Presentation on the topic: Culture before Mongolian Rus'. Presentation on the course of the history of Russia on the topic: “The culture of Rus' in the 9th - early 13th centuries
X - first third of the XIII centuries.FEATURES OF OLD RUSSIAN CULTURE
Ancient Russian culture developed inpermanent
interaction
With
cultures of the surrounding peoples.
The culture is religious.
The culture was based on centuries-old
history of the development of Eastern culture
Slavs. It was in the era of the Slavic
the beginnings were laid
Russian spirituality, language, culture in
in general. LITERATURE
ARCHITECTURE
ART
Old Russian literature
parchmentcinnabar
miniature
enamel
Covers for handwritten books
Ostromir Gospel of the 11th century.
Izbornik Svyatoslav XI century.
Mstislav Gospel of the XII century.
Genre is historicaltype
literary
works,
abstract sample, based on
which the texts of specific
literary works.
chronicle
The oldest Russian chronicle - "The Taletemporary years". Its author is considered
Monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery
Nestor and date 1113. The tale of bygone years has come down to us in
handwritten copies not older than the 14th century.
The most famous of them are
Lavrentievskaya, Ipatievskaya
Radziwill Chronicle.
Laurentian list of the 14th century.
Laurentian list invitation of Rurik and his brothers
Ipatiev list of the 14th century.
Radziwill list 15th c. Revenge of Princess Olga
Life (hagiography)
biographies of famous spiritualand secular persons, canonized
christian church
Word (teaching, speeches)
genre workeloquence.
solemn eloquence
"The Word of Law and Grace"
moralizing rhetoric -
"Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh"
"Sermon on Law and Grace" by Metropolitan Hilarion of Kyiv (circa 1049)
Vladimir Monomakh "Teaching Children" (circa 1096)
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"The plot is based on the campaign of 1185
Russian princes against the Polovtsy,
undertaken by Novgorod-Seversky
Prince Igor Svyatoslavich.
The "Word" was written at the end of XII
century, shortly after the
events (often dated to the same 1185
a year, less often 1-2 years later).
"walking"
"walking"type of travel literature
Their main purpose is to talk about
Christian
shrines,
V
them
also contains information about nature,
climate, customs of other countries.
"Walking
Palestine.
abbot
Daniel"
V
"The Word of Daniil the Sharpener" second half of the 12th century.
"The Word of Daniil the Sharpener"second half of the 12th century
Prisoner of Lake Lache, Daniil Zatochnik
turns to the prince, tries again
earn princely favor and
to prove to the prince his usefulness in
as a wise adviser.
"The Prayer of Daniil the Sharpener" of the 30s. 13th century
"The Prayer of Daniil the Sharpener"30s 13th century
It is addressed to Yaroslav Vsevolodich,
at that time to the prince of Pereyaslavl
Zalessky. The author of this edition is a nobleman, a representative of the new
categories within the ranks of the dominant
class. characteristic feature"Supplications"
is a negative attitude towards
the highest nobility - the boyars.
Architecture
architectureX-XII centuries
architecture of the first
third of XII - first third
XIII
Architecture X-XI
many headscross-domed church
nave
altar apses
dome drums
CHURCH OF THE TITH (CHURCH OF MOTHER OF GOD) in Kyiv (X c.)
Churchcollapsed
while taking
Kyiv Mongols
in 1240,
when in it
residents took refuge
cities.
SPASO-TRANSFORMATION CATHEDRAL in CHERNIGOV 1036
SOPHIA CATHEDRAL IN Kyiv (1037-1056)
Hagia Sophia in Kyiv (current state)
layoutIn the XI century. Sophia Cathedral was
thirteen dome.
The number of heads (domes) was
deeply symbolic.
thirteen domes
symbolized Jesus
Christ and twelve
apostles.
The church was built of plinths (wide and flat burnt bricks). Rus' did not know marble yet
The church was built from plinth(wide and flat burnt brick).
Rus' did not know marble yet Church of St. Sofia. Apses. Church of St. Sofia. Choirs. Church of St. Sofia.
Interior.
SOFIA CATHEDRAL IN NOVGOROD (1045-1050)
Novgorod was one of the oldestcenters of Russian writing, and
Sophia Cathedral library
from
most
major
bookstores
treasures in Rus'. Here were stored
rare handwritten and early printed
books. Among them - Ostromirovo
Gospel.
THE HOLY ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF KIEV-PECHERSK LAVRA (1073-1078)
Kyiv. Holy Dormition CathedralKiev-Pechersk
laurel
GOLDEN GATE IN Kyiv (XI century).
Golden Gate in Kyiv (XI century).GOLDEN GATE IN Kyiv (XI
V.).
12th century architecture
Vladimir-Suzdal architectureNovgorod architecture
VLADIMIRO-SUZDAL ARCHITECTURE
VLADIMIROUZDAL ARCHITECTUREA. religious buildings
B. secular buildings
Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral in Pereslavl-Zalessky (1152-1157)
Assumption Cathedral on the river. Klyazma in Vladimir (1158-1160)
Assumption Cathedral on the river. Klyazma,
architectural design
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl 1165
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.Reconstruction.1165.
Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir 1197
St. George's Cathedral in Yuriev-Polsky 1230 - 1234
St. George's Cathedral in Yuriev-Polsky 1230 - 1234St. George's Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky
St. George's Cathedral in Yuriev-PolskyPalace of Andrei Bogolyubsky
Golden Gates in Vladimir
Novgorod and Pskov architecture
Volume reduction.Simplification of the configuration of stone buildings.
Multi-domed churches were replaced by single-domed ones.
Temples were built not according to the princely order, but on
means of boyars and merchants or parishioners of one
streets (convicted).
Simplification of construction techniques and
decorative finishes allowed in short
terms to build economical buildings,
corresponding to the material
possibilities and aesthetic ideas
customers. Novgorod. Yuriev monastery. XII century.
Georgievsky Cathedral in Yuryev Monastery in Novgorod
Transfiguration Cathedral of the Mirozhsky Monastery in Pskov
Collection of the Spaso-Mirozhsky Monastery in Pskov.Around 1156
Church of the Savior on Nereditsa
Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa 1207
NOVGOROD STYLE- power, monumentality
- low, strong
-Five or one-headed
-Instead of zakomar pitched ceiling
-Decorations: niches, arches, crosses, rosettes
-Arches and triangles on reels
VLADIMIR-SUZDAL STYLE
- Temples are taller and slimmer
- Walls are thinner and lighter
- instead of modest jewelry
rich stone carvings on the walls
- Arcature belt
- Stretched drums
Pyatnitskaya Church in Chernihiv
Three-navetower-shaped
soaring
single domed building.
thick walls
lined with bricks
special technique
"in the box" (outside and
inside rows of bricks,
and the intervals between
they are filled
solution).
Church of Peter and Paul in Smolensk
FINEART Christ the Pantocrator
Archangels
Apostles
Evangelists
40 martyrs
Deesis
Our Lady of Oranta
Annunciation
Eucharist
Church Fathers
Painting arrangement system.
Mosaic
Sophia Cathedral in Kyivpreserved mosaic depicting
a huge figure of the Mother of God Oranta.
Mosaic layout:
Mosaic of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, 11th century.
Mosaic of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, 11th century.
perspective, symbolism of gestures and
colors.
main attention was given
face and hands ICONS
Bilateral icon of the middle of the XII century.:
Savior Not Made by Hands and Adoration of the Cross
Ustyug
Annunciation -
Savior Not Made by Hands Novgorod school of icon painting
St. George
temple image of Yuryev
monastery in Novgorod
1030 - the foundation of Yuriev
monastery
On
basis
radiography
icons
concludes that it is close
original painting with
fresco
"Great Martyr
George" from Sophia of Kyiv.
30-40 years of the XII century -
consecration of Georgievsky
Cathedral of Yuriev Monastery
twisted rope.
CONCEPTS
ENAMEL -
vitreous mass,
which, depending
from the addition of metal oxides
during firing acquires one or another
GRAIN -
jewelry technique,
patterns from small
metal balls.
SCHEME
slide 1
Slyusar Svetlana Alexandrovna teacher of history, MKOU "Kosolapovskaya secondary school" of the Tselinny districtslide 2
slide 3
Study the features of culture Ancient Rus'. Get acquainted with oral folk art, writing, literature, architecture and fine arts.
slide 4
A project is a research work on a topic. creative project- this is an association of students to study a topic based on several sources
slide 5
Under the influence of what factors was the original culture of Rus' formed? What were the features of the culture of the Old Russian state? What was the influence of Christianity on ancient Russian culture? What events do the epics tell about? Who are their heroes? Why do you think there were many literate people in the Old Russian state?
slide 6
In one of the chronicles under 1132, when after the death of the great Kyiv prince Mstislav, all the principalities of Rus' withdrew from obedience to Kyiv, it is written - "And the whole Russian land was torn apart." A period called feudal fragmentation began.
Slide 7
The state of fragmentation of Rus', when each principality-state in its Everyday life could rely primarily on its own capabilities and strengths, had a decisive impact on the culture and art of each of the regions. What is happening at this time? Cities are growing and strengthening - the economic and administrative centers of agricultural districts, social stratification is intensifying,
Slide 8
A number of local centers of culture are growing, art schools are emerging - Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Galicia-Volyn, Ryazan, schools of Polotsk and Smolensk. Old Russian art in a number of political and cultural centers, where painting, architecture, applied art, still had common features of that single, but outgoing Kievan Rus. In other words, the unity of artistic culture was preserved. After all, he had a common past ... After the collapse Kyiv state and until the Mongol-Tatar invasion, literature continued to follow the directions that were established under Yaroslav and his descendants - chronicles, lives, teachings were written.
Slide 9
Military vehicles were created that were used in the siege and defense of fortresses - "vices". Appeared in Rus' and their doctors - "lechtsy", who were under the jurisdiction of the spiritual authorities. Sewing, weaving, embroidery developed. The culture of Rus' during the Tatar-Mongol invasion Problem question: How did it happen that Rus' was subjugated by the Golden Horde for almost three centuries?
Epics and chronicles, oral art and written literature continued
sing of heroes, daring princes and their fearless squads, but more and more
the theme of anxiety for the future of Rus', torn apart by
princely feuds.
What caused the strife between the vain and proud princes, so
obediently bowed their heads before the Mongols?
By answering this question, we will better understand the features of Russian culture in
period under review. Reasons for the fragmentation of the Russian principalities:
1) The problem of power in Rus' was resolved for a long time
based on patriarchal traditions. Yaroslav the Wise
at the end of the 10th - beginning of the 11th century, he established the law
inheritance: after the death of the Grand Duke of Kyiv
his throne is not inherited by the eldest son, but by the next
the prince himself brother. If there are no brothers left, he inherits
eldest son of elder brother, then eldest son
next brother, etc., power passed from one
prince to another in seniority, while taking into account
not only direct, but also cousins and more distant
relatives.
This order of succession of power is called
"ladder law". The sons of the prince, even being in
childhood, received from him any area
under your authority. The princes paid tribute to the Grand Duke.
Such a “common” possession of Russia - with permanent
changes and relocations of princes - prevented and
final formation of private property.
“Ladder right” order
succession
To
eldest in kind. 2) The Kiev prince distributed possessions, judged, sorted out disputes, but the main
He did not resolve issues individually, but at the general council of the princes.
Regarding this order, which neither East nor West knew, the historian G.V.
Vernadsky noted that “... the political life of the Russian Federation of Kyiv
period was built on freedom. Three elements of power - monarchical,
aristocratic and democratic - balanced each other, and the people
had a voice in government throughout the country.” 3) with the multiplication of the number of contenders for power and the isolation of the principalities
Rus' was gradually fragmented.
The political connection between principalities and zemstvos (lands grouped around
significant cities) weakens with Kiev, specific princes stop paying
tribute to the prince of Kyiv, do not submit to his court and do not participate in general decisions.
The areas that emerged around the trading cities, such as Kiev,
Chernihiv and later - Volyn, Vladimir-Suzdal and others,
become independent, but even in them the relationship between the princes and the people
fraught with another turmoil.
Thus, the fragmentation of Rus' reached its limit. As soon as in
the grand-ducal family collapsed the concept of seniority, each prince became
seek to strengthen their own power and enrich themselves at the expense of others
principalities. The selfish aspirations of the princes increased weakness from within
Russian lands, and the rest was done by decisiveness, cruelty and
purposefulness of the Mongols. Main development trends
culture
Three centuries (XIII-XV) passed under the sign of struggle
against the Golden Horde. During this time culture
Rus' went through two periods:
1) from 1240 to the middle of the 14th century, which
characterized by a marked decline in all
areas of culture. This is due to the Mongol-Tatar invasion and the simultaneous
expansion of German, Swedish, Lithuanian,
Polish and Hungarian feudal lords.
2) the second period - the rise of the national
self-consciousness and the revival of Russian
culture. As a result of foreign invasion
center of socio-political and cultural
life has shifted to the northeast, where
gradually established the hegemony of Moscow,
around which the Russian lands united and
start
arise
Great Russian
nationality. Battle on the Kalka River
On May 31, 1223, the Mongols defeated the allied forces of the Polovtsian and Russian princes in
Azov steppes on the Kalka River. It was the last major joint
military performance of the Russian princes on the eve of the invasion of Batu. However, in
the powerful Russian prince Yuri Vsevolodovich did not participate in the campaign
Vladimir-Suzdal, son of Vsevolod the Big Nest.
Princely feuds also affected
the time of the battle on the Kalka. Kyiv
prince
Mstislav
Romanovich,
fortified with his army on
hill, did not take part in the battle.
Regiments of Russian soldiers and Polovtsy,
crossing the Kalka, struck a blow on
advance detachments of the Mongol-Tatars,
which
retreated.
Russians
And
Polovtsian
shelves
got carried away
persecution.
Approached
same
main
Mongolian
strength
have taken
persecuting Russian and Polovtsian
warriors in pincers and destroyed. The Mongols laid siege to the hill, where they fortified Kyiv prince. On the third day of the siege
Mstislav Romanovich believed the enemy's promise to honorably release the Russians into
case of voluntary surrender and laid down his arms. He and his warriors were brutally killed
Mongols. The Mongols reached the Dnieper, but did not dare to enter the borders of Rus'.
Rus' has not yet known a defeat equal to the battle on the Kalka River. From the Azov steppes
only a tenth of the troops returned to Rus'. In honor of their victory, the Mongols
arranged a "feast on the bones." The captured princes were crushed with boards, on which
the victors sat and feasted. Preparation of a campaign to Rus'
Returning to the steppes, the Mongols
have taken
unsuccessful
try
seize
Volga
Bulgaria.
Reconnaissance in force showed what to lead
aggressive wars with Russia and its
neighbors
Can
only
through
organizations
pan-Mongolian
hike.
At the head of this campaign was the grandson
Genghis Khan - Batu (1227-1255),
received from his grandfather
inheritance all territories in the west,
"where the foot of the Mongolian horse will set foot."
His chief military adviser was
Subedei, who knew the theater well
future military operations. In 1235, at the Khural in the capital of Mongolia, Karakorum, a decision was made to
general Mongol campaign to the West.
In 1236, the Mongols took possession of the Volga Bulgaria, and in 1237 they subdued the nomadic
the peoples of the Steppe.
In the autumn of 1237, the main forces of the Mongols, having crossed the Volga, concentrated on the river
Voronezh, aiming at Russian lands.
In Rus' they knew about the impending formidable danger, but
princely feuds prevented the sips from uniting to fight back
strong and cunning enemy.
There was no unified command.
City fortifications were built to defend against neighboring
Russian principalities, and not from the steppe nomads.
Princely cavalry squads for armament and combat
qualities were not inferior to the Mongolian ones. But the bulk
The Russian army was made up of a militia - urban and
rural warriors, inferior to the Mongols in arms and
combat skills.
Hence, a defensive tactic designed to
depletion of enemy forces. Defense of Ryazan
In 1237 Ryazan was the first of the Russian
land was attacked by the invaders.
Princes of Vladimir and Chernigov
Ryazan refused to help.
Batu at the walls of Ryazan (1237)
The Mongols laid siege to Ryazan and sent
ambassadors,
which
demanded
obedience and one tenth of "in
everyone." A courageous answer followed.
Ryazantsev: "If we are all gone, then all
yours will be."
On the sixth day of the siege, the city was taken,
princely family and survivors
the inhabitants are massacred.
In the old place Ryazan is no longer
revived (modern Ryazan is
new city, located 60 km from
old Ryazan, it used to be called
Pereyaslavl Ryazansky). Defense of Ryazan Conquest of North-Eastern Rus'
In January 1238, along the Oka River, the Mongols moved to Vladimir-Suzdal
earth. The battle with the Vladimir-Suzdal army took place near the city of Kolomna, on
border of the Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal lands. Died in this battle
Vladimir army, which actually predetermined the fate of the North-Eastern
Rus'.
Strong resistance to the enemy for 5 days was provided by the population of Moscow,
led by governor Philip Nyanka. After the capture by the Mongols, Moscow was
burnt down and its inhabitants slaughtered. February 4, 1238 Batu besieged Vladimir.
The distance from Kolomna to Vladimir (300 km) was covered by his troops in a month. On
the fourth day of the siege, the invaders through the gaps in the fortress wall next to
Golden gates broke into the city. The princely family and the remnants of the troops
closed in the Assumption Cathedral. The Mongols surrounded the cathedral with trees and set it on fire.
After the capture of Vladimir, the Mongols broke into separate detachments and subjected
the defeat of the city of North-Eastern Rus'. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich before
approach of the invaders to Vladimir went to the north of his land to collect
military forces. Hastily assembled regiments in 1238 were defeated on the river Sit
(the right tributary of the Mologa River), Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich himself died in the battle. Battle of the River Sit
Battle of the River Sit 4 March 1238
years between the troops of the Great
Prince Vladimirovsky Yuri
Vsevolodovich and hordes
Mongol-Tatars
under
leadership of Burundai.
As a result of the defeat of the Russian
troops resistance princes
North-Eastern Rus' was
broken.
The Mongol hordes moved on
northwest Rus'. Everywhere they
met with stubborn resistance
Russians. For example, two weeks
defended a distant suburb
Novgorod - Torzhok.
Northwestern
Rus
was
saved from destruction, although
paid tribute. Having reached the stone Ignach cross - an ancient sign-pointer in the Valdai
watershed (one hundred kilometers from Novgorod), the Mongols retreated to the south, in the steppe,
to recover losses and give rest to tired troops. The departure was
"raids". Divided into separate detachments, the invaders "combed" the Russians
cities. Smolensk managed to fight back, other centers were defeated.
Kozelsk offered the greatest resistance to the Mongols during the "raid",
lasted seven weeks. The Mongols called Kozelsk an "evil city".
Siege of Kozelsk 1238
G. Capture of Kyiv
In the spring of 1239, Batu defeated South Rus' (Pereyaslavl South), in the autumn the Chernigov Principality.
In the autumn of the next 1240, the Mongol troops crossed the Dnieper and laid siege to Kyiv.
After a long defense, which was headed by the voivode Dmitr, the Tatars defeated
Kyiv.
In the next 1241, the Galicia-Volyn principality was attacked. Batu's campaign in Europe
After
defeat
Rus'
Mongol hordes moved on
Europe. Poland was ravaged
Hungary,
Czech Republic,
Balkan
countries. The Mongols went to
borders of the German Empire
reached the Adriatic Sea.
However, at the end of 1242 they
suffered a series of failures in the Czech Republic and
Hungary.
From distant Karakorum came
news of the death of the great khan
Ogedei - the son of Genghis Khan.
It was a convenient excuse to
stop the difficult journey. Batu
turned his troops back on
East. decisive world-historical role in saving European civilization from
Mongol hordes played a heroic struggle against them Russian and other peoples
our country, who took upon themselves the first blow of the invaders. In fierce battles
in Rus', the best part of the Mongolian army perished. The Mongols have lost
offensive power. They could not but reckon with the liberation struggle,
deployed in the rear of their troops.
A.S. Pushkin rightly wrote: "Russia was determined to be a great
purpose: its boundless plains absorbed the power of the Mongols and
stopped their invasion at the very edge of Europe ... the emerging enlightenment
was saved by torn apart Russia. Russian lands under the rule of the Golden Horde
The grandson of Genghis Khan - Batu - founded the state of the Golden Horde.
The Golden Horde covered a vast territory from the Danube to the Irtysh (Crimea,
North Caucasus, part of the lands of Rus' located in the steppe, former lands
Volga Bulgaria and nomadic peoples, Western Siberia and part Central Asia).
The capital of the Golden Horde was the city of Saray, located in the lower reaches of the Volga (a barn in
translated into Russian means the palace).
It was a state consisting of semi-independent uluses united
under the control of the khan. They were ruled by the Batu brothers and the local aristocracy. Capital of the Golden Horde "Saray-Batu"
The capital was the city of Saray (in translation - the palace), it was located not far from
the current city of Astrakhan. The role of a kind of aristocratic council was played by the "Divan", where
military and financial matters. Being surrounded by a Turkic-speaking
population, the Mongols adopted Turkic. Local Turkic-speaking ethnic group
assimilated the newcomers-Mongols. A new people was formed - the Tatars. First
For decades of the existence of the Golden Horde, its religion was paganism.
The Golden Horde was one of the largest states of its time. At first
XIV century, she could put up a 300,000th army. Rise of the Golden Horde
falls on the reign of Khan Uzbek (1312-1342).
In this era (1312), Islam became the state religion of the Golden Horde.
Then, just like other medieval states, the Horde experienced a period
fragmentation. Already in the XIV century. separated the Central Asian possessions of the Golden
Horde, and in the XV century. Kazan (1438), Crimean (1443), Astrakhan
(mid-15th century) and Siberian (end of the 15th century) khanates.
The steppe-Mongols were not going to live among the Russian forests. That's why
they preferred to rule through the local nobility, completely
dependent on them. Russian lands were not included, but they fell into vassalage
from the Horde. In 1242, ambassadors were sent to the northeastern principalities, with
demand to come to Batu.
The yarlyk is a khan's letter, which gave the right to the Russian princes to rule in
their lands. The most attractive was the label on the principality of Vladimir, because.
now not the prince of Kiev, but Vladimir had the right to seniority. trips
Russian princes to the Horde were accompanied by humiliation and often ended in their
death.
Jarls
To Paiza was also a sign of the Khan's power.
(in Rus' it was called basma) -
Khan's credentials.
Paizi were issued to Horde officials,
received special powers from the khan. IN
depending on the authority of the owner
paizi were made of gold, silver, copper or
wood and differed in pattern (lion, dragon and
etc.). Russian princes depended on the will of the Khan so
the same as the Horde nobles. By the will of the khan
they could be both enthroned and
executed.
Paiza of the 13th century.
On it is the inscription: “By the power of the eternal Heaven
the name of Möngke Khan be holy.” Russian princes adopted the Mongol order, according to which the will
khana was the law, and unquestioning obedience to him was unconditional
duty of the subjects. Being slaves of the khans themselves, they could not endure the past
rights for his subjects. In addition, the princes were now surrounded by people from
the lower strata of the population, accustomed to obedience.
So submission to the Horde sharply increased the despotism of princely power. The Russian lands devastated by the Mongols were forced
recognize vassal dependence on the Golden Horde. Not
the ceased struggle waged by the Russian people against
invaders, forced the Mongol-Tatars to abandon
creation in Rus' of its administrative bodies
authorities.
Rus' retained its statehood. This
contributed to the presence in Rus' of its own
administration and church organization. Besides,
the lands of Rus' were unsuitable for nomadic cattle breeding, in
difference, for example, from Central Asia, the Caspian Sea,
Black Sea region.
To control the Russian lands, the institute of Basque governors was created.
- leaders of military detachments of the Mongol-Tatars who followed the activities
Russian princes.
The denunciation of the Baskaks to the Horde inevitably ended either by summoning the prince to Sarai
(often he lost his label, and even his life), or a punitive campaign in
unruly land.
Suffice it to say that only in the last quarter of the XIII century. organized 14
similar trips to Russian lands. Some Russian princes, striving to
get rid of vassal dependence on the Horde,
embarked on the path of open armed
resistance. However, the forces to overthrow the government
there were still not enough invaders.
So, for example, in 1252 the regiments were broken
Vladimir and Galician-Volyn princes.
Alexander Nevsky understood this well,
1252 to 1263 Grand Duke Vladimirsky.
He set a course for recovery and recovery
economy of Russian lands.
The policy of Alexander Nevsky was supported and
Russian church, which saw a large
the danger lies in Catholic expansion, not in
tolerant rulers of the Golden Horde.
Collection of tribute from the end of the thirteenth century. was handed over
Russian princes. Consequences of the Mongol conquest and
Golden Horde yoke for Rus'
Different points of view
1) The Mongol invasion did not affect Rus'
no impact that her culture that
formed before the time of the invasion, retained its
national image, European in its own way
orientation.
Pushkin was right in many ways when he remarked that
“The Tatars were not like the Moors. They, having conquered
Russia, they gave her neither algebra nor
Aristotle". The Mongol invasion did not bring
neither enlightenment nor cultural values,
more important than those that were destroyed.
Historians have taken the same view.
Sergey
Solovyov
(1820-1879)
Sergei Solovyov and Vasily Klyuchevsky.
Basil
Klyuchevsky 2) Opposite views were expressed by the writer and author of the “History of the State
Russian” N.M. Karamzin (1766-1825) and historian N.I. Kostomarov
(1817-1885).
Karamzin owns the phrase: “Moscow owes its greatness to the khans,” in
which also has its share of truth. Proponents of this view point to the influence
Mongols on the legal and political aspects of Russian reality.
N. M. Karamzin
N.I. Kostomarov The Mongol yoke led to the loss of democratic control in Rus'.
Ceased to exist city assemblies, people's councils (with the exception of
Novgorod and Pskov). But when the Russian vassals received from the Khan the right to
to collect taxes for him, the competence of the Grand Duke of Rus' expanded. More
she grew more under Dmitry Donskoy, who became virtually unified and
autonomous ruler.
During the Mongol period, the great Russian prince became a stronger ruler,
than his predecessors.
Thus, the Mongol-Tatar yoke was one of the factors
formation of autocracy in Rus'. The Mongol-Tatars strengthened the idea of supreme power in Rus'. Wherein
the power of the Mongol Khan was not limited in any way, was absolute,
despotic character. And this principle of autocracy began to take root deeper and deeper.
into the political culture of the Russian people. The power that stands at the center of everything is itself
gives rise to law, is outside and above law.
The king became not a legal concept, but a doctrinal one (power from God).
The title "king" was adopted from 1547 to 1721.
Diploma of Constantinople
patriarch on approval for
Ivan IV of the royal title The Russian people, who have been living in conditions of continuous wars for almost two centuries, are tired
from the precariousness and unpredictability of its existence and desired a reliable
protector. In the picture of the world, as a savior, arose - having, in addition,
time, already deep Christian Orthodox and Horde roots - an image
authoritarian ruler.
N.S. Trubetskoy believes that the Muscovite state arose thanks to
Tatar yoke. They say that the Mongol yoke brought the Russian people out of being small
scattered tribal and urban principalities on a wide road
statehood. The Mongols, in his opinion, gave the conquered Russian lands
foundations of political culture, centralism, autocracy, serfdom. This
led to the creation of a new ethnotype, the psychology of the Russian people. G. V. Vernadsky believes that it was the Mongols that led to the disappearance
democratic elements in the life of cities: the power of the prince in urban
region, then Moscow was able to expand its influence at the expense of other, neighboring
cities and lands.
When Moscow swallowed up all the specific principalities, they were in power
Moscow prince. The boyars, who owned large land plots, lost
the right to transfer to another prince in case of dissatisfaction with their ruler.
The Mongols, who had extensive experience in single-handed rule and cruel
unconditional obedience to the Supreme Khan, clearly demonstrated the strength
this device. For their part, the population felt that
liberation is possible only by uniting around a strong ruler.
G. V. Vernadsky notes that under the influence of the Mongolian orders in
Moscow principality introduced the death penalty and corporal punishment, and
and subsequently military service. A new psychological state of the people arose, which could be
call it a "national depression".
The impossibility of an open fight with a stronger opponent, hardships and horror
servitude was well justified by the Orthodox Church - suffering
on earth, you secure paradise for yourself in the afterlife.
Extremely cruel to all who resisted them, the Mongols demanded only
one - complete, unquestioning and servile worship. However, the Great
the Mongol state was not at all religious system but only cultural and political. Therefore, she imposed only laws on the conquered peoples.
civil-political ("Chinggis Yas"), not religious. The Horde was characterized by wide religious tolerance, moreover -
patronage of all religions. Demanding obedience and tribute, believing completely
natural to live at the expense of the conquered peoples, the Mongols were not going to
encroach neither on their faith, nor on their culture. They not only allowed everyone
non-Christians free practice of religious rites, but also treated with
certain respect for all religions in general.
This is why the Orthodox Church in Russia has retained complete freedom
activities and received full support from the khan's authorities, which was
confirmed by special labels (commended letters) of the khans. The monasteries also found themselves in a favorable position - they were protected from extortions and
ruin. Their number began to increase, but especially rapid growth began from the middle of the XIV
century, when a strong desire for monastic life arose in Rus'. The hermits fled
to wild places, others joined them and thus a monastery arose. mastered and
more and more lands were settled up to the North Sea. The consequences of the Mongol-Tatar yoke
1. The Mongol yoke suspended the cultural development of the country: they were torn
traditional links with Byzantium and Western Europe.
2. Rus' lagged behind the countries in many ways Western Europe: not formed here yet
domestic market, there was no guild association of artisans, as in the West.
Feudal fragmentation did not contribute to the creation of unions of feudal lords,
more than the formation of their own political institutions, such as parliament,
which could influence the policy of the state.
3. A large number of the population was destroyed and taken prisoner
4. Destroyed cities.
5. Russian architecture suffered from the invasion. Due to lack of funds and
master builders completely stopped stone construction for half a century.
And even renewed at the end of the 13th century, it lost many of its former techniques.
construction equipment. So, for example, in the XIV-XV centuries, Moscow masters again
returned to masonry walls made of hewn stone, although already in the first half of the 13th century
Vladimir-Suzdal architects knew how to build from stone and brick, dense
limestone and calcareous tufa. Original art has completely disappeared
white stone carvings that adorned the buildings of the 12th-13th centuries. 6. During numerous raids, a huge number of monuments perished
writing.
7. Chronicle writing fell into decay. According to D.S. Likhachev, it “narrows,
turns pale, becomes laconic, loses those outstanding political
ideas and that broad all-Russian horizon that the Russians possessed
chronicles in the 11th and 12th centuries.
8. Education and literacy was preserved only by a thin layer of the Orthodox
clergy, spared by the "amazing sharpness of the Tatars" (A. Pushkin). It
one "for two dark centuries nourished the pale sparks of the Byzantine
education. In the silence of the monasteries, the monks led their uninterrupted
chronicle". “The Mongols,” wrote Pushkin, “did not look like the Moors. They, having conquered
Russia, they gave her neither algebra nor Aristotle.
9. Desolated and fell into decay the old agricultural centers and once
developed territories. The border of agriculture moved to the north, the southern
fertile soils were called "Wild Field".
10. Simplified, and sometimes disappeared, many crafts, which hindered the creation
small-scale production and ultimately delayed the economic
development.
11. The pace of cultural development of the Russian lands slowed down.
Culture of Rus' of the pre-Mongolian period
Furtai A.L.
- Religion of the Eastern Slavs.
- Culture: a) literature;
b) architecture;
c) craft.
- Suits.
Religion of the Eastern Slavs
Perun (storm god) Beles (god of cattle and wealth), Svarog (god of the family hearth), Dazhbog (sun deity) Whistle (Slavic god of the storm), Semargl (god of fire and moon) Stribog
- The religion of the Eastern Slavs was paganism. In East Slavic paganism, one can find all those stages that were characteristic of other pagan cults that existed among other peoples. The oldest layer is the worship of objects and phenomena of the immediate environment, which were woven into human life. The main deities of the Slavs were: Perun (storm god) Beles (god of cattle and wealth), Svarog (god of the family hearth), Dazhbog (sun deity) Whistle (Slavic god of the storm), Semargl (god of fire and moon) Stribog (god of the wind). In honor of these gods, idols were erected, to which sacrifices were made.
- The religion of the Eastern Slavs was paganism. In East Slavic paganism, one can find all those stages that were characteristic of other pagan cults that existed among other peoples. The oldest layer is the worship of objects and phenomena of the immediate environment, which were woven into human life. The main deities of the Slavs were: Perun (storm god) Beles (god of cattle and wealth), Svarog (god of the family hearth), Dazhbog (sun deity) Whistle (Slavic god of the storm), Semargl (god of fire and moon) Stribog (god of the wind). In honor of these gods, idols were erected, to which sacrifices were made.
- The religion of the Eastern Slavs was paganism. In East Slavic paganism, one can find all those stages that were characteristic of other pagan cults that existed among other peoples. The oldest layer is the worship of objects and phenomena of the immediate environment, which were woven into human life. The main deities of the Slavs were: Perun (storm god) Beles (god of cattle and wealth), Svarog (god of the family hearth), Dazhbog (sun deity) Whistle (Slavic god of the storm), Semargl (god of fire and moon) Stribog (god of the wind). In honor of these gods, idols were erected, to which sacrifices were made.
- The religion of the Eastern Slavs was paganism. In East Slavic paganism, one can find all those stages that were characteristic of other pagan cults that existed among other peoples. The oldest layer is the worship of objects and phenomena of the immediate environment, which were woven into human life. The main deities of the Slavs were: Perun (storm god) Beles (god of cattle and wealth), Svarog (god of the family hearth), Dazhbog (sun deity) Whistle (Slavic god of the storm), Semargl (god of fire and moon) Stribog (god of the wind). In honor of these gods, idols were erected, to which sacrifices were made.
(Slavic god of fire and moon)
Perun (god of thunder)
Perun, not without reason, is considered the main deity of the pagan pantheon of the Eastern Slavs. Perun is considered the patron saint of warriors and knights. He is glorified in the days of victory and sacrifices are made to him, wishing to achieve military success. Perun is also subject to the elements of nature and some areas of people's lives.
Perun is, first of all, the god of thunder, thunder.
IN spring thunderstorm ancient man he saw a life-giving source, the renewal of nature, hence the primary role of Perun.
Perun is armed with a club, a bow with arrows (lightning bolts are arrows that the god threw), and an ax. The ax was considered one of the main symbols of God.
The Slavs represented Perun as a middle-aged man with a gray-haired, silver head and a golden mustache and beard.
The very name of Perun is very ancient. Translated into modern language it means "The one who hits harder", "smashing".
Perun was considered the founder of the moral law and the very first defender of Truth.
Perun (god of thunder)
Svarog (god of the family hearth)
God of fire, blacksmithing, family hearth. Heavenly blacksmith and great warrior. Svarog is a blacksmith. He forges in the heavenly forge and is therefore associated with fire.
Svarog is the owner and keeper of the sacred fire and its creator. Svarog greatly contributed to the development of knowledge. Svarog established the very first laws, according to which each man was supposed to have only one woman, and a woman one man.
The largest sanctuary of Svarog is located in the Polish village Radogost .
Svarog is worshiped in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, where they call him "Rarog".
(god of the family hearth)
Stribog (wind god)
Stribog - in East Slavic mythology, the god of the wind.
The name Stribog goes back to the ancient root "streg", which means "senior", "paternal uncle". A similar meaning is found in the Tale of Igor's Campaign, where the winds are called "Stribog's grandchildren."
He can summon and tame a storm and can transform into his assistant, the mythical bird Stratim. In general, the wind was usually represented in the form of a gray-haired old man living at the end of the world, in a deep forest or on an island in the middle of the sea-ocean.
The idol of Stribog was installed in Kyiv among the seven most important Slavic deities.
It is not known whether there was a permanent holiday in honor of Stribog, but he was mentioned and revered along with Dazhbog. Probably, the wind, like rain and the sun, were considered the most important for the farmer.
Sailors also prayed to Stribog to give "wind to sail."
Stribog (wind god)
culture
By the time of the adoption of Christianity, Rus' already had its own original culture. Crafts and wood construction techniques reached a high level. The formation of the Old Russian state was associated with the process of folding united ancient Russian people And united Russian literary language .
The Russian culture of the pre-Mongolian period as a whole stood on a par with Western European culture and actively interacted with it.
Literature
In the era of transition from pre-class society to feudal society, oral folk art of the Russian people, as well as among the peoples of Western Europe, is created epic epic. His stories are most firmly preserved in the people's memory and were recorded by scientists many centuries later. By IX - X centuries. relates the appearance of the plots of the epics "Mikhailo Potok", "Danube", "Volga and Mikula". The end of the 10th century was especially fruitful for the formation of the epic epic. - reign period Vladimir Svyatoslavich. "Vladimir the Red Sun" himself became a generalized image of the ruler of Rus', and his reign - the "epic time" of Russian epics. The main characters of the epic - Ilya Muromets And Nikitich(his prototype was Vladimir Svyatoslavich's maternal uncle - Dobrynya, mentor and adviser to the prince)
Ilya Muromets
LITERATURE
the life of the Slavs
annals
birch bark letters
graffiti (graffiti)
Cyril and Methodius - the creators of the Slavic alphabet
Not later than the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th centuries. spread in Rus' Slavic alphabets - Cyrillic And Glagolitic. Created in the second half of the IX century. Cyril (Konstantin) and Methodius and originally spread in the West Slavic state - Great Moravia, they soon penetrated into Bulgaria and Rus'.
KIRILL and METHODIUS, brothers, Christian missionaries among the Slavs, creators of the Slavic alphabet, the first monuments Slavic writing and Old Slavonic literary language.
Cyril and Methodius
Cyril and Methodius in 863 were invited from Byzantium by Prince Rostislav to the Great Moravian state to introduce worship in the Slavic language. They translated the main liturgical books from Greek into Old Slavonic.
Cyril and Methodius
Birch bark letters
The appearance in Rus' of literature in the Slavic language, on the one hand, and the revival and complication of social life in the conditions of the development of feudal relations and the formation of the state structure, on the other, contributed to the widespread literacy. A clear evidence of this is birch bark letters - letters on birch bark of various (mainly business) content. The authors of the birch bark letters were people from various strata of ancient Russian society.
The earliest charters date back to the 11th century. They were discovered during excavations already in nine ancient Russian cities, but the bulk of the finds are from Novgorod, where the natural geographical conditions contributed to the better preservation of birch bark letters.
Birch bark
chronicle writing
The most important genre of ancient secular literature was annals. The time of its origin (from the end of the 10th to the second half of the 11th centuries) remains a subject of dispute among researchers. Most likely, the first annalistic code was preceded by some annalistic records. And the first chronicle, the text of which can be reconstructed, is the so-called Initial code end of the 11th century, which became part of the Novgorod First Chronicle.
At the beginning of the 12th century, an outstanding work of medieval literature was created in the Kiev Caves Monastery "The Tale of Bygone Years"(around 1113). The author of its original version is considered to be monk Nestor . Answering the questions posed at the very beginning of the narrative (“Where did the Russian land come from, who in Kiev began first before the princes and how the Russian land began to exist”), the author unfolds a wide canvas of Russian history, which is understood as part of world history. (At that time, biblical and Roman-Byzantine history was considered universal). When writing the Tale, numerous domestic and translated historical and literary works- The initial set, "Chronicle" by Gregory Amartol and Simeon Logofet, biblical legends, oral legends, etc.
monk Nestor
Russian epic of the XI-XIII centuries.
In the second half of the 12th century, in addition to Kiev and Novgorod, chronicle writing developed in the centers of most of the formed feudal principalities: Chernigov, Vladimir-on-Klyazma, Galich, Pereyaslavl, and others, while maintaining its all-Russian character. Russian epic of the 11th - early 12th centuries. enriched with plots dedicated to the fight against Polovtsian raids. The image of Vladimir Monomakh, the initiator of the struggle against the nomads (in epics they are called Tatars), merged with the image of Vladimir Svyatoslavich. There were not only heroic epics, but also those in which peaceful life is described.
By the middle of the XII - the beginning of the XIII centuries. refers to the appearance Novgorod epics about Sadko. They are also called novels. Two epics are known about Sadko - the gusliar. In the annals there is a mention of a wealthy merchant Sotko Sytinich, who was famous for his generosity. In Novgorod there is the Church of Boris and Gleb, which, according to legend, was built with the money of a wealthy merchant. Sotko and became the prototype of Sadko - the gusliar.
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
At the end of the XII century. the most poetic of the works of ancient Russian literature was created - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", which became the pinnacle literary creativity in Rus' of this period. The basis of its plot is a description of an unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsy of the Novgorod-Seversky prince Igor Svyatoslavich, committed in 1185. The main idea of the Lay was the need for the unity of the Russian princes in the face of external danger. At the same time, the author is not a supporter of state unification: his call is directed to agreement in actions, against civil strife and princely strife. The unknown author of the "Lay" apparently belonged to the retinue nobility of one of the southern Russian principalities and possessed a deep knowledge of Russian reality.
Episode image
from "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
Architecture
In the X - XII centuries. develops construction made of stone, mostly temple, and church painting. To this day, outstanding architectural monuments of the middle of the 11th century have survived (though not in their original form) - cathedrals of st. Sofia in Kyiv and Novgorod, Spassky Cathedral In Chernihiv.
Cathedral of St. Sofia in Kyiv
cathedral of st. Sofia in Novgorod
At the turn of the XI and XII centuries. the rise of the monumental art of the Vladimir-Suzdal land begins, and during the reign of Andrei Bogalyubsky and Vsevolod the Big Nest, it experiences a magnificent flowering. Many temples, princely courts and castles are being built. The peaks of the Vladimir-Suzdal architecture of the second half of the 12th century include Dmitrievsky cathedrals in Vladimir, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.
Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir
A new architectural style, distinguished by the simplicity of buildings and the modesty of the interior decoration of temples, was formed in Novgorod during the 12th century. ( Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, 1198). In the architecture of the late XII - early XIII centuries. a combination of local traditions, forms borrowed from Byzantium and elements of the Western European Romanesque style prevails.
Monuments of ancient Russian painting have almost not been preserved, but from written sources it is known about the rich paintings of temples and towers, and from individual surviving fragments one can judge the high skill of the artists.
Church of the Savior on Nereditsa
Types of crafts
pottery
glass
woodworking
manufacturing
clothes, shoes,
leather processing,
fur, spinning
linen, wool
Types of crafts
jewelry
The rural craft of the pre-Mongolian period is characterized by the presence of various forms of handicraft production: patrimonial (feudal-owning), suburban type (or the type of the Russian "row" of the 15th-16th centuries), handicraft and domestic. For the first two, the specialization of production and its orientation to the market are typical. There is a standardization of a number of types of products, which in terms of technology and quality were not much inferior to the products of urban crafts; highly specialized workshops are formed (gunsmiths, locksmiths, etc.), possibly using the organizational elements of apprenticeship, within the framework of the suburban and, possibly, patrimonial craft.
In the tenth century The main material for the construction of a stationary house was pine and reeds. Archaeologically recorded is a type of ground-based house without a subfloor with open hearths lined with limestone stones. The dwellings consisted of two halves, one of which was residential (Izmer settlement). Probably, there were also houses with an underground floor, in which there were cylindrical pits - pantries. We can assume the presence of semi-dugouts, the floor of which was buried in the ground, and the walls were lined with wooden boards.
Outbuildings were located near the house. These were cylindrical pits with a calcined bottom and walls, sometimes with sandy filling at the bottom. From above, they most likely had a wooden ceiling or cover. They served to store grain products. There were also special cellars for storing perishable products. They were with wooden floors and often with special steps for convenience at the bottom. The location of the buildings and the nature of the Bulgar estate is still unclear. Most likely, outbuildings were not combined with residential buildings. unified system, although the storage pits were orderly concentrated at the edge of the estate in one row in a checkerboard pattern.
Reconstruction of land dwellings of the Slavs of the X-XIII centuries.
Reconstruction
Slavic dwelling according to V.V. Sedov
Slavic dwelling X-XIII centuries.
Interior
There was practically no furniture in the yurt. They sat on carpets, felt or skins spread on the floor. Small wooden tables could be used for eating. In a stationary dwelling, the interior of the house was quite simple. Benches, shelves on the walls, probably chests and small caskets made up the home furnishings. Small tables for eating for one person could also be used.
Wealthier villagers could afford to use metal utensils in their households, in particular, boilers suspended on metal chains from the ceiling beam or on special spacers near the hearth.
The walls were covered with cloth. Curtains were also made of fabric, separating the "male" part from the "female". Wealthy and noble gentlemen had silk fabric - Chinese or Byzantine. Certain differences, most likely, were in the size and design of the residential yurt and the one that was intended for receptions.
The material from which clothing was made in the 8th - 13th centuries was as follows: woolen and silk fabrics, as well as plant fiber fabrics. It is possible that leather was also used to some extent. Although archaeological traces of it in this regard are not recorded. This, by the way, distinguishes the medieval costume from the earlier nomadic costumes, which were mainly made of leather and thin felt. Clothes were sewn from homespun cloth - coarse cloth or linen; part of it was made of thicker linen fiber. Probably, thinner woolen fabric was also used. Wealthy people could afford to sew clothes from silk. Fur clothes were widely used. Most likely, the fur of a fox, squirrel, hare, beaver was the most common. Leather was used to make shoes. The skins of domestic animals were dressed - cows, horses, goats, sheep. The skin of wild animals was used - elk and deer. For most poor people, bast shoes were the most affordable.
Women's suits
The outerwear was a zapona - overhead clothing such as an amice made of linen, not sewn on the sides. The zapona was also shorter than the shirt. It was worn with a belt and cut off at the bottom. Bib - shorter outerwear with wide short sleeves was decorated along the bottom, neck and sleeves. It was also worn over a shirt.
In the women's costume of the feudal nobility, in addition to the shirt, there were Byzantine forms of clothing: tunics, dalmatics, draped cloaks. Upper women's clothing were retinues with wider sleeves than in men's, from which the decorated cuffs of the shirt could be seen. Headwear played in women's costume big role. Girls wore loose long hair or a braid braided flat, low at the back of the head.
women's suits
woman suit
feudal nobility
Men's suits
Starting from the XI century. hats were an integral part of the Russian men's costume for both the nobility and the poor. The peasants wore round caps made of felt, coarse cloth with a narrow fur trim, wealthy people - made of fine cloth or velvet, nobility - velvet or brocade with decorations made of silver, gold, precious stones and with a fur band. Tunics made of expensive Byzantine pavoloks with long sleeves and side slits at the bottom were also ceremonial princely clothes. The outerwear is the Novgorod fur coat - a swinging straight product made of bright silk or velvet fabric with a turn-down collar and long sewn-in sleeves. The underwear of the nobility and the main among the peasants from ancient times were shirts and ports. A peasant shirt was sewn from canvas, motley with a lining on the chest and back, which was sewn with red threads. Russian soldiers put on a short chain mail shirt with slits on the sides and short sleeves over their clothes, and a sholom with aventail on their heads.
ceremonial men's
princely clothes
clothes of Russian soldiers
The Russian culture of the pre-Mongolian period, in all its components, stood on a par with the culture of Western Europe and actively interacted with it.
The monuments that have survived to this day allow us to conclude that the culture of Rus' was highly developed and put it on a par with the most developed states of that time. Evidence of this is high level literacy among the Russian population, the widespread dissemination of translated literature and the creation of original monuments of Russian literature; development of all kinds of art.
The synthetic character of Russian culture in the 10th and early 13th centuries; based on the pagan culture of the Eastern Slavs and the Christian tradition of Byzantium, created the conditions for the further development of an original national culture
- Old Russian architecture / Rappoport P.A. - St. Petersburg, 2004.
- Art of Ancient Rus' / Wagner G.K., Vladyshevskaya T.F. - M .: Eksmo Publishing House, 2003.
- Culture of Ancient Rus': pre-Mongolian period / Kolpakova G.S., 2007.
