What is a noun for? What questions do proper and common nouns answer: rule

It is an independent part. In a broad sense, all nouns name objects and answer two questions: who? what?. Taking their place in a sentence, they most often act as a subject, as well as an addition or circumstance. in Russian it has six categories, each of which divides all the words of this part of speech according to some specific feature.

The first category of nouns is based on the opposition of cases. The case forms help to determine how the noun as part of speech relates to other words denoting objects, actions or signs. The Russian language has six cases, each of which answers its own questions. To facilitate the understanding of the semantic load of the noun, use

All words of this part of speech are classified into two categories - The first group includes homogeneous names, processes or states, and own nouns include the names of single, unique items. Proper words are names, surnames, titles, etc.

Each noun as part of speech belongs to a group of animate or inanimate names. The first of them answer the question - who ?, and the second - what?

The concept of a noun. Signs of nouns. Categories of nouns

1. Noun - an independent part of speech that identifies the subject and answers questions who? what?

2. The main features of a noun.

General grammatical meaning - this is the meaning of the object, that is, everything that can be said about: who is this? or what's this? This is the only part of speech that can mean anything, namely:

1) the names of specific things and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp);

2) the names of living beings (man, engineer, girl, youth, deer, mosquito);

3) the names of various substances (oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt);

4) the names of various natural phenomena and social life (storm, frost, rain, holiday, war);

5) the names of abstract properties and attributes (freshness, whiteness, blue);

6) the names of abstract actions and states (waiting, killing, running).

Morphological signs a noun is gender, number, case, declension. Nouns

1) belong to one of four genders - male, female, middle, general, but do not change by gender: ocean, river, sea;

2) change in numbers: ocean - oceans, river - rivers, sea - seas;

3) change by case: ocean - ocean, ocean, ocean etc.;

Change in cases and numbers is called declination.

Initial noun - nominative singular.

Syntactic features: in a sentence, nouns most often act as subjects or objects, but can be any other members of the sentence:

Book makes man the master of the universe (P. Pavlenko) - subject ; Entire life humanity settled in the book (A. Herzen) - addition ; Book - repository knowledge (B. Polevoy) - predicative ; Dampness from the earth began to chill side (A. Gaidar) - definition ; Over gray-haired plain the sea wind is catching up with clouds (M. Lermontov) - circumstance of place ; The people will not forget winner selfless heroes (V. Lebedev-Kumach) - attachment .

A noun in a sentence can act as appeal (not a member of the proposal): Lucy , I'm waiting for you!

3. By the nature of the lexical meaning, nouns are divided into two categories:

common nouns are nouns that name a class of similar objects: table, boy, bird, spring;

own nouns - these are nouns that call single (individual) objects, which include names, patronymics, surnames of people, nicknames of animals, names of cities, rivers, seas, oceans, lakes, mountains, deserts ( geographical names), titles of books, paintings, films, magazines, newspapers, performances, names of ships, trains, various organizations, historical events etc.: Alexander, Zhuchka, Russia, Astrakhan, Volga, Baikal, "Captain's daughter".

Note... Proper nouns have a number of characteristics.

1) Proper names can consist of one word ( Moscow, Caspian Sea, Caucasus, "Mtsyri") or from several words ( Nizhny Novgorod, New Orleans, Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, "War and Peace", East Siberian Sea).

2) Proper names are written with a capital letter ( Tula, Alps).

3) Titles (titles) of books, newspapers, magazines, films, paintings, ships, trains, etc. are written with a capital letter and, in addition, are enclosed in quotation marks ( novel "Eugene Onegin", painting "Morning in the forest", motor ship "Vasily Surikov").

4) Proper names are not used in the plural and are not combined with numerals (except for the cases of designation different subjects and persons with the same names: We have two Ira and three Oli in our class.). The city of Naberezhnye Chelny.

5) Proper nouns can turn into common nouns, and common nouns - into proper ones, for example: Narcissus (the name of a handsome young man in ancient Greek mythology) - narcissus (flower); Boston (city in the USA) - boston (woolen fabric), boston (slow waltz), boston (card game); labor - newspaper Trud.

Nouns are divided into own and common nouns .

Own nouns are called unique objects - names and surnames of people, names settlements, rivers, mountains, etc. ( Mendeleev, Moscow, Volga, Kazbek).

Common nouns nouns are generalized names for similar objects ( scientist, city, river, mountain).

Gender of nouns

Most nouns are of one of three genders:

to male, for example: house, father, tram, key (you can substitute the word this);
to the female, eg: wall, arrow ground, gallery (you can substitute the word this);
to the middle, for example: village, field, uprising, banner (you can substitute the word this is).

Notes
Words that are used only in the plural form have no gender ( e.g. vacation, ink).
Some nouns with endings -and I) can denote both male and female persons, for example: orphan, clever, sissy, dirty... Such words are called nouns. general kind .

Number of nouns

Most nouns have forms the only one and plural numbers, for example: pillar - pillars, lake - lakes, village - villages and so on. However, some nouns have or only the singular form (for example, students, asphalt, blue, mowing, burning), or only the plural form (for example, tongs, railings, pasta, weekdays, Alps).

Case of nouns

When connected with other words in a phrase or a sentence, nouns change in cases, i.e. lean ... There are six cases in Russian.

Nominative - who? what?
Genitive - whom? what?
Dative - to whom? what?
Accusative - whom? what?
Creative - by whom? than?
Prepositional - about whom? about what?

Case questions who? whom? to whom? animate , for example: student, student, crane.

Case questions what? what? what? etc. are related to nouns inanimate , for example: pine, tree, field.

For nouns animate of all three genders, the accusative plural is similar to the genitive, and in nouns inanimate - with a nominative, for example: I see students, female students, elks, cranes (but: I see pines, trees, fields).

Declination of nouns

Changing nouns by case is called declination ... There are three main types of declension of nouns.

First declension

The first declension includes nouns:

feminine ending -and I (eg, country, land, car);
male erysipelas with ending -and I (eg, boy, uncle, son).

Second declension

The second declension includes nouns:

masculine with a null ending (e.g. post, crane, watchman, museum, sanatorium);
neuter with the ending -o - -e (eg, glass, field, knowledge).

Third declension

The third declension includes feminine nouns with a zero ending (for example, steppe, horse, thing).

Divergent nouns

A small group of nouns refers to nouns versatile ... These are nouns of middle mug on -my (time, burden, name, banner, flame, seed, stirrup, crown, udder) and masculine noun way.

Divergent nouns in genitive, dative, and prepositional singular endings -and , i.e. the end of the III declension (for example, at the banner, on the banner, on the way); and in the instrumental case - the ending -eat , i.e. the end of the II declension (for example, bow to the banner, go your own way).

Non-declining nouns

Among the nouns there are unwilling ... These include some common and proper names, for example: jury, taxi, coat, metro; Heine, Garibaldi, Tbilisi.

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General grammatical meaning noun - this is value of the subject... A subject in grammar is anything that can be asked about: who is this? or what's this?

By meaning, nouns are divided into groups:

Specific - they call specific objects alive or inanimate nature: magazine, plane, brother, rook, fish ...
Real - various substances are called: air, oil, sugar, gasoline, nylon ...
Distracted: call the phenomena perceived mentally: learning, reading, running, stubbornness, courage, novelty ...
Collective: refers to many of the same items as one whole: kids, teachers, foliage ...

Morphological signs nouns - genus, number, case, declination.

Nouns belong to one of three genera - male ( father, peace), female ( sister, country) or average ( state, sea), and do not change by gender. The gender of a noun can be determined by putting to the noun my (m), mine (f), mine (cf.) A special group is formed by nouns of the general gender. They can represent people, both male and female: orphan, crybaby, slob, dirty... Some non-declining nouns in modern speech experience fluctuations in gender: wide avenue, fifth avenue.

Nouns change in numbers (brother - brothers, book - books, lake - lakes) and cases ( rook, rook, rook, rook, rook, about the rook). They have two numbers - singular and plural. Changing the number is transmitted by ending: month - months, port - ports... Real, abstract, collective nouns do not change in numbers, and some others they have one form: singular or plural.

Only the singular form is:

Real nouns: milk, sour cream, gasoline.
Distracted nouns: love, friendship, redness.
Collective nouns: student body, foliage.
Own nouns: Caucasus, Ural, Krokodil magazine.

Only the plural form is:

Real nouns: ink cleaning.
Distracted nouns: holidays, name days.
Words denoting paired objects: glasses, pants, sleigh, gate.
Proper nouns: Alps, Carpathians, "Demons" (title of the poem by A. Pushkin).

For nouns that have only a plural, gender and type of declension are not determined.

Initial form noun is nominative singular.

Syntactic features nouns - in a sentence, a noun is most often a subject or addition: The birds are waiting for the sun, the birds are singing songs. (I. Nikitin.)

Nouns are divided into common nouns and own.

Nouns that call homogeneous objects are common nouns: student, textbook, country, forest and so on. Let's take the word apprentice... Pupils are of different ages, different places of study, different abilities. But they all learn, that is, they students.

Nouns that name single objects are proper names: Moscow, Volga, Maria, Kashtanka etc. Proper names can consist of several words, for example, Alexey Maksimovich Gorky... In a sentence, such phrases act as one member of the sentence.

Nouns are divided into animate and inanimate.

Animated nouns call objects of living nature, the question is asked who ?: grandfather, cat, nightingale, fly, worm.

Inanimate nouns call objects of inanimate nature, the question is asked what ?: city, building, stone, water, laughter, horizon.

The language is a complex multi-level system. Special sections of linguistics are devoted to the study of each of their language levels.

The study of the forms of inflection, the structure of words, types of phrases and sentences is dealt with by grammar, which includes morphology and syntax. Morphology studies the system of parts of speech and their categories.

Part of speech concept

It is customary to understand a part of speech as a category of a language unit, which is determined by morphological and syntactic features. Words of a certain part of speech are characterized by the presence of one grammatical meaning, a common set of morphological features, a common lexical meaning and performing the same syntactic function.

There are currently ten parts of speech in Russian. First of all, they are divided into independent (having their own meaning) and service (serving to connect words in sentences and phrases).

Noun. Definition

A noun is an independent part of speech. Words belonging to this group carry the general grammatical meaning of objectivity, that is, they denote an object. By the general meaning of objectivity, it is easy to determine the question of which nouns answer. These are "who" or "what" questions. Like what? - car, who? - Fox.

A noun as a part of speech has the following set of morphological features: gender, type of declension, animate / inanimate, proper / common noun. These are permanent signs of a noun. However, there are others. In addition to constant signs, the noun also has non-constant (changeable) signs. These include number and case.

In a sentence, a noun most often plays the role of a subject or object, but it can also perform any syntactic function, depending on the context.

Common noun and proper noun

All the abundance of nouns in the Russian language is divided into two groups. One group includes words denoting homogeneous objects and phenomena (rain, road, bicycle). They are called common nouns. Another group includes words that denote one specific object or person. This includes the names of people, their surnames, animal nicknames, astronomical and geographical names, as well as the names of works of art, various publications, books, factories and others. Such words are called proper names and are written with a capital letter. For example: "Izvestia", Alexey, " Dead Souls" etc.

It is worth noting that by whether a word is a household word or a proper one, it is impossible to determine the question to which the noun answers. For example, the common words stone (what?) And boy (who?), proper names Maria (who?) And Everest (what?).

Inanimate and inanimate noun

Nouns that call living things are considered animated. These are words that answer the question who? (man, dog, friend). Words that call non-living things are considered inanimate nouns. The question to which an inanimate noun answers - what? (wood, chair, milk).

Gender of a noun

Another immutable morphological feature noun - gender. Such words can be feminine, masculine, or neuter. It should be noted that for animate nouns there is a correlation between gender and gender (boy - m., Girl - f.). Inanimate objects do not have such a ratio. Nouns of this kind are called the neuter gender (log - s.r.). However, the main morphological indicator of the genus is endings. Each genus has its own set. It should be remembered that for unchangeable nouns, it is impossible to determine the gender at the end. In this case, the gender is determined by the meaning of the word and by the forms of the words associated with it.

Separate group make up nouns that name persons of both male and female. They are usually called general nouns. For example, sleepyhead, touchy, crybaby, well done, clever, glutton, etc.

Noun number

The number, as a morphological feature of a noun, is interesting in that for some words it is a variable feature, and for others it is constant. So a large number of nouns of the Russian language have the singular and plural forms and endings inherent in these forms (book - books, sea - seas, circle - circles). For some nouns, when the number changes, not only the ending changes, but also the base of the word (child - children, person - people). When the number changes, the question, which noun answers, does not change (who? - baby, who? - kids, what? - notebook, what? - notebooks).

However, there are quite a few nouns that are either singular or plural. For example: youth, chalk, Africa, envy, glasses, the Alps, chores, seedlings.

Case of nouns

Case is a fickle morphological feature of a noun. There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and prepositional. You need to know what questions are answered by the cases of nouns in order to correctly determine the form of a word. Since the words of this group can be animate or inanimate, there are two questions for each case:

I. p. - who? what? (brother, leaf).
R. p. - whom? what? (brother, leaf).
D. p. - to whom? what? (brother, sheet).
V. p. - whom? what? (brother, leaf).
Etc. - by whom? than? (brother, leaf).
P. p. - (About who about what? (about brother, about a leaf).

It is important to remember that there is a group of immutable nouns. They have the same shape in all cases, for example, coffee, cockatoo, blinds, etc. The case for these words is determined by using case questions, asked from the associated variable words. For example: Coffee is ready (sp). We don't have coffee (r.p.). He was delighted with coffee (d.p.). I drink coffee (vp). He burned himself with coffee (etc.). Conversations about coffee (pp).

Declination of nouns

Depending on how the noun changes in numbers and cases, there are three types of declension in Russian.

declination	the ending
		mom, uncle, winter, valya
		table, thunder, eagle summer, building, swamp
		ink, night, door

However, there are also nouns that, in different forms, have endings inherent in different types declensions. Such nouns are distinct. Their spelling needs to be memorized.

The initial form of a noun is considered to be the nominative singular.

Since declination is not related to animate or inanimate, it cannot be said which question declination answers.

The noun occupies a central place in the system of significant parts of speech in the Russian language. The construction of sentences cannot do without it. In order to correctly use words belonging to this group in speech, to correctly determine their grammatical categories, you first need to know which question the noun answers.