Literature lesson “The steppe as an image of the homeland in N. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” (6th grade)
Describing the steppe, Gogol is an excellent master of verbal painting, creating a surprisingly vivid visual image of the steppe. We proceed from this feature of Gogol’s landscape. Gogol gives a description of the Ukrainian steppe during the day, evening and night. After the description of the steppe has been read in class, we invite students to express in their own words the richness of Gogol’s feelings, to identify the range of shades that convey his attitude towards the steppe. Here are some statements: “Gogol loves the steppe, admires its beauty and open spaces”; “Gogol talks with admiration about how majestic and beautiful the steppe is”; “Gogol is amazed, amazed at the fabulous splendor of the steppe nature, and is delighted with it”; “The steppe seems incredibly, incredibly beautiful to Gogol.”
So, admiration and love, admiration, amazement and delight - these are the strong feelings that fill the author’s soul. The description of the steppe is highly emotional, it is not only lyrically colored, but also pathetically excited.
What does Gogol see as the enchanting beauty of the steppe, what does he admire and how does he convey his admiration? So, after reading the description of the steppe during the day, we ask: What type of art does this landscape resemble? A significant portion of readers answer: “painting”; “a painting by an artist”; “In Gogol, everything seems to be drawn. The colors are very bright. It’s like seeing a big picture in front of you.”
Besides the immensity, the vastness, what else amazes the Gogol steppe? - A riot of colors. The variegation and brightness of colors, their diversity literally blinds the eye. The main background of the steppe surface in the painting is “green and gold,” but “millions of different colors splashed across it.” We fix the attention of readers on this image: through the grass one can see “blue, blue and purple hairs”, “yellow gorse” with a pyramidal top, “white porridge”, a filling ear of wheat, a white seagull “luxuriously” bathing “in the blue waves of air” , a black dot flashing overhead. And all this sparkles in the sun, filled with its life-giving light. Nature does not know such a number of shades of color, and it is quite obvious that the author sought to convey here, first of all, not the variety of shades of colors, but an impression (surprisingly many, incredibly many!).
How can you transfer all this to a painting? The picture depicting the steppe during the day can be roughly divided into two parts: the green-golden surface of the earth - the steppe itself - and the bottomless, boundless sky above it.
Against the background of a green-golden ocean stretching into the distance, in the foreground, we carefully write out all the flowers listed in the description (after all, their names, their shape, and their color are known). Here we also place partridges, darting under the thin roots of wheat.
In general, there are a great many birds in the steppe. “A thousand different bird whistles” cannot be conveyed in the picture, but the birds themselves are depicted in Gogol in unusual relief. We draw the readers' attention to hawks standing motionless in the sky with outstretched wings and eyes fixed on the grass. We even see the direction of their gaze, therefore, we look at them from a relatively close distance.
“A cloud of wild geese” is placed as a dark spot in the background; they move “to the side,” somewhere far away. (We note in passing that the “cloud” of geese, as well as the “thousand whistles,” again convey not quantity, but impression - a lot! a lot!)
And finally, a seagull rising from the grass. We capture two moments in the picture: the flight of the bird and its transformation into a point somewhere far above.
How to depict Taras and his sons riding across the steppe? Maybe not portray it at all? After all, “it was no longer possible to see the black caps: only the fast lightning of the compressed grass showed them running.” We invite students to explain the image - “lightning of compressed grass.” The image is visual, so sixth-graders can easily cope with it: “From a distance, the movement of the Cossacks jumping in the grass seems zigzag, shaped like lightning. In addition, the grass, pushed apart by running horses, shrinks with rapid, lightning speed.”
But everyone rightly comes to the conclusion that it is difficult to convey the “lightning of compressed grass” in the picture. It is better to start with the description, when “the black Cossack hats alone flashed” between the ears of tall grass, which accepted the Cossacks “into their green embrace.” After such preliminary work, verbal pictures depicting the steppe during the day are usually successful. Everyone introduces vivid verbal images into their story and uses Gogolian hyperboles. And most importantly, they strive to convey the feelings and moods possessing the author, so clearly expressed at the end of the description: “Damn you, steppes, how good you are!”
Everyone can see for themselves how the steppe transforms in the evening and at night. They notice that in these descriptions a lot of space is devoted to the music that sounds in the steppe in the evening and at night, and the smells of plants (flowers and plants smell stronger at night than during the day; sounds are more audible at night). That’s why night music is very special: during the day we won’t hear the whistling of gophers or the chattering of grasshoppers. In these descriptions everything is fabulously beautiful, unusual and mysterious. In the foreground here is not the picture itself, but the impression from the picture: the steppe in the evening and at night is magnificent and fantastic.
"Taras Bulba" is a unique synthesis of the realistic and romantic. From romantic poetics, Gogol came to an increased emotionality of the narrative, which is especially clearly revealed in the picture; nature with their high pathos, the power and surprise of hyperbole, the brilliance of metaphors.
Examples of Gogol’s text: “the whole steppe was smoking with incense”; a breeze “seductive as the waves of the sea”; the cry of a swan, “like silver, echoed in the air”; “red scarves flew across the dark sky” (about a line of swans illuminated by a distant glow), etc. Everyone feels the beauty and surprise of these images, their emotional overtones. The only difficulty that arises is the comparison of the cry of swans with silver. The following explanation is offered: “The swan is a beautiful, proud bird, silver is a beautiful, noble metal.” This comparison seems to unite the beauty and nobility of sound. In the conversation, everyone also remembers that while riding in troikas, a silver bell was tied to the arch of the middle horse, which made a very beautiful ringing, melodic and clear. We remember that in Rus', when casting bells for churches, wanting to achieve a beautiful ringing, they added silver to the metal. the higher the percentage of silver, the nobler and purer the ringing.
In the description of the Ukrainian steppe, there is a clear connection between pictures of nature and the mood of the characters, with their inner world. Students are asked to prove this textually. At first, “all three horsemen rode silently.” Taras thought “about a long time ago,” recalled his fallen comrades, “a tear quietly formed on the apple of his eye, and his gray head drooped sadly.” Osta “was emotionally touched by the tears of the poor mother, and this only embarrassed him and made him lower his head thoughtfully.” Andriy, hanging his head and lowering his eyes into the mane of his horse,” was sad about the separation from the lady.
But the vastness of the fragrant steppe, its vast expanses are near and dear to the hearts of the Cossacks. The steppe is their motherland, and like a mother, she accepts several saddened sons “into her green arms” in order to cheer and console them, to pour vitality and energy into them. And so Taras, throwing away the sad memories, cheerfully called out to his sons. They saw their native steppe, bathed in life-giving sunlight, and everything that “was vague and sleepy in the Cossacks’ souls instantly flew away, their hearts fluttered like birds.
Every summer in gardens, meadows, fields and even flower beds you can see the heads of daisies gently swaying in the wind. Many people love these flowers with a sunny yellow center and white oblong petals, giving the chamomile the appearance of a small elegant umbrella. The garden daisies that grow at my grandmother's dacha are large and tall, with a long stem and carved green leaves. They make very beautiful bouquets. Cut daisies placed in a vase with water at home can last for a very long time. But there are daisies that are completely different - small, stunted, inconspicuous. You will pass by and you won’t notice, but in vain
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is the greatest Russian classic, who was called the “singer of noble nests.” The writer noted in the draft manuscript that “The Noble Nest,” conceived in 1856, “developed” into a novel in 1858. The writer's new work did not go unnoticed. The enthusiasm for the novel was unanimous. “The Noble Nest,” according to the author, was the greatest success that the writer has ever experienced. In the work, readers and critics were captivated by “the bright poetry spilled in every sound of this novel.” One of the main themes of the novel is the feelings and experiences of the main characters.
Trumpet joy with all your voices! We are all soldiers on earth of one, life-creating army. V. Mayakovsky. Revolution. In Soviet literary criticism, Vladimir Mayakovsky was considered an “adept” of the socialist revolution, a poet who fully accepted the 1917 coup and voluntarily devoted his talent to the “just cause of the working people.” Now we understand that, probably, everything was not so clear and straightforward in the views of the great poet. However, indeed, works dedicated to the October Revolution occupy a very large place in his work. To literature Mayakovsky
Autumn Autumn is a positive mood, but at the same time a slight sadness. Even melancholy sometimes. The most colorful dreams, the most honest conversations, the easiest memories. Rains. A lot of rain, the best interlocutors and friends in the world. Fogs. In the head and on the street. And the air temperature is just right. Autumn is in a hurry, in a hurry, it finds more and more new colors for its painting. The sky is covered with gray clouds. The motley collection of leaves is washed away by the cold rain. For her work, autumn took the brightest colors and set to work on her painting. She covered the birches and poplars with lemon yellow. And the leaves of aspen and maple turned red,
The image of the Motherland and the heroism of its defenders in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".
Goals:Educational: to familiarize schoolchildren with the historical basis of the story, to help them understand the main idea of the work.
Developmental: improve the skills of text analysis, reading prose passages by heart and expressive reading of episodes, the ability to work in groups.
Educational: instilling a sense of responsibility and duty to the Motherland, respect for its history, development of moral consciousness and competence in solving moral problems, formation of moral feelings of the individual.
Lesson type: lesson learning new material.
Equipment: portrait of N.V. Gogol, presentation, multimedia.
During the classes.
1. The teacher's word.Today we continue to study one of the complex works of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The human and creative face of Gogol is not unambiguous in its essence, therefore, for the past one and a half centuries, debates about the phenomenon of Gogol, the mystery of his art, the secret of his personality, the direction and meaning of his spiritual and artistic development have not subsided. The writer’s work was full of thirst for knowledge of Russia, the origins of the character of the Russian person. The mystery of Gogol’s personality can only be understood by those who, left alone with the writer, not only read, but experience his works. So, let's all try to understand the main idea of the story "Taras Bulba" and answer the question:
- How is N.V.’s love reflected in the story? Gogol to his homeland? Why N.V. Gogol, born in Little Russia, considered Russia his homeland, and considered himself a Russian writer?
2. Presentation on the topic “The image of the Motherland and the heroism of its defenders in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".
3. Students expressively read by heart a fragment from the story “Description of the Steppe in the Daytime.”
Answer to questions:
- Why did Belinsky say about Gogol: “Gogol does not write, but draws; his images breathe the living colors of reality. Do you see and hear them...?"
- Which words and expressions from the description of the steppe are especially picturesque?
4. Image of the Zaporozhye Sich.(group work)
- What are the customs and laws of the Sich?
- What is the character of the Cossacks?
- What traits in the Cossacks attract and repel?
On the one hand, it was a republic, as N.V. notes. Gogol, a strange republic according to the needs of that century. In the social structure of the Sich there is no class and dependence of people on each other, there are no property fetters. It was a military organization of free people, opposed to the world of hostility and slavery. Here the people elect rulers who protect their interests. Military service in the Sich is not coercion, but voluntary service to the Fatherland.
On the other hand, N.V. Gogol does not idealize the Cossacks. The Sich is inhabited by a variety of people: former criminals, educated and uneducated, rich and poor, those who want to assert themselves and who love to fight. Cossack life is fundamentally familyless. History in Gogol's story is created by men, and quite cruel ones in relation to each other.
5. Celebrating military camaraderie. Analytical conversation.
- What serves as a unifying principle for the Cossacks? (They are all united by camaraderie and the Orthodox faith).
- Read expressively the speech on partnership (Chapter IX). A prepared student reads.
- What made the hero make this speech?
- What beliefs expressed by Taras can be considered highly moral?
- Why does Bulba address the Cossacks with this speech before the battle?
Analyze vocabulary, syntax and intonation of speech.
Firstly, he wanted to save his comrades from despondency, and secondly, he wanted them to meet martyrdom with dignity. It is not without reason that it is in death, according to Taras, that the greatness of the Russian soul is revealed: .
Give examples of anaphora, rhetorical appeal, parallelism, antithesis, comparison.
6. Heroic death of the Cossacks(Chapter IX). Speech of heroes (group work). Analytical conversation.
- What is the influence of Taras’s speech on the Cossacks?
- Analyze the dying remarks of the Cossacks. What do these remarks have in common?
- Why N.V. Does Gogol make the statements similar?
- What questions does Taras ask the Cossacks three times?
- What is the meaning of these words?
- What elements of folklore are consonant with Taras’ battle lines?
Taras’s speech makes a strong impression on the Cossacks: the best “that happens in a person’s heart” spoke in them. The Cossacks confirmed the words of Taras with heroism in battle with the Poles, selflessness, and readiness to come to the aid of a comrade. Their dying words are similar because the Cossacks form a single whole, they fight and die not for themselves, but for their faith, for their Motherland, for their comrades. Therefore, in their dying speeches there is not a word about themselves. In this, the Cossacks are similar to the heroes of the Russian epic.
7. Andriy's betrayal(Chapter VI, IX). Group work.
- Why did Andriy betray his fatherland?
- Analyze Andriy’s monologue with the words “What do I need my father, comrades, homeland?” until the end of Chapter VI.
- What means of speech convey the state of mind of the hero in love?
- What words, syntactic structures and intonations indicate his determination?
Compare Andriy’s monologue with the author’s digression in the last paragraph of Chapter VI.
- Why does the author call Andriy a knight?
The reasons for Andriy's betrayal lie in his character. Andriy's soul is open to the whole world: he is able to see beauty, has compassion for a person, even if he is an enemy. He cannot live only by war; he chooses the values of worldly life: beauty and love. Chivalry for Taras is military courage, loyalty to Cossack duty and aversion to tenderness. Chivalry for Andriy is admiration for his beloved, the desire to serve her. From the point of view of the Cossacks, Andriy’s transition to the enemy’s side is treason, betrayal, because they valued collectivist values. But from the point of view of eternal values, Andriy makes his choice for the sake of love, in the name of serving a woman. This is his individual choice. Experiences of love are associated with religious experiences Andria:. The author condemns Andriy's betrayal: . From the point of view of Taras, Ostap, and other Cossacks, Andriy deserves death, because betrayal is worthy of the harshest condemnation. Taras regrets his son, but does not regret his death.
8. Death of Ostap(Chapter 11). Two lives - two destinies. Group work.
- Why does the author describe Ostap’s life in detail?
- What gave Ostap the strength to survive?
- Why does Ostap turn to his father in his hour of death?
- What kind of person did he want to see before his death?
- How does Taras feel about the death of his son?
In Ostap's behavior before his death there is a consciousness of his rightness, heroic dedication, and fortitude. He utters “neither a cry nor a groan,” despite the brutal torture. Although before death.
Ostap asks for spiritual support, and it comes to him, because he is dying a hero's death. This is the main difference between the deaths of the two brothers: one dies as a hero, and the other is executed as a criminal.
9. Death of Taras Bulba(Chapter XII). Group work.
Analytical conversation (continued).
- Read expressively the fragment of the capture and death of Taras (Chapter XII).
- Like N.V. Does Gogol describe his spiritual power and devotion to his homeland?
- Find details of Taras’s psychological portrait. Why are they important to understanding his character?
Even in the face of death, Taras shows true greatness: he does not think about himself, all his thoughts are about his comrades, his homeland, he is not afraid of death. So he himself follows the words once spoken about partnership. Taras dies spiritually undefeated. In the image of Taras, one psychological trait dominates: devotion to a common cause; all the mental and physical strength of the folk hero is devoted to this. However, the fate of Taras is not only heroic, but also tragic. He loses his sons and fellow soldiers, so the image of a tree without a top in the final scene is not accidental: Bulba never experienced the happiness of victory, nor did he experience personal happiness.
10. Summing up the lesson.
Final question:
- What is the patriotic pathos of the story “Taras Bulba”?
In the story we see the heroic and poetic past of Ukraine. The main content of the story is the struggle of the Cossacks for their independence. The image of the Motherland in the story is associated with the heroic epic, and the Cossacks appear as a free and proud people - real heroes. Their relationship with each other is based on military brotherhood; they are characterized by true values: strength, courage, beauty, love, patriotism, the desire for heroism. This is the relevance of the work today.
11. Reflection.
- What did N.V.’s story teach us? Gogol's "Taras Bulba"?
Literature.
1. Belyaeva N.V. Literature lessons in 7th grade. Lesson developments: a manual for teachers of educational organizations. – M.: Education, 2013
2. Egorova N.V. Lesson developments in literature. 7th grade. – M.: Vako, 2015
3. Gogol N.V. Collected works in nine volumes. T.2. M.: “Russian Book”, 1994
4. Mann Yu.V., Samorodnitskaya E.I. Gogol at school. – M.: Vako, 2007
5. Turyanskaya B.I., Komissarova E.V., Kholodkova L.A. Literature in 7th grade: Lesson by lesson. – M.: LLC “TID” Russian Word – RS, 2000
LITERATURE LESSON
7TH GRADE
Subject: Love for the Motherland in N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba”
Goals: 1) make sure that N.V. Gogol continues the traditions of oral folk art, spiritual literature and the traditions of Russian classics;
2) prove that “Taras Bulba” is an episode from the great life of an entire people"
(V.G. Belinsky);
3) development of love for the historical past of one’s homeland, for artistic
in other words, the development of skills in analyzing a work of art, expressing
positive reading, development of skills for independent research of a work of art.
Epigraphs
Courage makes the blows of fate insignificant.
Democritus
Courage is a virtue by virtue of which people perform wonderful deeds in danger.
Aristotle
True courage is found in times of adversity
We sing glory to the madness of the brave
M. Gorky
...There are no heroes from birth -
They are born in battles.
A Tvardovsky
...The death of heroes is like the sunset.
Literary theory: hyperbole, artistic detail, metaphor, film adaptation.
Equipment: portraits of N.V. Gogol, V.G. Belinsky, S.I. Gulyaev, illustrations for the story “Taras Bulba”, presentation of a research report, episode from
film "Taras Bulba", literature textbook (7th grade) by V.Ya. Korovina.
During the classes
Organizing time.
Teacher's word.
An epigraph expresses the theme or idea of what is being said or written about.
Read the epigraphs and determine the topic of the lesson and its goals.
(Students read epigraphs and determine the topic of the lesson. The teacher specifies the topic. Record the topic of the lesson in students’ notebooks.)
Lesson Objectives , specified by the teacher, are written down in notebooks in the form of a diagram.
"Taras Bulba"
expression of love continuation of U.N.T. traditions,
writer to his homeland, spiritual literature,
to his people the traditions of Russian classics
4. Analytical conversation, includingstudents' research reports, work with text, students' expressive reading of poetic and epic texts.
What can we say about N.V. Gogol as a writer and a person, introduced
after reading his “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” and the story “Taras Bulba”?
(He loved his homeland, as he described the way of life, life and traditions of the people, their exploits)
What did Gogol use in these works?
(Mysticism, legends, traditions, the heroic past of one’s country, hyperbole, artistic details)
Define hyperbole and artistic detail.
Hyperbole - (from Greek - exaggeration) excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object or phenomenon. By means of hyperbole, the author enhances the impression of what he glorifies.
Artistic detail –a detail of the interior, landscape, appearance of the hero, his speech, which helps to better understand the image or idea of the work.
Why is Gogol's story historical?
What does the writer glorify in his work? (the heroism of the Cossacks, the struggle for the freedom of their land, for the faith of Christ)
At what moments does the heroic appear in the story?(In the description of the fighting,
battles, in the description of brutal torture and executions of Cossacks)
In what other works have we come across depicting the heroic battles of the Russian people for their freedom? (A.S. Pushkin “Poltava”. M.Yu.Lermontov “Borodino”)
Let's remember these works with the help of our comrades.
Expressive reading of episodes from M.Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Borodino”, from A.S. Pushkin’s poem “Poltava”
(Students read episodes describing battles)
After listening to the expressive reading of the students, we were convinced that Gogol continues the traditions of our classics in depicting heroic battles.
Let's turn to the writer's text. In the textbook on pages 196 -198, find the words spoken by the Cossacks during their death.(Students read the words of the Cossacks)
So, the key phrases here are “For your Russian Land. For the faith of Christ." So the writer proves that protecting one’s land is the sacred duty of a Christian.
Why do Ukrainian knights say the words “For the Russian Land”?
(Kievan Rus was the center of Ancient Rus')
We Slavs are brothers. That is why N.V. Gogol is so dear to us and his work is not only still read, but has also been filmed more than once.
SCREEN Adaptation is the embodiment of a work of art
literature through cinema
Let's see how the director managed to bring to life the pages of the heroic battle.
VIEWING an episode of the battle from the feature film “Taras Bulba” by V. Bortko (2008).(Take an episode for 2 minutes. The episode in which the words “For the Russian Land” are heard)
Why are these dying words of the Cossacks written with a capital letter by the author?
We saw the brutality of the battle on the screen. In Gogol, metaphorical hyperbole helps us convey this. Find it on page 198.
(“And the Cossacks rushed...”, “Chervonoli were already everywhere red rivers; bridges rose high from Cossack and enemy bodies»)
The heroes of the story are also hyperbolic. The writer portrays the Cossacks and Taras Bulba as Russian heroes who have always been the protectors of the Russian people. Let's compare the heroes of the epics, which the famous folklorist S.I. Gulyaev recorded on the territory of our Altai Territory, with the heroes of Gogol.
Message student. ( A pre-prepared student compares Gogol’s heroes with Russian heroes from the epics of the Altai folklorist S.I. Gulyaev, focusing on hyperbolization as a means of glorifying Ukrainian fighters for their land)
On page 209, read Taras’s last words and the author’s assessment of his death (“Farewell, comrades!.. overpowered the Russian force” p.210).
So, the hero’s last words are addressed to his comrades. But why did the author come up with such a terrible ending for his hero - burning at the stake?
Let's listen to our friend's research report.
MESSAGE student, in which he expresses his thoughts on this issue.(In his work, the student relies on the meaning of the symbol of fire as a cleansing force, taking examples from biblical and pagan legends and myths. The conclusion is this: Taras atones for his sin as a son-killer father, atones for the sins of his comrades, who took revenge on their enemies for the death of their relatives and friends. And also by his death the hero saves his comrades)
We see how the author intertwined the biblical and mystical. This line will then be continued by other Russian writers. For example, Bulgakov in the novel “The Master and Margarita”, a close follower of Gogol’s traditions.
Partnership and love for one’s land is the most sacred thing in the world, we hear from the writer, through his heroic “Taras Bulba”.
There is a great critic of Russian literature - V.G. Belinsky. He will help us understand the meaning of Gogol’s work.
EXPRESSIVE READING students, prepared in advance, an excerpt from the article by V.G. Belinsky “On the Russian story and the stories of Gogol ("Arabesque" and "Mirgorod"). (The text is abbreviated)
“...This hero Bulba with his mighty sons; this crowd of Cossacks, unanimously tearing off a trepak in the square, this Cossack, lying in a puddle, to show his contempt for an expensive dress, and as if challenging to a fight every impudent person who would like to touch him with even a finger; this Koshevoy, who inevitably speaks an eloquent, florid speech about the need for war with the Busurmans...; this mother, who appears as if in passing to mourn her children alive, as a woman and mother always appeared in that age
in Cossack life... And the Jews and Poles, and Andriy’s love and Bulba’s bloody revenge, and the execution of Ostap, his appeal to his father and “I hear” Bulba and, finally, the heroic death of the old fanatic, who did not feel his terrible torment, and therefore felt only thirst revenge against a hostile people? ...And what a brush, wide, sweeping, sharp, fast! What colors, bright and dazzling! And what poetry, energetic, powerful, like this Zaporozhye Sich, “that nest from where all those proud and strong, like lions, fly out, from where the will and Cossacks spill over the whole of Ukraine!..”
How did the great critic evaluate Gogol's work?
We are convinced that, on the basis of oral folk art, spiritual literature, and the traditions of Russian classics, Gogol depicts sacred love for the Motherland through the depiction of the heroic struggle of the Ukrainian Cossacks.
5. RESULTS of the lesson.
6. D.Z. Learn a fragment of a description of the Ukrainian steppe from the words “Steppe, the further..” to the words “Damn you, steppes, how good you are!”
Literature lesson in 6th grade on the topic:“THE DAMN, DIFFICULT TIME...”
STEPPE AS AN IMAGE OF THE MOTHERLAND IN GOGOL'S STORY
Goals
1) Recreating the picture of the era depicted in the story; identifying the character traits of the heroes and the circumstances that influenced their development.
2) Formation of skills in analyzing an epic work, expressive reading and retelling, working with text, reading by role.
3) Development of moral and aesthetic ideas of students in the course of identifying the meaning of the image of the steppe as an image of the homeland in the story.
Tasks:
1) formation of moral consciousness
2) education and development of moral feelings
3) development of skills and habits of moral behavior
Methods used:
1. method of oral presentation of knowledge (teacher’s story, explanation, teacher’s message, conversation);
2. method of working with the printed word (explanatory reading of the material);
3. Ethical Conversations
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Org. Moment.
2. Addressing homework.
A story about the history of the creation of the story and the historical basis of the work. Reading the episode of Taras’s meeting with his sons by role.
3. . Analysis of the first chapter of the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".
What does the interior decoration of Taras Bulba’s hut indicate?
Expressive reading from the words “Everything was clean, smeared with colored clay...” to the words “... and because it was not customary to allow schoolchildren to ride horses.”
Taras’s good-quality house testifies to the thriftiness of the owner; various objects on the walls, on shelves and corners - about the owner’s life of battle, full of courage and valor.
What signs of the times appear in the description of Taras’s attitude towards his wife?
An expressive reading of the episode from the words “Indeed, she was pitiful...” to the words “... in this gathering of wifeless knights, on whom the riotous Zaporozhye threw its harsh coloring.”
The highest value for a man of that era were feats of arms. Time demanded firmness and even cruelty, sometimes incompatible with tender feelings for his wife, children, and home.
Reading by role of the episode from the words “Turn around, son! How funny you are!” to the words “A Cossack is not meant to mess with women.”
What is the main advantage of a real Cossack? Why did the meeting of father and sons after a long separation turn into a brawl?
For Taras Bulba and Ostap, physical strength and the ability to fight are paramount virtues (“...what kind of a person are you in a fist!”).
How do Ostap and Andriy appear in this scene?
Ostap cannot tolerate Taras's ridicule. Self-esteem and willingness to stand up for himself encourage him to teach the offender a lesson. Andriy's internal state in this episode is unclear. We clearly see his pose: “Why are you standing there with your hands down?” Taras teases him (“Why don’t you, son of a dog, beat me?”) and calls him “bastard.”
What feelings does Andriy experience at this moment?
Continue the series of words: excitement, fear...
How is Andriy's character revealed in the episode? Why didn’t he respond to Taras’s teasing?
Andriy is a nervous, sensitive, impressionable person. A fight at a happy moment of meeting seems inappropriate to Andriy. Respect for his father does not allow him to raise his hand against Taras. Andriy is already isolated and withdrawn in this episode.
Comparison of illustrations by T.G. Shevchenko “Meeting of Taras with his sons” and P.P. Sokolov "Return from Bursa".
In the drawing by T. G. Shevchenko, Taras is good-naturedly ironic, cocky, feignedly amazed, even artistic; Outwardly he is a very colorful figure. Ostap rolls up his sleeves threateningly, not at all intending to forgive the insult; the distressed mother timidly stands aside, she looks at Taras with reproach and entreaty. Illustrated by P.P. Sokolov depicts a brawl between father and son in full swing; the distraught Taras invites his youngest son to take part in it; the mother hugs Andriy with fear and reproach, looking at her husband.
The meeting of the father with his sons is characteristic of that “abusive, difficult time when skirmishes and battles began to break out in Ukraine,” and is, as it were, a kind of prelude to the work.
What is the internal similarity between Ostap and Taras?
Decisiveness, openness, and sincerity in expressing feelings are characteristic of both father and son.
Why is Taras so dismissive of books, primers and “philosophies”, although his comments reveal him as an educated person?
Military courage and valor for him are higher than intellectual pursuits and passion for knowledge.
How does his order characterize the hero to bring to the table not donuts, but a whole lamb, “forty-year-old honey,” and a larger clean burner so that it “plays and hisses like mad”?
The hero does not accept half measures in anything. The ability to eat and drink a lot is one of the signs of a heroic hero.
How is Taras’s character revealed in the author’s description?
An expressive reading of the episode from the words “Taras was one of the indigenous, old colonels...” to the words “When the enemies were the Busurmans and the Turks, against whom he considered it in any case permissible to raise arms for the glory of Christianity.”
Lexical work
What meaning does the word indigenous take on in this characteristic?
The character of the hero is formed in a constant struggle not only for his own honor, but also for the dignity of those who needed protection. In such a struggle there can be no compromise; it requires the ability to give no mercy to anyone and make tough decisions.
Why does Taras decide to go to Sich with his sons?
An expressive reading of the episode: “At first he wanted to send them alone. But at the sight of their freshness, height, powerful physical beauty, his military spirit flared up, and the next day he decided to go with them himself, although the necessity of this was only stubborn will.
The warrior spirit is strong in old Taras. Although he is harsh, tough, stubborn, his actions sometimes border on tyranny, but Taras loves his native land, appreciates courageous, courageous and courageous people and strives to participate in the common cause.
What is the author's position in relation to the brothers?
An expressive reading of the episode from the words “The Bursaks suddenly changed...” to the words “...they looked good under black mutton caps with a golden top.”
The author admires his heroes, without giving any of them his preference.
How do the characters respond to their mother’s tears?
The mother rushed to Andriy, in his face she read “more than some kind of tenderness.” This small detail suggests that Andriy is softer, more warm-hearted than Ostap.
Addressing homework. Sentences are read out in which the mother’s feelings when parting with her sons are especially emphasized.
"One poor mother did not sleep."
“She looked at them all, looked with all her senses, all turned into one vision and could not stop looking.”
“And the tears stopped in the wrinkles that had changed her once beautiful face.”
“She sat in the heads of her dear sons, did not take her eyes off them for a minute and did not think about sleep.”
“She was in tears as she prepared everything she needed for breakfast...”
“Poor mother! When she saw them, she could not utter a word, and the tears stopped in her eyes.”
“The mother, weak as a mother, hugged them, took out two small icons, and placed them on their necks, sobbing.”
“She grabbed him by the stirrup, she stuck to his saddle and with despair in all her features did not let him out of her hands.”
“She, with all the ease of a wild goat, inappropriate for her years, ran out of the gate...”
Name the verbs that convey the mother’s experiences in the first chapter of the story. Describe the heroine's feelings
She didn’t sleep, turned into only vision, endured it, didn’t take her eyes off, couldn’t utter a word, ran out the gate...
The poor woman experiences deep suffering, pain, despair, helplessness when parting with her sons. Her soul is full of terrible things; feelings, but she is not able to stop the trouble. The laws of that time did not allow a woman to contradict her husband.
4. The steppe as an image of the homeland in Gogol’s story.
Addressing homework. Expressive reading of the description of the steppe.
Reading fragments that convey the colors of the steppe, the sounds and smells of the steppe, descriptions of the inhabitants of the steppe, the air, the sky above the Dnieper steppe.
Colors of the steppe. Green, virgin desert. “The whole motley space of it was covered by the last bright reflection of the sun and gradually darkened, so that one could see how the shadow ran across it, and it became dark green.” “Immeasurable waves of wild plants; a green and gold ocean, splashed with millions of different colors.” “Through the thin, tall stems of grass, blue, blue and purple hairs showed through; yellow gorse jumped up with its pyramidal top; white porridge dotted the surface with umbrella-shaped caps; the ear of wheat brought in from God knows where was pouring into the thicket.”
Smells and sounds of the steppe. “The fumes rose thicker, every flower, every grass gave off ambergris, and the whole steppe was smoking with incense.” “The motley gophers filled the steppe with their whistles. The chattering of grasshoppers became more audible. Sometimes heard from some secluded lake! the cry of a swan and, like silver, echoed in the air... All their crackling, hanging chirping - all this resounded sonorously in the middle of the night, cleared in the fresh air and lulled the dormant ear.”
Inhabitants of the steppe. “Only the horses hiding in them trampled them into the forest.<...>Partridges darted under their thin roots, stretching their necks. The air was filled with a thousand different bird whistles.
Hawks stood motionless in the sky, spreading their wings and motionlessly fixing their eyes on the grass. The cry of a cloud of wild geese moving to the side was heard in God knows what distant lake. A seagull rose from the grass with measured strokes and bathed luxuriously in the blue waves of air. There she has disappeared in the heights and only flickers like a single black dot. There she turned her wings and flashed in front of the sun...”
Air, sky, over the steppe. “Across the blue-dark sky, as if with a gigantic brush, wide stripes of rose gold were painted; From time to time, light and transparent clouds appeared in white tufts, and the freshest, seductive, like sea waves, breeze barely swayed along the tops of the grass and barely touched the cheeks.<...>The night stars looked directly at them. Sometimes the night sky in different places was illuminated by a distant glow from dry reeds burned across meadows and rivers, and a dark line of swans flying to the north was suddenly illuminated by a silver-pink light, and then it seemed as if red scarves were flying across the dark sky.”
Dnieper. “Here he sparkles in the distance and is separated from the horizon by a dark stripe. It blew in cold waves and spread closer, closer, and finally covered half of the entire surface of the earth. This was the place of the Dnieper where it, hitherto choked by the rapids, finally took its toll and roared like the sea, spilling at will; where the islands thrown into the middle of it pushed it even further out of the shores and its waves spread widely across the land, not encountering any cliffs or elevations.”
Results of the work
Gogol's steppe is as vast as the sea. There are an infinite number of plants in the steppe, the wind sets them in motion, and a living wave-like surface appears to the eye, creating the impression of infinity.
The variegation and brightness of colors, their diversity dazzles the eye. The main background of the steppe surface is “green-gold”, with splashes of millions of different colors. The world of the steppe lives by its own laws. This life is manifested in everything: in the cry of a swan, in the flight of a seagull, in the majestic flow of the Dnieper, in the shining of the stars. The author sought to convey not the variety of sounds and colors in itself, but the holistic impression that arises when seeing this picture.
What is the internal connection between the descriptions of the thoughts and characters of the heroes and the majestic picture of the steppe?
The characters are immersed in their thoughts. The steppe, like a mother, receives her sons, trying to console them and convey to them her inexhaustible energy. The steppe and kashki are close to each other. Cossacks are akin to birds, impetuous and fast, living in the expanses of the steppe, accustomed to freedom, to the air and the sun.
What words convey the author’s attitude towards the steppe?
“The further the steppe went, the more beautiful it became. Nothing in nature could be better. Damn you, steppes, how beautiful you are!.. They didn’t come across trees anywhere, it was still the same endless, free, beautiful steppe.”
How does the author feel?
Love, admiration, amazement, delight fill the soul author
The description of the steppe is highly emotional, it is not only lyrically colored, but also pathetically excited.
Is it only the beauty of nature that evokes these feelings?
Both the extraordinary beauty of nature and the realization that this amazing place on earth is a dear homeland delights the author and his characters. The steppe is a generalized image of the homeland. For her sake, the Cossacks perform their feats.
The steppe is the mother for the heroes of the story by N.V. Gogol. What character qualities should sons have to be worthy of such a mother?
Only courageous, strong, proud people, endowed with a broad soul and a generous heart, can be worthy of the Mother Steppe.
5. Lesson summary.
Can Taras and his sons and other Cossacks be considered just such heroic natures, strong, courageous, ready for heroism?
Taras with his sons and other heroes of the story by N.V. Gogol are people of their time. Their characters were formed in the struggle for freedom and independence of their homeland. Courage, fortitude, bravery, heroism are the main character qualities of heroes.
What is the source of the heroes' strength?
The source of strength is the native places, the steppe, the homeland, which raised these heroic characters. The heroes are connected with her, like with their own mother, by blood ties.
6. Homework.
Find the episodes in which the character of the characters was most clearly revealed.
A large number of typical aspects of the Ukrainian Cossacks are embodied. In the story of the same name, he is revealed from all sides: both as a family man, and as a military leader, and as a person in general. Taras Bulba is a folk hero; he cannot stand a quiet domestic existence and lives a stormy life, full of anxiety and danger.
Bulba as a family man
The main character is a stern husband and father. K treats with a certain condescension. He considers her simply a “woman,” an infinitely insignificant creature who has no authority. Gogol's hero also teaches his sons not to submit to their mother's influence. The image of Taras Bulba in the story “Taras Bulba” at first seems a little cruel. He does not recognize the soft, but on the contrary, he sees in it a great danger for a real Cossack. He believes that one should not succumb to the charms of a woman’s love, even if it is because one can “get crazy.”
Bulba is like a father
Taras is presented as stern as a father. In his relationship with his two sons, he does not allow a drop of affection or gentleness; he immediately tries to become their senior comrade. Even when the sons return home, Bulba gets into a fight with one of them at their first meeting. In this way, he tries to determine the strength and temperament of his son in order to find out what kind of comrade he will become in the future.
Bulba as a military leader
The image of Taras Bulba in the story “Taras Bulba” reveals to the reader a tireless, energetic and enterprising personality. The main character does not know what fatigue and fear are. He knows his subordinates very well and knows how to influence them both in deed and in word. When necessary, it may be appropriate to joke or light up the hearts of soldiers by delivering an inspired patriotic speech.
The main character is perspicacious and cunning, he deftly controls the psychology of the Cossacks and can easily achieve the appointment of a chieftain. It is Taras who turns out to be the most far-sighted when a truce supposedly arises between the Poles and Cossacks.
Camaraderie
The image of Taras Bulba in the story “Taras Bulba” is most revealed in relations with his military comrades. He treats them like a brother; it was here that Gogol showed all the tenderness of the protagonist that only he was capable of. The spirit of Taras Bulba’s camaraderie is most widely demonstrated in the scene when he dies a painful death, but at the same time does not think about himself, but worries about his military comrades who can still be saved. In the last minutes of his life, he still finds the strength to show the path of salvation to his Cossack brothers.
Taras Bulba - folk hero
The main character of the story is the personification of all the national traits that the author represents in the different characters of this work. The main character focuses on the tenacity of a titan, heroic calm and stern humor. The image of Taras Bulba in the story “Taras Bulba” is as if a figure cast from steel, but at the same time rebellious and passionate. He is adamant and proud, at one moment stern and cruel, and at another - generous.
The feat of Taras Bulba
“I gave birth to you, I will kill you,” was Bulba’s last phrase at the moment of reprisal against her youngest son for betrayal. Taras no longer considered Andriy his child, since he betrayed not only his native land, but also all his loved ones. The main character left the lifeless body of his son with a heavy heart.
After the death of his youngest son, Taras became increasingly imbued with love for his elder son, Ostap. In one battle, Bulba could not save his son. Here the reader can already notice the suffering of the main character, when the soul of Taras is revealed from a completely different side. He tricks his way into Warsaw to find Ostap. And he finds him in the square, where he is subject to torture and bullying. With all his last strength, Ostap turns to his father with the question: “Where are you? Do you hear? At this moment, Taras is in great danger, but he forgets about it, responding to the call of his own blood: “I hear you!”
This was the last feat of Taras Bulba. His enemies caught him, but he did not lose his pride and honor and met his death with dignity. When Taras was burned at the stake, he already felt the approach of imminent death, but at the same time he looked at his Cossacks running away from the Poles and shouted: “Boys, to the shore!”
About the story
“Taras Bulba” is a work that tells about the struggle of the Ukrainian people against In his work, the author shows the bonds of friendship that connect two fraternal peoples (Ukrainian and Russian). It is no coincidence that Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol mentions the “Russian strength” of the Cossacks. For him, the Cossacks are slaves who escaped from their masters, people from Russian principalities who united to fight for their independence.
The characterization of the story “Taras Bulba” is focused on the main character. The author did not try to idealize him; in the image of Taras Bulba, the small and the great, rudeness and tenderness are mixed. Gogol tried to convey a heroic character, and he succeeded. Even after the death of Taras, his love for his native land and comrades, his will remained indestructible.
Thanks to such selfless people, our country survived and retained its independence. This work remains relevant today. The story “Taras Bulba” is one of the favorites for many. Strong characters, heroic times - modern people have a lot to learn!
