What is the significance of the organismic level in nature. Lesson topic Organizational standard of living and its role in nature

The body is the basic unit of life, the real carrier of its properties, since only in the cells of the body do life processes take place. As a separate individual, an organism is a part of a species and a population, being a structural unit of the population-species standard of living.

The following properties are inherent in biosystems of the organismic level: Metabolism Nutrition and digestion Breathing Excretion Irritability Reproduction Behavior Lifestyle Mechanisms of adaptation to the environment Neurohumoral regulation of vital processes

The structural elements of the body are cells, cellular tissues, organs and organ systems with their unique vital functions. The interaction of these structural elements in their totality provides the structural and functional integrity of the organism.

The main processes in the biosystem of the organismal level: metabolism and energy, characterized by the coordinated activity of various systems of the body's organs: maintaining the constancy of the internal environment, deployment and implementation of hereditary information, as well as checking the viability of a given genotype, individual development (ontogenesis).

The organization of the biosystem at the organismic level is distinguished by a wide variety of organ and tissue systems that form the organism; the formation of control systems that ensure the coordinated work of all components of the biosystem and the survival of the organism in difficult environmental conditions; the presence of various mechanisms of adaptation to the action of factors that maintain the relative constancy of the internal environment, i.e., homeostasis of the organism.

The significance of the organismic level of life in nature is expressed primarily in the fact that at this level a primary discrete biosystem arose, characterized by self-maintenance of its structure, self-renewal, actively regulating the impact external environment and capable of interacting with other organisms.

The vital activity of the organism is provided by the work and interaction of its various organs. An organ is a part of a multicellular organism that performs a specific function (or a group of interrelated functions), has a specific structure and consists of a regularly formed complex of tissues. An organ can perform its functions independently or as part of an organ system (for example, respiratory, digestive, excretory, or nervous).

In unicellular organisms, the functional parts of individuals are organelles, that is, structures similar to organs. An organism is a collection of organ systems connected with each other and with the external environment.

All organisms as separate individuals are representatives of different populations (and species) and carriers of their main hereditary properties and traits. Therefore, each organism represents a unique example of a population (and species) in the manifestation of hereditary inclinations, traits and relationships with the environment.

Humoral regulation is carried out through the body's liquid media (blood, lymph, tissue fluid) with the help of biologically active substances secreted by cells, tissues and organs during their functioning. In this case, hormones play an important role, which, being produced in special endocrine glands, enter directly into the blood. In plants, the processes of growth and morphophysiological development are controlled by biologically active chemical compounds - phytohormones produced by specialized tissues (meristem at growth points).

In unicellular organisms (protozoa, algae, fungi), many vital processes are also regulated by the humoral chemical pathway through the external and internal environment.

In the course of the evolution of living organisms, a new regulation, more efficient in terms of the speed of control of the functioning processes, arose - nervous. Nervous regulation is a phylogenetically younger type of regulation compared to humoral regulation. It is based on reflex connections and is addressed to a strictly defined organ or group of cells. The speed of nervous regulation is hundreds of times higher than that of humoral.

Homeostasis is the ability to resist changes and maintain dynamically the relative constancy of the composition and properties of the organism.

In vertebrates and humans, impulses sent nervous system, and the secreted hormones complement each other in the regulation of the body's vital processes. Humoral regulation is subordinated to nervous regulation, together they constitute a single neuro-humoral regulation that ensures the normal functioning of the body in changing environmental conditions.

Nutrition of unicellular organisms Pinocytosis is the absorption of fluid and ions. Phagocytosis is the capture of solid shaped particles. The cell can be digested with lysosomes. Lysosomes digest almost everything, even the contents of their cells. The process of cell self-destruction is called autolysis. Autolychus occurs when the contents of the lysosomes are released directly into the cytoplasm.

The movement of unicellular organisms is carried out with the help of various organelles and outgrowths of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains a complex network of microtubules, microfilaments and other structures that have supporting and contractile functions that provide amoeboid cell movement. Some protozoa move by wave-like contraction of the entire body. The cell performs active movement with the help of such special formations as flagella and cilia.

Behavior (irritability) of unicellular organisms It is manifested in the fact that they can perceive various stimuli from the external environment and react to them. As a rule, the response to stimulation consists in the spatial movement of individuals. This type of irritability in unicellular organisms is called taxis. Phototaxis is an active response to light. Thermotaxis is an active reaction to temperature. Geotaxis is an active response to the gravity of the earth.

Multicellular organisms, like unicellular organisms, are characterized by the basic life processes: nutrition, respiration, secretion, movement, irritability, etc. However, unlike unicellular organisms, in which all processes are concentrated in one cell, multicellular organisms have a division of functions between cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.

The vascular systems transport substances inside the body. The respiratory system supplies the body required amount oxygen and simultaneously removes many metabolic products. The use of oxygen dissolved in water is the most ancient way of breathing. For this, gills are used. In terrestrial vertebrates, the respiratory system consists of the larynx, trachea, paired bronchi and lungs.

The processes of respiration and excretion of metabolic products in many highly organized animals, especially those of large size, are impossible without the participation of the circulatory system. CS first appeared in worms. Arthropods, molluscs and chordates have a special pulsating organ in the CS - the heart. In addition to the main role (ensuring metabolic processes and maintaining homeostasis), the vertebrate CS also performs other functions: it maintains a constant body temperature, transfers hormones, participates in the fight against diseases, in wound healing, etc.

Blood is a liquid tissue that circulates in the circulatory system. All vertebrates have cellular, or shaped, elements in their blood. These are erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.

Tasks and questions 1. Describe the differences between the organismic standard of living and the population-specific one. 2. Using the example of any mammal, name the main structural elements of the biosystem "organism". 3. Explain what signs can be attributed to organisms of tuberculous bacillus in a patient, perch in the river and pine in the forest. 4. Describe the role of control mechanisms in the existence of a biosystem. 5. How is the self-regulation of vital processes in the body carried out? 6. Explain how unicellular organisms absorb and digest food. Describe how unicellular organisms navigate in the environment.

The following levels of life organization are distinguished: molecular, cellular, organ-tissue (sometimes they are separated), organismic, population-specific, biogeocenotic, biospheric. Live nature represents a system, and the various levels of its organization form its complex hierarchical structure, when the lower-lying simpler levels determine the properties of the higher-lying ones.

This is how complex organic molecules are part of cells and determine their structure and vital functions. In multicellular organisms, cells are organized into tissues, several tissues form an organ. A multicellular organism consists of organ systems; on the other hand, the organism itself is an elementary unit of a population and a biological species. The community is represented by interacting populations different types... Community and environment form a biogeocenosis (ecosystem). The totality of the ecosystems of the planet Earth forms its biosphere.

At each level, new properties of the living appear, which are absent at the lower level, their elementary phenomena and elementary units stand out. At the same time, the levels largely reflect the course of the evolutionary process.

Highlighting levels is convenient for studying life as a complex natural phenomenon.

Let's take a closer look at each level of organization of life.

Molecular level

Although molecules are composed of atoms, the difference between living and nonliving matter begins to manifest itself only at the level of molecules. Only living organisms contain a large number of complex organic matter - biopolymers (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids). However, the molecular level of organization of living things also includes inorganic molecules that enter cells and play an important role in their life.

The functioning of biological molecules is at the heart of a living system. At the molecular level of life, metabolism and energy conversion are manifested as chemical reactions, transfer and change of hereditary information (reduplication and mutations), as well as a number of other cellular processes. Sometimes the molecular level is called molecular genetic.

Cellular living standards

It is the cell that is the structural and functional unit of the living. There is no life outside the cell. Even viruses can manifest the properties of a living one only when they find themselves in the host's cell. Biopolymers fully manifest their reactivity when organized into a cell, which can be considered as complex system interconnected primarily by different chemical reactions molecules.

At this cellular level, the phenomenon of life is manifested, the mechanisms of transmission of genetic information and the conversion of substances and energy are coupled.

Organ-tissue

Only multicellular organisms have tissues. Tissue is a collection of cells similar in structure and function.

Tissues are formed in the process of ontogenesis by differentiation of cells with the same genetic information. At this level, cell specialization takes place.

Plants and animals produce different types fabrics. So in plants it is a meristem, a protective, basic and conductive tissue. In animals - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous. Fabrics may include a list of sub-fabrics.

An organ usually consists of several tissues, united with each other in a structural and functional unity.

Organs form organ systems, each of which is responsible for an important function for the body.

The organ level in unicellular organisms is represented by various cell organelles that perform the functions of digestion, excretion, respiration, etc.

Organizational level of organization of living

Along with the cellular at the organismal (or ontogenetic) level, separate structural units are distinguished. Tissues and organs cannot live independently, organisms and cells (if it is a single-celled organism) can.

Multicellular organisms are made up of organ systems.

At the organismic level, such life phenomena as reproduction, ontogenesis, metabolism, irritability, neuro-humoral regulation, and homeostasis are manifested. In other words, its elementary phenomena constitute regular changes in the organism in individual development. An individual is an elementary unit.

Population-specific

Organisms of the same species, united by a common habitat, form a population. The species usually consists of many populations.

Populations share a common gene pool. Within a species, they can exchange genes, that is, they are genetically open systems.

Elementary evolutionary phenomena occur in populations, which ultimately lead to speciation. Living nature can evolve only at the supraorganic levels.

At this level, the potential immortality of the living arises.

Biogeocenotic level

Biogeocenosis is an interacting set of organisms of different species with different factors of their habitat. Elementary phenomena are represented by material-energy cycles, provided primarily by living organisms.

The role of the biogeocenotic level is the formation of stable communities of organisms of different species, adapted to cohabitation in a certain habitat.

Biosphere

The biospheric level of organization of life is a system of the highest order of life on Earth. The biosphere encompasses all manifestations of life on the planet. At this level, there is a global circulation of substances and a flow of energy (covering all biogeocenoses).

In nature, it is expressed primarily in the fact that at this level a basic discrete living unit arose - an organism characterized by self-maintenance of its structure, self-renewal, actively responding to external influences and capable of interacting with other organisms.

It was at the organismic level that for the first time in living matter there appeared processes expressing the essence of life:

finding shelters and ways to get food;
gas exchange as a breathing process;
control of physiological processes using the humoral and nervous systems;
communication between individuals of their own species and other species.

At the organismic level, the process of fertilization appears for the first time and individual development individuals as a process of realization of hereditary information contained in chromosomes and their genes, as well as an assessment of the viability of this individual by natural selection.

Organisms are the exponents of the hereditary properties of populations and species. It is organisms that determine the success or failure of a population in the struggle for the resources of the external environment and in the struggle for existence between individuals. Therefore, in all micropopulation processes historical significance organisms are direct participants. Organisms accumulate new properties of the species. On organisms, selection manifests its effect, leaving the more adapted and discarding others.

At the organismic level, the bi-directionality of the life of each organism is manifested. On the one hand, this is the ability of the organism (individual), focused on survival and reproduction. On the other hand, this is the provision of the longest possible existence of its population and species, sometimes to the detriment of the life of the organism itself. This is important, evolutionary significance organismal level in nature.

It should also be noted that organisms, participating in food chains to maintain their vital processes (in order to survive), are actively involved as the main carriers of substances and energy in the biological circulation and transformation of energy in biogeocenoses. This expresses global role organisms (autogrofs and heterotrophs) and, in general, the organismic level of life in structure and stability

Students' motivation for work.

1. What does biology study?

2. Knowledge of what natural science laws is the basis of the scientific worldview and is necessary for solving practical problems?

3. By what principle is biology subdivided into separate sciences?

4. Why optimal use of wildlife?

5. What is life?

6. What levels of organization of life do you know?

7. What levels of organization of life have you already studied?

8.Name elementary unit and structural elements of the organismal level?

9.How are living organisms classified?

10. What are the main processes at the organismic level?

11. Name the significance and role of the organismic level in nature.

A. The difference between living and non-living.

Group work on assignments:

(Students answer the question, justify their opinion).

Group # 1:

Can the following organisms be called alive and why:

a) animals in a state of suspended animation;

b) a person under anesthesia;

c) bacteria in a dried state;

d) dry yeast?

Group # 2:

The constancy of the structural and functional organization biological systems - homeostasis - how required condition the existence of biological systems.

Group No. 3:

What phenomenon, characteristic of all living systems, underlies the above facts:

1) the frog cannot live in salt water, but excretes a lot of urine in fresh water;

2) live herring in sea \u200b\u200bwater "Unsalted";

3) in human blood containing water, it is necessary to inject a saline solution.

Group No. 4:

1. Give examples of living nature systems.

2. What are some examples of systems of inanimate nature.

Conclusion: metabolic processes in living matter provide homeostasis - the constancy of the structural and functional organization of the system.

B). Properties of living organisms:

Unity of chemical composition.
Metabolism and energy (metabolism).

3. Rhythm.
4.Self-regulation

Self-reproduction.
Heredity.
Variability.
A single level of organization of living organisms

Growth and development.

2. Irritability.

3. Discreteness.

4. Adaptability

Select those signs of living organisms, which were not discussed in the text of the textbook.

(discreteness, self-regulation, rhythm).

Conclusion: living organisms differ sharply from nonliving systems in their exceptional complexity and high structural and functional ordering. These differences give life qualitatively new properties.

IN). The main levels of organization of living organisms Wildlife is a complexly organized hierarchical system. Scientists, on the basis of the characteristics of the manifestation of the properties of living things, distinguish several levels of organization of living matter.

Molecular cellular tissue organ

(molecules) (cell) (tissue) (organ)

organismic population-specific

(organism) (species, population)

Biogeocenotic (ecosystem) biosphere.

(BGC, ecosystem) (biosphere)

The diagram shows the individual levels of organization of life, their connection with each other, the flow of one from the other and shows the integrity of living nature.

group:

Molecular.
Cellular.

2.group:

1. Tissue

2. Organ.

group:

1. Organizational.

Population-specific.

In the course of explaining the levels of organization of living organisms in groups, class students fill out the proposed table:

Organization levels	Biological system	Elements that make up the system
Molecular	Organelles	Atoms and Molecules
Cellular	Cell (organism)	Organelles
Tissue
Organ
Organic	Organism	Organ systems
Population-specific	Population
Biogeocenotic (ecosystem)	Biogeocenosis (ecosystem)	Populations
Biosphere	Biosphere	Biogeocenoses (ecosystems)

Conclusion: the structure of living systems is characterized by discreteness, i.e. division into functional units. So, atoms consist of elementary particles, molecules consist of atoms, organelles (large and small), which form cells, are formed from cells, tissues are formed from cells, and organs from them, etc.

The allocation of individual levels of organization of life is to some extent arbitrary, since they are closely related to each other and follow from one another, which speaks of the integrity of living nature.

What forms of organisms are found on Earth?

What is the importance of an organism in nature?

Answer the question using the tutorial page 5-6 and arrange in the form of a diagram

The value of the organism

Work at the blackboard:

Correlate the drawings according to the levels of organization of living organisms

A) Molecular

B) Cellular

C) Tissue

D) Organ

E) Organizational

E) Population-specific

G) Biogeocenotic (ecosystem)

H) Biosphere

Solving problematic issues:

"Ozone holes" and the effect of UV rays on the cellular and molecular levels life.
The impossibility of treating a person without knowledge of the characteristics of the structure and functioning of cells.
To solve what global problems of mankind, knowledge of biology is needed?
Give examples of the use of biological science methods from botany, zoology, human anatomy and physiology.

paragraph 1.2 fill in the table.

Creative group assignment: What is the importance of biology for understanding all living things. How did you feel while studying this topic?

Knowledge update What is life? What levels of organization of life do you know? What levels of organization of life have you already studied? What is the elementary unit and structural elements of the organismic level? How are living organisms classified? What are the main processes occurring at the organismic level? Name the significance and role of the organismic level in nature.

Life is supreme in comparison with the physical and chemical form of existence of matter, which naturally arises under certain conditions in the process of its development. Living objects differ from nonliving ones in the metabolism of an indispensable condition for life, the ability to reproduce, grow, actively regulate their composition and functions, to various forms of movement, irritability, adaptability to the environment, etc.

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