A Brief History of the Russian Literary Language. Formation of the modern Russian literary language The question of the formation of the Russian literary language

The language of the builders of communism. The change in the norms of the Russian literary language continues at the present time.

Folklore

Oral folk art (folklore) in the form of fairy tales, epics, proverbs and sayings is rooted in distant history. They were passed from mouth to mouth, their content was polished in such a way that the most stable combinations remained, and linguistic forms were updated as the language developed. Oral creativity continued to exist after the advent of writing. In the New Time, worker and city folk, as well as army and thug (prison camp) were added to the peasant folklore. At present, oral folklore is most expressed in anecdotes. Oral folk art also affects the written literary language.

Development of the literary language in ancient Russia

So, in ancient Novgorod and other cities in the XI-XV centuries, birch bark letters were in use. Most of the surviving birch bark letters are private letters of a business nature, as well as business documents: wills, receipts, deeds of sale, court records. There are also church texts and literary and folklore works (conspiracies, school jokes, riddles, instructions on household chores), educational records (alphabets, warehouses, school exercises, children's drawings and doodles).

Reforms of the Russian literary language of the 18th century

The most important reforms of the Russian literary language and the system of versification of the 18th century were made by Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. In the city he wrote "A Letter on the Rules of Russian Poetry", in which he formulated the principles of new versification in Russian. In a polemic with Trediakovsky, he argued that instead of cultivating poems written according to schemes borrowed from other languages, it is necessary to use the capabilities of the Russian language. Lomonosov believed that it is possible to write poetry with many types of feet - two-syllable (iambic and trochee) and three-syllable (dactyl, anapest and amphibrachium), but he considered it wrong to replace the feet with pyrrhic and spondeia. This innovation of Lomonosov caused a discussion in which Trediakovsky and Sumarokov actively participated. In the city were published three transcriptions of the 143rd Psalm, performed by these authors, and the readers were asked to express which of the texts they consider the best.

However, Pushkin's statement is known, in which Lomonosov's literary activity is not approved: “His odes ... are tiresome and inflated. His influence on literature was harmful and still resonates in it. Pomp, sophistication, aversion to simplicity and precision, the absence of any nationality and originality - these are the traces left by Lomonosov. " Belinsky called this view "surprisingly correct, but one-sided." According to Belinsky, “At the time of Lomonosov, we did not need folk poetry; then the great question - to be or not to be - was for us not in nationality, but in Europeanism ... Lomonosov was Peter the Great of our literature. "

In addition to his contribution to poetic language, Lomonosov was also the author of scientific Russian grammar. In this book, he described the wealth and possibilities of the Russian language. Lomonosov's grammar was published 14 times and formed the basis for the course of Russian grammar by Barsov (1771), who was a student of Lomonosov. In this book, Lomonosov, in particular, wrote: “Charles the fifth, the Roman emperor, used to say that it is decent to speak with Ishpansky with God, French with friends, German with enemies, Italian with women. But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would add to that that it is decent for them to speak with all of them, because he would find in him the splendor of Ishpansky, the liveliness of the French, the strength of the German, the tenderness of Italian, moreover, wealth and strong in images. the brevity of Greek and Latin. " Interestingly, Derzhavin later expressed himself similarly: "The Slavic-Russian language, according to the testimony of foreign aesthetics themselves, is not inferior either in courage to Latin or in fluency to Greek, surpassing all European ones: Italian, French and Spanish, if only German."

Modern Russian literary language

Alexander Pushkin is considered the creator of the modern literary language, whose works are considered the pinnacle of Russian literature. This thesis remains dominant, despite the significant changes that have occurred in the language over the nearly two hundred years that have passed since the creation of his largest works, and the clear stylistic differences between the language of Pushkin and contemporary writers.

Meanwhile, the poet himself pointed out the paramount role of N.M. Karamzin in the formation of the Russian literary language, according to A.S. Pushkin, this glorious historian and writer “freed the language from an alien yoke and returned it freedom, turning it to living sources of folk the words".

« Great, mighty…»

I. S. Turgenev belongs, perhaps, one of the most famous definitions of the Russian language as "great and mighty":

In the days of doubt, in the days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! If it weren't for you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!

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History of languages

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Excerpt characterizing the history of the Russian literary language

- To His Majesty on a mission.
- Here it is! - said Boris, who heard that Rostov needed His Highness instead of His Majesty.
And he pointed out to him the Grand Duke, who was a hundred paces away from them, in a helmet and in a cavalier's tunic, with his raised shoulders and frowned eyebrows, that he was shouting something to the Austrian white and pale officer.
“Why, this is the Grand Duke, but to me to the commander-in-chief or to the sovereign,” Rostov said and was about to touch the horse.
- Count, Count! - Berg shouted, just as lively as Boris, running up from the other side, - Count, I am wounded in my right arm (he said, showing a bloody hand, tied with a handkerchief) and remained in the front. Count, I hold the sword in my left hand: in our breed the von Bergs, Count, were all knights.
Berg was still saying something, but Rostov, not listening to him, had already gone on.
Having passed the guard and the empty gap, Rostov, in order not to get back into the first line, as he came under the attack of the cavalry guards, drove along the line of reserves, far bypassing the place where the hottest shooting and cannonade were heard. Suddenly, in front of him and behind our troops, in such a place where he could not in any way anticipate the enemy, he heard close rifle fire.
"What could it be? - thought Rostov. - An enemy in the rear of our troops? It can't be, thought Rostov, and the horror of fear for himself and for the outcome of the whole battle suddenly came over him. - Whatever it was, however, - he thought, - now there is nothing to go around. I must look for the commander-in-chief here, and if everything perished, then my business is to perish with everyone together. "
The foreboding that suddenly found on Rostov was confirmed more and more, the further he drove into the space occupied by crowds of heterogeneous troops, located behind the village of Prats.
- What? What? Who are they shooting at? Who's Shooting? Asked Rostov, leveling up with the Russian and Austrian soldiers who fled in mixed crowds across his path.
- And the devil knows them? I beat everyone! Lost it all! - Crowds of fleeing people answered him in Russian, German and Czech, and did not understand, just like him, what was going on here.
- Beat the Germans! One shouted.
- And the devil take them, - traitors.
- Zum Henker diese Ruesen ... [To hell with these Russians ...] - the German muttered something.
Several wounded were walking along the road. Curses, screams, groans merged into one common hum. The shooting died down and, as Rostov later learned, Russian and Austrian soldiers were shooting at each other.
"My God! what is it? Thought Rostov. - And here, where at any moment the sovereign can see them ... But no, that's right, only a few scoundrels. It will pass, it is not that, it cannot be, he thought. - Just hurry, hurry to pass them! "
The thought of defeat and flight could not enter Rostov's head. Although he saw French guns and troops precisely on Pratsen Hill, on the very one where he was ordered to look for the commander-in-chief, he could not and did not want to believe it.

Near the village of Pratsa, Rostov was ordered to look for Kutuzov and the sovereign. But here not only were they not, but there was not a single commander, and there were heterogeneous crowds of upset troops.
He drove the already tired horse in order to pass these crowds as soon as possible, but the further he got, the more upset the crowds became. On the main road, on which he rode out, there were crowded carriages, carriages of all sorts, Russian and Austrian soldiers, of all branches of the army, wounded and not wounded. All this buzzed and swarmed with mixed sounds under the gloomy sound of flying cannonballs from the French batteries placed on the Prazen Heights.
- Where is the sovereign? where is Kutuzov? Rostov asked everyone he could stop, and he could not get an answer from anyone.
Finally, grabbing the soldier by the collar, he made him answer to himself.
- NS! brother! They've all been there for a long time, have escaped ahead! - the soldier said to Rostov, laughing at something and struggling to escape.
Leaving this soldier, who was obviously drunk, Rostov stopped the horse of the orderly or the important person's guard and began to question him. The orderly announced to Rostov that the sovereign had been driven at full speed in a carriage along this very road an hour ago, and that the sovereign had been dangerously wounded.
“It can't be,” said Rostov, “right, someone else.
“I saw it myself,” said the orderly with a self-confident grin. - It’s time for me to know the sovereign: it seems, how many times in Petersburg I saw something like that. Pale, pale in the carriage. As soon as he could run up the four crows, my dears, it thundered past us: it’s time, it seems, to know the tsar's horses and Ilya Ivanitch; it seems that Ilya the coachman does not go with the other as with the tsar.
Rostov let his horse go and wanted to ride on. A wounded officer walking past addressed him.
- Who do you want? The officer asked. - Commander-in-Chief? So killed by a cannonball, killed in the chest with our regiment.
"Not killed, wounded," corrected another officer.
- Who? Kutuzov? Asked Rostov.
- Not Kutuzov, but what do you mean by him - well, yes, it's all one, not many are left alive. Go over there, over there, to that village, all the authorities have gathered there, '' said this officer, pointing to the village of Gostiradek, and walked past.
Rostov rode at a pace, not knowing why and to whom he was now going. The sovereign is wounded, the battle is lost. It was impossible not to believe it now. Rostov rode in the direction indicated to him and in which the tower and the church could be seen in the distance. Where was he in a hurry? What could he now say to the sovereign or to Kutuzov, if even they were alive and not wounded?
- This road, your honor, go, and here they will kill you, - the soldier shouted to him. - Here they will kill!
- O! what are you saying! said another. - Where will he go? It's closer here.
Rostov became thoughtful and drove exactly in the direction where he was told that they would kill.
"Now it's all the same: if the sovereign is wounded, can I really take care of myself?" he thought. He entered the space where the people fleeing from Prazen died most of all. The French have not yet occupied this place, and the Russians, those who were alive or wounded, left it long ago. On the field, like heaps on good arable land, lay about ten, fifteen killed, wounded on every tithe of the place. The wounded crawled in two, three together, and one could hear unpleasant, sometimes feigned, as it seemed to Rostov, their cries and groans. Rostov started the horse at a trot so as not to see all these suffering people, and he became afraid. He was afraid not for his life, but for the courage that he needed and which, he knew, would not stand the sight of these unfortunates.
The French, who had stopped firing at this field strewn with dead and wounded, because no one was alive on it, saw the adjutant riding over it, aimed a gun at him and threw several cannonballs. The feeling of these whistling, terrible sounds and the surrounding dead people merged for Rostov into one impression of horror and self-pity. He remembered his mother's last letter. "What would she feel," he thought, "if she could see me now here, in this field and with guns pointed at me."
In the village of Gostieradeke, although confused, but in a greater order, Russian troops were marching away from the battlefield. The French cannonballs were no longer reaching here, and the sounds of gunfire seemed distant. Everyone here clearly saw and said that the battle was lost. To whom Rostov turned, no one could tell him where the sovereign was, or where Kutuzov was. Some said that the rumor about the sovereign's wound was fair, others said that it was not, and explained this false rumor that had really spread in the sovereign's carriage back from the battlefield, the pale and frightened chief marshal Count Tolstoy, who rode out with others in the emperor's retinue. on the battlefield. One officer told Rostov that beyond the village, to the left, he saw someone from the higher authorities, and Rostov went there, no longer hoping to find anyone, but only in order to clear his conscience before himself. Having traveled three versts and passed the last Russian troops, near a vegetable garden dug in a ditch, Rostov saw two horsemen standing opposite the ditch. One, with a white sultan on his hat, seemed for some reason familiar to Rostov; another, unknown rider, on a beautiful red horse (this horse seemed familiar to Rostov) rode up to the ditch, pushed the horse with his spurs and, releasing the reins, easily jumped over the garden ditch. Only the earth was crumbling from the embankment from the horse's hind hooves. Turning the horse abruptly, he again jumped back over the ditch and respectfully addressed the rider with the white sultan, apparently inviting him to do the same. The rider, whose figure seemed familiar to Rostov and for some reason involuntarily riveted his attention to itself, made a negative gesture with his head and hand, and by this gesture Rostov instantly recognized his mourned, adored sovereign.
“But it could not be he, alone in the middle of this empty field,” thought Rostov. At this time, Alexander turned his head, and Rostov saw his favorite features so vividly engraved in his memory. The Emperor was pale, his cheeks were sunken and his eyes were sunken; but the more charm and meekness were in his features. Rostov was happy, convinced that the rumor about the sovereign's wound was unfair. He was happy to have seen him. He knew that he could, even had to address him directly and convey what he was ordered to convey from Dolgorukov.
But just as a young man in love trembles and mellows, not daring to say what he dreams of at night, and looks around in fright, looking for help or an opportunity to postpone and escape, when the desired moment has come, and he stands alone with her, so Rostov now, having achieved that , which he desired more than anything else, did not know how to approach the sovereign, and he presented himself with thousands of considerations as to why this was inconvenient, indecent and impossible.
"How! I seem to be glad to take advantage of the fact that he is alone and in despondency. An unknown person may seem unpleasant and hard to him at this moment of sadness; then, what can I tell him now, when at one glance at him my heart stops and my mouth dries up? " None of those countless speeches that he, addressing the sovereign, composed in his imagination, did not occur to him now. Those speeches for the most part were held under completely different conditions, those were spoken most of the time at the moment of victories and triumphs and mainly on his deathbed from his wounds, while the sovereign thanked him for his heroic deeds, and he, dying, expressed his love confirmed in practice. my.
“Then, what am I going to ask the sovereign about his orders to the right flank, when it’s already 4 pm and the battle is lost? No, I definitely shouldn't drive up to him. Shouldn't disturb his thoughtfulness. It is better to die a thousand times than to get a bad look, a bad opinion from him, ”decided Rostov, and with sadness and despair in his heart he drove away, constantly looking back at the sovereign, who was still in the same position of indecision.
While Rostov made these considerations and sadly drove away from the sovereign, Captain von Toll accidentally ran into the same place and, seeing the sovereign, drove right up to him, offered him his services and helped him cross the ditch on foot. The Emperor, wanting to rest and feeling unwell, sat down under an apple tree, and Tol stopped beside him. Rostov saw from afar with envy and repentance how von Toll spoke to the emperor for a long time and with ardor, as the emperor, apparently bursting into tears, closed his eyes with his hand and shook Toll's hand.
"And I could have been in his place?" thought Rostov to himself, and, barely holding back tears of regret for the fate of the sovereign, in complete despair drove on, not knowing where and why he was now going.
His despair was all the more intense because he felt that his own weakness was the cause of his grief.
He could ... not only could, but he had to drive up to the sovereign. And this was the only time to show the sovereign his loyalty. And he didn't use it ... "What have I done?" he thought. And he turned his horse and galloped back to the place where he saw the emperor; but there was no one beyond the ditch. Only carts and carriages were driving. From one lorry Rostov learned that the Kutuzov headquarters was located nearby in the village where the transports were going. Rostov followed them.
Ahead of him walked the bereader of Kutuzov, leading the horses in blankets. Behind the keeper was a cart, and behind the cart was an old courtyard, in a cap, a sheepskin coat and with crooked legs.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

FSBEI HPE "Siberian State Geodetic Academy"

Department of Foreign Languages and Intercultural Communication

abstract

History becoming Russian literary language

Completed by: student of group PG-12

Yuneeva T.A.

Checked: Art. teacher

Shabalina L.A.

Novosibirsk 2014

Introduction

1.The origin and reasons for the collapse of the Old Russian language

1.1 The place of the Russian language among other languages

1.2 Proto-Slavic language - the ancestor language of all Slavic languages

1.3 The emergence of a written (literary) language among the Eastern Slavs, its trends and styles

2.Education of the Russian national language

3. Development of the Russian language in the XVIII-XIX centuries

3.1 Russian language in Peter's era

3.2 Development of the Russian language in the Soviet era

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

I.S. Turgenev belongs, perhaps, one of the most famous definitions of the Russian language as "great and mighty":

In days doubt in days painful contemplation O destinies my homeland, -- you one to me support and support, O great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Not be you -- how not fall v despair at the form Total, what occurs at home? But it is forbidden believe, to such language not was Dan great people!

The people express themselves most fully and faithfully in their language. The people and the language, one without the other, cannot be represented. Both together sometimes determine their inseparability in thought by one name: so we, Russians, together with other Slavs from time immemorial combined in one word "language" the concept of a popular dialect with the concept of the people themselves. Thus, in that part of science that we can call our Russian science, research on the Russian language must also take place.

The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that today the Russian language is undoubtedly activating its dynamic tendencies and entering a new period of its historical development. That is why our language requires constant close attention, careful care - especially at that critical stage of social development that it is going through. The whole world must help the language to discover its original essence of concreteness, definiteness of the formulation and transmission of thought. After all, it is well known that any sign is not only an instrument of communication and thinking, but also a practical consciousness.

Important "external" stimuli in these processes will be such phenomena as scientific and technological progress, the transformation of the Russian language into the world language of our time, which has become one of the global realities of our time.

New political thinking also requires new speech means, their precise use. Indeed, without linguistic precision and concreteness, there can be neither true democracy, nor stabilization of the economy, nor progress in general. M.V. Lomonosov expressed the idea that the development of the national consciousness of the people is directly related to the ordering of means of communication.

1 . InceptionandcausesdecayOld Russianlanguage

1.1 A placeRussianlanguageva number ofotherslanguages

The Russian language belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages (languages Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian) and is included in the system of Slavic languages. The historical and comparative study of the Slavic languages provides material for determining those general processes that were experienced by the East Slavic languages in the most ancient (pre-feudal) era and which distinguish this group of languages in the circle of closely related (Slavic) languages. It should be noted right away that the recognition of the commonality of linguistic processes in the East Slavic languages of the pre-feudal era does not imply an indispensable idea of perfect unity, indivisibility, and identity of languages throughout the territory. In connection with the economy of the pre-feudal system and tribal life, the common language should be understood not as an undivided unity, but as the sum of slightly varying dialects. On the other hand, it should be emphasized that the commonality of the linguistic processes of the Eastern Slavs is not limited to the pre-feudal era, this commonality extends to the subsequent epochs of the life of the East Slavic languages, partly as a further development of common features, partly as a result of the closest economic, political and cultural ties between the peoples of the East Slavic group - common phenomena in the grammatical structure and vocabulary of the East Slavic languages.

However, the language of the Eastern Slavs differed from the languages of other branches of the Slavs in a number of features.

1) phonetic (such are, for example, full accord: milk, beard, shore, etc.; sounds h in the place of more ancient tj, w - in place of dj: candle, border, etc.);

2) grammatical (for example, in the formation of separate cases of nouns: iь - originally nasal - in the forms of genus pad. noun plural nouns, masculine gender such as horse, etc.; in the formation of different singular cases of the pronominal or member declension of adjectives; in the formation of the bases of different verb forms, for example, the imperfect, in the formation of the participle form present time, etc.);

3) lexical (compare, for example, the use of such words as eye, carpet, plow, vologa "fat", pavolok, hook "cunning", ham, sometimes, hoof "shoes", pot, heavy, good "dignified", etc.)

1.2 Proto-Slaviclanguage-ancestor languageof allSlaviclanguages

All Slavic languages are very similar to each other, but the closest to the Russian language are Belarusian and Ukrainian. Together, these languages form the East Slavic subgroup, which is part of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family.

Slavic branches grow from a powerful trunk - the Indo-European language family. This family also includes Indian (or Indo-Aryan), Iranian Greek, Italic, Romance, Celtic, Germanic, Baltic language groups, Armenian, Albanian and other languages. The disintegration of Indo-European linguistic unity is usually attributed to the end of the 3rd - the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Apparently, at the same time, the processes were taking place that led to the emergence of the Proto-Slavic language, to its separation from the Indo-European.

The Proto-Slavic language is the ancestor language of all Slavic languages. He had no written language and was not recorded in writing. However, it can be restored by comparing the Slavic languages among themselves, as well as by comparing them with other related Indo-European languages. Sometimes the less successful term common Slavic is used to denote Proto-Slavic: it seems that it is better to call common Slavic linguistic features or processes inherent in all Slavic languages even after the collapse of Proto-Slavic.

The ancestral home of the Slavs, that is, the territory where they developed as a special people with their own language and where they lived until their division and resettlement to new lands, has not yet been precisely determined - due to the lack of reliable data. And yet, with relative certainty, it can be argued that it was located in the east of Central Europe, north of the foothills of the Carpathians. Many scientists believe that the northern border of the ancestral home of the Slavs ran along the Pripyat River (the right tributary of the Dnieper), the western border along the middle course of the Vistula River, and in the east, the Slavs inhabited Ukrainian Polesie all the way to the Dnieper.

The Slavs constantly expanded the lands they occupied. They also took part in the great migration of peoples in the IV-VII centuries. By the end of the Proto-Slavic period, the Slavs occupied vast lands in Central and Eastern Europe, stretching from the coast of the Baltic Sea in the north to the Mediterranean in the south, from the Elbe River in the west to the upper reaches of the Dnieper, Volga and Oka in the east.

Years passed, centuries slowly replaced centuries. And after changes in interests, habits, manners of a person, following the evolution of his spiritual world, his speech, his language certainly changed. During its long history, the Proto-Slavic language has gone through many changes. In the early period of its existence, it developed relatively slowly, was highly uniform, although even then there were dialectal differences in it, a dialect, in other words, a dialect is the smallest territorial variety of the language. In the late period, approximately from the 4th to the 6th century AD, diverse and intensive changes took place in the Proto-Slavic language, which led to its disintegration around the 6th century AD and the emergence of separate Slavic languages.

According to the degree of their proximity to each other, Slavic languages are usually divided into three groups:

East Slavic - Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian;

West Slavic - Polish with the Kashubian dialect, which retained a certain genetic independence, Serbolic languages (Upper and Lower Sorbian languages), Czech, Slovak and the dead Polabian language, which completely disappeared by the end of the 18th century;

South Slavic - Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian. The Old Slavic language is also South Slavic in origin - the first common Slavic literary language.

The ancestor of the modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian languages was the Old Russian (or East Slavic) language. Two main eras can be distinguished in its history: before the written one - from the disintegration of the Proto-Slavic language to the end of the 10th century, and the written one. What this language was before the emergence of writing can be found only through a comparative historical study of the Slavic and Indo-European languages, since no ancient Russian writing existed at that time.

The collapse of the Old Russian language led to the emergence of the Russian or Great Russian language, different from the Ukrainian and Belarusian. This happened in the XIV century, although already in the XII-XIII centuries in the Old Russian language there were phenomena that distinguished the dialects of the ancestors of the Great Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians from each other. The modern Russian language is based on the northern and northeastern dialects of Ancient Russia, by the way, the Russian literary language also has a dialectal basis: it was made up of the central Middle Russian dialects of Moscow and the villages surrounding the capital.

1.3 Emergencewritten(literary)languageateasternSlavs,hiscurrentsandstyles

With the emergence of the feudal system in the XI century, the Eastern Slavs strengthened their economic ties with Byzantium. The feudal elite is looking for political and ecclesiastical alliance with Byzantium for support in strengthening its dominant position in the newly emerged feudal state associations. Hence the adoption of the Christian church organization on the model of Byzantine and the "baptism of Rus", carried out first by the Kiev prince, and then in other feudal centers of ancient Rus. Together with the organization of the Christian church, the Eastern Slavs also come to the liturgical (church-cult) language and writing, which was developed earlier on the basis of the Old Bulgarian dialects by the Byzantine noblemen-brothers Cyril and Methodius, carrying out the diplomatic missionary orders of the Byzantine emperor in the Western South Slavic countries. The feudal elite of ancient Russia adopted this language as an official-administrative language. Thus, the language and writing that arose on the basis of the Old Bulgarian dialects became the literary language and writing on the territory of the Eastern Slavs in the use of the feudal elite and the highest church nobility. In its linguistic composition, this language was not identical with the colloquial speech of the rest of the population and even the less educated circles of the feudal nobility.

The further development of this written language is usually presented by historians of the Russian language as a process of its gradual approximation to colloquial speech and to the living dialects of Eastern Slavs. This evolutionary idealistic view distorts the actual picture of the development of the literary (written) language in Russia. First, consideration of the facts confirms the presence of periods of a particularly intense struggle with "folk" deposits in the Church Slavonic writing and an intensified orientation towards Old Bulgarian norms. Secondly, the introduction of "folk" elements, features from the surrounding dialects and vernaculars into written monuments does not represent a straightforward process outside the social division and groupings of representatives of ancient Russian book-writing: the nature, ways and intensity of penetration of these elements depended on various social forces that appeared on the historical stage , their clashes and struggles, reflected in ideological products.

Indicative is the fact that even those close to the ecclesiastical and secular nobility did not understand or could hardly understand the literature in the Church Slavonic language. We have documented complaints from readers, eg. to Kirill Turovsky.

It should be noted one more characteristic feature from the initial history of the use of the Church Slavonic language as the written speech of Russian feudal lords. Lexical "Russisms", which nevertheless penetrated into the monuments of Church Slavonic writing on Russian soil, by the end of the pre-Mongol period are expelled by Old Russian scribes and are replaced by "high" words from the Old Bulgarian originals, to a large extent these were lexical Greekisms.

A new strengthening of Church Slavonic influence falls on the line. XIV-XV centuries, when in connection with the transfer of the church center to Moscow, Bulgarian and Serbian immigrants were drawn there, occupying a prominent position in Russia as church and political leaders. But depending on the different groups and strata of the ruling class that came out on the stage of history and fought for the approval of their ideology, it is possible to note different directions in the development of literary speech and the corresponding styles and structure of the written language.

Other features in the process of the formation of literary and written speech of feudal Rus' were already introduced by literature built on Western European models. In Moscow XIV-XV centuries. there were economic prerequisites for intensive foreign relations. Moscow becomes the focal point of trade routes from the western regions (Smolensk) to the Volga region and the Russian-Genoese trade ("guests-surozhan"), which went along the Don through the Crimea. These were the paths and cultural influences from the West. The literary reflection of Moscow's foreign relations of this era are the translations of the novels of chivalry ("Alexandrida"), as well as the cosmographic and geographical works of the Western Middle Ages. The cycle of knightly novels brings with it feudal-knightly phraseology, a secular rethinking of the old Church Slavonic vocabulary and a well-known stream of Czech and Polish borrowings, since the translations were made largely from Czech, Polish and partly Serbian revisions. It should be noted that Czech influences brought with them the ideas of Protestantism to Moscow. The prevalence of Czech Protestant ideas is also evidenced by the fact that the Moscow tsar (the Terrible) himself came out with a polemical essay against the Czech Jan Rokita (1570), where he argued with temperament: "it is true that Luthor should speak fiercely." It is clear that this Protestant literature, which passed through the Belarusian mediation, deposited in the vocabulary of its Moscow readers a certain number of Western Russisms (Belorussisms), Czechs and Polonisms.

Two more directions of church moralistic writing of the 15th-16th centuries require separate characteristics. These directions are represented by the official church party "Josephites" and the hostile group of the so-called "Trans-Volga elders". The "Trans-Volga elders" were educated people in their time, well-read in the Byzantine-Bulgarian "high" church literature. Hence, in the language of their works, floridness, "weaving of words", alignment with the norms of the Old Bulgarian bookishness. Thus, in terms of language and style, the Zavolzhtsy are the successors of the Cyprian school.

The opposite camp of the "Josephites" (named after Bishop Joseph Volotsky, who headed them) fought both against the "Zavolzhtsy" and against the Jews. In this regard, in the language of the works of "Joseph" we notice a repulsion from the elements of colloquial speech as from innovations and alignment with the norms of the Old Bulgarian writing, but the style is reduced in comparison with the works of the Zavolzhtsy; they also have an administrative-command vocabulary and some everyday expressions.

The "correction" of church books by Maxim the Greek also dates back to this time. The "correction" of church books, initiated by the official church and the Moscow grand dukes, was based on concern for the "purity of Orthodoxy" as the ideological banner of Moscow Caesarism ("Moscow is the third Rome"). The role of Maxim the Greek in the "correction" was ambiguous. A foreigner - a Greek, in his literary tastes adhered to the "Zavolzhtsy", he had to act as an agent of the government party. Therefore, in the books corrected by him and his colleagues from the Russian scribes, the deposition of Russian norms is observed. Basically, however, the literary language in the XVI century. remains the Church Slavonic language.

The development of the Russian written language has taken a special direction since the middle of the 17th century, when, with the annexation of Ukraine and the attraction of Kiev scholars famous for their education to Moscow, the Russian written language is saturated with Ukrainianisms. The significant contribution of Ukrainianism, and at the same time of Plainism and Latinism, characterizes the Russian language of secular, partly church literature up to the beginning of the 18th century. The parallel intensification of the struggle for the "purity" of the written language and high genres of literature is already unable to stop the process of the disintegration of the Church Slavonic language and its saturation with elements of oral speech

For the era of the XV-XVII centuries. it is also necessary to formalize the administrative-order, business language - letters, state acts, judicial codes, etc. In terms of its linguistic composition, this language is a mixture of Russians and foreign languages learned by the Russian language - Greek, Tatar, etc. - roots (everyday and official vocabulary) and Church Slavonic phonetic and morphological design, i.e. when constructing the official state Russian language, a conscious orientation towards Church Slavonic norms was carried out.

2.EducationRussiannationallanguage

In the XVII century. Russian literary language is entering a new phase of its development. It intensifies the process of concentration of national elements. In the 17th century, the question of the redistribution of the functions of both written languages arises with all decisiveness: the book Russian-Slavic and closer to the lively, colloquial speech of Russian - business, administrative. By this time, sharp dialectal differences between Novgorod and Moscow had been eliminated in the state written - business language.

In the 17th century, phonological norms of the common Russian state language were established (akane on a Central Russian basis, the distinction between the sounds i and e under stress, the North Russian system of consonantism, freed, however, from sharp regional deviations like the Novgorod mixture of ch and c, etc.).

A whole series of grammatical phenomena are finally rooted, which are widespread in living folk speech of both the north and the south, for example, the endings - am (-yam), - ami (-yam), - ah (-yah) in the declension forms of masculine and middle nouns genus, as well as the feminine gender such as bone, forms of na-s such as friends, princes, sons, etc., trees, stones, etc.

In the 17th century, in the Russian literary language, the category of animation was formed, including both the names of males and females, and the names of animals (before that, only words denoting males were allocated in a special grammatical category of nouns). The semantic growth of the nationalizing language is proceeding rapidly.

It is not without significance that in the 17th century the system of connecting counting in the notation of composite numbers, characteristic of the Russian language until the 17th century, disappears.

The Moscow business language, having undergone phonetic and even more grammatical regulation, decisively acts as a Russian nationwide form of social and everyday expression. For example, in the business language of the 17th century. the alternation of r || s, x || s (as well as those already extinct to || c) in declination forms is eliminated; the enclitic forms of personal pronouns are leaving the living written everyday use: mi, ti, mea, cha, etc. Proto-Slavic Russian literary language

Thus, by the end of the 17th century. many of the phenomena that characterize the grammatical system of the Russian literary language of the 18th-19th centuries are established.

The expansion of the lively popular stream in the literary language system was facilitated by the new democratic styles of literature that arose among the literate townspeople.

In the 17th century, on the basis of the dialects of the merchants, the petty service nobility, the townspeople and the peasantry, new types of literary language, new types of writing were created. Craftsmen, merchants, the lower stratum of service people - the townspeople until the 17th century, in fact, did not have their own literature.

In the middle of the 17th century. the middle and lower strata of society are trying to establish their forms of the literary language, far from the religious, teacher's and scientific literature, their own stylistics, on the basis of which they realistically rework the plots of old literature. The syntax is characteristic, almost completely free from the subordination of sentences.

The struggle with the traditions of the old book language is most clearly revealed in the parody, which was widespread in Russian manuscript literature of the late 17th century. Literary genres, various types of Church Slavonic and business language were parodied. In this way, the semantic renewal of the old linguistic forms took place and the ways of the democratic reform of literary speech were outlined. In this respect, for example, the language of parody-medical books of the late 17th - early 18th centuries, reflecting the manner of folk tales-fables, is characteristic.

Parodies also appear on different genres and styles of high church-book writing. Such is, for example: "The feast of tavern yaryzhek".

Old forms of not only the literary Slavic-Russian, but also the business language are parodied. And here the language of folk poetry is a help, for example, the style of fables, jokes, proverbs, etc. Forms of oral buffoonery, persecuted by the church, make their way into literature.

The genres of old literature are transformed, filling with realistic everyday content and putting on stylistic forms of living folk speech. Thus, The ABC of a Naked and Poor Man, written in proverbial rhymed prose, is extremely interesting for characterizing the literary styles of the townspeople and junior servicemen with their dialectisms, with their decorated but figurative vernacular, with their rare Slavisms and frequent vulgarisms.

Thus, in the second half of the 17th century, when the role of the city becomes especially noticeable, a strong and wide stream of lively oral speech and folk-poetic creativity bursts into the traditional book culture of speech, moving from the depths of the social "lower classes". There is a sharp confusion and collision of styles and dialects in the circle of literary expression. The outlook on the literary language begins to change radically. The democratic strata of society bring their living language with its dialectisms, their vocabulary, phraseology, their proverbs and sayings into literature. Thus, ancient collections of oral proverbs are compiled among the townspeople, small service people, urban artisans, among the petty bourgeoisie, close to the peasant masses.

Only an insignificant part of the proverbs included in the collections of the 17th - early 18th centuries bear traces of church-book origin in their language. For example, "Adam was created and hell is naked"; “The wife is evil to her husband's death,” etc. The vast majority of proverbs, even those expressing general moral observations, use entirely lively colloquial speech, which erases all traces of book sources, if there were any in the past.

The language of the townspeople's intelligentsia - the bureaucratic officials, the plebeian, democratic part of the clergy - asserts its rights to literature. But living folk speech by itself could not yet become the basis of the all-Russian national language. It was full of dialecticisms that reflected the old feudal-regional fragmentation of the country. It was divorced from the language of science, which has been formed until now on the basis of the Slavic-Russian language. She was syntactically monotonous and had not yet mastered the complex logical system of book syntax. Hence it is clear that the Russian national language in the 17th and 18th centuries. is formed on the basis of the synthesis of all elements of Russian speech culture that are viable and valuable in an ideological or expressive respect, i.e. living folk speech with its regional dialects of oral folk poetry, the state written language and the language of Old Church Slavonic with their different styles.

But in the 17th and even at the beginning of the 18th century. medieval multilingualism has not yet been overcome, the contours of the national Russian language have only emerged.

During that period, the influence on the Slavic language of the Ukrainian literary language, which was influenced by Western European culture and dazzled with Latinisms and Polonisms, sharply increased. Southwestern Russia becomes in the second half of the 17th century. mediator between Moscow Russia and Western Europe.

The influence of Western European culture was also reflected in the spread of knowledge of the Polish language among the upper strata of the nobility. The Polish language acts as a supplier of European scientific, legal, administrative, technical and secular words and concepts. Through his mediation, the secularization, "secularization" of the scientific and technical language takes place, and in the court and aristocratic life, "politess with the style of Polish" develops. Entertaining secular literature penetrates through Poland.

Thus, the Russian language begins to enrich itself with the stock of Europeanisms necessary for the people who entered the European field, but adapting them to the traditions and semantic system of national expression. Europeanisms act as allies of the national language in its struggle with the church-book ideology of the Middle Ages. They are necessary to expand the semantic base of the emerging national language. The process of sifting and selection of other people's words accompanying the phenomena of borrowing is curious. The Russian literary language is expanding its limits extensively. Combining feudal dialects and developing from them the common Russian spoken language of the intelligentsia on the basis of the metropolitan dialect, the literary language at the same time masters the material of Western European linguistic culture.

The old culture of the Middle Ages was exposed and fell. It was replaced by the national culture of the new Russia.

3. DevelopmentRussianlanguagevXVIII-XIXcenturies

3.1 RussianlanguagevPetrovskayaera

The process of developing new forms of national Russian expression occurs on the basis of mixing the Slavic-Russian language with Russian folk speech, with the Moscow state language and with Western European languages. Acquaintance with international scientific terminology and the development of Russian scientific-political, civil, philosophical and generally abstract terminology of the 18th century. promotes the growing importance of the Latin language

Linguistic innovations of a secular-cultural type could more easily enter the command language than into Slavic-Russian. Western European words and expressions related to various areas of social and political life, administrative affairs, science, technology and professional life were freely combined with the system of the state-business language.

The language of the Petrine era is characterized by the strengthening of the meaning of the state, command language, and the expansion of its sphere of influence. This process is a symptom of the growing nationalization of the Russian literary language, its separation from the church-book dialects of the Slavonic Russian language and rapprochement with living oral speech. In translated literature, which constituted the main fund of book production in the first half of the 18th century, the clerical language dominates. The government's concerns about the "intelligible" and "good style" of translations, about bringing them closer to the "courteous Russian language", with the "civic mediocre dialect", with the "simple Russian language" reflected this process of the formation of a common Russian national language. The Slavic-Russian language is supplanted by the command language from the field of science.

In Peter's time, the process of mixing and unification - somewhat mechanical - of lively colloquial speech, Slavism and Europeanism, based on the state-business language, proceeded rapidly. In this circle of expression, new styles of "civil mediocre dialect" are formed, literary styles that occupy an intermediate position between the sublime Slavic syllable and simple colloquial speech.

The degree of admixture of Slavic-Russian floridism was assessed as a sign of the beauty or simplicity of the styles of the Russian literary language. The order of Peter to the Synod is characteristic: "... write ... in two: a settlement simple, but in cities it is more beautiful for the sweetness of those who hear." The Slavic-Russian language itself is deeply influenced by business, commanding speech. It is democratizing and at the same time Europeanizing. According to K.S. Aksakov, in the language of Stefan Yavorsky and Feofan Prokopovich "the character of the then syllable is vividly manifested - this mixture of Church Slavonic, common and trivial words, trivial expressions and phrases of Russian and foreign words." In the construction of speech, of course, not always, but Latinism is noticeable. Thus, the commanding business language becomes the center of the system of the emerging new national literary language, its "mediocre" style.

However, this very command language, reflecting the construction of a new culture and old traditions in the time of Peter the Great, presents a rather variegated picture. On one side it is deeply embedded in the lofty rhetorical styles of the Slavic-Russian language, on the other - in the motley and boiling element of folk speech with its regional dialectisms. Feudal regional dialects, deeply infiltrated into the clerical language, form a rich inventory of everyday synonyms and synonymous expressions.

There is a violent confusion and stylistically disordered collision of heterogeneous verbal elements within the literary language, the limits of which are immensely expanding. The process of restructuring the administrative system, reorganization of naval affairs, the development of trade, factory enterprises, the development of various branches of technology, the growth of scientific education - all these historical phenomena are accompanied by the creation or borrowing of new terminology, the invasion of a stream of words coming from Western European languages: Dutch, English, German, French, Polish and Italian. Scientific and technical styles of business speech at this time move from the periphery closer to the center of the literary language. The polytechnization of the language complicated and deepened the system of the command language. The political and technical reconstruction of the state is reflected in the reorganization of the literary language. Professional and guild dialects of everyday Russian speech are attracted to help and merge into the system of written business language. On the other hand, the living oral speech of the city, the language of the community - in connection with the Europeanization of everyday life - is filled with borrowings, replete with foreign words. A fashion for Europeanism arises, superficial panache of foreign words spreads among the upper classes.

Withdrawal from the culture of the Middle Ages, there was naturally an excessive enthusiasm for Europeanism. Polish, French, German, Dutch, Italian words seemed at that time to be a much more appropriate means of expressing a new European mindset, ideas and social relations. Peter I was forced to give an order that the reports “write everything in Russian, without using foreign words and terms,” since “it is impossible to understand the matter itself from the abuse of other people's words”.

Thus, new styles of scientific and technical language, new styles of journalistic and narrative literature, are gradually growing out of the command language, much closer to oral speech and more understandable than the old styles of the Slavic-Russian language. But the cultural heritage of the Slavic-Russian language, the abstract terminology and phraseology that arose on its soil, its rich semantics and its constructive means served as a powerful source of enrichment of the national Russian literary language throughout the entire 18th century. The alphabet reform of 1708 was a symbol of the secularization of the civil language, a symbol of the liberation of the Russian literary language from the ideological tutelage of the church. The new civil alphabet approached the printing patterns of European books. This was a major step towards the creation of a national Russian book language. The significance of this reform was very great. The Slavic-Russian language lost its literary privileges. It was relegated to the role of the professional language of a religious cult. Some of its elements poured into the system of the national Russian language. There was a growing need for a clearer distinction between Church Slavonic and national forms and categories of Russian book speech. V.K. Trediakovsky, who deeply criticized the phonetic and morphological foundations of Slavic-Russian speech, pointing out the differences between the folk Russian language. Trediakovsky developed the idea of the need to write and print books "on the bells", that is, in accordance with the phonetics of the living spoken language of the educated circles of Russian society.

3.2 DevelopmentRussianlanguagevSovietera

A sharp shift in the Russian language took place during the era of the socialist revolution. The elimination of classes leads to the gradual withering away of class and estate dialects. Words, expressions and concepts organically connected with the old regime go into the archive of history. Striking changes in the expressive coloring accompanying words related to class or class-colored social concepts of the past, pre-revolutionary life, for example: master (now - outside the diplomatic language - always with the emotion of hostility and irony), master, charity, rabble, salary, etc. ...

The socialist reconstruction of the state, the growth of Marxist-Leninist ideas, the creation of a unified Soviet culture - all this is reflected in the language, in the change in its semantic system, in the rapid birth of Soviet neologisms.

The new, socialist culture is changing the structure of the Russian language in those areas that more than others allow the influx of new elements - in word formation, vocabulary and phraseology. A fundamental ideological restructuring of the national Russian language is being carried out on a socialist basis. His vocabulary grew and changed, new pronunciation norms arose, new syntactic constructions became active.

After the October Revolution, an active replenishment of the literary language began with words brought to life by the new conditions of Soviet reality, the formation of new concepts.

This process is widely reflected in dictionaries. Published in 1935, "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language", ed. D.N. Ushakov in 4 volumes includes many new words generated by Soviet reality. The dictionary already contains words such as agitation, agitprop, agromaximum and agrominimum, activist and activist, brigade (meaning “a team performing a certain production task”), foreman (team leader), poor people (meaning “social group of low-powered owners -peasants "), party member, party party, party collective, party committee, party load, party worker, drummer, shock, shock worker, Stakhanovite, stakhanovka and many others. It is characteristic that almost all of these and similar words are given with the mark "new." In the later dictionaries of the Soviet era: "The Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 17 volumes and the 4-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Language" these marks are no longer present, and the number of new, previously unmarked words has increased significantly. But soon after the publication of the 17-volume dictionary, including 120 thousand words, there was a need to publish an additional dictionary, which was published in 1971 and was called "New words and meanings." It includes many new words that have now become common. A number of well-known words have new additional meanings: machine in the meaning of "a booth in which a pay phone is located", velvet (path) - "continuous path", bronze - "bronze medal in a competition" (compare gold, silver in the same meaning), head - "leading in a group of enterprises", vote - "raise your hand as a sign of a request to stop passing cars", fungus - "light structure for shelter from rain or sun", sunbathe - "be in a forced inactivity", groovy - "easily excitable, addicted."

But changes are taking place not only in vocabulary, they also take over other levels of the language system.

Complex and interesting processes take place in the syntax of the modern Russian language both at the level of phrases and at the level of sentences. “The system of phrases of the modern Russian language, - writes N.Yu. Shvedova, becomes more flexible and more complex in comparison with its previous state. The structure of sentences is also changing significantly. The cumbersome, multicomponent sentences are disappearing, complicated by numerous isolated turns, characteristic of the Russian literary language of the 19th century, when sentences like the following were possible: “One fine May evening, - excuse me, in June, - when our whitewashed and reddened islands notify St. Petersburg residents that summer has come. "

Such proposals, of course, were absolutely inconceivable in the literary Russian language. But it's not just the volume of offers. In the Soviet period, an activation of nominative constructions is observed: their use is increasing, the spread of dependent words of a noun in the nominative case as the main member of nominative sentences is developing, which leads to an increase in the informative possibilities of such sentences

There were also some changes in the pronunciation system. The expansion of the circle of native speakers of the literary language contributed to the shattering of the old "Moscow" orthoepic norms. The pronunciation of the type soft [ky], crepe [ky], moskovs [ky] and so on has ceased to be obligatory. (with hard back-lingual consonants) and became normatively permissible soft [k "s], crepe [k" s], moskovs [k "s]. There were noticeable changes in the pronunciation of consonant combinations with a soft outcome in words such as back, branches, beast, The pronunciation is spreading more and more widely without softening the preceding consonant, ie [cn "inka, in" etv "and, z" er ", raz" b], and not [with "n" inca, in "et There was a further weakening of the informative role of vowels, which manifested itself, for example, in the spread of hiccupping pronunciation in the literary language due to the previous ekaton, in which in pre-stressed syllables after soft consonants differed [and] and [e], that is, pronounced [l "isa], but [l" esa], [in "isok], but [in" esnoy], etc., while now the pre-stressed vowel in the words fox, temple and forest, in the spring it is pronounced the same way.

For the first time, socialism creates the preconditions for the true universality of the national language as a national form of socialist culture. The lines between social dialects are gradually blurring. The lively oral speech of the broad masses rises to a higher cultural level, drawing closer to the language of the Soviet intelligentsia.

In the Russian language after the revolution - in contrast to the previous stages of history - there is no disintegration, its socio-dialectal differentiation does not become more complicated, and dialects do not multiply. On the contrary, unifying tendencies are clearly visible, there is a nationwide concentration of the Russian language.

Conclusion

The Russian language, along with the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, belongs to the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. The Russian language is the language of the Russian nation and a means of interethnic communication for many peoples living in the CIS and other states. Russian is one of the official and working languages of the United Nations, UNESCO and other international organizations; is one of the "world languages".

As the state language of the Russian Federation, the Russian language actively functions in all spheres of public life of all-Russian significance. The central offices of the Russian Federation work in Russian, official communication is carried out between the constituent entities of the Federation, as well as in the army, central Russian newspapers and magazines are published.

The modern national Russian language exists in several forms, among which the literary language plays the leading role. Outside the literary language are territorial and social dialects (dialects, jargons) and, in part, vernacular.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"SIBERIAN STATE GEODESIC ACADEMY"

(FGOU VPO "SGGA")

Abstract in Russian

Topic: The history of the formation of the Russian literary language

NOVOSIBIRSK, 2015

INTRODUCTION

1. DEFINITION OF LITERARY LANGUAGE

2. ORTHODOX LANGUAGE

3. OLD SLAVIC LANGUAGE

4. RUSSIAN NATIONAL LANGUAGE

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Literary language is the common language of writing of a particular people, and sometimes of several nations - the language of official business documents, school education, written everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form, often written, but sometimes orally. That is why the written-book and oral-spoken forms of the literary language differ, the emergence, correlation and interaction of which are subject to certain historical laws.

Only in the era of the existence of developed national languages, especially in a socialist society, the literary language, as the highest standardized type of the common language, gradually replaces dialects and interdialects and becomes, both in oral and written communication, an exponent of a genuine national norm.

The purpose of this work is to study the history of the formation and development of the Russian literary language.

Abstract objectives:

1) analyze the emergence and development of the Russian literary language;

2) consider various approaches to considering the concept of a literary language;

3) highlight the different types and styles of the literary language;

4) consider the sources of studying the history of the language.

The relevance of the topic of the work is largely due to the fact that it is associated with the most important aspect of our life - our native speech. “There is no future without the past,” so a person needs to know the history of the formation of his native language. The entire historical experience of the people is concentrated and represented in the language: the state of the language testifies to the state of the society itself, its culture, its mentality.

1. DEFINITION OF LITERARY LANGUAGE

The highest form of the national Russian language is the literary language. It serves various spheres of human activity - politics, culture, office work, verbal art, everyday communication.

Literary language has two forms - oral and written. The first, as the name implies, is spoken, and the second is graphically designed. Forms differ in the form of implementation, in relation to the addressee and the generation of the form.

When implementing each of the forms of the literary language, the writer or speaker selects words, word combinations, and makes sentences for expressing their thoughts. Depending on the material from which speech is built, it takes on a bookish or colloquial character.

Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, there is a selection of various linguistic means. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles. This means that the varieties of the literary language are distinguished on the basis of the function that the language performs in each specific case. Distinguish: 1) scientific style, 2) official business, 3) journalistic, 4) colloquial everyday.

The fixation of words for a certain style of speech is explained by the fact that the lexical meaning of many words, in addition to the subject-logical content, also includes an emotional coloring.

2. ORTHODOX LANGUAGE

A comparative historical study of Indo-European languages has revealed regular correspondences between their sounds, words and forms. This can be explained by the fact that they are all descendants of one extinct ancient language from which they originated. Such a source language is usually called a proto-language.

In the middle of the 19th century, on the basis of the proto-language theory, a “family tree” scheme was formed, according to which it was believed that all languages of the Indo-European family originated as a result of the successive two-member disintegration of the Indo-European proto-language. This scheme was created by the German scientist A. Schleicher.

One of the branches of this tree is the Proto-Slavic language. This common Slavic ancestor language is conventionally called Proto-Slavic; conditionally because it is not known what the people who spoke this language called themselves in ancient times.

Ha kakom verily etape cvoey life gpyppa evpopeyckix plemen, govopivshix nA dialektax, blizkix dpevnim baltiyckim, ipanckim, balkanckim, gepmanckim, obedinilac in doctatochno ppochny coyuz, within the sequence of kotopogo in techenie dlitelnogo vpemeni ppoicxodilo cblizhenie (nivelipovka, vypavnivanie) dialektov, neobxodimoe for vypabotki vzaimoponimaniya among the members of the fertile union. It is possible to assume that in the first millennium to the present. NS. The Indo-European language was already in use, which was characterized by characteristics, as a result of the well-known only Slavic languages, which makes it possible for modern researchers to read

The Slavic language is largely explained by the fact that its historical changes were caused by the usual sounds. The most common of them was the tendency to the syllabic term of speech. At the later stage of the development of the Slavic language, a single type of syllable structure is formed, leading to a variety of existing words in such a way that

The Slavic language existed up to the middle of l millennia. e., when those who spoke on it, spreading on the wide territories of the Central, Bocstochny and South-Bocstochny Europe, start to waste some trouble. Language kazhdoy of obocobivshixcya gpypp plemen ppodolzhal pazvivatcya izolipovanno From dpygix, ppiobpetaya novye zvykovye, gpammaticheckie and lekcicheckie ocobennocti IT'S NORMAL pyt obpazovaniya "podctvennyx" yazykov of edinogo yazyka ictochnika (ppayazyka).

Slavic languages go back to this source language. An allegorical picture of the “family tree” can also be applied to the Slavic family of languages, which can be generally accepted and even historically justified.

Although the Proto-Slavic language existed for a very long time and no written texts remained of it, nevertheless, researchers have a fairly complete understanding of it. It is known how its sound row developed, its morphology and basic vocabulary are known, which is inherited from Proto-Slavic by all Slavic languages. This knowledge is based on the results of a comparative historical study of the Slavic languages: they allow you to restore the original appearance (preform) of each investigated linguistic fact. The reality of the restored (original) Proto-Slavic form can be verified and refined by the testimony of other Indo-European languages.

The figure shows that the Slavic language tree has three main branches:

East Slavic languages;

West Slavic languages;

South Slavic languages.

These main branches-groups branch, in turn, into smaller ones: for example, the Eastern Slavic branch has three main branches - the languages Russian, Ukrainian, White, and the branch of the Russian language has its occult twig ...

If ye zhe nA obpatit vnimanie dalneyshie otvetvleniya xotya would yuzhno-pycckoro napechiya, verily will be played vidno, kak in nem vydelyayutcya vetki-Blocks of cmolenckix, vepxnedneppovckix, vepxnedecninckix, kypcko-oplovckix, pyazanckix, bpyancko-zhizdpinckix, tylckix, eletskix and ockolckix govopov. For them, if you are drawing a picture of an allegorical "parental tree" further, there are also streaks with a lot of chapters - the heads of separate and new days.

Each of these points is characterized by a few typical linguistic characteristics, from which one can always recognize the severnopyca and the southern pyca. These habits were spread over several centuries, and the beginning of their formation was related to the epoxy of Kiev Pycy.

One of the earliest dialectical phenomena, from which began [the formation of the southern and northern tip of the Russian language? lybdkuy, o [?] oh, do [?] a When this if [g] comes first at the end of the word c [k]: no-py [g] a - other [k], but [g] a - but [to ], kpy [g] - ly - kpy [k]), then [?] alternates with [x]: no other [?] a - other [x], by [?] a - but [x], kpy [? ] - left - cpy [x]. A well-known adage: "An old friend is better than two new ones." Boznikla this phrase in the southern Russian environment, where the words other [x] and two [x] make up the exact rhyme.

This phenomenon originated in the XI-XII centuries. somewhere on the Chernigov land, and then penetrated into the middle of the Kiev and Ryazan lands, gradually taking over larger and larger areas. The pronunciation of a slit sound at the site of an explosive [g] is not only in the south, but in both Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

The next phenomenon, which had a very important significance in the formation of Russian words, was the acan. It appeared, as many scientists believe, at the end of the XII - the first half of the XIII century. The initial area of its distribution is the pools of the upper and middle Oka and the middle of the Oka and the Seim, i.e. modern Kypskaya, Oplovskaya, Tylskaya and Ryazanskaya regions. The boom of this phenomenon, gradually spreading to the north, took over the Smolensk and Polotsk lands (in the 14th-15th centuries), then from the place of the winter and occopy In the head of Moscow, the acan was confirmed from the 16th century. To the north, from the border of the water, the water continued to be preserved. The border of full water almost everywhere coincides with the border of the north.

Another bright southern slope - the end - e in the parental section of the sole number of the critical 1st declination. This dialectical feature is reflected in the famous phrase "We have bread in the cold at the cold house", which appeared on the southern Russian theory. The peculiarity of this was common in the early days of Moscow. In the first edition of Pyshkin's poem in poems, Onegin says to Lensky:

Olga has no life in the picture

Kak y Bandikova Madonna:

Krygla, red in her face,

How is that dull moon

Ha this stupid sky

In literary language, “y Madonna” is correct, and Pyshkin later changed this line.

But linguistic innovations were spread not only from the south. From the northern teppitopii, there was an intermittent movement of the lingual waves.

If you look at the ancient monuments of the Russian writing of the 11th and 12th centuries, then you can find the main forms; This is what all Russians said at the time. In the XIII century in the Novgorod dialect, the pronunciation of the hard [t] in these forms is born. By the end of the XIV century, this phenomenon also covers the dialects of the Rostov-Suzdal land. New formations also appear in other North Russian regions.

The waves of dialectal phenomena coming from the south and from the north did not stop at the same border. They spilled over this border, resulting in the formation of an area where the southern and northern lines are combined. Therefore, these dialects do not constitute a special dialect, they are Central Russian dialects.

It is natural that such a “pedigree tree” did not grow up at once, that it didn’t grow so much and was divorced that it was so important and that its main branches were more Yes, and after all, it is not always safe and steady: some branches have departed, some have been encircled.

The presumed "twist" principle of classification of Slavic languages and dialects refers to the natural Slavic languages and dialects, to the Slavic languages of the eic And if ye pazlichnye vetvi zhivogo clavyanckogo yazykovoro "dpeva" - languages and dialekty - poyavilic cpazy ne, ne verily srazy poyavlyalic obpazovannye nA THEIR ocnove papallelno c them bytyyuschie picmennye, knizhnye, nopmipovannye, vo mnogom ickycstvennye yazykovye cictemy - litepatypnye languages.

3. OLD SLAVONIC LANGUAGE

In the IX century. The first Slavic literary language - Old Slavic - was created by the labor of brothers Kirill and Methodius. Basically, it was a dialect of the Solyn Slavs, translations from the Greek language of a number of church and other books were made on it, and later on there were written and unwritten ones.

Ctapoclavyancky language bytoval cnachala in zapadnoclavyanckoy cpede - in Belikoy Mopavii (otcyuda and pyad ppicyschix emy mopavizmov), a zatem pacppoctpanilcya y yuzhnyx clavyan, Where ocobyyu pol in ego pazvitii igpali knizhnye shkoly - Oxpidckaya and Ppeclavckaya. C X century this language also begins to be used in Eastern Slavs, where it was known by the name of the Slavonic language, and the scientists call it Church Slavonic or As the language of liturgical books, the Old Slavonic language was at first far from colloquial speech, but over time it experiences a noticeable influence of the East Slavic language and itself, in turn, leaves an imprint on the language of the people.

The influence of the Old Church Slavonic language was very fruitful, it enriched our language, made it more expressive and flexible. In particular, Old Slavicisms began to be used in Russian vocabulary, denoting abstract concepts for which there were no names yet.

Among the Old Slavicisms that supplemented the Russian vocabulary, several groups can be distinguished:

1. words dating back to the common Slavic language, having East Slavic variants of a different sound or affix design: gold, night, fisherman, boat;

2. Old Slavicisms, which do not have consonant Russian words: finger, mouth, lanits, persi (compare Russians: finger, lips, cheeks, chest);

3. semantic Old Church Slavonicism, i.e. common Slavic words that have received a new meaning in the Old Slavonic language associated with Christianity: god, sin, sacrifice, fornication.

The ancient Slavic language was an international, inter-Slavic book language until the 18th century. and had a great impact on the history and modern look of many Slavic languages, first of all Russian. The Old Slavic monuments have reached us with two systems of writing - the glagolic and the Cyrillic.

In Russia, the Glagolitic alphabet was used only in the first years of the spread of the Slavic alphabet in the oldest cultural centers - Kiev and Novgorod. In those Slavic countries where the influence of Byzantium was strong and the Orthodox faith was widespread, the Glagolitic alphabet was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet (probably after the 11th century or even earlier), which slightly changed its original appearance until the beginning of the 18th century, when it was transformed, and remained only in church books. The Greek statutory uncial (solemn) letter served as an example of the Cyrillic alphabet. The modern Russian alphabet is a modified Cyrillic alphabet.

The history of our people is reflected in the borrowing of foreign words by the Russian language in different epochs. Economic, political, cultural contacts with other countries, military clashes left their mark on the development of the language.

The very first borrowings from non-Slavic languages penetrated into the Russian language as early as the VIII-XII centuries. The most significant influence on the language of Ancient Rus was the influence of the Greek language. Kievan Rus conducted a lively trade with Byzantium, and the penetration of Greek elements into Russian vocabulary began even before the adoption of Christianity in Russia (6th century) and intensified under the influence of Christian culture in connection with the baptism of the Eastern Slavs (9th century), the spread of liturgical books translated from Greek into Old Church Slavonic.

The later lexical influence of European languages on Russian began to be felt in the 16th-17th centuries. and especially intensified in the Peter's era, in the XVIII century. The transformation of all aspects of Russian life under Peter I, his administrative and military reforms, the successes of education, the development of science - all this contributed to the enrichment of Russian vocabulary with foreign words. These were the numerous names of then new household items, military and naval terms, words from the field of science and art.

4. RUSSIAN NATIONAL LANGUAGE

Russian literary language dialect

The history of the Russian national language begins in the 17th century. Intensive work is underway to streamline and canonize the norms of the state business command language in parallel with the formation of uniform norms of the common spoken Moscow language.

The creativity of A.S. Pushkin laid the foundation for its highest form - a highly developed literary language with an extensive system of styles. Pushkin began to assimilate and master in poetry various styles of colloquial speech of that time. Colloquial speech was not yet established, its norms did not exist. The educated nobility, petty bureaucracy and urban philistinism spoke "different languages".

Pushkin's genius consisted in the fact that he was able to master the entire element of the acting language, to choose from it all living things that entered into speech and combine them into an organic whole. The ideal of the language for him is the speech of people "honest, intelligent and educated."

Sorry, the most difficult task that Pyshkin made before was the basics of a large array of simplicity and popular talk. Without the solution of this problem, it was impossible to fulfill the grandiose Pyshkin plan of creating a single national literary language, without any colloquial and local linguistics.

Simple - the linguistic language of the predominantly city life: part of the nobility, small and medium dignity, spirituality, ambiguity. It strongly differed from both the apchaized book language, and from the official speech of the light circle. Pyshkin considered the language of the Moscow city people to be the model of the common vernacular.

On the national dialects, they spoke about the cross of different regions of Russia, the farmers, the two, in general - the classes, not covered by the announcement.

Not everything in general was acceptable for Pyshkin, yes, and he, at that time, was quite a natural phenomenon. Pyshkin, for example, decidedly did not accept the language of "bad societies", ie. the tongue of the hallowed kyptsov and the townspeople, the "general" language, the same as artful and spurious, as the tongue of a lady's budyapa.

Before Pyshkin there was a very diverse linguistic action - the words are conciliatory, nontraditional, basic. Cooperate all this, highlight the valuable, merge into a single whole - the titanic work, which required a lot of knowledge and genetic intention.

In a simple language style, he finds several opiintirov: use of words and expressions, their need, and their ability to use some type of language, and All the more as a base he appreciates the folk language, which is combined for him with the language of folk songs, epics and the tale: “Read just what is good, you can write a movie

While preserving everything that has accumulated a literary tradition by its time, he sees the prospect of the development of a literary language in its connection with space.

Pyshkin called the language the poems given to us for the communication of thoughts. In this era, several streams were united: the literary tradition of the 18th century, the pecuniary community, the city's commonplace, the ancient folklore

Pyshkin's language has become firmly established in the quality of the norm and model of the Russian literary language. He left us a great treasure - an orderly and humble mood for the communication of any thoughts and feelings. According to his commandment, the literary language and speaking language are also developed in our time.

In covpemennom clavyanckom mipe cyschectvyet 12 natsionalnyx litepatypnyx yazykov: three voctochnoclavyanckix - english, ykpaincky and belopyccky five zapadnoclavyanckix - polsky, cheshcky, clovatsky, vepxnelyzhitskocepbsky and nizhnelyzhitskocepbcky and chetype yuzhnoslavyanckix - cepbckoxopvatcky, clovencky, bolgapcky and makedoncky.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the vocabulary of the Old Slavonic language is basically Slavic. Therefore, the Old Slavonic language was understandable to all Slavic peoples. His vocabulary was associated not only with the system of South Slavic languages, but also contained elements of West Slavic languages (Pannonisms and Moravisms) and Old Russian language (East Slavicisms).

One of the ways to develop the vocabulary of the Old Slavonic language was to borrow words from non-Slavic languages: Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Germanic, etc. The vocabulary of the Old Slavonic language as a common Slavic cultural source language contributed to the formation of the written languages of all Slavs.

Thus, the goal of the work, which is to study the history of the formation and development of the Russian literary language, has been achieved, and the tasks of the work have been completed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bershtein S.B. An outline of the comparative grammar of the Slavic languages. - M., 1961.S. 52-66.

2. Ivanov V.V. Historical grammar of the Russian language. - M., 1983.S. 50-53.

3. Kamchatnov A.M. Old Slavonic language. - M., 2001.S. 6-11.

4. Sobolevsky A.I. Lectures on the history of the Russian language. - M., 1907.S. 5-18.

5. Filin F.P. Formation of the language of the Eastern Slavs. - M., 1962.S. 20-49, 147-151.

6. Vvedenskaya L.A. Russian language and culture of speech. - Rostov n / D, 2011.S. 5 - 45., 55 - 58.

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Folklore

Development of the literary language in ancient Russia

The introduction and spread of writing in Russia, which led to the creation of the Russian literary language, is usually associated with Cyril and Methodius.

Church Slavonic writing, introduced by Cyril and Methodius in 862, was based on the Old Church Slavonic language, which in turn originated from the South Slavic dialects. The literary activity of Cyril and Methodius consisted in the translation of the books of the Holy Scriptures of the New and Old Testaments. The disciples of Cyril and Methodius translated a large number of religious books into Church Slavonic from Greek. Some researchers believe that Cyril and Methodius introduced not the Cyrillic alphabet, but the Glagolite; and the Cyrillic alphabet was developed by their students.

The Church Slavonic language was a book language, not a spoken language, the language of church culture, which spread among many Slavic peoples. Church Slavic literature spread among the Western Slavs (Moravia), the South Slavs (Bulgaria), in Wallachia, parts of Croatia and the Czech Republic, and, with the adoption of Christianity, in Russia. Since the Church Slavonic language differed from the spoken Russian, the church texts were changed during correspondence, they were rutted. Scribes corrected Church Slavonic words, bringing them closer to Russian. At the same time, they introduced the peculiarities of local dialects.

For the systematization of Church Slavonic texts and the introduction of uniform linguistic norms in the Commonwealth, the first grammars were written - the grammar of Lawrence Zizania (1596) and the grammar of Meletius Smotritsky (1619). The process of formation of the Church Slavonic language was mainly completed at the end of the 17th century, when Patriarch Nikon corrected and systematized the liturgical books. Liturgical books of Russian Orthodoxy have become the norm for all Orthodox peoples .

With the spread of Church Slavonic religious texts in Russia, literary works gradually began to appear, which used the writing of Cyril and Methodius. The first such works date back to the end of the 11th century. These are "The Tale of Bygone Years" (1068), "The Legend of Boris and Gleb", "The Life of Theodosius of Pechora", "The Word of Law and Grace" (1051), "The Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh" (1096) and "The Word of Igor's Campaign" (1185-1188). These works are written in a language that is a mixture of Church Slavonic with Old Russian.

Reforms of the Russian literary language of the 18th century

"The beauty, splendor, power and richness of the Russian language is clear enough from the books written in the past, when our ancestors did not know any rules for compositions yet, but they hardly thought that they were or could be", - claimed by Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov

Modern Russian literary language

Meanwhile, the poet himself points to the paramount role of N.M. Karamzin in the formation of the Russian literary language, according to A.S. Pushkin, this glorious historian and writer “freed the language from an alien yoke and returned it freedom, turning it to living sources of folk the words".

"Great, mighty ..."

Turgenev belongs, perhaps, one of the most famous definitions of the Russian language as "great and mighty."

In the days of doubt, in the days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! If it weren't for you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!(I. S. Turgenev)

Charles V, the Roman emperor, used to say that Gishpan with God, French with friends, German with enemies, Italian with the female gender. But if he had been skilled in the Russian language, then of course he would have added that it is decent for them to speak with all of them. For I would find in him: great ... ... sky, the strength of the German, the tenderness of the Italian, in addition to the richness and the strong brevity of the Greek and Latin languages in the image.

Notes (edit)

Russian language

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See what the "History of the Russian literary language" is in other dictionaries:

Dictionary of modern Russian literary language- "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" (SSRLA; Big Academic Dictionary, BAS) an academic normative explanatory historical dictionary of the Russian literary language in 17 volumes, published from 1948 to 1965. Reflects ... ... Wikipedia

The history of the literary Russian language- History of the Russian literary language, the formation and transformation of the Russian language used in literary works. The oldest surviving literary monuments date back to the 11th century. In *** centuries in Russia spread ... ... Wikipedia

How often do we, Russian speakers, think about such an important moment as the history of the emergence of the Russian language? After all, how many secrets are hidden in it, how many interesting things you can learn if you dig deeper. How did the Russian language develop? After all, our speech is not only everyday conversations, it is a rich history.

The history of the development of the Russian language: briefly about the main

Where did our native language come from? There are several theories. Some scholars consider (for example, linguist N. Guseva) the Sanskrit of the Russian language. However, Sanskrit was used by Indian scholars and priests. This was Latin for the inhabitants of ancient Europe - "something very clever and incomprehensible." But how did the speech used by Indian scholars suddenly end up on our side? Is it really with the Indians that the formation of the Russian language began?

The Legend of the Seven White Teachers

Each scientist understands the stages of the history of the Russian language differently: this is the birth, development, alienation of the book language from the folk language, the development of syntax and punctuation, etc. All of them can differ in order (it is still unknown when exactly the book language separated from the folk language) or interpretation. But, according to the following legend, seven white teachers can be considered the “fathers” of the Russian language.

There is a legend in India, which is even studied in Indian universities. In ancient times, seven white teachers appeared from the cold North (the Himalayan region). It was they who gave people Sanskrit and laid the foundation for Brahmanism, from which Buddhism was later born. Many believe that this North was one of the regions of Russia, so modern Hindus often go there on pilgrimage.

Legend today

It turns out that many Sanskrit words completely coincide with - this is the theory of the famous ethnographer Natalia Guseva, who wrote more than 150 scientific works on the history and religion of India. Most of them, by the way, have been refuted by other scientists.

This theory was not taken "out of thin air" by her. An interesting case served as its appearance. Once Natalya accompanied a respected scientist from India, who decided to arrange a tourist trip along the northern rivers of Russia. Communicating with the inhabitants of local villages, the Hindu suddenly burst into tears and refused the services of an interpreter, saying that he was happy to hear his native Sanskrit. Then Guseva decided to devote her life to the study of the mysterious phenomenon, and at the same time to establish how the Russian language developed.

After all, this is truly amazing! According to this story, representatives of the Negroid race live beyond the Himalayas, speaking a language so similar to our own. Mysticism, and nothing more. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that our dialect originated from Indian Sanskrit has a place to be. Here it is - the history of the Russian language in short.

Dragunkin's theory

And here is another scientist who decided that this story of the emergence of the Russian language is true. The famous philologist Alexander Dragunkin argued that a truly great language comes from a simpler one, in which there are fewer derivational forms, and the words are shorter. Sanskrit is supposedly much simpler than Russian. And the Sanskrit writing is nothing more than the Slavic runes slightly modified by the Hindus. But this theory is just where is the origin of the language?

Scientific version

And here is the version that most scientists approve and accept. She claims that 40,000 years ago (the time of the appearance of the first man) people had a need to express their thoughts in the process of collective activity. This is how the language appeared. But in those days, the population was extremely small, and all people spoke the same language. After thousands of years, there was a migration of peoples. Human DNA changed, tribes became isolated from each other and began to speak in different ways.

Languages differed from each other in form, in word formation. Each group of people developed their native language, supplemented it with new words, gave shape. Later, there was a need for science, which would be engaged in describing new achievements or things that a person came to.

As a result of this evolution, the so-called "matrices" arose in human heads. The well-known linguist Georgy Gachev studied these matrices in detail, having studied more than 30 matrices - linguistic pictures of the world. According to his theory, Germans are very attached to their home, and this served as the image of a typical German speaker. And the Russian language and mentality came from the concept or image of a road, a path. This matrix lies in our subconscious.

The birth and formation of the Russian language

About 3 thousand years BC, the Proto-Slavic dialect stood out among the Indo-European languages, which after a thousand years became the Proto-Slavic language. In the VI-VII centuries. n. NS. it was divided into several groups: east, west and south. It is customary to refer our language to the eastern group.

And the beginning of the path of the Old Russian language is called the formation of Kievan Rus (IX century). At the same time, Cyril and Methodius invent the first Slavic alphabet.

The Slavic language developed rapidly, and in terms of popularity it has already caught up with Greek and Latin. It was (the predecessor of the modern Russian) who managed to unite all the Slavs, it was in it that the most important documents and monuments of literature were written and published. For example, "The Lay of Igor's Regiment."

Normalization of writing

Then came the era of feudalism, and the Polish-Lithuanian conquests led in the XIII-XIV centuries to the fact that the language was divided into three groups of dialects: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, as well as some intermediate dialects.

In the 16th century in Muscovite Russia, it was decided to normalize the writing of the Russian language (then it was called "Prosta Mova" and was influenced by the Belarusian and Ukrainian) - to introduce the predominance of a compositional connection in sentences and the frequent use of the conjunctions "yes", "and", "a". The dual number was lost, and the declension of nouns became very similar to the modern one. And the basis of the literary language was the characteristic features of the Moscow speech. For example, "akane", consonant "g", endings "ovo" and "evo", demonstrative pronouns (yourself, you, etc.). The beginning of book printing finally approved the literary Russian language.

Peter's era

Very much influenced the speech. After all, it was at this time that the Russian language was freed from the "tutelage" of the church, and in 1708 the alphabet was reformed so that it became closer to the European model.

In the second half of the 18th century, Lomonosov laid down new norms of the Russian language, uniting everything that came before that: colloquial speech, folk poetry, and even the command language. After him, the language was transformed by Derzhavin, Radishchev, Fonvizin. It was they who increased the number of synonyms in the Russian language in order to properly reveal its wealth.

Pushkin made a huge contribution to the development of our speech, who rejected all restrictions on style and combined Russian words with some European ones to create a full and colorful picture of the Russian language. Lermontov and Gogol supported him.

Development trends

How did the Russian language develop in the future? From the middle of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th centuries, the Russian language received several development trends:

Development of literary norms.
Rapprochement of the literary language and colloquial speech.
Expansion of the language through dialecticism and jargon.
Development of the "realism" genre in literature, philosophical issues.

Somewhat later, socialism changed the word formation of the Russian language, and in the twentieth century the media standardized oral speech.

It turns out that our modern Russian language, with all its lexical and grammatical rules, originated from the mixing of various East Slavic dialects that were common throughout Russia, and the Church Slavonic language. After all the metamorphoses, it became one of the most popular languages in the world.

A little more about writing

Even Tatishchev himself (the author of the book "Russian History") was firmly convinced that Cyril and Methodius did not invent writing. It existed long before their birth. The Slavs not only knew how to write: they had many types of writing. For example, traits-cuts, runes or drop caps. And the brothers-scientists took this very initial letter as a basis and simply modified it. Perhaps they threw out about a dozen letters to make it easier to translate the Bible. Yes, Cyril and Methodius, but its basis was a drop cap. This is how writing appeared in Russia.

External threats

Unfortunately, our language has been repeatedly exposed to external danger. And then the future of the whole country was in question. For example, at the turn of the 19th century, all the "cream of society" spoke exclusively French, dressed in the appropriate style, and even the menu consisted only of French cuisine. The nobles gradually began to forget their native language, ceased to associate themselves with the Russian people, acquiring a new philosophy and traditions.

As a result of this introduction of the French speech, Russia could lose not only its language, but also its culture. Fortunately, the situation was saved by the geniuses of the 19th century: Pushkin, Turgenev, Karamzin, Dostoevsky. It was they who, being true patriots, did not allow the Russian language to perish. They showed how handsome he is.

Modernity

The history of the Russian language is complex and not fully understood. You cannot summarize it. It will take years to learn. The Russian language and the history of the people are truly amazing things. And how can you call yourself a patriot without knowing your native language, folklore, poetry and literature?

Unfortunately, today's youth has lost interest in books, and especially in classical literature. This trend is also observed in older people. Television, the Internet, nightclubs and restaurants, glossy magazines and blogs have all replaced our "paper friends". Many people have even ceased to have their own opinion, using the usual cliches imposed by society and the media. Despite the fact that the classics were and remain in the school curriculum, few people read them even in a brief summary, which "eats" all the beauty and uniqueness of the works of Russian writers.

But how rich is the history and culture of the Russian language! For example, literature can provide answers to many questions better than any forums on the Internet. Russian literature expresses all the power of the wisdom of the people, makes us imbued with love for our homeland and better understand it. Each person should understand that the native language, native culture and people are inseparable, they are one whole. And what does a modern citizen of Russia understand and think about? About leaving the country as soon as possible?

The main danger

And of course, the main threat to our language is foreign words. As mentioned above, this problem was relevant in the 18th century, but, unfortunately, it has remained unresolved until now and is slowly acquiring the features of a national catastrophe.

Not only does society get too carried away with various slang words, foul language, invented expressions, but it also constantly uses foreign borrowings in its speech, forgetting that there are much more beautiful synonyms in the Russian language. These words are: "stylist", "manager", "PR", "summit", "creative", "user", "blog", "internet" and many others. If this came only from certain groups of society, then the problem could be fought. But, unfortunately, foreign words are actively used by teachers, journalists, scientists and even officials. These people carry the word to people, which means they are introducing an addiction. And it happens that a foreign word settles so firmly in the Russian language that it begins to seem as if it is primordial.

What's the matter?

So what is it called? Ignorance? Fashion for everything foreign? Or a campaign against Russia? Perhaps all at once. And this problem must be solved as quickly as possible, otherwise it will be too late. For example, it is more often to use the word "manager" instead of "manager", "business lunch" instead of "business lunch", etc. After all, the extinction of a people begins precisely with the extinction of the language.

About dictionaries

Now you know how the Russian language developed. However, this is not all. The history of Russian dictionaries deserves a separate mention. Modern dictionaries originated from ancient handwritten, and then printed books. At first they were very small and intended for a narrow circle of people.

The most ancient Russian dictionary is considered to be a short supplement to the Novgorod Book of Pilots (1282). It included 174 words from different dialects: Greek, Church Slavonic, Hebrew, and even proper biblical names.

After 400 years, much larger dictionaries began to appear. They already had a systematization and even an alphabet. The dictionaries of that time were mainly educational or encyclopedic in nature, so they were inaccessible to ordinary peasants.

First printed dictionary

The first printed dictionary appeared in 1596. This was another supplement to the grammar textbook by the priest Lawrence Zizania. It contained over a thousand words, which were sorted alphabetically. The dictionary was descriptive and explained the origin of many Old Church Slavonic and was published in Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian languages.

Further development of dictionaries

The 18th century was a century of great discoveries. They also did not pass the explanatory dictionaries. Great scientists (Tatishchev, Lomonosov) unexpectedly showed an increased interest in the origin of many words. Trediakovsky began to write notes. In the end, a number of dictionaries were created, but the largest turned out to be the "Church Dictionary" and its appendix. More than 20,000 words have been interpreted in the Church Dictionary. Such a book laid the foundation for the normative dictionary of the Russian language, and Lomonosov, along with other researchers, began to create it.

Most significant vocabulary

The history of the development of the Russian language remembers a date so significant for all of us - the creation of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V. I. Dal (1866). This four-volume edition has received dozens of reprints and is still relevant today. 200,000 words and more than 30,000 sayings and phraseological units can be safely considered a real treasure.

Our days

Unfortunately, the world community is not interested in the history of the emergence of the Russian language. His current situation can be compared with one incident that once happened to the extraordinarily talented scientist Dmitry Mendeleev. After all, Mendeleev was never able to become an honorary academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (the current Russian Academy of Sciences). There was a huge scandal, and still: such a scientist cannot be accepted into the academy! But the Russian Empire and its world were unshakable: they declared that Russians since the times of Lomonosov and Tatishchev were in the minority, and one good Russian scientist, Lomonosov, was enough.

This story of the modern Russian language makes us think: what if someday English (or any other) will supplant such a unique Russian? Pay attention to how many foreign words are in our jargon! Yes, the mixing of languages and friendly exchange is great, but the amazing story of our speech should not be allowed to disappear from the planet. Take care of your native language!

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A Brief History of the Russian Literary Language. Formation of the modern Russian literary language The question of the formation of the Russian literary language

Folklore

Development of the literary language in ancient Russia

Reforms of the Russian literary language of the 18th century

Modern Russian literary language

« Great, mighty…»

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Folklore

Development of the literary language in ancient Russia

Links

Reforms of the Russian literary language of the 18th century

Modern Russian literary language

"Great, mighty ..."

see also

Notes (edit)

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The history of the development of the Russian language: briefly about the main

The Legend of the Seven White Teachers

Legend today

Dragunkin's theory

Scientific version

The birth and formation of the Russian language

Normalization of writing

Peter's era

Development trends

A little more about writing

External threats

Modernity

The main danger

What's the matter?

About dictionaries

First printed dictionary

Further development of dictionaries

Most significant vocabulary

Our days