and similarities with the published text. What is the author's original thought? What changes did his idea undergo during the process? How radically different is it from the source material? What happened and what happened?
Initially, Chekhov wanted to write a story centered on the Filimonov family. It is not difficult to understand that this is a kind of prototype of the future Turkins. In the final edition, the main features of the members of this family were preserved. What is the difference then? It lies in the fact that at first there was no main character in the story, that is, Ionych himself. What does this change? At first glance, the theme of the story does not change: the spiritual poverty of the Filimonov (Turkin) family. But the appearance of Startsev in the work entails a change in main idea works. If initially we were talking about the mental poverty of one particular family, then in the final version the Turkins are shown to be the best in the city, which makes you think about what the rest of the residents are like, and how the society of these people changed the life of the main character.
Meaning of the name
When you start reading Chekhov's story, you assume that the focus of his attention will be on the Turkin family: a detailed description of each of its members is given with their character and habits. Only later does the reader realize that the title is connected with the main character. Ionych is Dmitry’s patronymic. In its rough sound, the author conveys the essence of the metamorphosis that the doctor underwent. By patronymic, people familiarly address those they know, but they don’t really respect them. Usually they talk about a person like this behind his back, wanting to emphasize their short acquaintance with him or even belittle him. All the inhabitants of the city intuitively understood that the promising young man had become one of them, a tradesman and everyman who had become isolated in the routine of days, had become flabby and had lost his purpose. If earlier he was respected, then by the end he became an ordinary resident county town, gray and faceless.
Ionych is Dmitry Ionovich Startsev. The chosen title focuses on the hero's nickname, which is given to him at the end of the story. This is precisely the meaning of the work. Having chosen this title for the story, Chekhov poses the question to the reader: “How did the zemstvo doctor Startsev turn into Ionych?” Only that reader can be said to have understood the essence of the work and to be able to find the answer to this question in the text.
Genre, composition, direction
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is known as the author of plays and short prose. His work “Ionych” is a realistic story. A striking feature of this direction and main theme"Ionycha" are social problems raised by the author. Also, belonging to realism is evidenced by an objective description and the presence of typical characters.
In a work, everything always follows one goal - the embodiment of the author’s thoughts. The composition follows this. This story by Chekhov consists of five chapters. Thus, the third chapter is the golden ratio. It turns out to be a turning point for the main character. In it, Startsev proposes to Kitty and is rejected. From this moment the hero's spiritual fall begins.
The essence
This is a story about a zemstvo doctor who walked, practiced and believed in love, but in a few years he turned into an “idol”, owning his own three, a plump man in the street, whose favorite pastimes were games and counting money.
The author talks about how, in the absence of the possibility of development and the desire for self-improvement, a person quickly gets used to a new, simpler pace of life - degradation. Having started with ambitious plans and good intentions, the hero lowers the bar and simplifies life, becoming an ordinary tradesman with a banal set of values: gambling, personal enrichment, good reputation. Chekhov also reflects on the reasons for this transformation. Kotik had a strong influence on Startsev. Perhaps, if she had not treated her lover Dmitry Startsev so cruelly, if she had not mocked his love, then everything would have turned out differently. But these are just guesses and assumptions...
The main characters and their characteristics
- Turkins- “the most educated family.” They live on the main street of the provincial town of S.. All family members have static characters. Turkin Ivan Petrovich loves to joke and tell jokes. He speaks his own language to entertain guests. His wife, Vera Iosifovna, writes romance novels and reads them to guests in the evenings. Turkin's daughter, Ekaterina Ivanovna, or Kotik, as her family affectionately calls her, plays the piano. She even wanted to enter the conservatory, but nothing worked out. In the Turkins’ house there is also a footman, Pava, who, to raise the mood of the guests, theatrically cries out: “Die, unfortunate thing!”
- Dmitry Ionovich Startsev- a talented doctor who went to work in city C after studying. This is an educated, sensitive and shy young man who tends to idealize everything. He does not live in the city itself, but several miles away from it. He falls in love with Katerina, proposes, but is refused. Gradually he changes, becoming irritable, callous and indifferent to everything. When describing this hero, an important feature is the degradation of his character throughout the work. She is shown through several constant details: the method of transportation (on foot, a pair, and then a trio of horses with bells), obesity, attitude towards society and love of money. Appearance the hero is a clear reflection of the impoverishment of his soul.
Topics and issues
- Vulgarity in “Ionych”- one of the main topics. Startsev, getting used to life in the city, only silently played, drank, ate and counted money at home; he became far from his former ideals. His life goals dropped to daily routine worries and the desire to accumulate capital. The hero’s internal degradation is emphasized by his external changes: “Startsev has gained even more weight, has become obese, is breathing heavily and is already walking with his head thrown back.”
- City life. The description of life and morals in the city, and, in particular, the Turkin family, is associated with raising the topic of people’s mental poverty. How are the townspeople presented to us? How do they while away their leisure time? He speaks about this himself main character. Ionych talks about his pastime to Ekaterina Ivanovna. From his words about a typical day, we can clearly imagine how the residents spent their free time from work. Everything is monotonous, “life passes dullly, without impressions, without thoughts”: a club, playing cards, alcohol.
- Love. One can only speculate about what would have happened if Kotik had agreed to marry Startsev. This did not happen, and the hero himself was happy about it at his last meeting with Ekaterina Ivanovna. Based on this, we can say that everything in his soul died away, and even such a strong feeling as love could not awaken him to life. But if you look at it differently, then Ekaterina Ivanovna cannot be called an unusual girl capable of awakening a great feeling. At the end of the story, Ionych, already taught by life, understands this.
Idea
Despite the presence of several themes in the story, the focus is on one issue - the relationship between man and society. No one will argue that by the end of the novel Startsev becomes as colorless a commoner as any citizen of the city. When comparing the portrait of the hero presented at the beginning of the book with Startsev’s lifestyle and appearance at the end, the impoverishment of his soul and the disappearance of high aspirations become obvious. If earlier his plans included a calling, expressed in an interest in medicine, then by the end it became clear that Dmitry had not fulfilled his destiny. According to Chekhov, it is passionate, conscious work that purifies and elevates us, pulling people out of the vanity and vulgarity of the world of things, everyday life and routine. Losing his love for his life’s work, being lazy and mingling with a crowd of worthless onlookers, Startsev betrays his dream and loses himself.
The author emphasizes the vulgarity of the hero with the help of details. This impression is also strengthened by the presence of Startsev’s double – the coachman Panteleimon. Complementing the characteristics and descriptions of Dmitry Ionych and the changes in his lifestyle, this helps to create a complete picture in the reader’s imagination.
Criticism
Your opinion about A.P.’s story Chekhov's “Ionych” was expressed by many literary scholars, writers and critics. It is quite difficult to generalize, since it is not unambiguous. Dmitry Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, a literary critic and linguist, who was one of the first to write his review, in “Studies on Chekhov’s Work” noted the unusual character of the hero: he does not oppose society, but succumbs to its influence.
Writers such as Kireev and Solzhenitsyn were more impressed by the episode of the characters' explanation in the cemetery, rather than by the main storyline. In connection with this scene, in their opinion, the story raises the theme of a person’s attitude towards death.
There are also negative reviews of this work, which emphasize the simplicity of the images of the heroes, their lack of openness and detail. There are no less positive reviews about this story. The words of R.I. Sementkovsky reflect their general thought:
Interesting? Save it on your wall!Read the last works of Mr. Chekhov, and you will be horrified by the picture of the modern generation that he painted with his characteristic skill.
The story “Ionych,” dating back to the late period of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov’s work, is filled with drama, deep sadness and loneliness. The main character at the very beginning of the work appears before the readers as a young zemstvo doctor. Startsev Dmitry Ionovich has just started his medical practice and does not yet have a large number of patients. He does not yet have respect in society, just as he does not have good friends in the city. But he has a goal in life. Startsev certainly wants stability and reliability. Therefore, he works, earns money and saves it for the future. As the plot develops, the reader can watch how the main character changes, how he moves towards his goal. After a year of staying in the city and practicing medicine, he has so many clients that he gets a horse and cart; after a while, he has two horses, then three. This suggests that he good doctor, who does his job efficiently, who helps sick people, curing them of illnesses, thereby gaining their trust.
Chekhov's character Ionych Startsev is a simple person in all respects. He does not prevaricate, is not inclined to deceive and be a hypocrite. All his thoughts are easy to read and understand. He does not build castles in the air and does not believe in pipe dreams. Startsev knows what he is capable of and does not strive to achieve more. This character prefers to have what fate gives him. He is in no hurry to do everything at once. For this slowness and regularity, the man receives a reward: he becomes a popular doctor, to whom people line up. They recognize him, talk about him and even consider him a close friend. It’s not for nothing that they call him Ionych. In this case, it is not a sign of disdain, but a sign of friendliness.
The characterization of Ionych cannot be complete without such a quality as insight, which the hero had thanks to his intellect and education. He could tell a lot about the residents of City C just by looking at them. Immediately after the first dinner in the Turkins' house, he realized what its inhabitants were like. Having fallen in love with Katya Turkina, thinking about the wedding, Dmitry Ionovich understood that he would probably have to move to the city to live, and, therefore, he would have to give up his practice at the zemstvo hospital. He knew that it would be quite difficult to get along with Katya, whose ardent character would be difficult to tame with love alone. The girl was beautiful, talented, but too willful. Startsev foresaw everything and could calculate for the future, but his feelings were stronger than his reason, so he risked succumbing to them.
Negative traits
Chekhov does not strive to show his hero only from the positive side and tell the reader how unfairly fate dealt with Startsev. The collective image of Ionych has both positive and negative features. For example, his apathy. The way he easily gave up the idea of losing Katya Turkina, the way he came to terms with his boring, monotonous life. Every time the author talks about the hero, moving forward several years, we see that the character becomes detached, lazy and only gets fatter every year. The character's noticeable degradation occurs due to his reluctance to change anything in his life.
The image of Doctor Startsev in Chekhov’s story “Ionych” at the very beginning of the work looks much more positive than at the end. If in the first chapters of the story he appears to the readers as an active, purposeful, enthusiastic person who openly despises the inhabitants of the city, believing that he can only drink and play cards with them, then gradually he turns into an average city dweller. The doctor rarely enters into conversations, never holds receptions, or attends parties. As if with the love that left his heart, all the desire for life also left. The fact that he is gradually becoming his own man among the city residents is also indicated by the fact that Ionych’s surname is gradually being forgotten. It cannot be said that the Hero does not notice the gradual degradation. In his conversation with Ekaterina Turkina, he directly answers: “How are we doing here? No way. We get old, we get fatter, we get worse. Day and night - a day away, life passes dullly, without impressions, without thoughts... During the day there is profit, and in the evening there is a club, a society of gamblers, alcoholics, wheezing people, whom I cannot stand. What's good?
Startsev condemns people, but, nevertheless, says “we,” identifying himself with the crowd, which he “cannot stand.” Perhaps Chekhov thereby wanted to show the duplicity of the character: on the one hand, he is a weak-willed person, on the other hand, the owner of a sacred mind. Gradually, from a positive image, offended by a girl, he turns into a callous and indifferent person, for whom it will be even easier without love. You won't have to sacrifice anything. Ionych's character changes before our eyes.
Work test
A.P. Chekhov's story "Ionych" is a psychological picture of the main character, whose image by the end of the work becomes unrecognizable. This also applies to observations of Startsev’s appearance and his spiritual development.
As a young specialist who has recently begun fulfilling his duties as a zemstvo doctor in a provincial town, Dmitry Ionovich at the same time, on the advice of those around him, enters the circle of the “intelligent” Turkin family. From his first visit to this house, he understands how useless their time is. But due to his attraction to the Turkins’ daughter, the man eventually becomes like them.
At first, Dmitry sees the difference between real art and playing the piano by a girl who seemed to be driving “the keys inside the piano.” However, the feeling of love took possession of him so much that he began to take a closer look at them, since he considered Catherine worthy in all respects.
Sometimes the young man thought that he was being drawn into the whirlpool of activities existing in society, where degradation reigned. Gradually he began to succumb to their laws, by which every family member lived.
At the time of courting the girl, Startsev was close to expressing his best qualities. He became a purposeful, active young man with characteristic good nature and efficiency. This period of time marks the flowering of his soul.
After his beloved’s refusal to become his wife, Startsev lost interest in many things. But after Kotik left for another city, he had no choice but to continue his medical practice. At the same time, he managed to earn the reputation of a competent doctor and the respect of others. Every year he became more and more interested in the material side of life. Now Ionych rode a “troika with bells” instead of walking. The whole existence was reduced to hoarding and wasting time in the evenings in the company of gamblers. Appearance he became unhealthy. Instead of goodwill, irritability appeared.
Thus, having passed long haul from the poor son of a church minister to a respected, experienced zemstvo doctor, having earned a lot of money, the main character was unable, even thanks to his intelligence, to stay in high level. There was no nourishment for his spiritual development. The goal was ruined by past interest in the woman. Any hobby became only a cause for concern. “Plump, red, drives a troika” is a common description of the main character after another four years. His ability to analyze and find the good disappeared. The moral side became impoverished, this led to the devastation of the soul.
Startsev's essay in the story Ionych
Modern critics considered A.P. Chekhov a master short story. The writer opposed vulgarity and the bourgeois way of life, hated people who lived in a small case world. Therefore, the main theme of his works is the determination of the meaning of life.
One of these works was “Ionych,” where the image of Startsev was especially clearly shown. From his story we know that our hero was appointed as a doctor at the zemstvo hospital, where he arrived very young with high ideals. The doctor immediately becomes involved with the Turkins family, who were considered the most educated and cultured in all spheres in the city. Love for Katya Turkina immediately consumed Startsev. For the sake of these feelings, he was ready to do anything. However, when the girl did not respond to his declaration of love and left the city, he suffered quite a bit. The doctor began to live his old life, and often repeated that there was a lot of trouble with this relationship.
Subsequently, Startsev began to suffer from obesity, leading a passive lifestyle. Previously, he was a man with a warm and open soul. Now the city residents began to irritate him with their habits and behavior. However, if earlier he considered their conversations empty, now he calmly talked with them. And if he had no desire to talk, he remained silent, for which he was called the pompous Pole.
At the end of the work, a completely different person appears before us, who has become lazy, both spiritually and morally. He doesn’t want to have a family and children at all. He became greedy. In the evenings, the doctor entertains himself by looking at the money and counting it for a long time, and then goes to auctions of houses, which he does not buy. The doctor deprived himself of cultural entertainment. He doesn’t even notice that, gradually aging, he sinks to the level of those residents who were once criticized by him. Now his name is Ionych.
His life's journey has come to an end. Why did this happen? Of course, the blame for what happened lies not only with environment, but in Startsev himself, who lost all the best that was in him, exchanging living thinking for a well-fed and stupid existence. The image of the doctor is close to the characters from the work “ Dead souls" His existence is also empty and barren. Chekhov once again showed us based on of this hero degradation of a person’s personality, showing in his stories all the tragedy of petty reality.
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When I grow up, I will definitely become a chef. This is my biggest dream. I think cooking is a wonderful activity. All people like to eat delicious food. When they are full, they become happy. Everyone loves a good cook
Ionych
IONYCH - the hero of A.P. Chekhov’s story “Ionych” (1898), Dmitry Ionych Startsev, zemstvo doctor. His story is the gradual transformation of an internally mobile, living person into a monster of indifference. I.’s life can be traced in parallel with the history of the “educated and talented” Turkin family in the city of S.: a witty father (“Hello, please!”), a writer mother (“The frost grew stronger, the setting sun illuminated the snowy plain and the traveler with its cold rays, walking alone along the road”), daughter Kotik, a musician (“she stubbornly kept hitting one place, and it seemed that she wouldn’t stop until she hit the key inside the piano”). But the author’s attitude to the evolution of the Turkins and I. is not the same. The evil humor with which the Turkins are described at the beginning of the story gradually gives way to a clearly sympathetic, elegiac intonation. The provincial mannerism of the Turkins seems almost innocent, even touching, against the backdrop of the atmosphere of ill health, melancholy and hopelessness that arises at the end of the story. Changes"Sw. are recorded with the author’s growing detachment: if at first the events are shown in his own perception of Doctor Startsev, then at the end of the story the author speaks about I.’s behavior as if “from afar,” limiting himself to meager comments. In his youth, a good doctor, a sincere person in his own way, capable of even falling in love, by the end I. - completely unnoticed by himself - loses everything human: before us is a stupid, cold and greedy creature, incapable of the same, benevolent perception of life. He has a large medical practice, he is rich, and owns several houses in the city. The author does not express sympathy for I., on the contrary, he does not hide his disgust, but all short story The late Chekhov is permeated by a distinct horror of reality, which destroys and deforms personality.
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