Fiction as a form of art. Features of fiction as an art form Literature as an art form is

Chapter 2. Spy-intelligence literature and its derivatives It seems that in the first post-war years(we wrote about this in the previous chapter), and also in the first decade after 1956 it was the largest branch on the tree of detective and semi-detective creations.

Chapter 6. Baroque literature. Precision, free-thinking poetry. Everyday novel In the literature of the French Baroque, the sentiments of the forces opposing absolutism and the social groups that supported it were reflected - on the one hand, the feudal nobility,

Chapter 20. Literature of the Restoration era In the middle of the 17th century. In England, the bourgeois-Puritan revolution ended, a long-term revolution that exhausted the nation. Beginning in 1642, it reached its climax during two civil wars between supporters of parliament and the monarchy and

2 LITERATURE AS AN ART FORM Literature is an art form that uses language as an instrument - and language is an objective instrument. You cannot take writing seriously without the strict premise that words have an objective

Chapter VIII Political literature, satire, art criticism, modern fiction writers Political literature. - Censorship obstacles. - Mugs. - Westerners and Slavophiles. - Foreign political literature: Herzen. - Ogarev. - Bakunin. - Lavrov. -

CHAPTER 1 Literature as academic subject in the system of school philological education Literature as a school academic discipline has a whole series distinctive features, which determine its special position among other school subjects and must necessarily

The place of literature among other arts

Literature works with words - its main difference from other arts. The meaning of the word was given back in the Gospel - a divine idea of ​​the essence of the word. The word is the main element of literature, the connection between the material and the spiritual. A word is perceived as the sum of the meanings that culture has given it. Through the word it is carried out with the general in world culture. Visual culture is that which can be perceived visually. Verbal culture - more consistent with human needs - the word, the work of thought, the formation of personality (the world of spiritual entities).

There are areas of culture that do not require serious attention (Hollywood films do not require much internal commitment). There is literature at depth that requires a deep relationship and experience. Works of literature are a deep awakening internal forces person in different ways, because literature has material. Literature as the art of words. Lessing, in his treatise on Laocoon, emphasized the arbitrariness (conventionality) of signs and the immaterial nature of the images of literature, although it paints pictures of life.

Figurativeness is conveyed in fiction indirectly, through words. As shown above, words in a particular national language are signs-symbols, devoid of imagery. How do these signs-symbols become signs-images (iconic signs), without which literature is impossible? The ideas of the outstanding Russian philologist A.A. help us understand how this happens. Potebni. In his work “Thought and Language” (1862), he singled out the internal form of a word, that is, its closest etymological meaning, the way in which the content of the word is expressed. Inner form words give direction to the listener's thoughts.

Art is the same creativity as the word. The poetic image serves as a connection between external form and meaning, idea. In the figurative poetic word, its etymology is revived and updated. The scientist argued that the image arises on the basis of the use of words in their figurative meaning, and defined poetry as allegory. In cases where there are no allegories in literature, a word that does not have a figurative meaning acquires it in context, falling into the environment of artistic images.

Hegel emphasized that the content of works of verbal art becomes poetic thanks to its transmission “by speech, words, a beautiful combination of them from the point of view of language.” Therefore, the potential visual principle in literature is expressed indirectly. It is called verbal plasticity.

Such indirect figurativeness is a property equally of the literatures of the West and the East, lyric poetry, epic and drama. It is especially widely represented in the literary arts of the Arab East and Central Asia, in particular, due to the fact that the depiction of the human body in painting in these countries is prohibited. Arabic poetry of the 10th century took on, in addition to purely literary tasks, also the role of fine arts. Therefore, much of it is “hidden painting”, forced to turn to the word. European poetry also uses words to draw a silhouette and convey colors:

On pale blue enamel, which is conceivable in April,

Birch branches raised

And it was getting dark unnoticed.

The pattern is sharp and small,

A thin mesh froze,

Like on a porcelain plate, a drawing drawn accurately

This poem by O. Mandelstam is a kind of verbal watercolor, but the pictorial principle here is subordinated to a purely literary task. The spring landscape is just an occasion to reflect on the world created by God, and a work of art that is materialized in a thing created by man; about the essence of the artist’s creativity. The pictorial principle is also inherent in the epic. O. de Balzac had a talent for painting in words, and I. A. Goncharov had a talent for sculpture. Sometimes figurativeness in epic works is expressed even more indirectly than in the poems cited above and in the novels of Balzac and Goncharov, for example, through composition. Thus, the structure of I. S. Shmelev’s story “The Man from the Restaurant,” consisting of small chapters and focused on the hagiographic canon, resembles the composition of hagiographic icons, in the center of which is the figure of a saint, and along the perimeter are marks telling about his life and deeds.

This manifestation of figurativeness is again subordinated to a purely literary task: it gives the narrative a special spirituality and generality. No less significant than verbal and artistic indirect plasticity is the imprinting in literature of the other - according to Lessing's observation, the invisible, that is, those pictures that painting refuses. These are thoughts, sensations, experiences, beliefs - all sides inner world person. The art of words is the sphere where they were born, formed and achieved great perfection and sophistication of observation of the human psyche. They were carried out using such speech forms as dialogues and monologues. Capturing human consciousness with the help of speech is accessible to the only art form - literature. The place of fiction among the arts

In different periods of the cultural development of mankind, literature was given different places among other types of art - from the leading to one of the last. This is explained by the dominance of one direction or another in literature, as well as the degree of development of technical civilization

For example, ancient thinkers, Renaissance artists and classicists were convinced of the advantages of sculpture and painting over literature. Leonardo da Vinci described and analyzed a case reflecting the Renaissance value system. When the poet presented King Matthew with a poem praising the day on which he was born, and the painter presented a portrait of the monarch’s beloved, the king preferred the painting to the book and declared to the poet: “Give me something that I could see and touch, and not just listen to.” , and do not blame my choice for the fact that I put your work under my elbow, and hold the work of painting with both hands, fixing my eyes on it: after all, the hands themselves began to serve a more worthy feeling than hearing.” The same relationship should exist between science the painter and the science of the poet, which exists between the corresponding feelings, the objects of which they are made.” A similar point of view is expressed in the treatise “Critical Reflections on Poetry and Painting” by the early French educator J.B. Dubos. In his opinion, the reasons for the less powerful power of poetry than painting are the lack of clarity of poetic images and the artificiality (conventionality) of signs in poetry

The Romantics put poetry and music in first place among all arts. Indicative in this regard is the position of F.V. Schelling, who saw in poetry (literature), “since it is the creator of ideas,” “the essence of all art.” Symbolists considered music highest form culture

However, already in the 18th century, a different trend arose in European aesthetics - putting literature in first place. Its foundations were laid by Lessing, who saw the advantages of literature over sculpture and painting. Subsequently, Hegel and Belinsky paid tribute to this tendency. Hegel argued that “verbal art, in terms of both its content and method of presentation, has an immeasurably wider field than all other arts. Any content is assimilated and formed by poetry, all objects of spirit and nature, events, stories, deeds, actions, external and internal states,” poetry is a “universal art.” At the same time, in this comprehensive content of literature, the German thinker saw its significant drawback: it is in poetry, according to Hegel, that “art itself begins to disintegrate and for philosophical knowledge finds a point of transition to religious ideas as such, as well as to the prose of scientific thinking.” However, it is unlikely that these features of literature deserve criticism. The appeal of Dante, W. Shakespeare, I.V. Goethe, A.S. Pushkin, F.I. Tyutchev, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, T. Mann to religious and philosophical issues helped create literary masterpieces. Following Hegel, V. G. Belinsky also gave the palm to literature over other types of art.

“Poetry is the highest kind of art. Poetry is expressed in the free human word, which is a sound, a picture, and a definite, clearly spoken idea. Therefore, poetry contains within itself all the elements of the other arts, as if it suddenly and inseparably uses all the means that are given separately to each of the other arts.” Moreover, Belinsky’s position is even more literary-centric than Hegel’s: the Russian critic, unlike the German esthetician, does not see anything in literature that would make it less significant than other forms of art

The approach of N.G. Chernyshevsky turned out to be different. Paying tribute to the possibilities of literature, a supporter of “real criticism” wrote that, since, unlike all other arts, it acts on fantasy, “in terms of the strength and clarity of the subjective impression, poetry is far below not only reality, but also all other arts " In fact, literature has its own weaknesses: in addition to immateriality, the conventionality of verbal images, it is also a national language in which literary works are always created, and the resulting need to translate them into other languages.

A modern literary theorist evaluates the possibilities of the art of words very highly: “Literature is the “first among equals” art.”

Mythological and literary plots and motifs are often used as the basis for many works of other types of art - painting, sculpture, theater, ballet, opera, pop, program music, cinema. It is precisely this assessment of the possibilities of literature that is truly objective.

Literature!

Literature ( lat. lit(t)eratura, literally - written, from lit(t)era - letter) - in a broad sense, this is a collection of any written texts.

The material embodiment of literary works is a set of various images and concepts recorded by the author in words and phrases. Literature is one of the subject arts, in which the word is the main means of figuratively reflecting life and fantasy. With the help of images, fiction recreates entire eras.

Such “participation” is necessary for a complete and deeper understanding of what is written: for example, the reader worries about Tatiana in “Eugene Onegin”, tries to understand the reasons for Katerina’s actions in “The Thunderstorm” and the complex spiritual world of Natasha Rostova in “War and Peace”, the tragedy of Grigory Melekhov in "Quiet Don".

It is our perception and experience of the destinies of the heroes that testifies to the fact that literature is an art, the art of words.

Fiction as the art of words

Fiction(from Latin “letter”) is a type of art in which the word is the main means of figurative reflection of life.

Art is the reproduction of life in artistic images. Art is one of the most important factors spiritual life of humanity, it stimulates creative activity, enriches human life with emotional experiences and reflections.

Types of art

1. Spatial types of art: painting, sculpture and architecture, art photography. They are called “spatial” because the objects they depict are perceived by a person in a motionless form, as if frozen in space.
2. Temporary arts: music, singing, dance, pantomime and fiction. They are called temporary because, unlike the static form of image characteristic of spatial arts, they reproduce life in its temporal development.
3. Synthetic types of art: theater, cinema. They combine elements of both spatial and temporal types (the action takes place both in space and in time).

IN different types art, the same law applies: meaningless material is organized by the artist into a life-like form that expresses a certain ideological and aesthetic content. At the same time, each type of art uses “its own” material: music - sound, painting - paints, architecture - stone, wood, metal, etc. Literature works with words, therefore it is able not to be limited in depiction, revealing the internal and external world a person, his subtlest experiences. This is its main difference from other forms of art. The divine essence of the word was proclaimed in the Bible (Gospel of John). The word is the main element of literature; it creates a connection between the material and the spiritual.

The German philosopher Hegel called the word the most plastic material. Indeed, through the means of words one can reproduce what is depicted by any other form of art. Thus, poetry, in its methods of sound organization, approaches music, prosaic verbal images can create the illusion of a plastic image, etc. In addition, the word makes it possible to depict human speech. Words can describe a sound, color, smell, convey a mood, “tell” a melody, “draw” a picture. The verbal image can compete with the pictorial and musical. And yet it has its limits - literature uses only words.

In prehistoric times, literature existed in oral form. With the advent of writing, a new stage in the development of literature began, although folklore does not lose its importance as the basis of literature to this day. In many literary works you can find echoes of the “origins” of literature (in the works of N.S. Leskov, I.S. Turgenev, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, etc.).

It is hardly possible to exaggerate the influence of literature on the formation of personality. The art of words has long become part of the social and cultural environment in which every person develops. Literature preserves and transmits universal spiritual values ​​from generation to generation, addressing directly the human consciousness, since the material carrier of imagery in literature is the word. The relationship between the word, or more precisely, speech and thinking, has been studied for a long time and is beyond doubt: the word is the result of thought and its instrument. With the help of words, we not only express what we think: the thought process itself has a verbal (verbal) basis and is not possible without speech. And if a word forms a thought, then the art of words can influence the way of thinking. In the history of literature one can find many examples confirming this. Often the art of words was directly used as a powerful ideological weapon, literary works became an instrument of agitation and propaganda (for example, works of Soviet literature). Of course, these are extreme manifestations, but even in the case when literature does not directly pretend to be an agitator and mentor, it conveys to a person ideas about certain norms, rules, and finally, offers him a certain way of seeing the world, forms his attitude to the information that a person receives daily.

Basic functions of fiction :

• educational function;
• heuristic (cognitive) function (study of the surrounding world);
• aesthetic function (cultivating a sense of beauty);
• communicative function.