Means of communication of the ancient people in the Middle Ages. Information transfer means: history, facts
Kipu - a peculiar writing of the Incas and their predecessors in Andes.
On November 26, World Information Day or World Information Day, established at the initiative of the Academy of Information in 1994. The history of mankind knows examples of amazing ways to transfer information, such as novel writing, Indian letters called Vampam and encrypted manuscripts, one of which cryptologists cannot solve so far.
Nature letter in China
A novel letter or method of recording with the assignment of nodules on the rope, presumably existed even before the appearance of Chinese characters. A novel writing is mentioned in the treatise of Dae Dha Jing ("Book of ways and dignity"), written by the Ancient Chinese philosopher of Lao Tzu in the VI-V centuries. BC. As a carrier of information, the cords are associated with each other, and the information itself carry the nodules and the colors of the shoelaces.
Nature letter in China
Researchers put forward various versions of the purpose of this type of "writing": Some believe that the nodules were to preserve important historical events for ancestors, others - that ancient people thus led the accounting, namely: who went to war, how many people returned, who was born and Who died, what is the organization of the authorities. By the way, the nodules of the spill are not only ancient Chinese, but also representatives of the Inca civilization. They existed their nodile written "Kipu", the device of which was similar to the Chinese nodule writing.
Vampum
This writing of North American Indians is more like a multicolored ornament, rather than the source of the information. Vampum was a wide belt from the cords of the beads from the shells.
Vampum
To convey an important message, the Indians of the same tribe sent to another tribe of the Montamus Montamus. With the help of such "belts", contracts were concluded between the White and Indians, and the most important events of the tribe, its tradition and history were recorded. In addition to the informative load, Vampums carried the burden of currency units, sometimes simply used as decoration for clothing. People who "read" vampos had a privileged position in the tribe. With the appearance of white traders in the American continent, the seashells stopped using seashells, replacing them with glass beads.
Grained iron plates
The glare from the plates warned a tribe or settlement about the danger of the attack. However, such ways to transfer information were used only in clear sunny weather.
Stonehedezh and other megalites
Ancient travelers knew a special symbolic system of stone structures or megalites, which showed the directions of movement towards the nearest settlement. These stone groups were intended primarily for sacrifices or as a symbol of a deity, but they were practically road signs for lost.
Megalithic burial in Brittany
It is believed that one of the most famous monuments of the era of Neolithic - British Stonehenge. According to the most common version, it was built as a large ancient observatory, since the position of the stones can be associated with the location of the heavenly sly in the sky. There is also a version that does not contradict this theory that the geometry of the location of stones on the ground carried information on the lunar cycles of the Earth. Thus, as expected, ancient astronomers left after themselves the data that helped the descendants to be managed with astronomical phenomena.
Encryption (wagon manuscript)
Data encryption is used since ancient times, only methods and methods of encryption and decryption are improved.
Manuscript Waruses
Encryption allowed the message to the message to whom it was intended so that no one else would have the ability to understand it without a key. The appearance of encryption is cryptography - a mono alphabetic writing, which was possible only with the help of the "key". One example of a cryptographic font is an ancient Greek "Skital" - a cylindrical device with a surface of parchment, the rings of which moved along the helix. It was possible to decrypt the message with the help of a stick of the same size.
One of the most mysterious manuscripts recorded by encryption is considered the manuscript of Warus. His name Manuscript was received in honor of one of the owners - Antiquary Wilphrid Voynich, who acquired it in 1912 in the Roman collegium, where she was previously stored. Presumably, the document was written at the beginning of the 15th century and describes plants and people, but it cannot be decrypted so far. This made a manuscript known not only in the environment of cryptolgov-decinteers, but also gave rise to a different kind of hoax and speculation among ordinary people. The bizarre texts of the manuscript someone considers a skillful fake, someone is an important message, someone - a document on an artificially invented language.
Olga Kohlov
AIF
The history of the development of information transfer funds is an integral part of the history of the Company's development, and the need for the exchange of information has always exceeded the existing technical capabilities of their satisfaction.
The information has always played a huge role in the life of society and a separate individual. The ownership of information, dominance on the information field from ancient times was a prerequisite for the presence of power from the dominant social group.
The need for communication, in the transfer and storage of information originated and developed together with the development of human society. Currently, it can be argued that the information sphere of human activity is the determining factor in the intellectual, economic and defense capabilities of human society, the state. When the earliest signs of human civilization began to manifest itself, the means of communication between people (communications) were continuously improved in accordance with the change in living conditions, with the development of culture and technology.
The same applies to the means of recording and processing information. Today, all these means have become an integral part of the production process and our life.
From ancient times, the sound and light served people to transfer long distance messages.
At the dawn of their development, a person who warns his fellow risk or sibleing to the hunt, filed the signals with a cry or knock. Sound is the basis of our speech communication. But if the distance between the interlocutors is large and the strength of the voice is not enough, auxiliary means are required. Therefore, a person began to use the "technique" - whistles, animal horns, torches, bonfires, drums, gondas, and after the invention of gunpowder and rockets. Special people appeared, Gerolds, - who transferred and transferred messages, announced the people of Vladyk. In the southern Italy, in some places until recently, the wrecks of guard posts were preserved, from which the news of the approach of Normans and Saracinov was passed through the bell tower.
From time immemorial, light is used as a carrier. The first "systems" of communication were guard posts, located around settlements on specially built knits or towers, and sometimes just on the trees. If the enemy approached the enemy's bonfire. Seeing the fire, the fire was lit in an intermediate post at an intermediate post, and the enemy could not find the inhabitants of surprise. For the messengers are created stations shift horses. Lighthouses and rockets still carry their "information service" at sea and in the mountains.
The need to transmit not only individual alarms type signals, but various messages led to the use of "codes", when different messages differed, for example, by the number and location of the bonfire, the number and frequency of whistles or blows to the drum, etc. The Greeks in the second century BC used the combinations of torches to transfer messages "by letters". There was a wide application on the sea. Signal flags of various shapes and colors were found, and the message is determined not only by the flags themselves, but also their mutual arrangement, as well as the "semaphore" -bird messages by changing the arrangement of hands with flags (during the day) or lanterns (at night). Persons I know the "Language" of flags or semaphore, able to transmit and accept transmitted messages.
Along with the development of ways to transmit signals using sound and light, the development of methods and means of recording and memorizing information. At first it was just a variety of cats on the trees and walls of the caves. In drawings, beaten on the walls of the caves more than three thousand years ago, we can now make an idea of \u200b\u200bthe individual sides of the life of our ancestors in those distant times. Gradually improved both the form of recording and the means of its implementation. From a series of primitive drawings, a person gradually moves to the clinopy and hieroglyphs, and then to the phonetic letter according to the letters.
Sound and light have been and remain important means of transmitting information and despite their primitiveness, fire and sound alarm system served people for centuries. During this time, attempts were made to improve the alarm techniques, but they did not receive wide practical application.
The development of the means of storage, transfer and processing of information in the history of human society went unevenly. Several times in the history of mankind there were radical changes in the information field, which are called "information revolutions".
The first information revolution is related to the invention of writing. Writing has created an opportunity for the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge, to transfer knowledge to future generations. Civilizations that have mastered writing have developed faster than others achieved a higher cultural and economic level. Examples can serve as an ancient Egypt, Meternrech countries, China. Inside this revolution, the stage of transition from the pictographic and hieroglyphic letters to the alphabetic basis was very significant; This made writing more affordable and, largely, contributed to the displacement of civilization centers to Europe.
The second information revolution (the middle of the XVI century) was associated with the invention of typography. It became possible not only to maintain information, but also make it massive-affordable. Literacy becomes a massive phenomenon. All this accelerated the growth of science and technology, helped the industrial revolution. Books stepped over the boundaries of countries, which contributed to the beginning of the creation of universal civilization.
The third information revolution (the end of the XIX century) was due to the progress of communications. Telegraph, telephone, radio allowed to promptly transfer information to any distances. It was in this historic period that the embryos of the process appeared, which in our days is called "globalization". The progress of information transfer tools largely contributed to the rapid development of science and technology that needed reliable and high-speed communication channels.
The fourth information revolution (70s. XX century) is associated with the advent of microprocessor equipment and, in particular, personal computers. It should be noted that not the appearance of computers in the middle of the twentieth century in itself, namely, microprocessor systems have enforced influence on the information revolution. Shortly thereafter, computer telecommunications arose, radically changed storage systems and search for information. It was the fourth information revolution that gave an impetus to such significant changes in the development of society that a new term ¾ "Information Society" appeared for its characteristics.
Throughout the XX century, the communication officers sought to increase the speed of information transfer. The need for more transmitted information has caused the transition from telegraph first to the phone, and then to the radio.
In the twentieth century, the railways revolutionized the world, providing a transport network that moved materials and production products. They made it possible to develop industrial society.
Digital communication networks marked the beginning of a new revolution, providing the technology that transports the data required by society in which information plays a key role. Networks have already penetrated industry, education and government. They have already begun to change our idea of \u200b\u200bthe world, reducing the geographical distances and forming new communities of people who often and effectively interact. It is even more important that the increase in the number of networks is the nature of the explosion. The revolution has already begun.
The development of fiber-optic communication networks is characterized by a very rapid increase in the speed of information transmission. The transmission rate achieved experimentally in the laboratory conditions and the rate of transmission of highly reliable commercial networks grow exponentially, double every 2 years. This trend is ensured by both the steady increase in the speed of transmitting information on one channel and the increasing number of simultaneously transmitted by one fiber channels in systems with spectral separation of channels. Simultaneously, the transmission distance is steadily growing with an increase in the transmission rate of information.
Instruction
The first people communicated with their fellows in the same way as modern monkeys communicate, - with the help of a set of non-self-separated sounds. This language was very well and was limited to various variations of combinations of vowels with the addition of several consonants, and the tone of the ancient "conversation" was set by the facial and intonation of the speaker. At the first stage of the formation of humanity as a view of this, it was enough: there was no need to transmit too much information with remote neighbors, upcoming generations, and each other.
After the Millennium, a person had the need to transfer reports to which there would be much more sense than a signal on the hunt, about the attack, about fire, etc. The speech of the ancient people began to develop, and the first ancient languages \u200b\u200bappeared. For long distances, the information was transmitted through people's people exclusively orally.
At the same time, there was a need to leave the memory of the descendants about events in a separate tribe or the phenomena of nature, which worried the first people. Writing at that time was not yet and especially gifted individuals came up with such a way to transfer information such as drawings (petroglyphs). The most famous examples of rock painting are the wonderful creations of ancient people in Australia caves. Surprisingly beautiful and stylish images captured on the walls and stones, scientists called the Mimi style.
The further development of the Company made a person to invent new ways to communicate. The appearance of writing immediately gave humanity a colossal impetus, it was a real achievement of human thought and one of the very first steps towards progress. The writing passed several stages of development, initially information was transmitted in the form of objects that could carry direct or figurative meaning, such writing is classified with modern historians and archaeologists as an object.
Then the pictographic and hieroglyphist appeared. The pictographic letter had a kind of symbol drawings drawn on stones, signs, tree bark. This method was very imperfect, because Could not transfer information to more accurately. One of the most amazing varieties of writing is a novel letter, it was a text recorded on the rope using nodules tied on it. A very few such examples came to a modern person, the most famous - a nodule letter of the Inca and a nodule letter of the Chinese.
The hieroglyphic letter soon replaced the pictographic, and existed in some states up to several recent centuries. The hieroglyphs had the kind of symbols carrying a concrete meaning. The most famous Chinese, Japanese and Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. The most recent invention of a person is an alphabetic writing. It was distinguished from the hieroglyphic by the fact that the recorded signs denoted not a specific word or phrase, but a separate sound or a combination of sounds.
Each person is constantly faced with information, moreover, not everyone may not explain the meaning of the concept of the very concept. Information is information that are transmitted from one person to another with various means of communication.
There are various ways to transfer data, which will be discussed further.
How information is transmitted
In the process of human development, there are constant improvement of mechanisms, with which information is transmitted. Methods for storing and transmitting information are quite diverse, since there are several systems in which data is exchanged.
In the data transfer system, 3 directions are distinguished: this is a transfer from a person to a person, from a person to a computer and from a computer to a computer.
- Initially, information is obtained with the help of organs of feelings - view, hearing, smell, taste and touch. To transmit information in the near distance, there is a language that allows you to tell the information received to another person. In addition, you can transfer anything to another person by writing a letter either in the process of the performance, as well as when talking on the phone. Despite the fact that in the latter example, a communication means is used, that is, an intermediate device, it allows you to transfer information in direct contact.
- To transfer data from person to a computer, it is necessary to introduce it into the device's memory. Information may have a different look, what will come about the conversation further.
- The transmission from the computer to the computer is by means of intermediate devices (flash cards, Internet, disc, etc.).
Data processing
After receiving the necessary information, there is a need for their storage and transmission. Ways to transfer and process information clearly represent the stages of human development.
- At the beginning of its development, data processing was the transfer of them to paper with ink, pen, handles, etc. However, the lack of such a processing method was in the unreliability of storage. If we mention the methods for storing and transmitting information, paper storage has a certain period that is determined by the service life of the paper, as well as its terms.
- The next step is the mechanical information technology at which the printing machine is used, telephone, voice recorder.
- Next, electrical came to replace the mechanical processing system, because methods of transmitting information are constantly being improved. These funds include electric typewriters, portable voice recorders, copywriters.
Types of information
Types and methods of transmitting information differ depending on its content. It can be text information presented in oral and writing, as well as symbolic, musical and graphic. Modern data types also include video information.
With each of these forms of storage of information, a person is dealing every day.
Information transfer tools
Information transfer tools may be oral and written.
- Interpretations include performances, meetings, presentations, reports. When using this method, you can count on the rapid reaction of the opponent. The use of additional non-verbal funds during the conversation is capable of strengthening the effect of speech. These funds include facial expressions, gestures. However, at the same time, the information obtained in orally shall have a long-term action.
- Writing media are articles, reports, letters, notes, printouts, etc. At the same time, it does not have to count on a quick response of the public. However, the advantage is that the information obtained can be reread, thereby learning the information.
Methods of presenting information
As is known, information can be represented in several forms, which, however, does not change its content. For example, the house can be represented as a word or graphic display.
Ways to view and send information can be depicted as the following list:
- Text information. Allows you to most fully provide information, however, it may contain a large amount of data, which contributes to the bad assimilation.
- The graphic image is a graph, diagram, diagram, histogram, cluster, etc. They allow you to briefly submit information, establish logical connections, causal relationships. In addition, information in graphical form allows you to find solutions to various issues.
- Presentation is a colorful visual example of the method of presenting information. It can be combined with both text data and graphic display, that is, various types of information presentation.
Concept of communication
Communication is called the system of interaction between several objects. In generalized sense, this is the transmission of information from one object to another. Communications are the key to the successful activity of the organization.
Methods for transmitting information (communication) perform the following functions: organizational, interactive, expressive, incentive, perceptual.
The organizational function provides the system of relationships between employees; Interactive allows you to form the mood of others; Expressive staining the mood of others; The motion calls for action; Perceptive allows various interlocutors to understand each other.
Modern information transfer methods
The most advanced information transmission methods include the following.
The Internet contains a huge amount of information. This allows you to draw a lot of knowledge for yourself, without bothering the study of books and other paper sources. However, in addition, it contains ways and means of transmitting information similar to historically more long-time models. This is an analogue of traditional mail - email, or e-mail. Ease of use of this type of mail lies in the speed of transferring the letter, the exclusion of the delivery stage. To date, almost everyone has an email address, and communication with many organizations is supported precisely through this method of transmitting information.
GSM standard of digital cellular communication, which is widely used everywhere. In this case, the oral speech is coding and transmitting it through the converter to another subscriber. All the necessary information is posted in the SIM card, which is inserted into the mobile device. To date, the presence of this means is needed as a means of communication.
WAP allows you to view the web page of the web page with information in any form: text, numeric, symbol, graphic. The image on the screen can be adapted to the mobile phone screen or have a view similar to a computer image.
Methods for transferring modern type information also include GPRS, which allows packet data transmission to a mobile device. Thanks to this communication tool, there may be continuous use of batch data at the same time large number of people at the same time. Among the GPRS properties, you can call a high data transfer rate, payment only for the transmitted information, great use capabilities, compatibility parameters with other networks.
Internet through the use of the modem allows you to obtain a high speed of information transmission at the low cost of such access. A large number of Internet providers creates a high level of competition between them.
Satellite communications allows you to access the Internet through a satellite. The advantage of this method is low cost, high data transfer rate, however, there is a tangible dependence among the shortcomings from the weather conditions.
The possibility of using information transfer tools
As new information feeds appear, there are opportunities for unconventional use of various devices. For example, the possibility of video conferencing and video call caused the idea to use optical devices in medicine. Thus, information about the pathological body is obtained with direct observation during the operation. When using such a method of obtaining information, there is no need to make a big incision, the operation is possible with minimal skin damage.
The modern world has created conditions for operational communication. You can be on different continents and exchange instant messages, emails, parcels. Today, communication on the phone, like a lot of other things, whether it is repairing the iPhone or delivery of goods from distant countries, is no longer in the wonder. Naturally, it was not always. Even the appearance of paper envelopes and brands, sometimes humanity did not guessed. There were other ways to transfer messages.
What are they?
If today, passing the iPad or the phone to repair, we consider moments until the moment when you can pick it up, then before people calmly got out without all sorts of gadgets. They simply did not exist. In the ancient tribes, especially in Africa, the signals were transmitted by the sounds of the drums. Even now, any native understands such a "language". Many nations for sending messages used light effects. The bonfire and the smoke flowing from him could notify about the alarm, to become a clivet about help or just a signal and a forthcoming privala. Such information transfer methods were very effective, but somewhat limited. As the volume of information messages began to grow, the transmission methods began to be improved. So there were the messengers who carried important behavior. "Postmen" were pigeons and even butchers! After all, they often overcame long distances for procurement.
In Russia, the mention of the postal system appeared by the beginning of the XVI century. The development of shipping and railways was a qualitative breakthrough. And in 1820 the envelope was invented. He was created by the trader paper in Brighton. It is noteworthy that even after the invention of telegraph, telephone, radio, postage not lost its popularity.
