What is the difference between functional styles in linguistic terms. Features of functional speech styles
Oct 05 2010
Styles are varieties of language, due to differences in the areas of communication and the main functions of the language. In linguistics, such a special section as stylistics deals with the study of styles.
There are five areas of communication (they are also called language situations): everyday life, science, law, politics, art. As for the main functions of the language, there are three of them: communication, message, impact.
Depending on speech situations and language functions, the following types of styles are distinguished:
conversational style (household sphere, communication function, less often - messages);
scientific (field of science, message function);
official-business (field of law, message function);
journalistic (the sphere of politics and art, the functions of communication and influence);
artistic (sphere of art, function of emotional impact).
Characteristics of speech styles
Conversational style is primarily for direct communication with the people around us. It is characterized by ease and unpreparedness of speech. It often uses colloquial words(young instead of newlyweds, start instead of start, now instead of now, etc.), words in a figurative sense (window - in the meaning of 'break'). Words in a colloquial style often not only name objects, actions, signs, but also contain their assessment: good fellow, dodger, careless, take a nap, be smart, cheerful. The syntax of the colloquial style is characterized by the use simple sentences. Incomplete sentences are widely presented in it, since colloquial speech is most often a dialogue.
Scientific style is the style of scientific works, articles, textbooks, lectures, reviews. They contain information about various phenomena of the world around us. In the field of vocabulary, the scientific style is characterized primarily by the presence of special vocabulary, terms (declension, conjugation, theorem, bisector, logarithm, etc.). Words are used, as a rule, in their direct meanings, since scientific speech does not allow ambiguity and must be extremely accurate.
The official business style serves a wide area of legal, administrative, diplomatic relations. Its main purpose is information, communication. This style is used when writing various documents, instructions, charters, etc. The words in it are used in their direct meaning in order to avoid their misinterpretation. The vocabulary of this style contains many words and sustainable combinations assigned specifically to this style: petition, statement, resolution, order, protocol, appeal, sue, file a case; We, the undersigned. Frequent in the syntax of a given style impersonal sentences with the meaning of necessity, order (it is necessary to urgently prepare, measures should be taken, etc.).
Journalistic style is the style of newspapers, speeches on current socio-political topics. The most common genres of journalism include editorial, correspondence, essay, speech at a rally, meeting, etc. In the works of journalism, two tasks are usually set: firstly, a message, information about certain social phenomena or acts, and, secondly - an open assessment of the issues raised, in order to actively influence the listener or reader, in order to attract the interlocutor to support the position that he takes and defends.
The vocabulary of this style contains many words and phraseological turns of a socio-political nature: progressive humanity, the struggle for peace, advanced ideas.
Artistic style is used in works of art to paint a picture, depict an object or event, convey the emotions of the author to the reader. Statements of the artistic style are distinguished by figurativeness, visualization, and emotionality. The characteristic linguistic means of styles include words with specific meaning, words in figurative use, emotional-evaluative words, words with the meaning of a feature, object or action, words with the meaning of comparison, comparison; perfect form verbs with a prefix for-, denoting the beginning of the action, figurative use of forms of time and moods (Akim fall in love with this Dunyasha!), Emotionally colored sentences: Suddenly, something broke in the stagnant air, the wind blew violently and , whistled around the steppe. Immediately, the grass and last year's weeds raised a murmur, and dust swirled in a spiral on the road, ran across the steppe and, dragging straw, dragonflies and feathers, rose to the sky in a black spinning pillar and clouded the sun (A. Chekhov).
The language of fiction is the most complete expression of the national language. In works of fiction, the artist of the word enjoys almost unlimited freedom in the choice of linguistic means to create the most convincing, memorable images, for an aesthetic impact on the reader. Therefore, fiction is able to include all the richness of the literary and popular language.
In order to give the reader an idea of the era, scene of action, life, he uses obsolete words (historicisms, archaisms), words of local dialects in the narrative.
In stylistics, there is such a thing as the stylistic resources of the language. These include stylistically colored vocabulary (steal - neutral, kidnap - bookish, steal - colloquial); stylistically colored morphemes (male, officer, chauffeur, soldier - colloquial, ponder, collect - colloquial, rejoice, love - bookish); stylistic possibilities of parts of speech (five kilograms of oranges - five kilograms of orange - colloquial, on vacation - bookish, on vacation - colloquial, on the sofa bed - colloquial, on the sofa bed - bookish); stylistic means in syntax (due to drought, the harvest was low (book) - due to drought ... (neutral); task completed by students (book) - task completed by students (neutral)).
Need a cheat sheet? Then save - » Functional styles of speech and their main features. Answer to ticket number 24. Literary writings!Main types of speech are description , narration and reasoning .
Description- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any phenomenon of reality is depicted by listing its constant or simultaneously present signs or actions (the content of the description can be conveyed on one frame of the camera).
In the description, most of all, words denoting qualities, properties of objects (nouns, adjectives, adverbs) are used.
Verbs are more often used in the form of the imperfect form of the past tense, and for special clarity, figurativeness of the description - in the form of the present tense. Synonyms are widely used - definitions (agreed and inconsistent) and nominal sentences.
For example:
The sky was clear, clear, pale blue. Light white clouds, lit from one side with a pink glow, floated lazily in transparent silence. The East was red and flaming, shimmering in other places with mother-of-pearl and silver. From behind the horizon, like giant spread fingers, stretched up across the sky golden stripes from the rays of the sun that had not yet risen. (A. I. Kuprin)
The description helps to see the subject, to present it in the mind.
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Narration- this is a type of speech, with the help of which it is told about any events in their temporal sequence; successive actions or events are reported (the content of the narration can be conveyed only on a few frames of the camera).
In narrative texts, a special role belongs to verbs, especially in the form of the past tense of the imperfective form ( came, saw, developed etc.).
For example:
And suddenly... something inexplicable, almost supernatural, happened. The Great Dane suddenly fell on its back, and some invisible force pulled it off the sidewalk. Following this, the same invisible force tightly gripped the astonished Jack's throat... Jack propped himself up with his front legs and shook his head violently. But an invisible "something" squeezed his neck so that the brown pointer lost consciousness. (A. I. Kuprin)
Narrative helps to visualize the actions, movements of people and phenomena in time and space.
reasoning- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any position, thought is proved or explained; it talks about the causes and consequences of events and phenomena, assessments and feelings (about what cannot be photographed).
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In reasoning texts, a special role belongs to introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation ( firstly, secondly, so, therefore, therefore, on the one hand, on the other hand), as well as subordinating unions with the meaning of cause, effect, concession ( in order to, in order to, because, although, in spite of the fact that etc.)
For example:
If the writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he writes about, then the reader will not see anything behind them.
But if the writer sees well what he writes about, then the simplest and sometimes even erased words acquire novelty, act on the reader with striking force and evoke in him those thoughts, feelings and states that the writer wanted to convey to him. G. Paustovsky)
The boundaries between description, narration and reasoning are rather arbitrary. At the same time, any one type of speech is not always presented in the text. Much more often there are cases of their combination in various versions: description and narration; description and reasoning; description, narration and reasoning; description with elements of reasoning; narrative with elements of reasoning, etc.
Speech styles
Style- this is a historically established system of linguistic means and ways of organizing them, which is used in a certain area of human communication (public life): the field of science, official business relations, propaganda and mass activities, verbal and artistic creativity, the field of everyday communication.
Each functional style is characterized by:
a) scope of application;
b) main functions;
c) leading style features;
d) language features;
e) specific forms (genres).
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scientific style
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scientific style is divided into three sub-styles: actually scientific , scientific and educational and popular science .
Each of these sub-styles has its own characteristics. In scientific, educational and popular science substyles, it is allowed to use some (separate) language means characteristic of colloquial speech and journalism, including means of linguistic expressiveness (metaphors, comparisons, rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations, parcellation and some others).
In texts scientific style all types of speech can be represented: description, narration and reasoning (most often: reasoning-proof and reasoning-explanation).
Formal business style
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Two types of speech are usually presented in formal business style texts: description and narration.
Journalistic style
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Journalistic style is divided into two sub-styles: journalistic and artistic-journalistic.
Actually journalistic style characterized by the topicality of the topic, the use of socio-political vocabulary and terminology ( deputy, power, patriot, parliament, conservatism), specific journalistic vocabulary and phraseology ( reporting, peacemaking, corridors of power, conflict resolution), the frequency of the use of borrowed words that name new economic, political, everyday, scientific and technical phenomena ( distributor, investment, inauguration, killer, croupier, rating and etc.).
The artistic and journalistic sub-style, in its linguistic features, approaches the style of fiction and is characterized by a combination of the functions of influence and persuasion with an aesthetic function, as well as the widespread use of figurative and expressive means of language, including tropes and figures.
In texts journalistic style all types of speech can occur: description, narration and reasoning.
For artistic and journalistic substyle reasoning-thinking is especially characteristic.
Art style
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In artistic style texts, as well as in journalism, all types of speech are widely used: description, narration and reasoning. Reasoning in works of art appears in the form of reasoning-reflection and is one of the essential funds revealing the inner state of the hero, psychological characteristics character.
Conversational style
| Scope (Where?) | Household (informal setting) |
| Functions (why?) | Direct everyday communication; |
| Main style features | Ease, simplicity of speech, concreteness, emotionality, imagery |
| Basic language tools | Colloquial, including emotional-evaluative and expressive, vocabulary and phraseology ( potato, book, daughter, baby, long, plop, the cat cried, headlong); incomplete sentences; the use of expressive syntactic constructions characteristic of colloquial speech (interrogative and exclamatory sentences, sentence words, including interjectional ones, sentences with parcellation ( Will you come tomorrow? Be silent! Sleep would! - Are you in the cinema? - Not. Here's another! Ouch! Oh you!); |
| Genres | Friendly conversation, private conversation, everyday story, dispute, notes, private letters |
As a result of studying this chapter, the student should:
- – know structure functional styles modern Russian literary language;
- – be able to follow genre, style and stylistic norms;
- – own understanding of the aesthetic ideal of a particular style.
The concept of functional style
functional style- this is the use of the literary language in a certain sphere of human activity. Each functional style selects and organizes linguistic means (words, morphological forms, syntactic constructions) depending on the conditions and tasks of communication. Functional style has a special, layered organization of language tools.
Knowledge of the literary language, the ability to switch stylistic codes depending on the conditions and tasks of communication indicate the level of education of a person, his creative potential.
Traditionally, five styles are distinguished in functional stylistics: colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic and literary and artistic. Styles of literary language may have predominantly oral or written form. According to this principle, they can be divided into styles book and written(official business, scientific, journalistic, literary and artistic) and colloquial.
Styles also differ based on the style they implement. language features. The main function of publicistic style is affecting, scientific and official business - informative; conversational style implements the function communication, i.e. communicative, and literary and artistic - special, aesthetic language function.
According to the type of reality reflected, colloquial, scientific, journalistic and official business styles are opposed to literary and artistic, as they reflect the reality around us. The style of fiction depicts an aesthetically transformed reality, i.e. forms a "secondary" reality.
The style system of the literary Russian language is not static, it develops, becomes more complicated, differentiates with the development of the literary language as a whole. In this regard, modern researchers supplement the typology of styles that has developed in classical Russian stylistics with new functional varieties: religious and preaching, political, and advertising styles. However, this issue remains debatable. The journalistic style has undergone significant transformations, which in modern stylistics is understood as the style of mass communication.
The complication and refinement of the modern system of functional styles testify to the development and complication of the modern Russian language.
Functional Style Structure
In order for communication to be successful, it is necessary to choose the right one that meets the conditions of communication. style, which can be defined as a special form of the literary language, corresponding to the goals and objectives successful communication (institutional or interpersonal) in a given (socially significant) area of communication.
Each style has a complex two-level structure organizations:
- 1. Extralinguistic(extra-linguistic) features of style, due to the scope of its use, the environment in which communication takes place (i.e. consituation), etc.
- 2. Intralinguistic(intralinguistic) features inherent in this style and distinguishing it in the system of functional styles of the Russian literary language.
To extralinguistic features of style, i.e. those that depend on external conditions (factors) of communication include:
- - the function of the language that dominates in this style (the function of communication, message and influence);
- - the sphere of communication (institutional or interpersonal);
- - a form of social consciousness (logical-conceptual - for scientific style, figurative - for artistic, conceptual-figurative - for journalistic, deontic - for official business, pragmatic - for colloquial);
- - topic (thematic assignment of communication);
- - chronotope (time and place of communication);
- - the generalized type of the addresser (its expressiveness or fundamental non-expression in communication);
- - intention (communicative intention) of the addresser;
- – generalized type of addressee (target audience or mass addressee).
These extra-linguistic features form the boundaries of each style and influence the selection of linguistic means for successful communication, i.e. intralinguistic basis of style.
The intralinguistic features of the style include:
- – typical form of communication (oral/written);
- - a typical type of speech (dialogue / monologue);
- – style norms/standards;
- - stable types of language design of speech;
- – subjectivity/objectivity of speech;
- – creativity/cliché in the use of language means.
Each functional style has substyles, which refers to the implementation of style depending on the specific goals of communication in a functionally and thematically given area of communication.
For example, scientific style has three sub-styles: proper scientific, scientific and educational and popular science. AT formal business style distinguish official-documentary, legal and diplomatic sub-styles, and in journalistic- informational and actually journalistic.
Each style is realized through an extensive system of specific genres. Genre- this is a compositionally stable and stylistically typical design of texts. For example, genre news, which forms the basis of the informational substyle of the journalistic style, has a rigid composition, the so-called "inverted pyramid", when the first paragraph of the text contains the most important factual information (what, where and when it happened), and the details are given at the end of the text. The stylistic design of the news is emphatically neutral, non-judgmental speech means are used, the emphasis is on factual information.
So, the style is formed from the texts of certain genres. (text → genre → understyle → style) and implements, with the help of specific language means of different levels, the main communicative tasks of the author in the socially significant sphere of communication. Thus, knowledge of the literary language implies knowledge of textual norms (the ability to correctly write a text in accordance with the canons of the genre and the canons of style), as well as knowledge of the language norms of all levels that are necessary to most accurately express one's thought.
MODERN RUSSIAN language is the national language of the Russian people, a form of Russian national culture. It is a historically established linguistic community and unites the entire set of linguistic means of the Russian people, including all Russian dialects and dialects, as well as various jargons. The highest form of the national Russian language is the Russian literary language, which has a number of features that distinguish it from other forms of language existence: processing, normalization, breadth of social functioning, general obligation for all members of the team, a variety of speech styles used in various areas of communication
Russian language belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages belonging to the Hindu-European family of languages. It is the 8th language in the world in terms of native speakers and the 5th language in the world in terms of total number of speakers. The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the main language of international communication in Central Eurasia, Eastern Europe, in the countries of the former Soviet Union, one of the working languages of the UN. It is the most widely spoken Slavic language and the most widely spoken language in Europe, geographically and by the number of native speakers. It ranks fourth among the most translated languages, and also seventh among the languages into which most books are translated. In 2013, the Russian language came in second place among the most popular languages on the Internet.
Russian language is public and official language in the following states: Russia, Belarus(along with Belarusian), partially recognized South Ossetia(along with Ossetian) and unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic(along with Moldovan and Ukrainian).
Russian language is considered official language public institutions (but below the state in status) in the following states: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, partially recognized Abkhazia. In some administrative divisions Moldova, Romania and Norway Russian is recognized as one of the regional or local official languages.
2. Functional styles of the Russian language. Their types. Functional speech styles
The functional style of speech is a certain language system that is responsible for the goals and conditions of communication in a certain area and combines a set of stylistic language means. In essence, functional styles are heterogeneous, they differ from each other in a well-defined genre variety, terminology and literary presentation.
Types of functional speech styles
Depending on the spheres of public life in which the language is currently used, the following functional styles are distinguished: official business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.
Formal business style
The official business style of speech is used to convey information in an official setting (legislative, administrative and legal activities, office work). With the help of this style, legal acts, protocols, certificates, receipts, etc. are created.
The official business style has a number of features that distinguish it from other styles of speech: imperativeness, accuracy (two interpretations are not allowed), lack of emotional coloring, strict textual composition. This style makes extensive use of clichés, nomenclature names, abbreviations, and verbal nouns.
scientific style
The main function of this style is the transmission and dissemination of scientific information, as well as proof of its truth. The main properties of the scientific style is the use of general scientific terms, abstract vocabulary, description of any discoveries or precedents. The scientific style is dominated by short real nouns.
Most often, the scientific style is found in articles, research papers, school essays, monographs and educational literature.
Journalistic style
This functional style of speech is used to influence, most often ideologically, on the general public through the means mass media and oratory. Publicistic style is most often found in such genres as essay, article, reportage, interview. From other speech stylistics, the scientific style is distinguished by its inherent increased emotionality and the use of socio-political vocabulary.
Conversational style
This style acts as a tool for the direct transmission and exchange of information relating to everyday issues and does not require an official setting. It uses mostly simple vocabulary, which carries emotionality, expressiveness and logical saturation. The most common genre is dialogue. Non-verbal factors are of great importance in conversational style: gestures and facial expressions. It also allows repetitions, incomplete sentences, and introductory words.
Art style
Artistic style is used in the creation of fiction. With its help, the author influences the reader, controls his feelings. In the artistic style, the inherent richness of vocabulary, imagery and emotionality. It is also possible to mix all other styles. Artistic style performs an aesthetic function, this is its main difference from colloquial and journalistic styles.
3. Art style features
The artistic style of speech, as a functional style, is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In order to understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech.
Fiction is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, objective, logical-conceptual reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, their understanding or comprehension of this or that phenomenon. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, and the like. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.
The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The words that form the basis of this style primarily include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.
In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.
The emotionality and expressiveness of the image comes to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech it realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor ( lead clouds, lead nots, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.
Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word, or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is hilly Pavlovsk ..." Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to a common plan. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.
FUNCTIONAL STYLES,
LISTENED SPEECH, GENRE
Plan
1. General characteristics of the concept of "functional style of speech" (definition, style-forming factors, sub-style and genre originality).
2. Features of the conversational style of speech.
3. Features of the literary and artistic style of speech.
4. Features of the public-journalistic style of speech.
5. Features of the scientific style of speech.
6. Features of the official business style of speech.
1. It is known that, depending on the purpose of communication, the form of communication, the addressee, speech situations are grouped and correlated with one or another sphere of human activity, for example, educational, business, social, etc. In this sense, speech is also typified: some means of language become preferable in situations business sphere of communication, others - in the scientific, etc.
This is how they are formed functional styles- varieties of literary language. The term "functional style" itself emphasizes that the varieties of the literary language are distinguished on the basis of the functions(role) that the language performs in each specific case. For example, for a scientific article, first of all, accuracy in the designation of concepts is important, and in fiction and journalism - emotionality, figurativeness of expression. At the same time, in each specific case, special language means are selected, and in some cases the method of presenting these means also matters.
Word style(gr. style) in ancient Greek meant a pointed stick, a rod for writing on wax tablets. In the future, this word acquired the meaning of "handwriting", and later began to denote the manner, method, features of speech.
So under style In linguistics, it is customary to understand a variety of literary language that serves some side of social life, has a special sphere, a certain range of topics, and is characterized by special conditions of communication. It is called functional, since it performs a certain function in society in each case.
The doctrine of styles goes back to M.V. Lomonosov, who wrote: "... Russian language through the use of church books according to decency has different degrees: high, mediocre and low. This comes from three kinds of sayings of the Russian language.
Functional style is created by a combination of neutral language means and special means used only in this style. Depending on the basis of classification, various types of functional styles are distinguished. The communicative and everyday function serves as the basis for the opposition colloquial styles to bookish styles. In turn, according to specific stylistic manifestations, in accordance with the spheres of social activity, specific book functional styles are distinguished. The traditional classification of styles can be represented as the following scheme:
| Literary and artistic |
Each functional style is complex system, the features of which are manifested both in oral and written forms of its implementation (although to a different extent). At the same time, stylistic differences cover all language levels: pronunciation of words and stress, morphological means, lexical and phraseological composition, characteristic syntactic constructions.
In functional styles, as a rule, stand out substyles that meet the requirements of a particular type of activity. So, in the scientific style, the actual scientific substyle (academic sphere), scientific and technical (engineering sphere), educational and scientific (field higher education) and other substyles.
Note that the peculiarity of each style is not only the scope and purpose of communication, general requirements, conditions of communication, but also genres in which it is implemented.
What is a genre? Let's define this concept. A genre is a specific type of text that retains the common features of a particular style (its dominant), but at the same time is characterized by special compositional speech structures and linguistic means.
For example, in the literary and artistic style, such genres as novel, short story, story, poem are distinguished; in a journalistic style - essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton; in official business - a statement, order, certificate, letter of guarantee; in scientific style - monograph, report, abstract, abstract, etc.
It is clear from the definition that each genre (speech work) requires its own linguistic means of expression and a special way of organizing them. At the same time, one must always remember that the choice of stylistically colored words is justified, that the language means used belong to the style to which this or that genre belongs. Otherwise, this will lead to misinterpretation, ambiguity and will indicate a low level of speech culture.
Therefore, we can talk about the existence of the so-called style-forming factors, which are designed to set parameters for each functional style. In particular, this can be observed in the selection of linguistic means (orthoepic, grammatical, lexical) that form a certain system. This system is manifested in the interaction of neutral (common) units and special (stylistically colored). Note that style-forming factors have a strict hierarchy. Among them we single out three main ones: scope, purpose and mode of communication. It is they who determine the choice of the type of speech, its form, the way of presentation and the requirements of certain qualitative characteristics.
Thus, it is customary to distinguish between the following areas of communication: socio-political, scientific, legal, domestic, etc.
The purpose of communication can be not only the transfer of information, but also persuasion, prescription, aesthetic impact, establishing contact, etc.
Concerning way of communication, then, on the one hand, mass and personal methods are distinguished, and on the other, contact, non-contact and indirectly contact.
If the speaker or writer is well aware of the features of these factors, it will not be difficult for him to determine or choose a style.
Of course, in practice we often observe a mixture of styles. In a live speech stream, styles can interact. Especially often this takes place in the colloquial everyday style of speech. But in order to understand the degree of admissibility of using different manifestations of the language, one must be well aware of the norms and qualitative characteristics inherent in a particular style. It is for this purpose that we turn to a brief analysis of them.
2. Conversational style used for direct everyday communication in various fields of activity: everyday, unofficial, professional, and others. True, there is one feature: in everyday life, the conversational style has oral and written forms, and in the professional sphere - only oral. Compare: colloquial lexical units - reader, teacher, spur and neutral - reading room, teacher, cheat sheet. AT writing professional content colloquial vocabulary is unacceptable.
Spoken speech is uncodified speech, it is characterized by unpreparedness, improvisation, concreteness, informality. Conversational style does not always require strict logic, sequence of presentation. But it is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of expressions, subjective-evaluative character, arbitrariness, simplicity, even some familiarity of tone.
In conversational style, the following are distinguished genres: friendly conversation, private conversation, note, private letter, personal diary.
In terms of language colloquial speech is distinguished by an abundance of emotionally colored, expressive vocabulary, the so-called condensate words ( evening -"Evening Moscow") and doublet words ( freezer- evaporator in the refrigerator). It is characterized by appeals, diminutive words, free word order in sentences. At the same time, sentences that are simpler in construction are more often used than in other styles: incompleteness, incompleteness are their feature, which is possible due to the transparency of the speech situation (for example: Where are you going? - In the tenth .; Well? - Passed!). They often contain subtext, irony, humor. Colloquial speech carries a lot of phraseological turns, comparisons, proverbs, sayings. It tends to constantly update and rethink linguistic means, the emergence of new forms and meanings.
Academician L.V. Shcherba called colloquial speech "a forge in which verbal innovations are forged." Spoken language enriches book styles with lively, fresh words and phrases. In turn, book speech has a certain effect on colloquial speech: it disciplines it, gives it a more normalized character.
One more feature of the conversational style should be noted: for him great importance has knowledge of speech etiquette both in written and oral form. In addition, for oral colloquial speech, it is very important to take into account the specifics of extralinguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, tone, environment. Takova general characteristics conversational style.
3. Literary and artistic style. Home distinctive feature language of fiction is its purpose: the whole organization of language means is subordinated here not just to the transfer of content, but to the impact on the feelings and thoughts of the reader or listener with the help of artistic images.
The main features of the artistic style are imagery, aesthetic significance, manifestation of the author's individuality. In this style with the aim of creating artistic image metaphor, metonymy, personification and other specific expressive means are widely used. Note that in work of art some non-literary elements of the language (dialectisms, vernacular, jargon) or language means of other styles may be present.
As an example, we can cite an excerpt from V. Shukshin's story "The Freak", in which the features of the official business style are played up for artistic purposes:
“At the airport Chudik wrote a telegram to his wife: “Landed. Lilac branch fell on the chest, dear Pear, do not forget me. Vasyatka. The telegraph operator, a strict dry woman, after reading the telegram, suggested:
- Do it differently. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.
- Why? asked the Weird. This is how I always write to her. This is my wife! … You probably thought…
- You can write anything in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is plain text.
The weirdo rewrote: “Landed. Everything is good. Vasyatka. The telegraph operator corrected two words herself: “Landed” and “Vasyatka”. It became: “Arrived. Vasiliy".
As we can see, works of fiction use different possibilities of the national language, so the language of fiction is exceptionally rich and flexible.
The literary and artistic style is realized in the form of prose, drama and poetry, in which the corresponding genres Keywords: novel, short story, short story, short story; drama, comedy, tragedy; poem, fable, etc.
I would like to note one important circumstance: when analyzing the language of fiction, we usually talk not only about the manifestation of the culture of speech as such, but also about the talent, skill of the writer, who managed to use all the facets, all the riches of the national language in his work.
4. Journalistic style performs 2 main functions- informational and influencing - and is addressed to the mass reader and listener. It is used both in written and oral forms, which within the framework of this style closely interact and converge. This style is quite complex and branched, characterized by numerous inter-style influences. It highlights the following substyles and genres:
1) newspaper and journalistic (article, information note, essay, interview);
2) propaganda (appeals, appeals, leaflets);
3) official political and ideological (party resolutions);
4) mass-political (speeches at meetings and rallies of a political nature), etc.
However, the journalistic style is most fully and widely, in all the variety of genres, represented in newspaper bed. Therefore, the concepts of "newspaper language" and "journalistic style" are often considered as identical or close. Let us dwell in more detail on the features of this substyle, which has received the widest distribution.
According to Academician V.G. Kostomarov, the newspaper sub-style is interesting in that it combines two opposite tendencies: the tendency towards standardization, characteristic of strict styles (scientific and official business), and the tendency towards expressiveness, characteristic of colloquial speech and the language of fiction.
Therefore, the newspaper often contains stable, standard expressions that have an expressive coloring. Typical for the newspaper and journalistic substyle are, for example, the following phrases: good tradition, bloody coup, amass political capital, escalation of the situation, convincing victory and others. In addition, the language of newspapers is replete with so-called "labels" (pseudo-democrat, fascist, retrograde).
The most important in the public-journalistic style are genres used in the media, such as: reportage, interview, oratory, public speaking, discussion and some others.
In general, journalistic style texts are characterized by informative richness, simplicity, accessibility of presentation, logic, appeal, emotionality, social appraisal, and the presence of declarative elements. An important feature can be considered the fact that the journalistic style always strives for figurativeness and at the same time brevity in expressing thoughts.
And now let's move on to the analysis of the features of the scientific and official business styles, which will be considered in more detail, since they are closely related to the educational activities of the university.
5. Scientific style of speech intended for communication scientific information, explanations of facts both orally and in writing and to a greater extent designed for the advanced reader.
In the scientific style of speech, as in journalistic, depending on the nature of the addressee and goals, the following are distinguished substyles and their respective genres:
1) actually scientific, or academic (monograph, article, report);
2) scientific and informative (abstract, annotation, patent description);
3) scientific reference (dictionary, reference book, catalogue, encyclopedia);
4) educational and scientific (textbook, Toolkit, lecture);
5) popular science (article, essay).
The first three sub-styles are designed to accurately convey scientific information with a description of scientific facts. Them distinguishing feature- academic presentation addressed to specialists. The main features: the accuracy of the transmitted information, the persuasiveness of the argument, the logical sequence of presentation, conciseness.
Substyle 4) is addressed to future specialists, therefore it is distinguished by greater accessibility, the presence of a rich illustrative material, numerous examples, explanations, comments.
Substyle 5) has a different addressee. This is a wide readership, so scientific data can be presented in it not in an academic, but in a more accessible and entertaining form, and it does not strive for conciseness.
All sub-styles of scientific style are characterized by precise and unambiguous expression of thoughts, which is explained by the nature scientific knowledge. The scientific style, like the formal business style, does not tolerate ambiguity, which can lead to misinterpretation of facts or phenomena.
In addition, scientific thinking is designed to establish patterns. Therefore, the scientific style is characterized by analyticity, emphasized logical presentation, clarity, reasoning.
It is known that, at its core, scientific speech is written speech. This means that it has all the features and all the norms of written speech.
In terms of language, scientific style uses neutral and special vocabulary, terminology. In general, the lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation. There is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring.
Often the scientific style is called "dry", devoid of elements of emotionality and imagery. However, it should be remembered that the beauty of a scientific text is associated not with expressiveness, but with logicality and high persuasiveness. Incidentally, it should be noted that some scientific papers, in particular polemical ones, emotionally expressive and figurative means of language are allowed, which (although being, however, an additional device) give additional persuasiveness to scientific prose.
Finally, I would like to note that, unfortunately, the language of scientific texts is often unnecessarily complicated; examples of the so-called pseudo-academic style can often be observed in them.
Let us cite at least one of them, in which the abuse of borrowings and complex syntactic structures is obvious.
“The category of time, due to its universality, has an integrating function and can be considered ... on the basis of the isomorphism of knowledge structures, especially in culture and language. ... The universal, invariant, typologically general content of the category of time finds its national and cultural expression in a particular language and receives a subjective, axiologically marked interpretation.
In our opinion, the main requirement for a culture of mastering the scientific style of speech can be formulated as follows: express yourself as complicated as the object of study is, but no more.
6. Official business style - it is a kind of literary language that functions in the field of government, as well as in the legal, administrative, public and diplomatic spheres of activity.
The official business style, as well as the scientific style of speech, is divided into substyles: legislative, clerical, business correspondence, diplomatic.
Within each substyle there are the following genre varieties:
1) legislative genres: charter, constitution, decree, law, decree;
2) stationery genres, which, in turn, are divided into:
a) personal documents: application, CV, resume;
b) administrative and organizational documents: contract, agreement;
c) administrative documents: order, order, instruction, resolution;
d) information and reference documents: certificate, act, report (service) note, explanatory note;
3) genres of business correspondence: a letter of request, a letter of inquiry, a letter of response, a letter of confirmation, a letter of guarantee, a commercial letter, a complaint, an invitation, a message, a cover letter;
4) genres of diplomatic substyle: treaty, communiqué, note, statement, memorandum.
Character traits formal business style- standardization, brevity, accuracy of presentation. The official business style is distinguished by clear, unambiguous wording.
In terms of use language tools this style is characterized by a combination of neutral vocabulary and bookish, special.
So, we found out what distinguishes one style of speech from another, determined the qualitative indicators of all functional styles. We emphasize that knowledge of style features and the ability to distinguish them is necessary in order to correctly express one's thoughts in accordance with specific situation communication.
Questions for self-control:
1. What is a functional style of speech?
2. What is the basis for dividing the literary language into functional styles?
3. What functional styles do you know?
4. What do the terms "substyle" and "genre" mean?
5. What substyles and genres stand out in each functional style of speech?
6. What are the salient features:
a) colloquial-everyday style;
b) literary and artistic style;
c) social and journalistic style;
d) scientific style;
e) official business style?
7. How are the functional styles of the Russian literary language related?
Lecture 3NORMS OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE (OPTIONS, TYPES OF NORM)
Plan
1. The concept of the language norm (literary norm).
2. Norm options.
3. Norm types.
1. The most important quality of speech culture is its correctness, in other words, its compliance with language norms.
What is invested in this concept? Let's offer a definition.
The norm of the language (literary norm) is the rules for the use of language means, the uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of the elements of the literary language in a certain period of its development.
The linguistic norm is a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposite features. We list the most important of them and give the necessary commentary.
1. Relative sustainability and stability language norms are necessary conditions for ensuring the balance of the language system for a long time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained by the social nature of the language, which is constantly developing along with the creator and native speaker - society itself.
The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, change. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago, today may become a deviation from it. If we turn to dictionaries and literary sources of 100 years ago, we can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms words, their (words) meaning and use. For example, in the 19th century they said: cabinet(instead of closet), zhyra(instead of heat), strict(instead of strict), quiet(instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), returnedhis(instead of returning); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly(instead of necessarily), need to(instead of necessary) etc.
2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized prevalence and obligatory nature compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to "manage" the elements of speech. On the other hand, one can also talk about "linguistic pluralism" the simultaneous existence of several options (doublets) that are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (the author of the speech) and objective (language).
3. Basic sources of language norms- these are, first of all, works of classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, generally accepted, widespread modern usage, as well as Scientific research. However, recognizing the importance literary tradition and source authority, should also be kept in mind author's individuality able to violate the norms, which, of course, is justified in certain situations of communication.
In conclusion, we emphasize that the literary norm is objective: it is not invented by scientists, but reflects the regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language. Norms of the language are obligatory for both oral and written speech. It must be understood that the norm does not divide linguistic means into “good” and “bad”. It indicates the appropriateness of their use in a particular communicative situation.
In general, the literary norm enshrined all the best that was created in the speech behavior of representatives of this society. It is necessary because it helps to preserve the integrity and intelligibility of the literary language, protects it from vernacular, dialectisms, and jargon.
2. The change in linguistic norms is preceded by the appearance of their options(doublets) that actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of the norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as the Orthoepic Dictionary, the Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language, the Dictionary of Word Combination, etc.
Exist 3 degrees of normativity:
– norm of the 1st degree- strict, rigid, not allowing options (for example, put, but not lie down; t, call but not calls; socks, but not sock);
– norm of the 2nd degree- less strict, allowing equal options, combined in a dictionary entry by the union "and" (for example, right and , right blinds(cf. and pl.), immoral and immoral);
– norm of the 3rd degree- the most mobile, where one option is the main (preferred), and the second, although acceptable, is less desirable. In such cases, the second option is preceded by a note "additional"(permissible), sometimes in combination with stylistic marks or only a stylistic mark: "colloquial"(colloquial), "poetic."(poetic), "prof."(professional) etc. For example: bank sprat(additional sprats),cup tea(additional expansion tea), compass(prof. compass).
The norm of the 1st degree is called imperative norm, norms of the 2nd and 3rd degree - dispositive rules.
At present, the process of changing linguistic norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, technology. It should be remembered that the language norm is not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, on the characteristics of a particular style, a deviation from the norm is possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of the norms that exist in the literary language.
3. In accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language tools, the following are distinguished types of norms.
1. Orthoepic norms(gr. correct speech) - the norms of stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors interfere with the perception of the speaker's speech. social role correct pronunciation is very large, since knowledge of orthoepic norms greatly facilitates the process of communication.
In order not to make mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as the Russian Dictionary of Stress, Orthoepic Dictionary, Dictionary of Difficulties oral speech" and etc.
Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive marks: “ no rivers."(Not recommended), "not right."(not right), "rude."(rough), "bran."(swear words), etc.
2. lexical rules, or norms of word usage are: a) the use of the word in the meanings that it has in modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymic series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.
3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of the word. Note that to morphological norms relate primarily to: the norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, the norms of education plural nouns, norms of formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; norms for the formation of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs; norms of education and use verb forms and etc.
4. Syntactic norms associated with the rules for the construction and use of phrases and various sentence models. When building a phrase, it is necessary first of all to remember about management; when constructing a sentence, one should take into account the role of word order, follow the rules for using participle turns, construction laws complex sentence etc.
Morphological and syntactic norms are often combined under the general name - grammar rules.
5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) and punctuation norms do not allow distortion of the visual image of a word, sentence or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (writing a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (punctuation marks).
Questions for self-control:
1. What is the norm of the language and what are its features?
2. What is the inconsistency of the norm?
3. What are the differences in the degree of normativity?
4. What types of norms can be distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language means?
Let us turn to a detailed consideration of the types of norms indicated above.
B. ORPHOEPIC STANDARDS
Plan
1. Norms of setting stress (accentological norms).
2. Pronunciation of vowels.
3. Pronunciation of consonant sounds.
4. Features of the pronunciation of foreign words.
1. Orthoepic correctness of speech- this is the observance of the norms of literary pronunciation and stress. Correct placement of stress and correct, exemplary pronunciation are important indicators of the general cultural level of a person. In order for an oral presentation to be successful, it must be expressive, and expressiveness is achieved by competent, clear and clear pronunciation, correct intonation and stress. Let's analyze sequentially main aspects of Russian orthoepy, namely: stress norms, rules for pronunciation of stressed and unstressed vowels, hard and soft, voiced and deaf consonants, rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms and words of foreign origin.
Due to the heterogeneity and mobility of stress in the Russian language, there are words with the so-called double stress, or accent options. Some of them are equal. For example: rust and rust, meatballs and meatballs, crispy and sparkling, loop and loop´, pale and , the waves are pale and waves. However, most often the stress variants are characterized as unequal, i.e. one of them is the main (preferred), and the other is acceptable (additional). For example: cottage cheese[add. cottage cheese],satiety[add. ta dosy], otherwise[add. otherwise], phenomenon[add. phenomenon],briefly[add. briefly].
If the dictionary contains two unequal accentological options without marks, then the main option is put in first place, followed by an acceptable, less desirable option.
There is also the problem of distinguishing between so-called semantic options- pairs of words in which the diversity of stress is intended to distinguish the meaning of words: flour and flour, sharpness and sharpness, cowardice and shake, castle and castle, submerged and immersed etc. These pairs of words are called homographs.
Sometimes the diversity of stress somewhat modifies the ending of words that are semantic variants. For example: clear prizes(cry) - conscription(age), developed(about activities) – developed(child), linguistic(about sausage) – linguistic(about the error).
Among the unequal options, one should distinguish stylistic options. These are such pairs of words that, depending on the place of stress, are used in different functional styles of the literary language or narrow areas of communication, or belong to professionalism. In these cases, stylistic variants are accompanied in dictionaries by the corresponding labels: "specialist."(special use) "poetic."(poetic speech) "tech."(technical term) "prof."(professionalism), etc., in contrast to "common use"(common variant). Compare: underbite(generally used) – bite(specialist.), silk(generally used) – silk(poet.), atomic(generally used) – atomic(prof.), compass(common) - compass(for sailors) stroke(generally used) – Advice(honey.).
The unequal options are normative-chronological options. These are m pairs of words in which the variability of stress is associated with the time period of use given word in speech. The obsolete, obsolete version is accompanied in dictionaries by a note "outdated". For example: industry(modern) – industry(outdated), Ukrainian(modern) – Ukrainian(outdated), angle(modern) – perspective(outdated), waited(modern) - waited(outdated), visible(modern) – watery(outdated), needed(modern) - need(outdated), apartments(modern) – apartments(outdated).
According to L.I. Skvortsov, in the Russian language, researchers have more than 5 thousand commonly used words in which stress fluctuations are recorded.
