What are the intervals. What are small groups Social roles in a small group

In Moscow, May 20 - at the Ice Palace in St. Petersburg. These shows will be the first concerts of the European tour group... After their performances in Russia, the musicians will visit Finland, Sweden, Norway, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, France, ... years. Later, the musicians intend to announce additional shows - including "in countries where group never performed before. " Group Black Sabbath officially announced their reunion on November 11, 2011. The team was revived in the original ...

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There is a holiday, there is a round dance,
there is someone, someone, somewhere waiting ...
There is dusk, there is even night
and you are lost and there is no one to help ...

As if a stupor, a dumb emptiness,
the soul is thrown into a deep abyss ...
And where is the exit and where to look for yourself ...

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Sometimes the heart hurts ...
The heart is very sad.
It's so anxious in my soul ...
The soul is simply empty.

There are bad dreams ...
And I want to wake up soon.
It happens ... it's so quiet in the apartment ...
I even hear my heartbeat ...

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Harmony must rule. Specialist's opinion Sergey Alexandrovich Nevolin, top manager of the Master-les company: For construction small architectural forms - gazebos, pergolas, awnings, terraces - a strong and durable material is needed. So ... and the color has high strength characteristics and resistance to decay. Its scope is very wide: small shipbuilding, construction, carpentry. And for garden and park buildings it is difficult to find the best material. For landscape ...

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Everything happens in life in different ways ...

Everything happens in life in different ways,
It happens that fate strikes
It happens, hugs in an idle way,
The soul is in anxiety.
However, there is no need to be sad
However, no need to regret
May love not end in life
The soul does not need to grow old.
Let there be minutes ...

Society is very complex, large and small groups are distinguished in it, which represent various stable connections of people. A large group represents a people, classes, nationalities, nations, adherents of a particular religion. It is through large groups that the influence of a certain ideology takes place, and its consolidation in society.

Small group concept

The direct instrument of influence of large groups on an individual is performed by a small group. A small group is a small (from 2 to 30 people) association of people, which occurs on the basis of a common cause, interests. Small group members are always in close relationship with each other. Notable examples of small groups are: workforce, classroom, academic group, family, close friends and acquaintances.

Types of small groups

Small groups are divided into different types, depending on their size, structure of relationships, individual composition, content of activity. Depending on the design of the small group, natural and laboratory small groups are distinguished. Since laboratory small groups are created artificially for scientific purposes, often by psychologists, in order to study a model of human behavior, in more detail we will consider precisely the natural groups that are formed in society by themselves.

Natural groups are of two types: formal and informal. Formal small groups are created and operate within the framework of official organizations - this is a school class, work collective, academic group, etc. Informal groups are groups that take shape and function outside the official framework - friends, informal youth associations, family.

The well-being of a person in a small group

In order for a member of a small group to feel comfortable and at ease, it is necessary to consider the factors on which the personal state of an individual in such a group depends.

1. Contact. The concept of contact refers to the emotionally favorable relationships of the group members, which consist in benevolence, tact and respect.

2. Organization. The concept of organization is the non-conflict distribution of responsibilities in a small group, the ability to collectively solve current problems.

3. Informativeness. A member of a small group should know all the main aspects of the activities of other members of this group. The same factor provides for the knowledge of members of each other's characters.

Group selfishness

Each small group is characterized by group egoism, which is often a necessary element of its existence. The concept of group egoism means the selfish motivation of the activity of a small group exclusively in the interests of its members. As a rule, the group egoism of this small group harms the interests of another, alien small group.

However, it is pointless to struggle with group egoism, since it is thanks to this that the members of the small group achieve the tasks set in their activities. Group egoism should be harmonious and not go beyond the infringement of the interests of others. Often behind the group egoism lies the aggregate of the personal egoism of each member of the small group.

Each person, regardless of their age and occupation, is in several small groups - a family, a school class, a sports team. The individual's relationship with other members of the team plays a key role in shaping his personality. The variety of types of associations demonstrates the classification of small groups, giving particular importance to studying the characteristics of small groups and their role in society.

What is a small social group

On the basis of small groups, it is possible to study in detail the connection of an individual with his environment, the influence of society on its members. Therefore, in sociological research, the concepts of "group", "small group", "classification of groups" occupy an important place. The fact is that a person spends most of his life in small teams, which have a strong influence on the formation of his values.

A social group is an association of people connected by joint activities and a system of interpersonal relations. Such groups are classified by size, that is, by the number of participants.

A small group is a small association of people who are involved in joint activities and are in direct communication with each other. A feature of such a team is that the number of its members does not exceed twenty, and therefore they can freely contact each other and establish an emotional connection.

Signs

There are a number of provisions, the presence of which may indicate that the association is a small social group:

• co-presence of people in one territory at a certain time;
• emotional contact between team members, the presence of stable relationships;
• joint activities aimed at achieving a common goal;
• separation between members of group roles;
• availability of organizational and management structure;
• the formation of their norms and values.

The concept and classification of small groups is based on these features and the nature of their manifestation. Establishing emotional relationships between individual members can lead to the appearance of sub-blocks and internal structure.

Types of associations

There are several aspects regarding which the classification of small groups is formed. The table below shows the types of small social networks.

Sign	Types
Emergence	Formal (deliberately organized) and informal.
Interaction method	Primary (high level of cohesion) and secondary (lack of strong relationships, teamwork).
Duration of existence	Temporary (created to achieve a single goal) and stable (designed for long-term work).
Nature of activity	Labor, research, entertainment, ideological, aesthetic, communicative, political.
Personal significance	Elite and referential.

The nature of internal connections

The decisive factor is the classification of small social groups in relation to the method of its origin. Formal associations are established by management and have legal status. Their activities are regulated by certain documentation. The management of such a group is carried out on a top-down basis, and its members are determined by the organization.

Informal groups emerge spontaneously from the emotional connections of the participants. Such societies have no official status, and its activities are directed "from the bottom up". Nevertheless, they also form some norms and values \u200b\u200bthat are shared by all members of the group and predetermine their behavior. If in formal organizations the leader has official powers, then in contact organizations he acts by recognizing other participants.

Reference team

Another small group is based on the factor of the significance of unification for an individual person, the norms of which play an important role for a person, called the reference (reference). A member of the team goes over her value system, forms the appropriate standards. Such a group is divided into two subspecies:

• Ideal... The individual does not consist in unification, but in his behavior he is guided by his norms.
• Presence group. A person is a member of this collective and shares values.

Small communities play a crucial role in shaping The child sees the norms of family and friends. At the same time, small social groups can also have a negative impact on the individual - suppress his personality traits (inhibition), impose wrong ideals.

Social significance

Small organizations can play different roles in society, depending on the values \u200b\u200band goals of the small group. The classification of small groups, based on the criterion of social significance, assumes the existence of three types of associations: socially oriented, asocial and antisocial. Accordingly, they play a positive, neutral and negative role. The socially oriented small groups include educational, social, productive organizations. Various criminal associations are not accepted by people, which nevertheless retain their authority for their members.

Group leadership

Management includes a number of actions necessary to organize the activities of the association. This concept includes decision making, goal setting, development of plans, control, coordination and so on. There is a conditional classification of small groups in relation to the way of management. There are the following types of relationships:

• subordination (from above);
• coordination (horizontal system);
• re-coordination (from below).

The successful organization of activities is based on the combination of these principles, the search for the best option for building internal relations.

Team leader

A feature of the organization of small groups is the allocation of a leader. This is a member of the association who has a strong influence on its activities. He is respected by other members for his personality and plays an important role in the management of the group. The leader's activity extends to both internal and external communication. He ensures the involvement of team members in joint activities, exercises control over decision-making. There is a classification of small groups based on the level of the leader's intervention in the activities of the association and the degree of involvement of each member in the community management process. In the most successful organizations (both contact and formal), a balance is struck between the two extremes.

Control styles

The conditional classification of small groups, based on the involvement of the association's members in the process of its management, includes three positions presented in the table below.

There is also the theory X and Y. In the first case, the person initially avoids work and prefers to be guided. Theory Y assumes that the individual has a high level of self-control and strives for responsibility. Accordingly, two different control methods are applicable here.

Team pressure

The norms adopted in the association have an impact on the lifestyle of its individual member. Everyone knows an experiment conducted with a group of children, where previously agreed participants incorrectly answered the question posed, and the last subject repeated the words of his peers. This phenomenon is called conformism. The opinion of the majority of the members of a small group affects the individual. The opposite of this phenomenon can be independence, that is, the independence of a person's attitudes from the opinions of the environment.

In this case, the classification of small groups is important in relation to what role it plays for an individual. The higher the reference of the unification, the stronger the conformism manifests itself.

Formation of a small social group

Each team goes through several stages of development. Psychologists G. Stanford and A. Roark developed a theory that includes 7 stages of the formation of a social group. The study is based on a two-factor model of team development, where there are contradictions between business and emotional activity.

1. Acquaintance, the first attempts at interpersonal interaction.
2. Creature
3. Conflict stage.
4. A state of balance, the appearance of a sense of cohesion.
5. Formation of unity - business activity increases, common goals are set.
6. Dominance is not of workers, but of interpersonal relations of individual members of the association.
7. Actualization, balance of business and emotional activity.

Small group social roles

Members of the association can be assigned certain behaviors associated with solving problems or communicating with other members. The roles are manifested both in the business and in the emotional activity of the group. For example, in the process of solving problems, the "initiator" offers new ideas, and the "critic" evaluates the work of the whole group and finds its weaknesses. Roles are also manifested in the field of interpersonal relations of the team. Thus, the inspirer actively supports the ideas of other members, and the conciliator refuses his opinion and settles conflict situations.

And the behavior of an individual as a person depends significantly on the social environment. The latter is a complex society in which people are united with each other in numerous, diverse, more or less stable compounds called groups. Among these groups, large and small can be distinguished. Large are represented by states, nations, nationalities, parties, classes, and other social communities, distinguished by professional, economic, religious, cultural, educational, age, sex and all kinds of other characteristics. Through these groups, the influence of the ideology of society on the psychology of their constituent people is indirectly carried out.

The direct conductor of the influence of society and large social groups on the individual is small group ... It is a small association of people (from 2-3 to 20-30 people) who are engaged in some common cause and are in direct relationship with each other. The small group is an elementary unit of society. A person spends most of his life in it. It would be more correct to formulate the well-known thesis about the dependence of the psychology and behavior of the individual on the social environment as the idea of \u200b\u200bthe dependence of the individual on psychology and relations existing in small groups. Examples of small groups that are most significant for a person are family, school class, work collective, associations of close friends, friends, etc.

A small group is characterized by the psychological and behavioral community of its members, which distinguishes and isolates the group, making it a relatively autonomous socio-psychological entity. This community can be found according to different characteristics - from purely external (for example, the territorial community of people as neighbors) to sufficiently deep internal (for example, members of the same family). The measure of psychological community determines the cohesion of the group - one of the main characteristics of the level of its socio-psychological development.

Types of small groups.

Fig. 1. Small group classification

Small groups can be different in size, in the nature and structure of relations that exist between their members, in individual composition, characteristics of values, norms and rules of relationships shared by participants, interpersonal relationships, goals and content of activities. The quantitative composition of a group in the language of science is called its size, the individual composition is called composition. The structure of interpersonal communication, or the exchange of business and personal information, is called channels of communication , the moral and emotional tone of interpersonal relationships - psychological climate group . The general rules of conduct followed by group members are called group norms . All of the above characteristics represent the main parameters by which small groups are distinguished, divided and studied in social psychology.

Consider the classification of small groups (Fig. 69). Conditional , or nominal , - these are groups that unite people who are not part of any small group. Sometimes the selection of such groups is necessary for research purposes in order to compare the results obtained in real groups with those that characterize a random association of people who have neither constant contacts with each other, nor a common goal. In contrast to nominal groups, real . They represent really existing associations of people that fully meet the definition of a small group.

Naturalcall groups that add up by themselves, regardless of the experimenter's wishes. They arise and exist based on the needs of society or people included in these groups. Unlike them laboratory groups are created by the experimenter for the purpose of carrying out any scientific research, testing the hypothesis put forward. They are as effective as other groups, but only exist temporarily - only in the laboratory.

Conditional, or nominal, groups are associations of people artificially identified by the researcher. In contrast to them, all other types of groups actually exist in society and are quite widely represented in it among people of different professions, ages, and social affiliation.

Natural groups are divided into formaland informal(also called official and unofficial). The former are distinguished by the fact that they are created and exist only within the framework of officially recognized organizations, while the latter arise and act as if outside the framework of these organizations (compare, for example, a school class as an official small group and an informal youth association as an unofficial group). The goals pursued by the official groups are set externally on the basis of the tasks facing the organization in which this group is included. The goals of informal groups usually arise and exist on the basis of the personal interests of their members; they can coincide and differ from the goals of official organizations.

Small groups can be reference and non-reference . Reference - any real or conditional (nominal) small group, to which a person voluntarily reckons himself or a member of which he would like to become. In the reference group, the individual finds role models for himself. Her goals and values, norms and forms of behavior, thoughts and feelings, judgments and opinions become significant role models for him to follow and follow. Unreferential such a small group is considered, the psychology and behavior of which are alien to the individual or are indifferent to him. In addition to these two types of groups, there may also be antireference groups, the behavior and psychology of the members of which the person does not accept at all, condemns and rejects.

All natural groups can be divided into highly developed and underdeveloped . Underdeveloped small groups are characterized by the fact that they do not have sufficient psychological community, established business and personal relationships, the existing structure of interaction, a clear distribution of responsibilities, recognized leaders, effective teamwork. The latter are socio-psychological communities that meet all of the above requirements. Underdeveloped by definition are, for example, conditional and laboratory groups (the latter are often only at the first stages of their functioning).

The types of labia are completely different. This is due to the different anatomical development of the female reproductive organs. Moreover, throughout the entire life cycle, the genitourinary system undergoes many changes, both internal and external.

In the anatomical structure of the female genitourinary system, 2 types of labia are distinguished: these are the small and large lips. Small ones perform the function of a tight girth of the penis during coitus. But the large lips of the female reproductive system perform a protective function, the result of which is to protect the vagina from the penetration of foreign objects and various infections into it.

The labia majora is a common longitudinal skin fold, the color of which depends on the individual characteristics of the female body. Doctors classify them only by external signs as follows:

• lips of normal length and thickness;
• asymmetrical folds;
• underdeveloped organs.

The structure of the labia minora is much more different. In normal condition, their thickness should not exceed 5-6 mm. In this case, the longitudinal folds of the female genital organs should immediately pass into the mucous membrane. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe clitoris, the skin folds of the female genital organs are divided into lateral and medial legs. These legs stretch into the upper and lower parts of the genitourinary system. They end at the very beginning of the vagina and at the lower adhesion.

The labia minora can have completely different shapes and are divided according to the type of change that occurs with them. Among these changes, doctors distinguish elongation, protrusion, scallop and hypertrophy of the genital folds.

Elongation is characterized by large stretching of the skin folds, which can exceed 60-70 mm. In normal condition, their size should be 20-30 mm. During protrusion, a rather strong protrusion of the internal folds is observed. In this state, the labia majora are not able to fully protect the female genitourinary system.

Scallop is observed only at the edges of the lips and is characterized by a change in their color and shape. If such changes are observed for a rather long period of time, then the patient may experience hypertrophy of the skin folds. As a result, large wrinkles will appear on the internal organs, and pigmentation of the skin will occur.

Reasons for changing forms

As noted above, the genitals of each woman have a completely individual shape. At the same time, doctors have not established quite clear criteria that determine their color and shape. Although an experienced gynecologist, during a visual examination, can detect abnormal changes occurring in the vaginal organs.

Most often, such changes are the result of a violation of the hormonal background of the body, as a result of which there is an increase in the level of androgen (male sex hormone). A similar phenomenon causes polycystic ovary disease, increased hairiness of the limbs (arms, legs) and infertility.

Also, among the reasons influencing the change in the shape of the vagina, one can note mechanical damage (tight underwear) and heavy physical exertion that affect the groin area. In addition, frequent and prolonged masturbation not only causes a change in the shape of internal organs, but also leads to other dangerous diseases.

It should be noted, and various diets, which quite often adhere to the female sex. An improperly selected dietary food can lead to a sharp change not only in the patient's weight, but also cause damage to his internal organs.

At the same time, young girls whose age does not exceed 25 years are most at risk. This is due to the fact that the anatomical formation of their body has not yet been completely completed.

As a rule, any changes in the organs of the vagina lead to problems in intimate life.

If such problems occur, you should not despair. Modern medicine allows you to solve problems with changes in the shape of skin folds with the help of medication or plastic surgery.

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Drug treatment allows you to cope with diseases only at the initial stages of their manifestations. For this, antihistamines and antiseptics are used (Fluconazole, Metronidazole, Doxycycline, Acyclovir, Diflucan), which can eliminate itching and various pain sensations. In addition, the hormonal balance of the body should be restored.

This can be done with the help of a special diet, which should be saturated with mint, vegetable oil and white yeast bread. In the event that it was not possible to eliminate the problem with medication, they resort to surgical elimination of the disease.