The history of the formation of the Saratov and Saratov region. The history of the Saratov region

Saratov - a city in the Russian Federation, the administrative center of the Saratov region, a large industrial, cultural and scientific center of the Middle Volga. The city is located on the right bank of the Volga River (Volgograd Reservoir), 858 km southeast of Moscow. Saratov is a port on the Volga, a major junction of railway lines and roads, the city has an airport. The main sectors of the urban industry: mechanical engineering, including aircraft and machine tools, electrical industry, instrument making, ferrous metallurgy; oil refining, chemical industry, woodworking, light; food industry.

Story

The city was founded in 1590 by Prince G. O. Zasekin and boyar F. M. Turov as a fortress. The name "Saratov" comes from the Turkic "sary tau" - "yellow mountain". The convenient geographical position of the city, the natural wealth of the region, the protective measures of the tsarist government favored the formation of Saratov as a shopping center on the Volga.

In 1790, in connection with the formation of the Saratov governorate, and in 1782 - the province, the city becomes the administrative center and gets its coat of arms: three sterlet in a blue field. The abolition of serfdom in Russia, the construction of the Ryazan-Ural (now Volga) railroad and the development of shipping on the Volga contributed to the transformation of Saratov in the late 19th - early 20th centuries into one of the largest commercial and industrial centers of the Middle and Lower Volga. Its population in 1897 amounted to 137 thousand people. The main commodity of the Saratov trade in the late 19th century was bread. The city also played the role of a major intermediary in the sale of oil products, as well as meat, fish, salt, wool. The factory industry of Saratov was focused mainly on the processing of agricultural products. Saratov occupied the first place in Russia in the production of flour, mustard and sunflower oil. At the end of the 19th century, the first large metal processing plants appeared in the city. Significant development of industry in Saratov falls on 1920-1930. In the prewar years, Saratov gave the country machine tools and bearings, measuring instruments and electrical equipment. Since 1939, the former combine plant began production of Yak-1 aircraft.

The main symbols of modern Saratov are the largest road bridge in Europe, connecting the right and left banks of the Volga, the memorial complex “Cranes” installed on Sokolova Hill (it can be seen from almost anywhere in the historical center of Saratov). In 2002, a monument was erected to P. A. Stolypin, who was the Saratov governor in 1903-1906. Thanks to his efforts, a university was founded in Saratov. The university building is a striking architectural landmark of the city (architect K. L. Mufke). The building of one of the oldest in Russia Saratov Conservatory named after L. V. Sobinov also attracts attention. The city has preserved a large number of molded decoration of buildings: balcony railings, stairs, fences, made in the late 19th - early 20th centuries at local iron foundries.

Saratov museums: regional studies, the museum-estate of N. G. Chernyshevsky (born in Saratov), \u200b\u200bthe A. N. Radishchev Art Museum, the house-museum of the writer K. A. Fedin (a native of Saratov). The most important element of the cultural tradition and modern life of Saratov was theatrical art. Already in the pre-revolutionary city, theaters - the City (now the Opera and Ballet Theater) and the public (folk) theater played a large role. The theater of opera and ballet, the drama theater, the first Russian theater of young spectators are very popular. A.P. Lensky, M.G. Savina, P.A. Strepetova, and O. I. Yankovsky began their journey on the Saratov scene. The buildings of many theaters are architectural monuments: the Saratov Youth Theater is located in a former merchant club, built in 1907. The first national circus in Russia was founded in Saratov in 1873 by circus artists the Nikitins brothers.

The history of Saratov is connected with the names of S. Razin and E. Pugachev; with the activities of prominent scientists and figures of art and culture of Russia. The Volga city gave the country revolutionary democrat N. G. Chernyshevsky; laureate Nobel Prize, chemist N. N. Semenov; artist V. E. Borisov-Musatov; architect F.O. Shekhtel; composer A. G. Schnittke; writer K. A. Fedin; actors B. A. Babochkin, B. F. Andreev, S. N. Filippov, O. P. Tabakova. Cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin studied in Saratov. Modern Saratov is known not only for its cultural monuments, museums and educational institutions, but also for sanatoriums and medical organizations, which include the Sokol sanatorium, balneological clinic, and the Oktyabrskoe Gorge sanatorium.

Geography

Saratov is located 858 km south-east of Moscow, on the right high bank of the Volga (Volgograd Reservoir). The city stretches along the Volga for 34 km, from the Gusyolka river in the north to the railway station. Neftyanaya station in the south. The central and southern parts of the city are located in a hollow (50-80 m above sea level), surrounded on three sides by the low mountains of the Volga Upland: Sokolovaya (165m), Lysaya (286m), Lopatina (274m), Altynnaya (251m), Uvek (135m).

The hills in the western part of the city are covered by the Kumysnaya Polyana forest. The territory of the city is strongly divided by ravines and gullies going to the Volga. The main ones north of Sokolovaya Gora: Makhanny, Seccha, Alekseevsky, Dudakovsky, Slepysh. In the Volga basin: Glebuchev (with branches Myasnitsky and Cooperative), Beloglinsky, Vakurovsky, Bezymyanny, Zaletaevsky, Tokmakovsky.

In connection with the formation of the Volgograd reservoir, the water level in the Volga near the city rose by more than 6 meters. On the Volga opposite Saratov there are islands: Oak Mane, Green, Pokrovsky Sands, Cossack. The width of the Volga opposite Saratov is from 2.6 km at the old motorway to 8 km at the village. Zonalka.

In the west, the city is bounded by small rivers Yelshanka and its tributary Razboishchina. From the north - the rivers 1st and 2nd Guselka. In the south, the Nazarovka River flows with the tributaries of Chernikh and Berezin.

Plant zone: mixed grass-steppe. Soils: ordinary and southern chernozems.

There are two oil and gas fields in the city: Yelshanskoye and Sokolovogorskoye.

Transport

Saratov is located at the intersection of main railway and road lines, water routes. Trunk oil pipelines, gas pipelines and product pipelines are laid across the region.

Carriage of passengers by rail in the suburban and distant, as well as international routes, is provided by the Saratov Carriage Depot, the Saratov Locomotive Depot and the Saratov-1, Saratov-3, Trofimovsky-1 railway stations.

Saratov Airport operates.

Intercity and suburban transportation provides bus transport. Buses depart from the bus station and from several parking lots in the city.

From the river station, you can go on a cruise ship to large cities on the Volga and on small ships of local lines to villages near Saratov.

In Saratov, all the main modern modes of transport are present, with the exception of the metro (the construction project of the Saratov metro is periodically discussed by the city authorities, but has not yet reached practical implementation). The city has trolleybus services (see Saratov trolleybus), tramways (see Saratov tramway), and bus routes. Since 1995, minibuses have become widespread.

Street layout in the central part of the city is regular, but the old streets are narrow and have poor road surface, which, along with the limited transit routes and exits from the city, makes it difficult for motorists.

sights

The main symbols of modern Saratov are the largest road bridge in Europe connecting the right and left banks of the Volga, the memorial complex "Cranes" installed on Sokolova Hill (it can be seen from almost anywhere in the historical center of Saratov). In 2002, a monument was erected to P. A. Stolypin, who was the Saratov governor in 1903-1906. Thanks to his efforts, a university was founded in Saratov. The university building is a striking architectural landmark of the city (architect K. L. Mufke). The building of one of the oldest in Russia Saratov Conservatory named after L. V. Sobinov also attracts attention. The city has preserved a large number of molded decoration of buildings: balcony fences, stairs, fences, made in the late 19th - early 20th centuries at local iron foundries.

Among Saratov churches, the Trinity Cathedral in the Moscow Baroque style (1674-1675, the only monument of urban architecture of the 17th century) and the Intercession Church (a wooden church was built in 1860, and a stone church in 1882) are of architectural value.

Culture

There are many galleries in Saratov visual arts, among them the Saratov Museum named after A.N. Radishchev. It was the first public museum in Russia. It exhibits paintings by many famous artists, such as Levitsky, Repin and others. Also, there are other museums and galleries of fine art in Saratov: V.E. Borisov-Musatov House-Museum, P.V. Kuznetsov House-Museum, Aesthetics Gallery ", Art gallery" Belaya ", gallery them. V. Fomicheva, exhibition hall of the Union of Artists of the Russian Federation and so on.

Theaters, Conservatory, Philharmonic

Saratov is an old theater city. The first serf theater owned by the merchant Gladkov appeared in Saratov as early as 1803. In 1810, a theater building was built on Khlebnaya Square (now Theater Square) of Saratov at the direction of Governor A.D. Panchulidzev. On the stage of this small wooden theater, the plays Yabed by V. Kapnist and The Examiner by N. V. Gogol were shown. At the beginning of 1842, A. Verstovsky’s opera “Askold's Grave” was staged for the first time in the province.

In 1859, the wooden theater building burned down. In the same place, the new theater building was erected only in 1865. It was a large three-tier stone theater with 1200 seats, called the City Theater.

However, theatrical life was not interrupted, because on December 26, 1859, the troupe of the theater moved to the premises of the summer theater, which was then outside the city limits (now the Saratov State Academic Drama Theater named after I. A. Slonov is located on this place). With the construction of the stone building of the city theater, performances began to take place in two places at once: a drama troupe staged performances in the summer theater, which was called the People’s Theater, and dramatic performances were staged at the City Theater, operas were staged, and the Saratov operetta performed on the same stage.

Thus, the history of the Saratov Drama Theater and the Saratov Opera and Ballet Theater begins with a date common for the two theaters: 1803. The 2007/2008 season, both theaters rightly consider their 205 theatrical season.

On the stage of both Saratov theaters in late XIX - At the beginning of the 20th century, they played or toured: N. Kh. Rybakov, N. K. Miloslavsky, A. O. Bantyshev, A. F. Gusev. For three seasons (1897-1900) Vasily Ivanovich Kachalov shone on the Saratov stage.

As of 2008, there are nine theaters in the city: the Saratov Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, the Saratov State Academic Drama Theater named after I. A. Slonov, the Saratov Academic Theater for Young Spectators named after Yu. P. Kiselyov, and the Saratov Regional Operetta Theater (the theater is located in Engels, but it is considered Saratov and often gives performances on the stages of the Saratov theaters and houses of culture), the Saratov Puppet Theater "Teremok", the Saratov Theater of Russian Comedy, the Saratov Municipal New Drama Theater "Version", the Saratov Theater "Balaganchik", Theater of Magic and Tricks " Scooter".

During World War II, GITIS and the Moscow Art Theater were evacuated to Saratov (they were assigned a place in the theater of youth theater that did not work then).

Cinemas

Of the two dozen cinemas left from pre-revolutionary times and built in Saratov in the Soviet years, only four survived in the era of change: Pioneer, Pobeda, Temp and Saratov. After film distribution began to revive throughout Russia, the “Cinema House” and the “Porthole” were opened. As a result, at the beginning of 2008, 6 cinemas functioned in Saratov.

The Temp, Illuminator, Pioneer, Pobeda and Saratov cinemas specialize in the latest in cinema distribution. "Cinema House" introduces viewers to rare examples of domestic and European cinema, not only fiction, but also documentary.

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"First", "first" - these words are often used when talking about the Saratov region. In the annals of the region, indeed, there are many exceptional and unique events. Take the facts from different fields of activity.

"First", "first" - these words are often used when talking about the Saratov region. In the annals of the region, indeed, there are many exceptional and unique events. Take the facts from different fields of activity.

For the first time in the country, an industrial natural gas field has been discovered; The Saratov-Moscow gas pipeline laid the foundation for the USSR gas industry.

Prior to the opening in 1885 in Saratov, the Radischevsky Museum in Russia did not have a public art gallery. The collection, which was formed by the grandson of A.N. Radishchev, professor of painting A.N. Bogolyubov (1824-1895), includes the works of I.Shishkin, F, Vasiliev. I. Kramskoy V. Polenov, I. Repin, K. Koro, S. Dobigny ... Among the first donors - S. and P. Tretyakov. A. Bakhrushin Pauline Viardot.

The Russian national circus was founded in Saratov (1873), the third conservatory in Russia (1912), the tenth university (1909), and the first children's theater (1918) were opened. Here, on the banks of the Volga, Yuri Gagarin, a pupil of the Saratov flying club and industrial college, first ascended into the sky. It is significant that he “descended” to Saratov’s land after the legendary flight into space. The second person who visited the near-Earth space - German Titov - was also met from outer space by the Saratov region.

Start a story about yourself: “Born in Saratov” - master of painting V. Borisov-Musatov, inventors of caterpillar and wheel tractors F. Blinov and Y. Mamin, Nobel Prize winner Academician N. Semenov, USSR People's Artists B. Babochkin, B .Andreev. E. Lebedev, S. Filippov, O. Tabakov, O. Yankovsky ... The author of the world famous song "Kalinka" is Saratov musician I. Larionov.

The Volga part of the modern Zavodsky district of Saratov is called Uvek. At this place was the third largest city of the Golden Horde - with palaces, a mint, a water supply network. According to one version, Uvek was destroyed by Timur in the war with Toktamysh in 1395, according to another - the bulk of the city with coastal landslides descended into the Volga. It is hoped that the river preserves historical treasures - at the bottom under a layer of silt and sand.

The Saratov fortress was laid in the summer of 1590 by the governors - Prince Grigory Osipovich Zasekin and the streletsky head Fedor Mikhailovich Turov. The first was an experienced "town planner": in 1586 he built Samara, in 1589 - Tsaritsyn (Volgograd).

In the first half of the XVII century. Saratov is a rather large fortress on the Volga, where from 300 to 400 archers were constantly located. The city stood on a cape formed by the rivers Saratovka and Volozhka (next to today's city Engels).

In the spring of 1674, pursuant to the decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich "Saratov make a new city in the mountains," the fortress was moved to the right bank. Colonel Alexander Shel chose a place south of Sokolovaya Mountain, where the "fish town" of the Moscow Novospassky Monastery stood.

Saratov was growing. The urban population engaged in fishing, trading in bread and salt became increasingly important. In June 1722, Peter the Great visited Saratov on his way to Persia.

Academician I. Lepyokhin, who visited the city in 1769, called it one of the best in the province - with straight streets and good shopping arcades.

The salt, manufacture, fish, and grain trade is expanding. "Brick sheds", "hemp barns", pottery plants appear. Street names testified to the occupations of residents: Salt, Kuznechnaya, Tulupnaya, Brick. Streets of Sacco and Vanzetti and Pushkin in the past were called Bolshaya and Malaya Kostrizhny (from the “fire” - wastes of flax and hemp). The factory of the Frenchman Verdier produced satin, stockings, taffeta - fine silk fabric.

On August 6, 1774, the main forces of Yemelyan Pugachev’s troops approached Saratov. A. Pushkin in his “History of Pugachev” noted: “At that time, Pugachev occupied the Sokolovaya Mountain, which dominates Saratov, put in a battery and started shooting around the city.” On October 8, the leader of the rebels was arrested in the Saratov Trans-Volga region.

Saratov entered the new, XIX century provincial city. In 1780, Saratov governorship was established in nine districts (Saratov. Khvalynsky. Volsky, Kuznetsk, Serdobsky. Atkarsky, Petrovsky, Balashovsky and Kamyshinsky), which was soon transformed into a province.

In 1781, the coat of arms of Saratov was established: in the blue field of the heraldic shield, three sterlet of silver color met, sailing towards each other. Here, the fish and water resources of the region are figuratively reflected.

In the early years of the XIX century. there was a suburban settlement - German. According to the plan of 1812, the German colonists were allocated a place in the first quarter from Nikolskaya Street (Radishchev). Soon Deutsche Street appeared (now Kirov Avenue).

From a seedy place that was completely deserted after the Pugachev raid, Saratov quickly turned into a rich merchant city. As Saratov grew, its center moved from the Volga to the southwest. “Saratov merchants captured their houses, shops and shops in the direction of Moskovskaya Street to Aleksandrovskaya (Gorky) and even to Volskaya,” said lawyer I. Slavin, himself from the “merchant estate”.

On the right side of the commercial Saratov (if you face the Volga), behind NovoSobornaya Square in the direction of Ilyinskaya and Mitrofanovskaya (Kirov) squares, which represented in the first half of the XIX century. a deserted outskirts, was located part of the city, which had a color completely different from the old Saratov. This is the city of Saint Germain. Here on Konstantinovskaya, Alexandrovskaya,

Anichkovskaya, Dvoryanskaya and other streets were inhabited predominantly by the "noble" estate, alien to all noisy and troublesome groceries and market bustle. Here lived the nobility and bureaucracy, the aristocracy, looking down upon the merchant languishing in commercial chores.

Many merchants were engaged in charity, philanthropy, as they say, not for fear, but for conscience, thinking about transforming the region, about improving the lives of fellow citizens. Mykola Sergeevich Azarov, for example, in 1869 built a church at the men's gymnasium in the name of Saints Cyril and Methodius, a house church in a women's boarding school. According to the will, the money of the honorary magistrate for the Saratov district, the vowel of the city council of Ivan Aleksandrovich Pozdeev went to the opening of the children's hospital "on the mountains", on Sokolova street.

On Moskovskaya 9, the house of the merchant Dmitry Vakurov, the first book merchant in Saratov, was preserved. Afanasy Stolypin, a distinguished artillery officer, participant in the Battle of Borodino, and the cousin of the poet Mikhail Lermontov often visited him. As soon as we mentioned the name Stolypin, let’s say about her other representative - the chairman of the Council of Ministers.

P.A. Stolypin (1862-1911) in 1903 was appointed head of the Saratov province. In March, the new governor received city council vowels at his residence (Moskovskaya, 31). Shortly after taking office, the house number 22 on Volskaya Street was adapted for the governor’s apartment. Nearby a three-story building was built for his office and "presence" (Volskaya, 24).

In April 1906, 44-year-old Stolypin was appointed Minister of the Interior. The last time he visited Saratov as Prime Minister in September 1910. By order of the City Council, Ilya Repin created the portrait of Peter Stolypin in the same year, which is now on display at the Radishchev Art Museum.

In the Saratov Regional Museum of Local Lore you can see the uniform of the reformer of Russia, a family album with unique photographs, an armchair from the Kiev Theater, on which mortally wounded Stolypin sank down.

But we continue our story in a chronological order. So, from April 2, 1782 in the Complete collection of laws, Saratov governorate is called the province. Until the early 1800s the main public school, a printing house of the provincial government, and the first serf theater were opened in the city. In 1826, according to the project of the architect V.P. Stasov, the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was built in honor of the victory over Napoleon's army (it was destroyed in the 30s of our century).

On July 12, 1828, a publicist, writer, critic N. Chernyshevsky was born in Saratov (he died on October 17, 1889 in his hometown, and was buried in the Voskresensky cemetery).

The most important events until the early 1900s: the first steamboat approached the Saratov pier (1838), the first newspaper Saratov Provincial Gazette began to be published (1844), P. Yablochkov, electrical scientist, inventor of the “Russian light” was born (1847), the Spiritual Church that is still operating today (1855) was built, the city public bank was opened (1863), the first steam mill was built (1865), the artist V. Borisov-Musatov was born (1870), train traffic along the Tambovo-Ural Railway (1871) began, was born I. Panfilov - Hero of the Soviet Union, glorified general (1893), for the first time a car appeared on the streets of Saratov (1900) ...

On the Volga coast, not far from the founding place of the right-bank Saratov, the connection of the past, present and future is especially acute. Here, on Museum Square, is a monument of architecture - Holy Trinity Cathedral, built in the late XVII - early XVIII century. Next to Sokolovaya Gora, which preserves the memory of Peter 1 and E. Pugachev, there is an airport from which the Yaks born in Saratov soar into the sky. Together with the Volga, the city is in perpetual motion - it is being built, landscaped, and it is developing production, science, and culture.

Saratov is the center of the Saratov region of the Russian Federation, a large industrial and agricultural region, in 1956 and 1970. awarded the two highest orders of the country.

Saratov Territory - in the biographies of the brilliant biologist Nikolai Vavilov, artist Mikhail Vrubel, aircraft designer Oleg Antonov, writer Mikhail Bulgakov, architect Fedor Shekhtel, chemist Nikolai Zinin. poet Gavrila Derzhavin, composer Alfred Schnittke, academician Gury Marchuk, writer Lev Kassil, designer of space radiotelephone communications Yuri Bykov ...

Saratov region is a land with a unique individual look and rich historical fate.

Russian Civilization

Rukhmanova Ksenia

The history of the formation of the Saratov land

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Municipal stage of the All-Russian competition of research of local lore studies of students "Fatherland"

Nomination "Local history" Pages of the history of the native land "

The history of the formation of Saratov and the Saratov region

Prepared by: Rukhmanova Ksenia

grade 8A student MAOU OSH No. 22

2016

Introduction

The history of our Motherland for each person begins with the recognition of the history of their native land, hometown. The place where we were born is dear to us throughout our lives. It attracts invisible threads to itself and does not know its history, it is impossible not to remember and not take care of it.

The research topic: “The History of the Formation of Saratov and the Saratov Region” was not chosen by chance. The study of history is always relevant, and the study of the history of the development of the native land is a theoretical and practical contribution to the study of the country's history.

The purpose of this work: a study of the history of the native land and little-known historical events.

Tasks of work:

1. To study the literature on local lore

2. To study and analyze the history of the development of the Saratov region.

3. To answer the problematic questions posed in the work, thereby highlighting little-known historical facts of the period of the formation of Saratov and the Saratov region.

4. Conduct research work  with students of my class to determine how well they know the past and present of their native land.

The relevance of the work is to familiarize students with the study of their region. The main sources revealing the contents of my research were the work of M.V. Bulycheva, V.I. Ivanova, B.I. Kazakova. These sources detail the events of the history of the Saratov Territory and the city of Saratov from ancient times to the present day.

Research Methodology

In order to study the history of my native land, I used various methods.

Polling method . In order to obtain information on the topic of my research, I decided to conduct a survey of students in my class: what interesting things do they know from the history of the Saratov Territory and the city of Saratov. Based on previous experience, I realized that the guys would not be very interested in the question asked in this form. Therefore, I decided to intrigue them with my problem, to make sure that they too enthusiastically join the research process. . Therefore, I started with a remarkable fact: the city of Saratov is known to many, but the song "There are so many golden lights on the streets of Saratov" gained wide popularity. It is thanks to this hit that the city gained fame. This begs the question: why is the song about the Saratov lights and when did the first golden lights (i.e. electricity) appear on the Saratov land?

Another interesting fact: the song also sings about single Saratov guys, who are many on the streets. What is the reason for such a demographic situation when there were more young guys than girls in Saratov?

Answering these questions, you can learn a lot about the city of Saratov, or, as it is now called, the capital of the Volga region. By the way, here is another question: why is the capital of the Volga region?

Yes, they managed to interest and engage the guys in the work, but it was difficult for them to immediately answer the questions, so we decided to use togetherquestioning method.  As part of this method, questionnaires were created that included questions:

• What kind interesting Facts  from the history of Saratov and the Saratov region you know.
•   Why do you think there were many single guys in Saratov?
• When and thanks to whom did electricity appear in Saratov?

We distributed questionnaires to students of our school. And in the end, the results of the survey showed that the guys are not familiar enough with the history of their native land, and no one knew the answer to questions about Saratov guys and electricity.

Well, we had to resort to the most effectiveliterature study method(study of reliable sources). In search of answers to questions, we went on an exciting journey through the stages of studying the Saratov region.

That's what information we have mastered.

After Ivan the Terrible annexed the Astrakhan and Kazan Khanates to Russia, fortress cities appeared on the Volga to protect the steppe raids. The first fortress cities appear: Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn.

In the book of M.V. Bulychev provides information that the city of Saratov was founded in 1590. Saratov - from the name of Mount Saratau, which is translated from the Mongolian language means "Yellow Mountain". Perhaps you can already answer the second question: in Saratov there were many young guys, since they consisted of defenders of the city and were brought to this territory. But what about the golden lights? We go further.

January 11, 1780 Catherine 11 established the Saratov governorship. The queen invited the Germans to these places for the development of the Saratov territory. Why were the Germans invited here? What were the German settlements? This is another object of our study. But there is still no electricity information! Therefore, we go further.

In the 19th century, Saratov became large shopping center. Small and large enterprises appeared that processed grain, leather, clay ... An oil mill, tobacco, and grape industry arose. Another interesting production appeared - the manufacture of the famous Saratov harmonics. At the end of the 19th century There were eight harmonica workshops in the city. And until now, Saratov is the only city in the world where such accordions are produced. This is evidenced by the monument to the harmonist, not so long ago erected on Kirov Avenue. The Saratov Harmonica is the hallmark of the city (see Appendix 1).

The year 1871 became very significant for Saratov - a railway was built along the Volga River. The road was necessary, since the Saratov land produced mainly agricultural products, which quickly deteriorated, so transporting it by water was possible only in the summer. In winter, the Volga froze. With the advent of the railway, the transportation of products became year-round.

Along with this, the Saratov culture developed.

In 1803, the first fortress theater was opened in Saratov.

In 1885, the first Radishchevsky Museum of Art in Russia (see Appendix 2)

In 1873, the Nikitin brothers circus (see Appendix 3)

In 1909 - Saratov state University  (see appendix 4)

In 1912 - the Conservatory (see Appendix 5)

All this put Saratov close to the major cultural centers of Russia.

Now, I think, we can answer the question: why is Saratov in the early 20th century. began to be called the capital of the Volga region? By its accomplishment, Saratov was the best city on the Volga.

This is what is said about Saratov during the Great Patriotic War in the book of B.I. Kazakova: The Saratov region was the rear, the closest rear of Stalingrad. By decision of the State Committee, 100 industrial enterprises and 370 thousand people were evacuated to the Saratov Region. It is thanks to the evacuation of equipment that mechanical engineering begins to develop. However, light appeared only at military enterprises. I would like to recall the famous countrymen. Three hundred people awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union are our fellow countrymen. Among them, fighter pilot V.V. Talalikhin, Major General I.V. Panfilov, political instructor V.G. Klochkov, armor-piercer I.M. Kaplunov and others)

After the end of World War II, the country was destroyed, it was necessary to feed the people. For this reason, in 1954, virgin lands began to be raised on Saratov land. That is why there are young guys who come to Saratov land from all over Russia. After raising virgin lands, these guys are attracted for the further development of our region.

At the end of plowing, young men begin the construction of power plants. From 1956 to 1971, the Saratov Hydroelectric Power Station was built, 1980 - the Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant, and in 1970 the construction of powerful thermal power plants in Saratov and Engels began. Here they are, the first lights on the land of Saratov and so many young, handsome and single guys! These guys will later be producing oil.

Classroom research

A study was conducted in the classroom, revealing how students know their area. It was proposed to fill out the table.

The children were invited to choose the emblem of Saratov from the three proposed emblems. The following explains why he looks like this.

There are several interpretations of the image on the coat of arms:

• Three sterlets speak of the abundance of these fish in the Volga River.
• The geometric shape of the fish on the coat of arms indicates the intersection of roads converging to Saratov.
• So are the churches in Saratov.

Today, other emblem projects are proposed in the region, since sterlet is no longer found in the Volga.

To fill out the column of attractions, I propose to guess the students what is called in the Saratov region:

• Saratov Tretyakov Gallery (Radishchev Museum).
• Volga La Scala (Academic Opera and Ballet Theater)
• Temple of Science (library of the Saratov Chernyshevsky University).

Third column: illustrations of engineering products, chemical and other industries are offered. All this is shown during the show.

Make a logical chain of the foundation of the territory of the Saratov region:

• The development of mechanical engineering.
• Plowing virgin lands.
• The emergence of watchdog cities.
• The emergence of shopping centers.
• Development of mechanical engineering, chemistry, food industry.
• The construction of the railway.
• Electrification area.
• Mining of oil and gas.

Look at the map of the Saratov region (see Appendix 6). The city of Saratov has repeatedly been called the main candidate for the role of the capital of the Volga region. But besides Saratov in our region there are still many worthy cities. Name them. Students recall as many cities of the Saratov region as possible.

Also, name the villages located in our region.

Nevertheless, Saratov deserves to be called the first: here the first heart surgery was performed by the doctor Ermolaev, the first video recorder was created. Saratov land met the first cosmonaut of the planet - Yu.A. Gagarin.

This city is worthy of every citizen to say "I am proud of my city!"

The results of the study showed that students do not know enough about their native land: there were problems with compiling the logical chain of development of the territory of the Saratov Territory, gaps in knowledge of Saratov sights were identified. The results of the study are presented in the table (see Appendix 7).

As a result of the study, we can conclude that the work was successful: the guys studied local history literature with interest, answered the problematic questions posed in the work, noted for themselves how well they know the past and present of their native land.

Conclusion

Saratov Territory has a unique individual look and rich historical fate. The work done by me is only the initial stage of a multifaceted study, the study of the Saratov region from various angles and aspects. The main result of the work, I believe, is what I managed to introduce to the study of students, to awaken in them an interest in studying the native land. In the future, we plan to get to know the individual cities and settlements of the region, actively work with archival materials. We hope that all our works will benefit: they will be used in history classes, extracurricular activities, and in the work of the local history circle.

List of references

1. Two centuries of the province. Saratov Territory - from the past to the present: historical and journalistic ed. / V. Ivanov, A. Yakovlev; ed. E. Maximov. - Saratov: Shot, 1997 .-- 258 p.

2. The history of the Saratov region from ancient times to the present day / M.V. Bulychev et al. - Saratov: Volga. Prince Publishing House, 2008 .-- 304 p.

3. Kazakov B.I. Pages of the annals of Saratov / B.I. Kazakov, G.D. Kazakova, L.N. Lyubomirova - Saratov: Volga. Prince Publishing House, 1987 .-- 136 p.

4. Culture of the region: textbook. allowance for 8 cl. / comp. G.N. Gavrilova, E.V. Kolesova, Yu.B. Pushnova. - Saratov: Saratovtelefilm, 2007 .-- 80 p. - (Culture of the region).

Since the 6th century BC e. 5th century AD e., in the Volga region lived the Sarmatians-Sarmatians. Near the villages of Susla, Novaya Lipovka, Rivne and in other places there are Sarmatian burial mounds in which burial places of people, weapons, jewelry, household items, dishes were found. From 5-6 centuries AD e. nomadic Turkic tribes begin to penetrate the Volga region: Pechenegs, Polovtsy Turks. In the 8-9 centuries, the Lower Volga region was the center of the monogol-Tatar state - the Golden Horde. The first location of Saratov is the modern Zavodskoy district of the city. The third largest city of the Golden Horde was Uvek, located in the city of Saratov. The main boundaries of the monument is considered to be the mouth of the river. Perpetuations in the north, Neftyanaya station, the bank of the Volga in the east and the edge of the Volga Upland in the west. The name comes from the ancient Turkic word “Uvek” - a tower. Scientists attribute the foundation of Uveka to the 50s of the XIII century. Uvek, like other Golden Horde cities, arose immediately, "from scratch." It was built by prisoners, driven from different countries conquered by the Mongols. The city was not only a craft and trade center, but also the center of the agricultural district. Judging by archaeological finds, the city stretched along the coast for more than two kilometers. He was dominated by a high mountain, which is now called Kalancha. Uvek had a quarterly estate layout. The central district of Uvek was aristocratic. Its streets were built up with one-two-story residential buildings, mosques, palaces made of wood and burnt bricks on lime mortar. The facades of the buildings, as well as the internal ceremonial rooms, were decorated with majestic majolica panels from blue-turquoise tiles. The pattern there was geometric or floral. Large aristocratic estates surrounded by high walls, with swimming pools, with rich adobe brick houses were located here. The houses were distinguished by splendor and luxury of decoration. In the rooms along the three walls, a sofa bed was arranged, inside of which chimneys-cans passed from the stove to heat it. On the inside of the oven, incisions were made for baking cakes. The floor in the dwelling was earthen and brick. Along the Volga stretched handicraft and trade area. There were bazaars, caravanserais, craft workshops. A variety of craftsmen worked in them: jewelers, blacksmiths, braziers, glassblowers. In the pottery forges they made bricks, tiles, majolica and various utensils - simple and glazed on the outside. In this area, one could see small houses standing closely to each other. Small merchants, workshop owners, the most qualified, semi-dependent artisans lived in them. Separate quarters were occupied by large dugouts with walls reinforced with raw brick. Wide sofas and benches were arranged along the walls. Such a room was heated by braziers with hot coals. These dugouts were inhabited by artisan slaves. Probably the same common dugouts existed in the northern part of the city, in the so-called “Christian” neighborhoods, where Russians, Armenians and other non-Muslims lived. There were even Christian churches and chapels. In the southern part of the city was a necropolis. The functioning water supply consisted of a pool, irrigation ditches and underground water pipes, as well as house water pipes. In Uvek, they minted their own coin. She is well known for numerous finds. On one side of it there was an inscription like: "Eternal glory and the attendant honor." On the back, the place of coinage - Uvek - and the year of issue were indicated. Almost all the inscriptions are made in Arabic. The last Uveka coins belong to the mid 70s of the XIV century. Probably, the city in these years was destroyed by landslides of the Volga and fell into great decline. He finally died in 1395 from the forces of Tamerlane, who, pursuing the ruler of the Golden Horde of Tokhtamysh, followed in his footsteps from the Ciscaucasia. Uvek existed for about 150 years. Perhaps now at the bottom of the Saratov rivers under a layer of silt and sand the ancient treasures of the Golden Horde are stored. However, excavations are not conducted, and Tatar riches continue to remain only a legend.

The foundation of Saratov

The need to strengthen the southeastern borders, the settlement and development of vast lands, the development of trade along the Volga Route caused the construction of cities and fortresses on the new outskirts of the state. The cities based on the Volga became a powerful barrier against the races of the Crimean Tatars and neighboring Nogais. The tsarist government took measures against raids by nomads and thieves' Cossacks, but they were ineffective. Then they built fortified cities. All three cities - Samara, Tsaritsyn, Saratov - were founded by one person - Prince Grigory Osipovich Zasekin. He was a major military leader, an experienced fortifier and a recognized urban planner. His name is associated with the final consolidation of the Russian state on the Volga. The fortified city of Saratov was set halfway between the two fortresses, in an area where there was a good ferry across the Volga in July 1590, as mentioned above, by Prince G. O. Zasekin and the boyar F. M. Turov. Already in the next century, Saratov became a solid military-strategic object of the Russian state, the location of which is the cape formed by the Saratov and Volga rivers, which, according to a modern map of the city, is the location of the city of Engels. In the fortress, from 300 to 400 archers stood on the defensive.

Based on indirect documents and archaeological finds, most scholars suggest that the first, original Saratov was built a few kilometers above the modern city. Here, when the Guselka River flows into the Volga, there is a cape with a smooth, slightly sloping plateau. Saratov was originally located in its center. A tall hill or, in local terms, a “shihan” towered above the city, from which the area was perfectly visible for several miles, and from the tower built there, even further. The steep slopes of the banks of the Volga and Guselka, a loan covered with forest, interspersed with flood meadows, canals, elders, ponds, were natural obstacles and protected the city from the Volga region. On the opposite side, a deep ravine, overgrown with forest and shrubs, passing behind a shekhan hill, served as good protection. Wooden fortified walls with towers surrounded a small city and protected it from attacks. In the city, a governor’s office and courtyard of the governor himself were built, nearby were the courtyards of children of boyar and streletsky centurions. The rest of the territory was occupied by the estates of artisans and merchants, and closer to the fortress walls - archers, gunners and other service people. Separately, there were grain barns, powder cellars, a prison and other government buildings. A wooden church towered above all the buildings. Fire hazardous metallurgical and pottery horns, and possibly forges, were arranged behind the walls in the field. The Lower Volga region possessed vast untouched riches. There were fertile lands for plowing, abundant pastures, rich hunting and onboard lands, and notable fishing. Salt was of great value.

The estate of an ordinary Saratovites consisted of a hut, outbuildings (a cellar, a barn, a stable and a room for cattle) and a bathhouse. The hut was small, with small hacked windows, which were pushed by a board - "drag". Part of the hut was occupied by the stove; next to it, under the ceiling, there were organized party clothes for rest and sleep. Things, of which there were not many, were arranged skillfully, which made the hut seem spacious. Along the walls there were wide benches, chests for things - “junk”. There was also a small table. Shelves were cut into the walls. The hut was lit with a torch inserted into an iron forged starlight. A tub of water was placed in front of him for falling coals. There was also a place in the hut for practicing craft: boots, furriers, bone carvers, and others.

The population of the city consisted mainly of service people. They carried a guard service, monitored the movement of Nogai nomads, fought with the "thieves" Cossacks. Sagittarius guarded the Volga Route, accompanying trade caravans to the nearest city. The governor was in charge of all affairs in the city. The first governor was Grigory Zasekin, his assistant was the arrowhead of the Turovs. For their service, archers received sovereign bread and a cash salary, which was delivered to Saratov along the coast. Therefore, in their free time from military guard service, they were engaged in tilling and gardening, raised livestock, and traded in crafts, trade, fishing, and hunting.

At the beginning of the XVII century, an unprecedented exacerbation of the class struggle resulted in the first in history Russian state civil war (1603-1614 years). Fleeing the oppression of the tsarist administration and the oppression of the feudal lords, peasants and townsmen (city dwellers) fled to the Volga shores. Here they joined the forces of the Volga Cossacks. By the summer of 1604, the Cossacks became sovereign masters on the Volga and did not give passage to trade and embassy caravans. Big losses were incurred by the commercial and industrial people of the Volga cities - Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn and others. The entire Volga region stirred up the movement of Ilya Gorchakov, or Ileika Muromets. He managed to assemble a 4,000th detachment of Terek, Don and Volga Cossacks. Ileika presented himself as “Tsarevich Peter, allegedly the son of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible). The detachment of this impostor caused confusion among the boyars, landowners, merchants. Robberies and robberies swept the lower Volga. Soon, a new impostor appeared on the Volga - a typical representative of the Ponizovaya Volnitsa, who called himself "Tsarevich Ivan-August" - the son of Ivan the Terrible. In the summer of 1607, the movement of “Tsarevich Ivan-Augustus” and his self-proclaimed grandchildren of Osinovik began. In July, the Ivashka-August squad entered Tsaritsyn, and then moved up the Volga. The troops of the Ponizovaya Volnitsa freely reached Saratov, besieged him, but they failed to take the city. The reinforced garrison under the command of Zamyatya Saburov and Vladimir Anichkov repulsed the attacks, “beat many thieves,” and “Tsarevich Ivan” hastily moved to Don, where he moved to Bolotnikov. But his detachment was defeated by False Dmitry II, Ivan-August himself and his associate Laurus were captured and hanged. And Cossacks dealt with Osinovik earlier, after the defeat near Saratov. But Saratov did not stay faithful to the Moscow government for long: already in 1609 the city sided with False Dmitry II.

Until 1614, there was no documentary news about Saratov. It is only certain that in the winter of 1613/14 the city burned down, either from negligence with fire, or as a result of an attack by thieves' gangs. The circumstances of the burning of the city are unknown. Wooden Saratov burned like a torch. Many died in the fire of the inhabitants. Failed to save the horses. Part of the archers, who escaped death, moved 350 miles to Samara. About 200 people reached this fortress. This is the fate of the original Saratov.

After the death of Saratov on the right bank, it was restored on the meadow side of the Volga (somewhat north of the current city of Engels). Probably, from here it was easier to monitor the movements of the nomads, to conduct guard service. The first information about the left-bank of Saratov dates back to 1617. It was located on a large cape at the confluence of the Volga small, but then full-flowing river, later called Saratovka.

The city occupied approximately 15-17 hectares. A Moscow merchant passing in 1623, Fedot Kotov, wrote: “In Saratov, the city stands on the meadow side, the towers are chopped, round, a courtyard and rows in the city. And outside the city there are archery yards and fish shops, and barns where they store supplies from ships. ” The fortified city was depicted in the figure by Saratov, the secretary of the Embassy of Holstein, Adam Olearii, who saw Saratov in 1636.

The center of the left-bank of Saratov was a prison (Kremlin) with wooden walls, loopholes for rifle fire and chopped towers with guns. Inside the prison there was a governor’s courtyard, an office, an order hut, customs, a church, houses of “children of the boyars”, shopping arcades and other buildings. A moat was dug in front of the walls of the prison, and behind it was a posad. There were houses of archers, posad people, there were benches, barns. Around the Posad, field fortifications — radolas — were arranged.

In the 1630s, several hundred archers and carpenters were sent to Saratov, who built a new prison. Fortress walls with towers now covered the entire posad. The new fortress was besieged by artillery. On the towers and in the walls were guns firing nuclei, and on the towers towers with buckshot. The city became a fortress, which successfully withstood more than one attack of the "Thieves" Cossacks and nomads.

The main population of the left-bank of Saratov was made up of service people - horse and foot archers, gunners, collars. Of these, 300 people with families lived in the city permanently, but there were another 100 “year-olds” sent to serve in the fortress for two to three years. The city was also inhabited by sovereign blacksmiths and rafts. The servants received salaries in the year of money (3 rubles and bread (two quarters of rye and oats). A small salary forced the servants in their free time to engage in agriculture, gardening, homestead cattle breeding, to manufacture handicrafts and even to conduct small trade. Otherwise, with the family there was no food.

The military authorities consisted of a streltsy head, centurions and junior commanders from among the "children of the boyars." The Streletsky head, as well as the governor, received 40 rubles a year in money. And for successful military campaigns - expensive gifts. The city was inhabited by trading people, artisans (carpenters, shoemakers, kalachniks and others), as well as persons employed on ships and fisheries. But this urban population was not numerous. Few of them had their own courtyards; most of them rented corners in other people's houses. The service people and the urban population obeyed - the governor, who was in charge of administrative, military, economic affairs, and, if necessary, repaired the court and reprisals. In total, there were no more than 1500-2000 people in the left-bank Saratov.

In the spring of 1674, pursuant to the decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich "Saratov make a new city in the mountains," the fortress was moved. Colonel Alexander Shel chose a place in the south of Sokolovaya Mountain, on the site of the fishermen of the Novospassky Monastery in Moscow at that time. In 1722, Peter the Great visited the city, and Academician I. Lepekhin, who looked here in 1769, called Saratov the most developing and well-equipped province in Russia with straight streets and good shopping malls. At that time, a lot of factories were built here. People were engaged in pottery, traded in fish, salt, and bread. Manufactory production was well developed. All this was indicated by the names of the streets, which testified to the employment of the population. Salt, Kuznetsk, Brick, Tulupnaya, Bolshaya and Malaya Kostrizhnye (from the fire "- waste of flax and hemp). The Frenchman Verdier's factory produced satin, stockings, taffeta - fine silk fabric. On August 6, 1774, the main forces of Emelyan Pugachev’s troops approached Saratov. He did not come here with good intentions and stopped on Sokolovaya Gora, from which he began to shell the city.On October 8, the leader of the rebels was arrested in the Saratov Trans-Volga region.

Population of the region in the first half of the XVIII century. occurred both at the initiative of the ruling circles, landowners, monasteries and merchants, and spontaneously. Monasteries founded the city of Khvalynsk, the villages of Voskresenskoye, Bakury, Tersa. Runaway serfs founded many villages, especially in the Volga region, along the banks of the Bolshoi and Maly Irgiz, Bolshoi and Maly Uzen rivers. By the middle of the XVIII century. within the former Saratov province there were already 634 settlements, and the number of inhabitants reached 200 thousand people. At the same time, the trade and transport significance of the Volga and its cities, including Saratov, continued to grow.

In connection with the development of the Elton salt field, the government established a “salt commissariat” in Saratov, which was responsible for the extraction and transportation of salt. Ukrainians were invited to transport salt from Lake Elton to Saratov, where salt barns were built. After 20-30 years in the Left Bank, on the roads from Elton to Saratov, and in the Right Bank, on the roads from Saratov to Tambov and Voronezh, dozens of Ukrainian settlements and hamlets appeared (among them Pokrovskaya Sloboda - the current city of Engels).

The population of the Saratov Volga region increased significantly after moving to the Volga by decree of Catherine II the schismatics. As a result, large schismatic settlements appeared in the Volga region: Balakovo, Krivoluchye, Kamenka, Mechetnoe (Pugachev), etc. Soon the first colonists appeared in the city. Country settlement was called German. According to the plan of 1812, a place in the first quarter from Nikolskaya Street (Radishchev) was specially allocated for this case. Soon Deutsche Street appeared (now Kirov Avenue).

Gradually, Saratov turns into the southern trading capital. Artisans who flooded the city promote its borders from the Volga to the southwest, building benches, houses, shops in the direction from Moskovskaya Street to Aleksandrovskaya (Gorky) and Volskaya. Wealthy people in the person of the local nobility and merchants chose another part of the city, which began immediately after Novo-Soborskaya Square, covering Konstantinovskaya, Aleksandrovskaya, Dvoryanskaya and other streets. The elite of the Saratov society living here took a direct part in the construction of the city. Thus, thanks to widespread philanthropy in 1869, a church appeared in the city in the name of Saints Cyril and Methodius at the men's gymnasium, a house church in the women's boarding school, funds for the construction of which came from Mykola Azarov. But the head of the City Duma, Ivan Pozdeev, helped open a children's hospital on Mount Sokolova. In 1803, the first city theater was opened here. The history of the city also remembers the name of Peter Stolypin, the chairman of the Council of Ministers. P.A. Stolypin (1862-1911) in 1903 was appointed head of the Saratov province. In March, the new governor received city council vowels at his residence (Moskovskaya, 31). Shortly after taking office, the house number 22 on Volskaya Street was adapted for the governor’s apartment. Nearby a three-story building was built for his office and "presence" (Volskaya, 24). In April 1906, 44-year-old Stolypin was appointed Minister of the Interior. The last time he visited Saratov as Prime Minister in September 1910. Now in the regional museum of local history of Saratov you can see the uniform of the reformer of Russia, an armchair from the Kiev theater, on which the mortally wounded Stolypin sank down, as well as a family album with unique photographs. But in the local art museum. Radishchev is a portrait of Stolypin, painted by Ilya Repin by order of the last City Council. The current authorities also managed to perpetuate the memory of the first governor. So, in 2002, the first monument to Stolypin appeared in the city in Russia.

Germans in the Volga region

By the beginning of the 20th century, on the geographical maps of the Volga region there were more than two hundred German names that were given to their settlements by the Germans who settled in the Saratov territories at the invitation of Catherine the Second. But in 1915, these “names” began to urgently change to Russian. Wiesenthal became, for example, Lugovoi. Rosenberg - Umet. Unterdorf - Merry. It was the first world War. And although the Volga Germans have long become respectable Russians, the oppression of German colonists began. German newspapers were closed, and in in public places  forbidden to speak German. The names were remade. After the February Revolution of 1917, the names were restored, newspapers were opened. The Volga Germans achieved the creation of their counties Yekaterinenshtadsky, Zelmansky, Baltsersky. In 1919, the Autonomous Region was formed, which included lands on which the German population dominated. The Saratov authorities did not welcome such changes. With the Germans being separated into an independent region, the province was losing land, where the economy was set much better than in other provinces. However, Moscow supported the colonists. In 1923, part of the lands with the Russian and Ukrainian populations became part of the Autonomous Oblast, filling in the gaps of its territory. Pokrovsky uyezd also entered there. And Pokrovsk itself, due to its economic development and size from the county center, rose to the regional one. In early 1924, the German region was already transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Volga Germans as part of the RSFSR. Thanks to this, Pokrovsk suddenly became the center of the republic. The area of \u200b\u200bthe Volga Germans republic was over 25 thousand square meters. kilometers. The population is more than half a million people. 551 settlements, including 4 cities. The Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Volga Germans was liquidated in 1941, after the outbreak of World War II. The territory of the liquidated ASSR NP was divided between the Saratov region (15 cantons) and the Stalingrad (7 cantons). Urgently, without exception, all Germans were resettled from the Volga region to remote areas of Kazakhstan and Siberia. At the beginning of October 1941, 365 thousand Germans were resettled from the Volga region. And refugees from the western regions of the country began to settle on deserted lands. In May 1942, all 229 German names on the maps were replaced by Russian ones. Balzer became Krasnoarmeysk, Zelman - Equal. Marxstadt lost his German prefix, but avoided renaming, like Engels, for ideological reasons. It was strictly forbidden to mention the disappeared republic.

Weekly tour, one-day hiking and excursions combined with comfort (trekking) in the mountain resort of Hadzhokh (Adygea, Krasnodar Territory). Tourists live at a camp site and visit numerous natural monuments. Rufabgo Waterfalls, Lago-Naki Plateau, Meshoko Gorge, Big Azish Cave, Belaya River Canyon, Guam Gorge.

To the bottom

People have lived on the site of modern Saratov since ancient times. Evidence of this is the Alekseevskoe settlement - an archaeological monument with cultural horizons from the catacomb culture of the Middle Bronze Age (XX-XIX centuries BC) to the Russian settlement of the Golden Horde time (XIII-XIV centuries). The settlement either revived during a relatively stable state system (the Khazar Khaganate, the Volga Bulgaria, the Golden Horde), then disappeared without a trace during the next tide of waves of nomadic peoples. The last such cycle before the foundation of Saratov ended in 1395-1396, during the invasion of Tamerlane, which destroyed Uvek (Ukek) - the Golden Horde city, the center of the ulus of the same name. In the next 200 years, the rare population of the Wild Field was represented by Nogai and then Kalmyk nomads, gangs of thieves' Cossacks and fishing cooperatives of Moscow monasteries.

The foundation of the city and the XVII century

After the campaigns of Russian troops on the Kazan Khanate in 1552 and on the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556, the Moscow kingdom gained vast territories of the Volga region. Under Tsar Fedor Ivanovich, it was decided to build new fortress cities on the Volga. In the summer of 1586 the fortress of Samara was founded, and in the summer of 1589 - Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd). The city of Saratov was founded on July 2 (12), 1590 by Prince Grigory Zasekin and the boyar Fedor Turov halfway between Samara and Tsaritsyn.

The exact location of the original Saratov is unknown - it varies from the modern left-bank Anisovka opposite Uvek to Pristanny on the right bank of the Volga. In the winter of 1613-1614, the city burned down and was again built on the left bank of the Volga, at the mouth of the Saratovka River, in 1617. At this point, he was seen by Adam Olearius in 1636 and Jan Struys:

“On August 14, 1669, they anchored in Saratov. This is a small city located on a plain irrigated by one of the branches of the Volga River. The neighborhood of Cossacks, Tatars, Kalmyks makes it contain a strong garrison. ”In this place, Kalmyks begin to meet, which in my opinion are uglier and worse than all people.”

In 1674, according to the tsar’s decree of Aleksey Mikhailovich “Saratov to make a new one in the mountains,” the city was moved to the right bank of the Volga, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe current Museum of mercy.

As a result, a city called Saratov was laid by Russian governors three times: in 1590, 1617 and 1674, and each time in a new place. This mountain is now called Falcon Mountain. Sokolovaya Mountain is now a popular place from where you can see almost the entire city. It was to the south of it that Colonel Alexander Schel laid the third in a new place construction of the city in 1674.

Throughout the 17th century, Saratov and its environs were ruined by various thieves' gangs, Kalmyks and Kuban Tatars, who did not cease to attack him until the first half of the 18th century. In 1670, Stepan Razin subjected the city to three-day robbery. In 1708 he was besieged by Bulavin’s troops.

The settled agricultural population for a very long time could not occupy the region. Only those who were attracted to the free life of the Cossacks and the impunity of robberies and robberies on the Volga came here. Kazan Governor Artemy Volynsky, in his report to the Senate in 1719, says:

“From Saratov to Astrakhan, between the cities of two hundred and three hundred versts there was no life, for the sake of how merchants and fishermen are driven by fishermen from Kalmyks and from the Kubans great ruin is being repaired and workers are taken prisoner.”

City name

There are several hypotheses about the name of Saratov, but at the moment there is no generally accepted one. In the recent past, it was believed that Saratov got its name from Sokolova Gora, which was called in Tatar "Sary Tau" - "Yellow Mountain". However, this hypothesis is now refuted, since Sokolovaya Gora was never yellow, and a forest always grew on it. There is an assumption that the name of the city came from the words “sar atav” - “lowland island” or “saryk atov” - “hawk island”. There is an assumption that Saratov got its name from the Scythian-Iranian hydronym "Sarat". There are also many hypotheses that find much less confirmation than the above.

The population of the region. Provincial Center

The construction of the Tsaritsyno watch line (1718-20) and other measures of Peter I to strengthen security created the conditions for the settlement of the Right Bank. According to the Regional Reform of 1708, Saratov was assigned to the Kazan province. In 1718 the city moved to the Astrakhan province; from 1728 - again in Kazan, in 1739 - again in Astrakhan.

In 1700, Peter I granted a letter of allotment to Saratov 298763 tithes on the meadow and upland side of the Volga.

“The construction of the city itself is quite fair, although there is no stone structure in it, except for 7 churches and two monasteries - male and female; however, straight streets and good ranks make this city pleasant, so it can be considered one of the best Volga cities. It houses salt and fish marinas, tanneries, cable, hat and silk factories. For the last of these, a distance of five miles from the city, an extensive garden has been established with mulberry trees that are irrigated with keys that beat from the mountains. Near the city on the banks of the Volga there is a fleet of ships with guns - for safety from daredevils traveling along the Volga. ”

academician I.I. Lepekhin 1769

The establishment of the “salt administration” in 1747 gave a strong impetus to the development of the city. Opposite to Saratov, Little Russians carriage of salt (Chumak) from Elton, Pokrovskaya Sloboda is founded. The location at the intersection of the shortest land route to Moscow and the water route from the lower reaches of the Volga and the Caspian Sea makes Saratov an important transshipment point, a major center for trade in fish and salt. So in 1750, 204 thousand poods of fish were sent from Saratov (3264 tons, for comparison, in 2005, 1800 tons of fish were produced).

According to the manifesto of Catherine II of 1762, the persecution of schismatics was stopped, they allocated land in the Volga region. In the future, this led to the emergence of a significant number of economically active Old Believer merchants in Saratov. In 1763, foreigners were invited to settle on the free lands of the Volga and New Russia. Established in Saratov in 1766, the "Office of the Office of the Guardianship of Foreigners" has become the control center for German colonists in the Volga region.

In Saratov, Emelyan Pugachev had his last tangible success. On August 6, 1774, the army of the impostor surrounded, and after the battle on August 7, it took the city. But by this time Michelson’s detachments were literally on the heels of the Pugachevites, and on August 11, Saratov came under the control of government troops.

January 11, 1780 the city became the center of the Saratov governorate, renamed in 1796 in the Saratov province.

The administrative measures of enlightened absolutism for the organization and development of the city were expressed in the development of civil stone construction, the imposition of modern education and health care. A public school was opened (1786), a printing house (1794), and a hospital (1806). The public places were built, the noble assembly (1807), the theater (1810), the guest house (1811), the gymnasium (1820), the magnificent cathedrals of Alexander Nevsky (1825) and Transfiguration (1826).

The basis for the development of the city for more than a hundred years has become the Saratov Master Plan approved in 1812 (drawn up in 1803-10, revised after the great fire of 1811).

In the reign of Nikolai Pavlovich, order was put in place in the provincial administration, and the rule of law was strengthened. A prison castle and barracks are being built. In the city, capital buildings of 4 police units with fire hills are being erected. “Since then, the Saratov fire brigade and tools have been competing with the Moscow one in how the authorities responded when inspecting it.”  Prior to this, the city completely burned out up to 15 times.

October 20, 1828, in view of the intensification of the schism, an independent episcopal department was established. After 2 years, a seminary was opened, and a year later, in 1831, the first parish schools for the common people and a public library. In 1848, the Tiraspol diocese was formed with a center in Saratov, for the spiritual nourishment of Russian Germans of Catholic confession.

In 1830 and 1848, cholera epidemics erupted. The terrible epidemic of 1830, which lasted more than a month, claimed up to 10,000 people (a quarter of the city’s population).

In 1844, a new building of the City Duma was inaugurated. In the same year, private bailiff V.V. Grishin, at his own expense from under the Lysa Gora, carried out a water supply system with subsequent wiring in five collapsible pools. Paving and lighting of the central streets began.

In 1892, a cholera epidemic broke out again in Saratov, which caused a riot in Khvalynsk.

"The capital of the Volga region"

On July 4, 1871, the construction of the Tambov-Saratov railway was completed, connecting the city with Moscow and St. Petersburg, the rapid growth of industry began, the city became one of the largest grain trade and flour milling centers in Russia (along with Nizhny Novgorod and Samara).

The historian S. Kedrov wrote in 1893 about Saratov:

“... Saratov today, with its 120 thousandth population, about 8 thousand students in 69 schools, roughly arranged, 600 thousand annual budget, 138 factories and plants, 16,933 buildings, a relatively developed public press (9 publications, including five newspapers), with its museum, passage, partly on asphalt sidewalks on the main streets, a water supply system, railway and horse-drawn railways, opera houses and drama theaters, an extensive library and a bright public reading room - take on the metropolitan appearance ”.

Until the end of the 1920s, Saratov was the largest of the Volga cities (more than Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, etc.) and was often unofficially referred to as the “capital of the Volga Region”.

In Soviet times

From 1928 to 1932, Saratov was the center of the Lower Volga, from 1934 to the Saratov Territory, and from 1936 to the Saratov Region. The rapid development of the city was noted during the years of World War II, when a number of factories and military schools were evacuated here from the west of the USSR. Until 1990, Saratov was a closed city (foreigners were not allowed to visit it), since several large enterprises of the defense industry worked in the city, in particular, the Saratov Aviation Plant, which produces military and civil aircraft. Many industrial enterprises of Saratov also carried out orders for the Soviet space program.

Modern Saratov

Saratov is a multifunctional center with numerous industrial, cultural, educational institutions. In the historical center are the administration of the city and the region (a complex of buildings built in the late XIX - mid XX centuries); theaters: opera and ballet (1875), drama (1967), young spectators, conservatory (1912), circus, philharmonic society; Museums: Saratov Art Museum named after A.N. Radishchev, (1885), the house-museum of K. Fedin (building of the beginning of the 18th century), the museum-estate of Nikolai Chernyshevsky (beginning of the 19th century).

Saratov is a well-known center of higher education in Russia, research and design activities. In addition to one of the oldest universities in Russia, SSU, there are more than a dozen universities. The city also has developed engineering, oil and chemical industries,

Thanks to the manifesto of Catherine II of July 22, 1763, for a long time Saratov was the "center of attraction" of the Volga Germans, which at the beginning of the 20th century numbered about 800 thousand people.

During the Great Patriotic War, many of them were resettled in Siberia and Kazakhstan; some subsequently returned. Since the 1980s, most have emigrated to Germany, but so far the Catholic Cathedral of St. Clementius (currently transformed into the Pioneer cinema) on German Street recalls the past of Saratov.